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IMF Bretton Woods (1944 - 1973)
44 countries met to design a new system in 1944
Established
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank
ndash IMF maintain order in monetary system
ndash World Bank promote general economic development
ndash Fixed exchange rates pegged to the US Dollar
ndash US Dollar pegged to gold at $35 per ounce
ndash Countries maintained their currencies plusmn 1 of the fixed rate buysell own
currency to maintain level
Jamaica Agreement 1976
Floating rates declared acceptable
Gold abandoned as reserve asset
ndash IMF returned gold reserves to members at current prices
ndash Proceeds placed in trust fund to help poor nations
ndash IMF quotas ndash member country contributions ndash increased membership now
182 countries
ndash Less-develop non-oil exporting countries given more access to IMF
IMF continued its role of helping countries cope with macroeconomic and
exchange rate problems
Goal amp structure of IMF
ndash The IMF agreement tried to incorporate sufficient flexibility to allow
countries to attain external balance without sacrificing internal objectives
or fixed exchange rates
ndash Two major features of the IMF Articles of Agreement helped promote this
flexibility in external adjustment
IMF lending facilities
ndash IMF conditionality is the name for the surveillance over
the policies of member counties who are heavy borrowers
of Fund resources
Adjustable parities
The Role of the IMF
IMF maintained exchange rate
ndash discipline
National governments had to manage inflation through their money
supply
ndash flexibility
Provides loans to help members states with temporary balance-of-
payment deficit
ndash Allows time to bring down inflation
ndash Relieves pressures to devalue
Excessive drawing from IMF funds came with IMF supervision of
monetary and fiscal policies
ndash Allowed to 10 devaluations and more with IMF approval
187 members by 2003
The IMFrsquos Exchange Rate Regime Classifications The International Monetary Fund classifies all exchange rate regimes into eight
specific categories There are eight categories that span the spectrum of exchange
rate regimes from rigidly fixed to independently floating
Fixed Versus Flexible Exchange Rates
A governmentrsquos choice as to which currency regime to follow reflects
national priorities about all facets of the economy including inflation
unemployment interest rate levels trade balances and economic growth
The choice between fixed and flexible rates may change over time as
priorities change
World Bank The World Bank Group (WBG) was established in 1944 to rebuild post-World War II
Europe under the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Today the World Bank functions as an international organization that fights poverty by
offering developmental assistance to middle-income and low-income countries By
giving loans and offering advice and training in both the private and public sectors the
World Bank aims to eliminate poverty by helping people help themselves Under the
World Bank Group there are complimentary institutions which aid in its goals to provide
assistance
The World Banks two closely affiliated entitiesmdashthe International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development
Association (IDA)mdashprovide low or no interest loans and grants to countries that
have unfavorable or no access to international credit markets Unlike other
financial institutions we do not operate for profit The IBRD is market-based and
we use our high credit rating to pass the low interest we pay for money on to our
borrowersmdashdeveloping countries
The Role of the World Bank
World Bank (IBRD) role
(International Bank for Reconstruction amp Development)
ndash Refinanced post-WWII reconstruction and development
ndash Provides low-interest long term loans to developing economies
The International Development Agency (IDA) an arm of the bank created in
1960
ndash Raises funds from member states
ndash Loans only to poorest countries
ndash 50 year repayment at 1 per year interest
Fund Generation IBRD lending to developing countries is primarily financed by selling AAA-rated
bondsin the worlds financial markets While IBRD earns a small margin on this
lending the greater proportion of its income comes from lending out its own
capital This capital consists of reserves built up over the years and money paid in
from the Banks 185 member country shareholders IBRDrsquos income also pays for
World Bank operating expenses and has contributed to IDA and debt relief
IDA the worlds largest source of interest-free loans and grant assistance to the
poorest countries is replenished every three yearsby 40 donor countries
Additional funds are regenerated through repayments of loan principal on 35-to-
40-year no-interest loans which are then available for re-lending IDA accounts
for nearly 40 of our lending
Loans Through the IBRD and IDA we offer two basic types of loans and credits
investment loans and development policy loans Investment loans are made to
countries for goods works and services in support of economic and social
development projects in a broad range of economic and social sectors
Development policy loans (formerly known as adjustment loans) provide quick-
disbursing financing to support countriesrsquo policy and institutional reforms IDA
loans are interest free For information about the IBRDrsquos financial products
services lending rates and charges please visit the World Bank Treasury
Each borrowerrsquos project proposal is assessed to ensure that the project is
economically financially socially and environmentally sound During loan
negotiations the Bank and borrower agree on the development objectives
outputs performance indicators and implementation plan as well as a loan
disbursement schedule While we supervise the implementation of each loan and
evaluate its results the borrower implements the project or program according to
the agreed terms As nearly 30 of our staff is based in some 100 country offices
worldwide three-fourths of outstanding loans are managed by country directors
located away from the World Bank offices in Washington
IDA long term loans (credits) are interest free but do carry a small service charge
of 075 percent on funds paid out IDA commitment fees range from zero to 05
percent on un-disbursed credit balances for FY06 commitment fees have been set
at 030 percent For complete information about IBRD financial products
services lending rates and charges please visit the World Bank Treasury
Treasury is at the heart of IBRDs borrowing and lending operations and also
performs treasury functions for other members of the World Bank Group
Grants Grants are designed to facilitate development projects by encouraging innovation
co-operation between organizations and local stakeholdersrsquo participation in
projects In recent years IDA grantsmdashwhich are either funded directly or
managed through partnershipsmdashhave been used to
ndash Relieve the debt burden of heavily indebted poor countries
ndash Improve sanitation and water supplies
ndash Support vaccination and immunization programs to reduce the incidence
of communicable diseases like malaria
ndash Combat the HIVAIDS pandemic
ndash Support civil society organizations
ndash Create initiatives to cut the emission of greenhouse gasses
Analytic and Advisory Services Another role of world bank is to provide analysis advice and information to
member countries so they can deliver the lasting economic and social
improvements their people need Some of the ways are as below
ndash Poverty Assessments
ndash Public Expenditure Reviews
ndash Country Economic Memoranda
ndash Social and Structural Reviews
ndash Sector Reports
ndash Topics in Development
Capacity Building Another core bank function is to increase the capabilities of its own staff its
partners and the people in developing countriesmdashto help them acquire the
knowledge and skills they need to provide technical assistance improve
government performance and delivery of services promote economic growth and
sustain poverty reduction programs Linkages to knowledge-sharing networks
such as these have been set up by the Bank to address the vast needs for
information and dialogue about development
ndash Advisory Servicesand Ask Us help desks make information available by
topic via telephone fax email and the web There are more than 25
advisory services at the Bank Staff members who respond to inquiries add
value to the work of our own staff clients and partners by responding
quickly to their knowledge needs Often they are the first and possibly the
only contact the public at large and the people in developing countries
have with the World Bank
ndash Global Development Learning Network is an extensive network of
distance learning centers that uses advanced information and
communications technologies to connect people working in development
around the world
ndash World Bank Institute Global and Regional Programs bring together
leading development practitioners online and face-to-face to exchange
experiences and to develop skills
ndash B-SPAN webcasting service is an Internet-based broadcasting station that
presents World Bank seminars workshops and conferences on sustainable
development and poverty reduction
UNCTAD Established in 1964 UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of
developing countries into the world economy UNCTAD has progressively
evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to
help shape current policy debates and thinking on development with a particular
focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually
supportive in bringing about sustainable development
History Foundation
In the early 1960s growing concerns about the place of developing countries in
international trade led many of these countries to call for the convening of a full-
fledged conference specifically devoted to tackling these problems and
identifying appropriate international actions
The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was
held in Geneva in 1964 Given the magnitude of the problems at stake and the
need to address them the conference was institutionalized to meet every four
years with intergovernmental bodies meeting between sessions and a permanent
secretariat providing the necessary substantive and logistical support
Simultaneously the developing countries established the Group of 77 to voice
their concerns (Today the G77 has 131 members)
The prominent Argentinian economist Rauacutel Prebisch who had headed the United
Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean became the
organizations first Secretary-General
Phase 1 The 1960s and 1970s
In its early decades of operation UNCTAD gained authoritative standing
as an intergovernmental forum for North-South dialogue and
negotiations on issues of interest to developing countries including
debates on the ldquoNew International Economic Orderrdquo
for its analytical research and policy advice on development issues
Agreements launched by UNCTAD during this time include
the Generalized System of Preferences (1968) whereby developed
economies grant improved market access to exports from developing
countries
a number of International Commodities Agreements which aimed at
stabilizing the prices of export products crucial for developing countries
the Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences which
strengthened the ability of developing countries to maintain national
merchant fleets
the adoption of a Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and
Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices This work later
evolved into what is today known as ―Trade and Competition Policies
Furthermore UNCTAD was a key contributor to
the definition of the target of 07 of gross domestic product (GDP) to be
given as official development aid by developed countries to the poorest
countries as adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1970
the identification of the Group of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as
early as 1971 which drew attention to the particular needs of these poorest
