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Immigrant
Economic
Contributions
to the United States David Dyssegaard Kallick
Director of Immigration Research
Fiscal Policy Institute
Fisc
al P
olic
y In
stitute
an
aly
sis of C
en
sus a
nd
Am
eric
an
Co
mm
un
ity S
urv
ey (A
CS) d
ata
.
Immigration 1850 to Today
23 million
92 million
323 million
10%
15%
13.5%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 2016
Mill
ion
s
Steady since about 2009 In millions
1990
So
urc
e: P
ew
Re
sea
rch
Ce
nte
r,
Je
ffrey S
. Pa
ssel a
nd
D’V
era
Co
hn
, ”A
s Me
xic
an
Sh
are
De
clin
ed
, U.S
. Un
au
tho
rized
Imm
igra
nt P
op
ula
tion
Fe
ll in 2
01
5
Be
low
Re
ce
ssion
Leve
l,” A
pril 2
5, 2
01
7. S
ha
din
g sh
ow
s 90
pe
rce
nt c
on
fide
nc
e in
terv
al.
1990 1995 2000 2007 2009 2015 2016
Unauthorized Population Highest in 2007 Lower in 2015 than in 2009
In millions
U.S.-Born
84%
White,
18%
Black,
8%
Hispanic/
Latino, 45%
Asian, 27%
Immigration
to America
is More
Diverse
than Most
People
Realize
Fiscal Policy Institute analysis of American Community Survey
(ACS) 2015.
Immigrants
16%
U.S.-Born
84%
A Big Part of
America’s
Economy
Relies on
Immigrants
Fiscal Policy Institute analysis of American Community Survey
(ACS) 2015. Share of GDP is gauged by share of total wage and salary earnings plus proprietor’s income.
How Can Immigrant
Share of GDP
Be that Big?
13%
17%
17%
16%
Population
Working-Age Population
Labor Force
Economic Output (GDP)
1. Immigrants Are Young Adults
Fiscal Policy Institute analysis of American Community Survey
(ACS) 2015.
Immigrant share of
13%11%
15%
23%
18%
21%
10%8%
11%13%
15%
18%
7%
20%
31%
19%
13%11%
42%
24%
10%
14%
21%
17%
Immigrant Share of
Labor Force
Ma
na
ge
me
nt,
Bu
sin
ess
, S
cie
nc
e, a
nd
Art
s
Bu
sine
ss O
pe
rati
on
s Sp
ec
ialis
ts
Fin
an
cia
l Sp
ec
ialis
ts
Co
mp
ute
r a
nd
Ma
the
ma
tic
al
Arc
hit
ec
ture
an
d E
ng
ine
erin
g
Life
, P
hysi
ca
l, a
nd
So
cia
l Sc
ien
ce
Co
mm
unit
y a
nd
So
cia
l Se
rvic
es
Leg
al O
cc
up
ati
on
s
Ed
uc
ati
on
, Tr
ain
ing
, a
nd
Lib
rary
Art
s, D
esi
gn,
En
tert
ain
me
nt,
Sp
ort
s, a
nd
Me
dia
He
alt
hc
are
Pra
ctit
ion
ers
an
d T
ec
hn
ica
l
He
alt
hc
are
Su
pp
ort
Pro
tec
tive
Se
rvic
e
Foo
d P
rep
ara
tio
n a
nd
Se
rvin
g
Bu
ildin
g a
nd
Gro
un
ds
Cle
an
ing
an
d
Ma
inte
na
nc
e
Pe
rso
na
l Ca
re a
nd
Se
rvic
e
Sale
s a
nd
Re
late
d
Off
ice
an
d A
dm
inis
tra
tive
Su
pp
ort
Farm
ing
, Fi
shin
g,
an
d F
ore
stry
Co
nst
ruc
tio
n
Ext
rac
tio
n
Inst
alla
tio
n,
Ma
inte
na
nc
e,
an
d R
ep
air
Pro
du
cti
on
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
n a
nd
Ma
teria
l Mo
vin
g
17%
2. Immigrants Work in Jobs Across
the Spectrum of Occupations
Co
mp
ute
r a
nd
Ma
the
ma
tic
al
Arc
hite
ctu
re a
nd
En
gin
ee
rin
g
Life
, Ph
ysi
ca
l a
nd
So
c.
Sc
ien
ce
He
alth
ca
re S
up
po
rt
Fo
od
Pre
p a
nd
Se
rvin
g
Bu
ild
ing
& G
rou
nd
s M
ain
t.
Pe
rso
na
l C
are
& S
erv
ice
Fa
rmin
g
Co
nst
ruc
tio
n
Fisc
al P
olic
y In
stitute
an
aly
sis of 2
01
5 A
CS.
13% 17%
19%
30%
3. Immigrants Are Entrepreneurial
Population Labor Force Business
Owners
Main Street
Business
Owners
Immigrant share of
So
urc
e: F
PI a
na
lysis o
f 2015 A
CS. A
na
lysis is u
pd
ate
d fro
m d
ata
in D
avid
Dysse
ga
ard
Ka
llick,
Brin
gin
g V
itality
to M
ain
Stre
et, F
isca
l Po
licy In
stitute
an
d A
me
rica
s So
cie
ty/C
ou
nc
il of th
e
Am
eric
as, 2
015.
“Main Street” Businesses
restaurants
grocery stores
Beauty salons
Dry cleaners retail shops
For detail, see Bringing Vitality to Main Street, Fiscal Policy Institute and Americas Society/Council of the
Americas, 2015.
Source: Pew Research Center, “Facts on Immigrants, 2015,”
Percent Foreign-Born by County, 2015 ACS 5-year data, May 2017.
Different Economic Contexts Immigrant Share of Population by County
Cities with Declining Population 1960 to 1980 (29 of the 50 Largest Cities saw a mid-20th Century population decline)
Source: Fiscal Policy Institute analysis of Census and ACS data.
St. Louis -40%
Cleveland -34%
Buffalo -33%
Pittsburgh -30%
Detroit -28%
Rochester -24%
Louisville -24%
Cincinnati -23%
Minneapolis -23%
Boston -19%
Newark -19%
Birmingham -17%
Washington, DC -16%
Baltimore -16%
Philadelphia -16%
Chicago -15%
Milwaukee -14%
St. Paul -14%
Atlanta -13%
Norfolk -13%
Seattle -11%
New Orleans -11%
New York City -9%
San Francisco -8%
Oakland -8%
Kansas City -6%
Portland, OR -2%
Tampa -1%
Denver -0.3%
Source: Fiscal Policy Institute Analysis of Census and ACS data. See Bringing Vitality to Main Street.
Of the 29 Declining Cities, 14 Rebounded
with an Increase in Population since 1980
Source: Fiscal Policy Institute analysis of Census and ACS data. See also Bringing Vitality to Main Street: How Immigrant
Small Businesses Help Local Economies Grow, Fiscal Policy Institute and Americas Society/Council of the Americas, 2015.
Here are the Cities that Rebounded with an Increase in the
Immigrant Population
-200,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
Immigrants
U.S.-Born
1980 to 2013
Here are the Cities that Rebounded Without an Increase in
Immigrant Population
There are none
Source: Fiscal Policy Institute analysis of Census and ACS data.
There are none
The only cities that rebounded from mid-20th century population loss
did so with a net increase in immigrant population.
This doesn’t prove that immigrants cause growth. It may also be that
immigrants are drawn to growth.
But it your city’s plan is to grow without immigrants, it is useful to keep
in mind that there are no examples of that among major cities in the
United States over the past four decades.
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