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15 June 2017

ImmigrantIntegrationinFederalandDecentralised states.WhichChallenges?

IlkeAdam,ResearchProfessorInstituteforEuropeanStudies,Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Re-Bel Initiative ‘Integration Policies’

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Introduction

Ø Immigrationandimmigrantintegration,anincreasinglysalientissueinEurope.

Ø Whomanagesmigrationandintegration?ØFromanation-stateprerogativetoasituationofmulti-levelgovernance

ØDispersionofauthoritydownwards(regions &cities),upwards(EU),outwards(NGO’sand

for-profitprivateactors)

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Challenges onintegration infederal and decentralised states

(inallfederalanddecentralisedstates)1. The competencyallocation:whodecidesandwhodoes?

ØRegionsareonlypartiallycompetentØConflictsappear,coordinationisneededØPolicydivergenceasaconsequenceofdevolution

(inmultinationalstates)2. Competingnation-buildingprojects

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Challenge1:TheCompetency Allocation

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Who hasjurisdisction onintegration?Beforeansweringthisquestion,howdowedefineintegrationpolicies?

ØIntegration,acontestedtermØFosterequalitybetweenimmigrantsandnativesØInallsocietaldomains,mainly:socio-economic(education,work),political(accesstocitizenship,votingrights,politicalparticipation)andcultural(assimilationism ormulticulturalism)ØA two-wayprocess:targetingimmigrantsandnativesØMulti-levelandcross-sectoralpolicyarea

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Who hasjurisdiction overintegration?

Country Level Immigr. Reception Employm. Educat. Accesstocit. Anti-discrim

Belgium Central state L+A L+A L+A L+A

Regions * L+A L+A L+A L+A

Canada CentralState L+A L+A L+A L+A L+A

Regions(Queb.) L+A* L+A L+A L+A

UK Central state L+A L+A L+A L+A L+A L+A

Regions * L+A A L+A

Spain Centralstate L+A L+A L L+A L+A L+A

Regions(Cat.) * L+A L+A L+A L+A

Germany Centralstate L+A L+A L+A L L L+A

Regions A A L+A A L+A

Italy CentralState L+A L+A L+A L+A L+A L+A

Ord.RegionsSpec. Regions

A* L+AL+A

L+AL+A

A L+AL+A

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Who hasjurisdiction onintegration inBelgium?

Shared

Accesstocitizenship&(political)rights

Immigration(flows,residencepermits)* Employment

Anti-discrimination

Integrationandlanguageprograms

Education

Regions

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Consequences ofthis division ofcompetencies

ØBecauseofinterdependence,regionsareonlypartiallyautonomous

ØEvenwhenfulllegislativeandadministrativeautonomy

ØCoordination isneeded

ØMulti-levelconflictsarepartofthegame

ØNotonlywithsubstate nations,alsowithordinaryregions

Øwithordinaryregions,mostoftencasesofpartyincongruence

ØPolicydivergence

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Challenge2:Competing nation-buildingprojects

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Including immigrants to foster the Scottish nation-buildingproject

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Integrationasachallenge for

Ø Challengesforsub-statenationalists:the‘legitimationparadox’(Adam,2013)

Ø Including immigrantsmightreducetheculturalhomogeneitylegitimising

autonomyclaims(GagnonandIacovino,2000)

Ø Excludingimmigrantscandiscreditthenation-buildingproject,seenasintolerant

andilliberal(Kymlicka,1996)

Ø Challengesforall:Ø whereinshouldthemigrantintegrate,inthestate-nationorinthesub-statenation,

conflictingmessages

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Seen the challenges ofintegration for sub-statenations,whatregional policyto expect?

Ø Aresubstate nations’policiesmoreinclusiveorexclusive;moremulticulturalist

orassimilationist?

ØNo,asdiverseasstatepolicies

Ø Whatdistinguishestheintegrationpoliciesofsubstate nations?

Ø Moreinterventionistonthe(culturaldimensionof)integration

Ø ‘Different’thanthestateordominantordinaryregion

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Seen the challenges ofintegration for sub-statenations,whatregional policyto expect?

Ø Whatexplainsthefeaturesofiipoliciesinsub-statenations?ØOnlypartialevidence

ØContextualfactors:economy,demography,language

Ø Ideas:conceptionsofthenation,left-rightwing

Ø Institutions:degreeofautonomy,partysystems

Ø Mostrelevantexplanation:‘beingdifferent+beinglegitimate’(nation-building

interests)(Adam,forthcoming)

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Do competing nation-building projects impact integration outcomes?

• Uptodate,onlyverylittleevidenceavailable

• Limitedevidenceonlessengagementinthepoliticalcommunity:belonglesstothestate,lesstothesubstate (Canada,Belgium)

• ‘Confrontedbyaconflictthatisnottheirown,theyseemtowithdraw,feellessattached,lessidentifiedwiththepoliticalcommunitiesofthecountrytowhichtheyhavecome’(Banting

andKymlicka,2012:11)

• BelgianMoroccansfeelmoreMoroccanandlessBelgianinFlandersthaninWalloniaandBrussels(Torrekens andAdam,2015)

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Thanksforyourattention!ilke.adam@vub.beMoreinformation:

ADAMIlke.2013.Lesentités fédérées belges etl’intégration desimmigrés.Politiques publiques comparées,Brussels:Editionsdel’Université deBruxelles

ADAM,Ilke&DESCHOUWER,Kris.2016.NationalistPartiesandImmigrationinFlanders:FromVolksunie toSpiritandN-VA.JournalofEthnicandMigrationStudies,42(8):1290-1303.Link

ADAM,Ilke&TORREKENS,Corinne.2015.DifferentRegionalApproachestoCulturalDiversity.InterpretingtheBelgianCulturalDiversityParadox,Fédéralisme Régionalisme (onlineonly- openaccessjournal),Vol.15.Link

ADAM,Ilke&DESCHOUWER,Kris.2015.NationalistPartiesandImmigrationinFlanders:FromVolksunie toSpiritandN-VA,JournalofEthnicandMigrationStudies,DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1082285Link

JERAM,Sanjay&ADAM,Ilke.2014.DiversityandnationalismintheBasqueCountryandFlanders:Understandingimmigrantsasfellowminorities,NationalIdentities,DOI:10.1080/14608944.2014.951611,p.1-17Link

ADAM,Ilke&MARTINIELLO,Marco.2013.Divergencesetconvergencesdespolitiques d’intégration dans laBelgique multinationale.Lecas desparcours d’intégration pourlesimmigrés,RevueEuropéenne desMigrationsInternationales,Vol.29,No2,p.77-93.Link

ADAM,Ilke.2013.ImmigrantIntegrationPoliciesoftheBelgianRegions:Sub-stateNationalismandPolicyDivergenceafterDevolution,RegionalandFederalStudies,Vol.23,No5,p.547-569.Link