countries UNCTAD became the focal point within the UN system for
tackling LDC-related economic development issues
Phase 2 The 1980s
In the 1980s UNCTAD was faced with a changing economic and political
environment
There was a significant transformation in economic thinking
Development strategies became more market-oriented focusing on trade
liberalization and privatization of state enterprises
A number of developing countries were plunged into severe debt crises
Despite structural adjustment programs by the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund most developing countries affected were not
able to recover quickly In many cases they experienced negative growth
and high rates of inflation For this reason the 1980s become known as
the ―lost decade particularly in Latin America
Economic interdependence in the world increased greatly
In the light of these developments UNCTAD multiplied efforts aimed at
strengthening the analytical content of its intergovernmental debate
particularly regarding macroeconomic management and international
financial and monetary issues
broadening the scope of its activities to assist developing countries in their
efforts to integrate into the world trading system In this context
the technical assistance provided by UNCTAD to developing
countries was particularly important in the Uruguay Round of trade
negotiations which had begun under the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986 UNCTAD played a key role in
supporting the negotiations for the General Agreement on Trade in
Services (GATS)
UNCTADrsquos work on trade efficiency (customs facilitation
multimodal transport) made an important contribution to enabling
developing economies to reap greater gains from trade
UNCTAD assisted developing countries in the rescheduling of
official debt in the Paris Club negotiations
promoting South-South cooperation In 1989 the Agreement on the
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) came into force It provided for the granting of tariff as well as
non-tariff preferences among its members To date the Agreement has
been ratified by 44 countries
addressing the concerns of the poorest nations by organizing the first UN
Conference on Least Developed Countries in 1981 Since then two
other international conferences have been held at 10-year intervals
Phase 3 From the 1990s until today
Key developments in the international context
The conclusion of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations under the
GATT resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organizationin
1995 which led to a strengthening of the legal framework governing
international trade
A spectacular increase in international financial flows led to increasing
financial instability and volatility
Against this background UNCTADrsquos analysis gave early warning
concerning the risks and the destructive impact of financial crises on
development Consequently UNCTAD emphasized the need for a more
development-oriented ―international financial architecture
Foreign direct investment flows became a major component of
globalization
UNCTAD highlighted the need for a differentiated approach to the
problems of developing countries Its tenth conference held in Bangkok in
February 2000 adopted a political declaration ndash ―The Spirit of Bangkok
ndash as a strategy to address the development agenda in a globalizing world
In recent years UNCTAD has
further focused its analytical research on the linkages between trade
investment technology and enterprise development
put forward a ―positive agenda for developing countries in international
trade negotiations designed to assist developing countries in better
understanding the complexity of the multilateral trade negotiations and in
formulating their positions
Expanded work on international investment issues following the merger
into UNCTAD of the New Yorkndashbased United Nations Centre on
Transnational Corporations in 1993
expanded and diversified its technical assistance which today covers a
wide range of areas including training trade negotiators and addressing
trade-related issues debt management investment policy reviews and the
promotion of entrepreneurship commodities competition law and policy
and trade and environment
UNCTAD XI
UNCTAD has continued to play a crucial role in emphasizing the development
dimension of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related
areas
In particular UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of globalization and
the need to overcome the supply constraints of developing countries so as to
ensure development gains and poverty reduction
Functions of UNCTAD The organization works to fulfil this mandate by carrying out three key functions
It functions as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations supported by
discussions with experts and exchanges of experience aimed at consensus
building
It undertakes research policy analysis and data collection for the debates of
government representatives and experts
It provides technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing
countries with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and
of economies in transition When appropriate UNCTAD cooperates with other
organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance
The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr Supachai Panchpakdi (Thailand) who
took office on 1 September 2005
In performing its functions the secretariat works together with member
Governments and interacts with organizations of the United Nations system and
regional commissions as well as with governmental institutions non-
governmental organizations the private sector including trade and industry
associations research institutes and universities worldwide
Trade and commodities Commodity diversification and development Promotes the diversification of
production and trade structures Helps Governments to formulate and implement
diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business
strategies and become more competitive in the world market
Competition and consumer policies Provides analysis and capacity building in
competition and consumer protection laws and policies in developing countries
Publishes regular updates of a Model Law on Competition
Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Assists developing countries
in all aspects of their trade negotiations
Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) Comprehensive computer-
based information system on trade control measures that uses UNCTADrsquos
database The CD-ROM version includes 119 countries
Trade and environment Assesses the trade and development impact of
environmental requirements and relevant multilateral agreements and provides
capacity-building activities to help developing countries participate in and derive
benefits from international negotiations on these matters
Investment technology and enterprise development International investment and technology arrangements Helps developing
countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at
the bilateral regional and multilateral levels These arrangements include the
organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the
preparation of a series of issues papers
Investment Policy Reviews Intended to familiarize Governments and the private
sector with the investment environment and policies of a given country Reviews
have been carried out in a number of countries including Ecuador Egypt
Ethiopia Mauritius Peru Uganda and Uzbekistan
Investment guides and capacity building for the LDCs Some of the countries
involved are Bangladesh Ethiopia Mali Mozambique and Uganda
Technology Services the UN Commission on Science and Technology for
Development and administers the Science and Technology for Development
Network carries out case studies on best practices in transfer of technology
undertakes Science Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews for interested
countries as well as capacity-building activities
Empretec Promotes entrepreneurship and the development of small and
medium-sized enterprises Empretec programmes have been initiated in 27
countries assisting more than 70000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven
business support centres
Macroeconomic policies debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic
interdependence the international monetary and financial system and
macroeconomic and development policy challenges
Technical and advisory support to the G24 group of developing countries (the
Intergovernmental Group of 24) in the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund advisory services to developing countries for debt rescheduling
negotiations under the Paris Club
DMFAS programme Computer-based debt management and financial analysis
system specially designed to help countries manage their external debt Started in
1982 and now installed in 62 countries
Transport customs and information technology ASYCUDA programme Integrated customs system that speeds up customs
clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their
customs procedures and management Installed in over 80 countries ASYCUDA
has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation
ACIS programme Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20
developing countries of Africa and Asia
E-Tourism Initiative Linking sustainable tourism and Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) for development UNCTAD has developed
this Initiative to help developing countries destinations to become more
autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools
Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) 150 centres around the world provide
traders with trade-related information and services and assist in the introduction
of e-business practices
TrainForTrade programme Builds training networks and organizes training in
all areas of international trade to enable developing countries to increase their
competitiveness Currently developing distance learning programmes focusing on
the LDCs(Least Developed Countries)
Africa Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of
problems faced by African countries in their development efforts and facilitating
a better integration of Africa into the world economy Particular emphasis is
placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
Least Developed Countries (LDC) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC
status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed
Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 and to better understand the policy-related
issues that are specially relevant to LDCs notably with a view to developing
productive capacities and reducing poverty in these countries
Land Locked Developing Countries(LLDC) Provides analytical work and
technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003
Almaty Programme of Action which deals with the special needs of LLDCs
within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked
and transit developing countries
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities
The IMFrsquos Exchange Rate Regime Classifications The International Monetary Fund classifies all exchange rate regimes into eight
specific categories There are eight categories that span the spectrum of exchange
rate regimes from rigidly fixed to independently floating
Fixed Versus Flexible Exchange Rates
A governmentrsquos choice as to which currency regime to follow reflects
national priorities about all facets of the economy including inflation
unemployment interest rate levels trade balances and economic growth
The choice between fixed and flexible rates may change over time as
priorities change
World Bank The World Bank Group (WBG) was established in 1944 to rebuild post-World War II
Europe under the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Today the World Bank functions as an international organization that fights poverty by
offering developmental assistance to middle-income and low-income countries By
giving loans and offering advice and training in both the private and public sectors the
World Bank aims to eliminate poverty by helping people help themselves Under the
World Bank Group there are complimentary institutions which aid in its goals to provide
assistance
The World Banks two closely affiliated entitiesmdashthe International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development
Association (IDA)mdashprovide low or no interest loans and grants to countries that
have unfavorable or no access to international credit markets Unlike other
financial institutions we do not operate for profit The IBRD is market-based and
we use our high credit rating to pass the low interest we pay for money on to our
borrowersmdashdeveloping countries
The Role of the World Bank
World Bank (IBRD) role
(International Bank for Reconstruction amp Development)
ndash Refinanced post-WWII reconstruction and development
ndash Provides low-interest long term loans to developing economies
The International Development Agency (IDA) an arm of the bank created in
1960
ndash Raises funds from member states
ndash Loans only to poorest countries
ndash 50 year repayment at 1 per year interest
Fund Generation IBRD lending to developing countries is primarily financed by selling AAA-rated
bondsin the worlds financial markets While IBRD earns a small margin on this
lending the greater proportion of its income comes from lending out its own
capital This capital consists of reserves built up over the years and money paid in
from the Banks 185 member country shareholders IBRDrsquos income also pays for
World Bank operating expenses and has contributed to IDA and debt relief
IDA the worlds largest source of interest-free loans and grant assistance to the
poorest countries is replenished every three yearsby 40 donor countries
Additional funds are regenerated through repayments of loan principal on 35-to-
40-year no-interest loans which are then available for re-lending IDA accounts
for nearly 40 of our lending
Loans Through the IBRD and IDA we offer two basic types of loans and credits
investment loans and development policy loans Investment loans are made to
countries for goods works and services in support of economic and social
development projects in a broad range of economic and social sectors
Development policy loans (formerly known as adjustment loans) provide quick-
disbursing financing to support countriesrsquo policy and institutional reforms IDA
loans are interest free For information about the IBRDrsquos financial products
services lending rates and charges please visit the World Bank Treasury
Each borrowerrsquos project proposal is assessed to ensure that the project is
economically financially socially and environmentally sound During loan
negotiations the Bank and borrower agree on the development objectives
outputs performance indicators and implementation plan as well as a loan
disbursement schedule While we supervise the implementation of each loan and
evaluate its results the borrower implements the project or program according to
the agreed terms As nearly 30 of our staff is based in some 100 country offices
worldwide three-fourths of outstanding loans are managed by country directors
located away from the World Bank offices in Washington
IDA long term loans (credits) are interest free but do carry a small service charge
of 075 percent on funds paid out IDA commitment fees range from zero to 05
percent on un-disbursed credit balances for FY06 commitment fees have been set
at 030 percent For complete information about IBRD financial products
services lending rates and charges please visit the World Bank Treasury
Treasury is at the heart of IBRDs borrowing and lending operations and also
performs treasury functions for other members of the World Bank Group
Grants Grants are designed to facilitate development projects by encouraging innovation
co-operation between organizations and local stakeholdersrsquo participation in
projects In recent years IDA grantsmdashwhich are either funded directly or
managed through partnershipsmdashhave been used to
ndash Relieve the debt burden of heavily indebted poor countries
ndash Improve sanitation and water supplies
ndash Support vaccination and immunization programs to reduce the incidence
of communicable diseases like malaria
ndash Combat the HIVAIDS pandemic
ndash Support civil society organizations
ndash Create initiatives to cut the emission of greenhouse gasses
Analytic and Advisory Services Another role of world bank is to provide analysis advice and information to
member countries so they can deliver the lasting economic and social
improvements their people need Some of the ways are as below
ndash Poverty Assessments
ndash Public Expenditure Reviews
ndash Country Economic Memoranda
ndash Social and Structural Reviews
ndash Sector Reports
ndash Topics in Development
Capacity Building Another core bank function is to increase the capabilities of its own staff its
partners and the people in developing countriesmdashto help them acquire the
knowledge and skills they need to provide technical assistance improve
government performance and delivery of services promote economic growth and
sustain poverty reduction programs Linkages to knowledge-sharing networks
such as these have been set up by the Bank to address the vast needs for
information and dialogue about development
ndash Advisory Servicesand Ask Us help desks make information available by
topic via telephone fax email and the web There are more than 25
advisory services at the Bank Staff members who respond to inquiries add
value to the work of our own staff clients and partners by responding
quickly to their knowledge needs Often they are the first and possibly the
only contact the public at large and the people in developing countries
have with the World Bank
ndash Global Development Learning Network is an extensive network of
distance learning centers that uses advanced information and
communications technologies to connect people working in development
around the world
ndash World Bank Institute Global and Regional Programs bring together
leading development practitioners online and face-to-face to exchange
experiences and to develop skills
ndash B-SPAN webcasting service is an Internet-based broadcasting station that
presents World Bank seminars workshops and conferences on sustainable
development and poverty reduction
UNCTAD Established in 1964 UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of
developing countries into the world economy UNCTAD has progressively
evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to
help shape current policy debates and thinking on development with a particular
focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually
supportive in bringing about sustainable development
History Foundation
In the early 1960s growing concerns about the place of developing countries in
international trade led many of these countries to call for the convening of a full-
fledged conference specifically devoted to tackling these problems and
identifying appropriate international actions
The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was
held in Geneva in 1964 Given the magnitude of the problems at stake and the
need to address them the conference was institutionalized to meet every four
years with intergovernmental bodies meeting between sessions and a permanent
secretariat providing the necessary substantive and logistical support
Simultaneously the developing countries established the Group of 77 to voice
their concerns (Today the G77 has 131 members)
The prominent Argentinian economist Rauacutel Prebisch who had headed the United
Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean became the
organizations first Secretary-General
Phase 1 The 1960s and 1970s
In its early decades of operation UNCTAD gained authoritative standing
as an intergovernmental forum for North-South dialogue and
negotiations on issues of interest to developing countries including
debates on the ldquoNew International Economic Orderrdquo
for its analytical research and policy advice on development issues
Agreements launched by UNCTAD during this time include
the Generalized System of Preferences (1968) whereby developed
economies grant improved market access to exports from developing
countries
a number of International Commodities Agreements which aimed at
stabilizing the prices of export products crucial for developing countries
the Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences which
strengthened the ability of developing countries to maintain national
merchant fleets
the adoption of a Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and
Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices This work later
evolved into what is today known as ―Trade and Competition Policies
Furthermore UNCTAD was a key contributor to
the definition of the target of 07 of gross domestic product (GDP) to be
given as official development aid by developed countries to the poorest
countries as adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1970
the identification of the Group of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as
early as 1971 which drew attention to the particular needs of these poorest
countries UNCTAD became the focal point within the UN system for
tackling LDC-related economic development issues
Phase 2 The 1980s
In the 1980s UNCTAD was faced with a changing economic and political
environment
There was a significant transformation in economic thinking
Development strategies became more market-oriented focusing on trade
liberalization and privatization of state enterprises
A number of developing countries were plunged into severe debt crises
Despite structural adjustment programs by the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund most developing countries affected were not
able to recover quickly In many cases they experienced negative growth
and high rates of inflation For this reason the 1980s become known as
the ―lost decade particularly in Latin America
Economic interdependence in the world increased greatly
In the light of these developments UNCTAD multiplied efforts aimed at
strengthening the analytical content of its intergovernmental debate
particularly regarding macroeconomic management and international
financial and monetary issues
broadening the scope of its activities to assist developing countries in their
efforts to integrate into the world trading system In this context
the technical assistance provided by UNCTAD to developing
countries was particularly important in the Uruguay Round of trade
negotiations which had begun under the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986 UNCTAD played a key role in
supporting the negotiations for the General Agreement on Trade in
Services (GATS)
UNCTADrsquos work on trade efficiency (customs facilitation
multimodal transport) made an important contribution to enabling
developing economies to reap greater gains from trade
UNCTAD assisted developing countries in the rescheduling of
official debt in the Paris Club negotiations
promoting South-South cooperation In 1989 the Agreement on the
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) came into force It provided for the granting of tariff as well as
non-tariff preferences among its members To date the Agreement has
been ratified by 44 countries
addressing the concerns of the poorest nations by organizing the first UN
Conference on Least Developed Countries in 1981 Since then two
other international conferences have been held at 10-year intervals
Phase 3 From the 1990s until today
Key developments in the international context
The conclusion of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations under the
GATT resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organizationin
1995 which led to a strengthening of the legal framework governing
international trade
A spectacular increase in international financial flows led to increasing
financial instability and volatility
Against this background UNCTADrsquos analysis gave early warning
concerning the risks and the destructive impact of financial crises on
development Consequently UNCTAD emphasized the need for a more
development-oriented ―international financial architecture
Foreign direct investment flows became a major component of
globalization
UNCTAD highlighted the need for a differentiated approach to the
problems of developing countries Its tenth conference held in Bangkok in
February 2000 adopted a political declaration ndash ―The Spirit of Bangkok
ndash as a strategy to address the development agenda in a globalizing world
In recent years UNCTAD has
further focused its analytical research on the linkages between trade
investment technology and enterprise development
put forward a ―positive agenda for developing countries in international
trade negotiations designed to assist developing countries in better
understanding the complexity of the multilateral trade negotiations and in
formulating their positions
Expanded work on international investment issues following the merger
into UNCTAD of the New Yorkndashbased United Nations Centre on
Transnational Corporations in 1993
expanded and diversified its technical assistance which today covers a
wide range of areas including training trade negotiators and addressing
trade-related issues debt management investment policy reviews and the
promotion of entrepreneurship commodities competition law and policy
and trade and environment
UNCTAD XI
UNCTAD has continued to play a crucial role in emphasizing the development
dimension of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related
areas
In particular UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of globalization and
the need to overcome the supply constraints of developing countries so as to
ensure development gains and poverty reduction
Functions of UNCTAD The organization works to fulfil this mandate by carrying out three key functions
It functions as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations supported by
discussions with experts and exchanges of experience aimed at consensus
building
It undertakes research policy analysis and data collection for the debates of
government representatives and experts
It provides technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing
countries with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and
of economies in transition When appropriate UNCTAD cooperates with other
organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance
The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr Supachai Panchpakdi (Thailand) who
took office on 1 September 2005
In performing its functions the secretariat works together with member
Governments and interacts with organizations of the United Nations system and
regional commissions as well as with governmental institutions non-
governmental organizations the private sector including trade and industry
associations research institutes and universities worldwide
Trade and commodities Commodity diversification and development Promotes the diversification of
production and trade structures Helps Governments to formulate and implement
diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business
strategies and become more competitive in the world market
Competition and consumer policies Provides analysis and capacity building in
competition and consumer protection laws and policies in developing countries
Publishes regular updates of a Model Law on Competition
Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Assists developing countries
in all aspects of their trade negotiations
Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) Comprehensive computer-
based information system on trade control measures that uses UNCTADrsquos
database The CD-ROM version includes 119 countries
Trade and environment Assesses the trade and development impact of
environmental requirements and relevant multilateral agreements and provides
capacity-building activities to help developing countries participate in and derive
benefits from international negotiations on these matters
Investment technology and enterprise development International investment and technology arrangements Helps developing
countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at
the bilateral regional and multilateral levels These arrangements include the
organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the
preparation of a series of issues papers
Investment Policy Reviews Intended to familiarize Governments and the private
sector with the investment environment and policies of a given country Reviews
have been carried out in a number of countries including Ecuador Egypt
Ethiopia Mauritius Peru Uganda and Uzbekistan
Investment guides and capacity building for the LDCs Some of the countries
involved are Bangladesh Ethiopia Mali Mozambique and Uganda
Technology Services the UN Commission on Science and Technology for
Development and administers the Science and Technology for Development
Network carries out case studies on best practices in transfer of technology
undertakes Science Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews for interested
countries as well as capacity-building activities
Empretec Promotes entrepreneurship and the development of small and
medium-sized enterprises Empretec programmes have been initiated in 27
countries assisting more than 70000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven
business support centres
Macroeconomic policies debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic
interdependence the international monetary and financial system and
macroeconomic and development policy challenges
Technical and advisory support to the G24 group of developing countries (the
Intergovernmental Group of 24) in the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund advisory services to developing countries for debt rescheduling
negotiations under the Paris Club
DMFAS programme Computer-based debt management and financial analysis
system specially designed to help countries manage their external debt Started in
1982 and now installed in 62 countries
Transport customs and information technology ASYCUDA programme Integrated customs system that speeds up customs
clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their
customs procedures and management Installed in over 80 countries ASYCUDA
has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation
ACIS programme Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20
developing countries of Africa and Asia
E-Tourism Initiative Linking sustainable tourism and Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) for development UNCTAD has developed
this Initiative to help developing countries destinations to become more
autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools
Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) 150 centres around the world provide
traders with trade-related information and services and assist in the introduction
of e-business practices
TrainForTrade programme Builds training networks and organizes training in
all areas of international trade to enable developing countries to increase their
competitiveness Currently developing distance learning programmes focusing on
the LDCs(Least Developed Countries)
Africa Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of
problems faced by African countries in their development efforts and facilitating
a better integration of Africa into the world economy Particular emphasis is
placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
Least Developed Countries (LDC) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC
status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed
Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 and to better understand the policy-related
issues that are specially relevant to LDCs notably with a view to developing
productive capacities and reducing poverty in these countries
Land Locked Developing Countries(LLDC) Provides analytical work and
technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003
Almaty Programme of Action which deals with the special needs of LLDCs
within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked
and transit developing countries
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities
World Bank The World Bank Group (WBG) was established in 1944 to rebuild post-World War II
Europe under the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Today the World Bank functions as an international organization that fights poverty by
offering developmental assistance to middle-income and low-income countries By
giving loans and offering advice and training in both the private and public sectors the
World Bank aims to eliminate poverty by helping people help themselves Under the
World Bank Group there are complimentary institutions which aid in its goals to provide
assistance
The World Banks two closely affiliated entitiesmdashthe International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development
Association (IDA)mdashprovide low or no interest loans and grants to countries that
have unfavorable or no access to international credit markets Unlike other
financial institutions we do not operate for profit The IBRD is market-based and
we use our high credit rating to pass the low interest we pay for money on to our
borrowersmdashdeveloping countries
The Role of the World Bank
World Bank (IBRD) role
(International Bank for Reconstruction amp Development)
ndash Refinanced post-WWII reconstruction and development
ndash Provides low-interest long term loans to developing economies
The International Development Agency (IDA) an arm of the bank created in
1960
ndash Raises funds from member states
ndash Loans only to poorest countries
ndash 50 year repayment at 1 per year interest
Fund Generation IBRD lending to developing countries is primarily financed by selling AAA-rated
bondsin the worlds financial markets While IBRD earns a small margin on this
lending the greater proportion of its income comes from lending out its own
capital This capital consists of reserves built up over the years and money paid in
from the Banks 185 member country shareholders IBRDrsquos income also pays for
World Bank operating expenses and has contributed to IDA and debt relief
IDA the worlds largest source of interest-free loans and grant assistance to the
poorest countries is replenished every three yearsby 40 donor countries
Additional funds are regenerated through repayments of loan principal on 35-to-
40-year no-interest loans which are then available for re-lending IDA accounts
for nearly 40 of our lending
Loans Through the IBRD and IDA we offer two basic types of loans and credits
investment loans and development policy loans Investment loans are made to
countries for goods works and services in support of economic and social
development projects in a broad range of economic and social sectors
Development policy loans (formerly known as adjustment loans) provide quick-
disbursing financing to support countriesrsquo policy and institutional reforms IDA
loans are interest free For information about the IBRDrsquos financial products
services lending rates and charges please visit the World Bank Treasury
Each borrowerrsquos project proposal is assessed to ensure that the project is
economically financially socially and environmentally sound During loan
negotiations the Bank and borrower agree on the development objectives
outputs performance indicators and implementation plan as well as a loan
disbursement schedule While we supervise the implementation of each loan and
evaluate its results the borrower implements the project or program according to
the agreed terms As nearly 30 of our staff is based in some 100 country offices
worldwide three-fourths of outstanding loans are managed by country directors
located away from the World Bank offices in Washington
IDA long term loans (credits) are interest free but do carry a small service charge
of 075 percent on funds paid out IDA commitment fees range from zero to 05
percent on un-disbursed credit balances for FY06 commitment fees have been set
at 030 percent For complete information about IBRD financial products
services lending rates and charges please visit the World Bank Treasury
Treasury is at the heart of IBRDs borrowing and lending operations and also
performs treasury functions for other members of the World Bank Group
Grants Grants are designed to facilitate development projects by encouraging innovation
co-operation between organizations and local stakeholdersrsquo participation in
projects In recent years IDA grantsmdashwhich are either funded directly or
managed through partnershipsmdashhave been used to
ndash Relieve the debt burden of heavily indebted poor countries
ndash Improve sanitation and water supplies
ndash Support vaccination and immunization programs to reduce the incidence
of communicable diseases like malaria
ndash Combat the HIVAIDS pandemic
ndash Support civil society organizations
ndash Create initiatives to cut the emission of greenhouse gasses
Analytic and Advisory Services Another role of world bank is to provide analysis advice and information to
member countries so they can deliver the lasting economic and social
improvements their people need Some of the ways are as below
ndash Poverty Assessments
ndash Public Expenditure Reviews
ndash Country Economic Memoranda
ndash Social and Structural Reviews
ndash Sector Reports
ndash Topics in Development
Capacity Building Another core bank function is to increase the capabilities of its own staff its
partners and the people in developing countriesmdashto help them acquire the
knowledge and skills they need to provide technical assistance improve
government performance and delivery of services promote economic growth and
sustain poverty reduction programs Linkages to knowledge-sharing networks
such as these have been set up by the Bank to address the vast needs for
information and dialogue about development
ndash Advisory Servicesand Ask Us help desks make information available by
topic via telephone fax email and the web There are more than 25
advisory services at the Bank Staff members who respond to inquiries add
value to the work of our own staff clients and partners by responding
quickly to their knowledge needs Often they are the first and possibly the
only contact the public at large and the people in developing countries
have with the World Bank
ndash Global Development Learning Network is an extensive network of
distance learning centers that uses advanced information and
communications technologies to connect people working in development
around the world
ndash World Bank Institute Global and Regional Programs bring together
leading development practitioners online and face-to-face to exchange
experiences and to develop skills
ndash B-SPAN webcasting service is an Internet-based broadcasting station that
presents World Bank seminars workshops and conferences on sustainable
development and poverty reduction
UNCTAD Established in 1964 UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of
developing countries into the world economy UNCTAD has progressively
evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to
help shape current policy debates and thinking on development with a particular
focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually
supportive in bringing about sustainable development
History Foundation
In the early 1960s growing concerns about the place of developing countries in
international trade led many of these countries to call for the convening of a full-
fledged conference specifically devoted to tackling these problems and
identifying appropriate international actions
The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was
held in Geneva in 1964 Given the magnitude of the problems at stake and the
need to address them the conference was institutionalized to meet every four
years with intergovernmental bodies meeting between sessions and a permanent
secretariat providing the necessary substantive and logistical support
Simultaneously the developing countries established the Group of 77 to voice
their concerns (Today the G77 has 131 members)
The prominent Argentinian economist Rauacutel Prebisch who had headed the United
Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean became the
organizations first Secretary-General
Phase 1 The 1960s and 1970s
In its early decades of operation UNCTAD gained authoritative standing
as an intergovernmental forum for North-South dialogue and
negotiations on issues of interest to developing countries including
debates on the ldquoNew International Economic Orderrdquo
for its analytical research and policy advice on development issues
Agreements launched by UNCTAD during this time include
the Generalized System of Preferences (1968) whereby developed
economies grant improved market access to exports from developing
countries
a number of International Commodities Agreements which aimed at
stabilizing the prices of export products crucial for developing countries
the Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences which
strengthened the ability of developing countries to maintain national
merchant fleets
the adoption of a Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and
Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices This work later
evolved into what is today known as ―Trade and Competition Policies
Furthermore UNCTAD was a key contributor to
the definition of the target of 07 of gross domestic product (GDP) to be
given as official development aid by developed countries to the poorest
countries as adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1970
the identification of the Group of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as
early as 1971 which drew attention to the particular needs of these poorest
countries UNCTAD became the focal point within the UN system for
tackling LDC-related economic development issues
Phase 2 The 1980s
In the 1980s UNCTAD was faced with a changing economic and political
environment
There was a significant transformation in economic thinking
Development strategies became more market-oriented focusing on trade
liberalization and privatization of state enterprises
A number of developing countries were plunged into severe debt crises
Despite structural adjustment programs by the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund most developing countries affected were not
able to recover quickly In many cases they experienced negative growth
and high rates of inflation For this reason the 1980s become known as
the ―lost decade particularly in Latin America
Economic interdependence in the world increased greatly
In the light of these developments UNCTAD multiplied efforts aimed at
strengthening the analytical content of its intergovernmental debate
particularly regarding macroeconomic management and international
financial and monetary issues
broadening the scope of its activities to assist developing countries in their
efforts to integrate into the world trading system In this context
the technical assistance provided by UNCTAD to developing
countries was particularly important in the Uruguay Round of trade
negotiations which had begun under the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986 UNCTAD played a key role in
supporting the negotiations for the General Agreement on Trade in
Services (GATS)
UNCTADrsquos work on trade efficiency (customs facilitation
multimodal transport) made an important contribution to enabling
developing economies to reap greater gains from trade
UNCTAD assisted developing countries in the rescheduling of
official debt in the Paris Club negotiations
promoting South-South cooperation In 1989 the Agreement on the
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) came into force It provided for the granting of tariff as well as
non-tariff preferences among its members To date the Agreement has
been ratified by 44 countries
addressing the concerns of the poorest nations by organizing the first UN
Conference on Least Developed Countries in 1981 Since then two
other international conferences have been held at 10-year intervals
Phase 3 From the 1990s until today
Key developments in the international context
The conclusion of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations under the
GATT resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organizationin
1995 which led to a strengthening of the legal framework governing
international trade
A spectacular increase in international financial flows led to increasing
financial instability and volatility
Against this background UNCTADrsquos analysis gave early warning
concerning the risks and the destructive impact of financial crises on
development Consequently UNCTAD emphasized the need for a more
development-oriented ―international financial architecture
Foreign direct investment flows became a major component of
globalization
UNCTAD highlighted the need for a differentiated approach to the
problems of developing countries Its tenth conference held in Bangkok in
February 2000 adopted a political declaration ndash ―The Spirit of Bangkok
ndash as a strategy to address the development agenda in a globalizing world
In recent years UNCTAD has
further focused its analytical research on the linkages between trade
investment technology and enterprise development
put forward a ―positive agenda for developing countries in international
trade negotiations designed to assist developing countries in better
understanding the complexity of the multilateral trade negotiations and in
formulating their positions
Expanded work on international investment issues following the merger
into UNCTAD of the New Yorkndashbased United Nations Centre on
Transnational Corporations in 1993
expanded and diversified its technical assistance which today covers a
wide range of areas including training trade negotiators and addressing
trade-related issues debt management investment policy reviews and the
promotion of entrepreneurship commodities competition law and policy
and trade and environment
UNCTAD XI
UNCTAD has continued to play a crucial role in emphasizing the development
dimension of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related
areas
In particular UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of globalization and
the need to overcome the supply constraints of developing countries so as to
ensure development gains and poverty reduction
Functions of UNCTAD The organization works to fulfil this mandate by carrying out three key functions
It functions as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations supported by
discussions with experts and exchanges of experience aimed at consensus
building
It undertakes research policy analysis and data collection for the debates of
government representatives and experts
It provides technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing
countries with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and
of economies in transition When appropriate UNCTAD cooperates with other
organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance
The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr Supachai Panchpakdi (Thailand) who
took office on 1 September 2005
In performing its functions the secretariat works together with member
Governments and interacts with organizations of the United Nations system and
regional commissions as well as with governmental institutions non-
governmental organizations the private sector including trade and industry
associations research institutes and universities worldwide
Trade and commodities Commodity diversification and development Promotes the diversification of
production and trade structures Helps Governments to formulate and implement
diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business
strategies and become more competitive in the world market
Competition and consumer policies Provides analysis and capacity building in
competition and consumer protection laws and policies in developing countries
Publishes regular updates of a Model Law on Competition
Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Assists developing countries
in all aspects of their trade negotiations
Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) Comprehensive computer-
based information system on trade control measures that uses UNCTADrsquos
database The CD-ROM version includes 119 countries
Trade and environment Assesses the trade and development impact of
environmental requirements and relevant multilateral agreements and provides
capacity-building activities to help developing countries participate in and derive
benefits from international negotiations on these matters
Investment technology and enterprise development International investment and technology arrangements Helps developing
countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at
the bilateral regional and multilateral levels These arrangements include the
organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the
preparation of a series of issues papers
Investment Policy Reviews Intended to familiarize Governments and the private
sector with the investment environment and policies of a given country Reviews
have been carried out in a number of countries including Ecuador Egypt
Ethiopia Mauritius Peru Uganda and Uzbekistan
Investment guides and capacity building for the LDCs Some of the countries
involved are Bangladesh Ethiopia Mali Mozambique and Uganda
Technology Services the UN Commission on Science and Technology for
Development and administers the Science and Technology for Development
Network carries out case studies on best practices in transfer of technology
undertakes Science Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews for interested
countries as well as capacity-building activities
Empretec Promotes entrepreneurship and the development of small and
medium-sized enterprises Empretec programmes have been initiated in 27
countries assisting more than 70000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven
business support centres
Macroeconomic policies debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic
interdependence the international monetary and financial system and
macroeconomic and development policy challenges
Technical and advisory support to the G24 group of developing countries (the
Intergovernmental Group of 24) in the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund advisory services to developing countries for debt rescheduling
negotiations under the Paris Club
DMFAS programme Computer-based debt management and financial analysis
system specially designed to help countries manage their external debt Started in
1982 and now installed in 62 countries
Transport customs and information technology ASYCUDA programme Integrated customs system that speeds up customs
clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their
customs procedures and management Installed in over 80 countries ASYCUDA
has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation
ACIS programme Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20
developing countries of Africa and Asia
E-Tourism Initiative Linking sustainable tourism and Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) for development UNCTAD has developed
this Initiative to help developing countries destinations to become more
autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools
Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) 150 centres around the world provide
traders with trade-related information and services and assist in the introduction
of e-business practices
TrainForTrade programme Builds training networks and organizes training in
all areas of international trade to enable developing countries to increase their
competitiveness Currently developing distance learning programmes focusing on
the LDCs(Least Developed Countries)
Africa Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of
problems faced by African countries in their development efforts and facilitating
a better integration of Africa into the world economy Particular emphasis is
placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
Least Developed Countries (LDC) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC
status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed
Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 and to better understand the policy-related
issues that are specially relevant to LDCs notably with a view to developing
productive capacities and reducing poverty in these countries
Land Locked Developing Countries(LLDC) Provides analytical work and
technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003
Almaty Programme of Action which deals with the special needs of LLDCs
within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked
and transit developing countries
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities
loans are interest free For information about the IBRDrsquos financial products
services lending rates and charges please visit the World Bank Treasury
Each borrowerrsquos project proposal is assessed to ensure that the project is
economically financially socially and environmentally sound During loan
negotiations the Bank and borrower agree on the development objectives
outputs performance indicators and implementation plan as well as a loan
disbursement schedule While we supervise the implementation of each loan and
evaluate its results the borrower implements the project or program according to
the agreed terms As nearly 30 of our staff is based in some 100 country offices
worldwide three-fourths of outstanding loans are managed by country directors
located away from the World Bank offices in Washington
IDA long term loans (credits) are interest free but do carry a small service charge
of 075 percent on funds paid out IDA commitment fees range from zero to 05
percent on un-disbursed credit balances for FY06 commitment fees have been set
at 030 percent For complete information about IBRD financial products
services lending rates and charges please visit the World Bank Treasury
Treasury is at the heart of IBRDs borrowing and lending operations and also
performs treasury functions for other members of the World Bank Group
Grants Grants are designed to facilitate development projects by encouraging innovation
co-operation between organizations and local stakeholdersrsquo participation in
projects In recent years IDA grantsmdashwhich are either funded directly or
managed through partnershipsmdashhave been used to
ndash Relieve the debt burden of heavily indebted poor countries
ndash Improve sanitation and water supplies
ndash Support vaccination and immunization programs to reduce the incidence
of communicable diseases like malaria
ndash Combat the HIVAIDS pandemic
ndash Support civil society organizations
ndash Create initiatives to cut the emission of greenhouse gasses
Analytic and Advisory Services Another role of world bank is to provide analysis advice and information to
member countries so they can deliver the lasting economic and social
improvements their people need Some of the ways are as below
ndash Poverty Assessments
ndash Public Expenditure Reviews
ndash Country Economic Memoranda
ndash Social and Structural Reviews
ndash Sector Reports
ndash Topics in Development
Capacity Building Another core bank function is to increase the capabilities of its own staff its
partners and the people in developing countriesmdashto help them acquire the
knowledge and skills they need to provide technical assistance improve
government performance and delivery of services promote economic growth and
sustain poverty reduction programs Linkages to knowledge-sharing networks
such as these have been set up by the Bank to address the vast needs for
information and dialogue about development
ndash Advisory Servicesand Ask Us help desks make information available by
topic via telephone fax email and the web There are more than 25
advisory services at the Bank Staff members who respond to inquiries add
value to the work of our own staff clients and partners by responding
quickly to their knowledge needs Often they are the first and possibly the
only contact the public at large and the people in developing countries
have with the World Bank
ndash Global Development Learning Network is an extensive network of
distance learning centers that uses advanced information and
communications technologies to connect people working in development
around the world
ndash World Bank Institute Global and Regional Programs bring together
leading development practitioners online and face-to-face to exchange
experiences and to develop skills
ndash B-SPAN webcasting service is an Internet-based broadcasting station that
presents World Bank seminars workshops and conferences on sustainable
development and poverty reduction
UNCTAD Established in 1964 UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of
developing countries into the world economy UNCTAD has progressively
evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to
help shape current policy debates and thinking on development with a particular
focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually
supportive in bringing about sustainable development
History Foundation
In the early 1960s growing concerns about the place of developing countries in
international trade led many of these countries to call for the convening of a full-
fledged conference specifically devoted to tackling these problems and
identifying appropriate international actions
The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was
held in Geneva in 1964 Given the magnitude of the problems at stake and the
need to address them the conference was institutionalized to meet every four
years with intergovernmental bodies meeting between sessions and a permanent
secretariat providing the necessary substantive and logistical support
Simultaneously the developing countries established the Group of 77 to voice
their concerns (Today the G77 has 131 members)
The prominent Argentinian economist Rauacutel Prebisch who had headed the United
Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean became the
organizations first Secretary-General
Phase 1 The 1960s and 1970s
In its early decades of operation UNCTAD gained authoritative standing
as an intergovernmental forum for North-South dialogue and
negotiations on issues of interest to developing countries including
debates on the ldquoNew International Economic Orderrdquo
for its analytical research and policy advice on development issues
Agreements launched by UNCTAD during this time include
the Generalized System of Preferences (1968) whereby developed
economies grant improved market access to exports from developing
countries
a number of International Commodities Agreements which aimed at
stabilizing the prices of export products crucial for developing countries
the Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences which
strengthened the ability of developing countries to maintain national
merchant fleets
the adoption of a Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and
Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices This work later
evolved into what is today known as ―Trade and Competition Policies
Furthermore UNCTAD was a key contributor to
the definition of the target of 07 of gross domestic product (GDP) to be
given as official development aid by developed countries to the poorest
countries as adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1970
the identification of the Group of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as
early as 1971 which drew attention to the particular needs of these poorest
countries UNCTAD became the focal point within the UN system for
tackling LDC-related economic development issues
Phase 2 The 1980s
In the 1980s UNCTAD was faced with a changing economic and political
environment
There was a significant transformation in economic thinking
Development strategies became more market-oriented focusing on trade
liberalization and privatization of state enterprises
A number of developing countries were plunged into severe debt crises
Despite structural adjustment programs by the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund most developing countries affected were not
able to recover quickly In many cases they experienced negative growth
and high rates of inflation For this reason the 1980s become known as
the ―lost decade particularly in Latin America
Economic interdependence in the world increased greatly
In the light of these developments UNCTAD multiplied efforts aimed at
strengthening the analytical content of its intergovernmental debate
particularly regarding macroeconomic management and international
financial and monetary issues
broadening the scope of its activities to assist developing countries in their
efforts to integrate into the world trading system In this context
the technical assistance provided by UNCTAD to developing
countries was particularly important in the Uruguay Round of trade
negotiations which had begun under the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986 UNCTAD played a key role in
supporting the negotiations for the General Agreement on Trade in
Services (GATS)
UNCTADrsquos work on trade efficiency (customs facilitation
multimodal transport) made an important contribution to enabling
developing economies to reap greater gains from trade
UNCTAD assisted developing countries in the rescheduling of
official debt in the Paris Club negotiations
promoting South-South cooperation In 1989 the Agreement on the
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) came into force It provided for the granting of tariff as well as
non-tariff preferences among its members To date the Agreement has
been ratified by 44 countries
addressing the concerns of the poorest nations by organizing the first UN
Conference on Least Developed Countries in 1981 Since then two
other international conferences have been held at 10-year intervals
Phase 3 From the 1990s until today
Key developments in the international context
The conclusion of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations under the
GATT resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organizationin
1995 which led to a strengthening of the legal framework governing
international trade
A spectacular increase in international financial flows led to increasing
financial instability and volatility
Against this background UNCTADrsquos analysis gave early warning
concerning the risks and the destructive impact of financial crises on
development Consequently UNCTAD emphasized the need for a more
development-oriented ―international financial architecture
Foreign direct investment flows became a major component of
globalization
UNCTAD highlighted the need for a differentiated approach to the
problems of developing countries Its tenth conference held in Bangkok in
February 2000 adopted a political declaration ndash ―The Spirit of Bangkok
ndash as a strategy to address the development agenda in a globalizing world
In recent years UNCTAD has
further focused its analytical research on the linkages between trade
investment technology and enterprise development
put forward a ―positive agenda for developing countries in international
trade negotiations designed to assist developing countries in better
understanding the complexity of the multilateral trade negotiations and in
formulating their positions
Expanded work on international investment issues following the merger
into UNCTAD of the New Yorkndashbased United Nations Centre on
Transnational Corporations in 1993
expanded and diversified its technical assistance which today covers a
wide range of areas including training trade negotiators and addressing
trade-related issues debt management investment policy reviews and the
promotion of entrepreneurship commodities competition law and policy
and trade and environment
UNCTAD XI
UNCTAD has continued to play a crucial role in emphasizing the development
dimension of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related
areas
In particular UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of globalization and
the need to overcome the supply constraints of developing countries so as to
ensure development gains and poverty reduction
Functions of UNCTAD The organization works to fulfil this mandate by carrying out three key functions
It functions as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations supported by
discussions with experts and exchanges of experience aimed at consensus
building
It undertakes research policy analysis and data collection for the debates of
government representatives and experts
It provides technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing
countries with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and
of economies in transition When appropriate UNCTAD cooperates with other
organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance
The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr Supachai Panchpakdi (Thailand) who
took office on 1 September 2005
In performing its functions the secretariat works together with member
Governments and interacts with organizations of the United Nations system and
regional commissions as well as with governmental institutions non-
governmental organizations the private sector including trade and industry
associations research institutes and universities worldwide
Trade and commodities Commodity diversification and development Promotes the diversification of
production and trade structures Helps Governments to formulate and implement
diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business
strategies and become more competitive in the world market
Competition and consumer policies Provides analysis and capacity building in
competition and consumer protection laws and policies in developing countries
Publishes regular updates of a Model Law on Competition
Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Assists developing countries
in all aspects of their trade negotiations
Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) Comprehensive computer-
based information system on trade control measures that uses UNCTADrsquos
database The CD-ROM version includes 119 countries
Trade and environment Assesses the trade and development impact of
environmental requirements and relevant multilateral agreements and provides
capacity-building activities to help developing countries participate in and derive
benefits from international negotiations on these matters
Investment technology and enterprise development International investment and technology arrangements Helps developing
countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at
the bilateral regional and multilateral levels These arrangements include the
organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the
preparation of a series of issues papers
Investment Policy Reviews Intended to familiarize Governments and the private
sector with the investment environment and policies of a given country Reviews
have been carried out in a number of countries including Ecuador Egypt
Ethiopia Mauritius Peru Uganda and Uzbekistan
Investment guides and capacity building for the LDCs Some of the countries
involved are Bangladesh Ethiopia Mali Mozambique and Uganda
Technology Services the UN Commission on Science and Technology for
Development and administers the Science and Technology for Development
Network carries out case studies on best practices in transfer of technology
undertakes Science Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews for interested
countries as well as capacity-building activities
Empretec Promotes entrepreneurship and the development of small and
medium-sized enterprises Empretec programmes have been initiated in 27
countries assisting more than 70000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven
business support centres
Macroeconomic policies debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic
interdependence the international monetary and financial system and
macroeconomic and development policy challenges
Technical and advisory support to the G24 group of developing countries (the
Intergovernmental Group of 24) in the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund advisory services to developing countries for debt rescheduling
negotiations under the Paris Club
DMFAS programme Computer-based debt management and financial analysis
system specially designed to help countries manage their external debt Started in
1982 and now installed in 62 countries
Transport customs and information technology ASYCUDA programme Integrated customs system that speeds up customs
clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their
customs procedures and management Installed in over 80 countries ASYCUDA
has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation
ACIS programme Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20
developing countries of Africa and Asia
E-Tourism Initiative Linking sustainable tourism and Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) for development UNCTAD has developed
this Initiative to help developing countries destinations to become more
autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools
Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) 150 centres around the world provide
traders with trade-related information and services and assist in the introduction
of e-business practices
TrainForTrade programme Builds training networks and organizes training in
all areas of international trade to enable developing countries to increase their
competitiveness Currently developing distance learning programmes focusing on
the LDCs(Least Developed Countries)
Africa Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of
problems faced by African countries in their development efforts and facilitating
a better integration of Africa into the world economy Particular emphasis is
placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
Least Developed Countries (LDC) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC
status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed
Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 and to better understand the policy-related
issues that are specially relevant to LDCs notably with a view to developing
productive capacities and reducing poverty in these countries
Land Locked Developing Countries(LLDC) Provides analytical work and
technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003
Almaty Programme of Action which deals with the special needs of LLDCs
within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked
and transit developing countries
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities
such as these have been set up by the Bank to address the vast needs for
information and dialogue about development
ndash Advisory Servicesand Ask Us help desks make information available by
topic via telephone fax email and the web There are more than 25
advisory services at the Bank Staff members who respond to inquiries add
value to the work of our own staff clients and partners by responding
quickly to their knowledge needs Often they are the first and possibly the
only contact the public at large and the people in developing countries
have with the World Bank
ndash Global Development Learning Network is an extensive network of
distance learning centers that uses advanced information and
communications technologies to connect people working in development
around the world
ndash World Bank Institute Global and Regional Programs bring together
leading development practitioners online and face-to-face to exchange
experiences and to develop skills
ndash B-SPAN webcasting service is an Internet-based broadcasting station that
presents World Bank seminars workshops and conferences on sustainable
development and poverty reduction
UNCTAD Established in 1964 UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of
developing countries into the world economy UNCTAD has progressively
evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to
help shape current policy debates and thinking on development with a particular
focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually
supportive in bringing about sustainable development
History Foundation
In the early 1960s growing concerns about the place of developing countries in
international trade led many of these countries to call for the convening of a full-
fledged conference specifically devoted to tackling these problems and
identifying appropriate international actions
The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was
held in Geneva in 1964 Given the magnitude of the problems at stake and the
need to address them the conference was institutionalized to meet every four
years with intergovernmental bodies meeting between sessions and a permanent
secretariat providing the necessary substantive and logistical support
Simultaneously the developing countries established the Group of 77 to voice
their concerns (Today the G77 has 131 members)
The prominent Argentinian economist Rauacutel Prebisch who had headed the United
Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean became the
organizations first Secretary-General
Phase 1 The 1960s and 1970s
In its early decades of operation UNCTAD gained authoritative standing
as an intergovernmental forum for North-South dialogue and
negotiations on issues of interest to developing countries including
debates on the ldquoNew International Economic Orderrdquo
for its analytical research and policy advice on development issues
Agreements launched by UNCTAD during this time include
the Generalized System of Preferences (1968) whereby developed
economies grant improved market access to exports from developing
countries
a number of International Commodities Agreements which aimed at
stabilizing the prices of export products crucial for developing countries
the Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences which
strengthened the ability of developing countries to maintain national
merchant fleets
the adoption of a Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and
Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices This work later
evolved into what is today known as ―Trade and Competition Policies
Furthermore UNCTAD was a key contributor to
the definition of the target of 07 of gross domestic product (GDP) to be
given as official development aid by developed countries to the poorest
countries as adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1970
the identification of the Group of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as
early as 1971 which drew attention to the particular needs of these poorest
countries UNCTAD became the focal point within the UN system for
tackling LDC-related economic development issues
Phase 2 The 1980s
In the 1980s UNCTAD was faced with a changing economic and political
environment
There was a significant transformation in economic thinking
Development strategies became more market-oriented focusing on trade
liberalization and privatization of state enterprises
A number of developing countries were plunged into severe debt crises
Despite structural adjustment programs by the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund most developing countries affected were not
able to recover quickly In many cases they experienced negative growth
and high rates of inflation For this reason the 1980s become known as
the ―lost decade particularly in Latin America
Economic interdependence in the world increased greatly
In the light of these developments UNCTAD multiplied efforts aimed at
strengthening the analytical content of its intergovernmental debate
particularly regarding macroeconomic management and international
financial and monetary issues
broadening the scope of its activities to assist developing countries in their
efforts to integrate into the world trading system In this context
the technical assistance provided by UNCTAD to developing
countries was particularly important in the Uruguay Round of trade
negotiations which had begun under the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986 UNCTAD played a key role in
supporting the negotiations for the General Agreement on Trade in
Services (GATS)
UNCTADrsquos work on trade efficiency (customs facilitation
multimodal transport) made an important contribution to enabling
developing economies to reap greater gains from trade
UNCTAD assisted developing countries in the rescheduling of
official debt in the Paris Club negotiations
promoting South-South cooperation In 1989 the Agreement on the
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) came into force It provided for the granting of tariff as well as
non-tariff preferences among its members To date the Agreement has
been ratified by 44 countries
addressing the concerns of the poorest nations by organizing the first UN
Conference on Least Developed Countries in 1981 Since then two
other international conferences have been held at 10-year intervals
Phase 3 From the 1990s until today
Key developments in the international context
The conclusion of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations under the
GATT resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organizationin
1995 which led to a strengthening of the legal framework governing
international trade
A spectacular increase in international financial flows led to increasing
financial instability and volatility
Against this background UNCTADrsquos analysis gave early warning
concerning the risks and the destructive impact of financial crises on
development Consequently UNCTAD emphasized the need for a more
development-oriented ―international financial architecture
Foreign direct investment flows became a major component of
globalization
UNCTAD highlighted the need for a differentiated approach to the
problems of developing countries Its tenth conference held in Bangkok in
February 2000 adopted a political declaration ndash ―The Spirit of Bangkok
ndash as a strategy to address the development agenda in a globalizing world
In recent years UNCTAD has
further focused its analytical research on the linkages between trade
investment technology and enterprise development
put forward a ―positive agenda for developing countries in international
trade negotiations designed to assist developing countries in better
understanding the complexity of the multilateral trade negotiations and in
formulating their positions
Expanded work on international investment issues following the merger
into UNCTAD of the New Yorkndashbased United Nations Centre on
Transnational Corporations in 1993
expanded and diversified its technical assistance which today covers a
wide range of areas including training trade negotiators and addressing
trade-related issues debt management investment policy reviews and the
promotion of entrepreneurship commodities competition law and policy
and trade and environment
UNCTAD XI
UNCTAD has continued to play a crucial role in emphasizing the development
dimension of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related
areas
In particular UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of globalization and
the need to overcome the supply constraints of developing countries so as to
ensure development gains and poverty reduction
Functions of UNCTAD The organization works to fulfil this mandate by carrying out three key functions
It functions as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations supported by
discussions with experts and exchanges of experience aimed at consensus
building
It undertakes research policy analysis and data collection for the debates of
government representatives and experts
It provides technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing
countries with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and
of economies in transition When appropriate UNCTAD cooperates with other
organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance
The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr Supachai Panchpakdi (Thailand) who
took office on 1 September 2005
In performing its functions the secretariat works together with member
Governments and interacts with organizations of the United Nations system and
regional commissions as well as with governmental institutions non-
governmental organizations the private sector including trade and industry
associations research institutes and universities worldwide
Trade and commodities Commodity diversification and development Promotes the diversification of
production and trade structures Helps Governments to formulate and implement
diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business
strategies and become more competitive in the world market
Competition and consumer policies Provides analysis and capacity building in
competition and consumer protection laws and policies in developing countries
Publishes regular updates of a Model Law on Competition
Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Assists developing countries
in all aspects of their trade negotiations
Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) Comprehensive computer-
based information system on trade control measures that uses UNCTADrsquos
database The CD-ROM version includes 119 countries
Trade and environment Assesses the trade and development impact of
environmental requirements and relevant multilateral agreements and provides
capacity-building activities to help developing countries participate in and derive
benefits from international negotiations on these matters
Investment technology and enterprise development International investment and technology arrangements Helps developing
countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at
the bilateral regional and multilateral levels These arrangements include the
organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the
preparation of a series of issues papers
Investment Policy Reviews Intended to familiarize Governments and the private
sector with the investment environment and policies of a given country Reviews
have been carried out in a number of countries including Ecuador Egypt
Ethiopia Mauritius Peru Uganda and Uzbekistan
Investment guides and capacity building for the LDCs Some of the countries
involved are Bangladesh Ethiopia Mali Mozambique and Uganda
Technology Services the UN Commission on Science and Technology for
Development and administers the Science and Technology for Development
Network carries out case studies on best practices in transfer of technology
undertakes Science Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews for interested
countries as well as capacity-building activities
Empretec Promotes entrepreneurship and the development of small and
medium-sized enterprises Empretec programmes have been initiated in 27
countries assisting more than 70000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven
business support centres
Macroeconomic policies debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic
interdependence the international monetary and financial system and
macroeconomic and development policy challenges
Technical and advisory support to the G24 group of developing countries (the
Intergovernmental Group of 24) in the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund advisory services to developing countries for debt rescheduling
negotiations under the Paris Club
DMFAS programme Computer-based debt management and financial analysis
system specially designed to help countries manage their external debt Started in
1982 and now installed in 62 countries
Transport customs and information technology ASYCUDA programme Integrated customs system that speeds up customs
clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their
customs procedures and management Installed in over 80 countries ASYCUDA
has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation
ACIS programme Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20
developing countries of Africa and Asia
E-Tourism Initiative Linking sustainable tourism and Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) for development UNCTAD has developed
this Initiative to help developing countries destinations to become more
autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools
Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) 150 centres around the world provide
traders with trade-related information and services and assist in the introduction
of e-business practices
TrainForTrade programme Builds training networks and organizes training in
all areas of international trade to enable developing countries to increase their
competitiveness Currently developing distance learning programmes focusing on
the LDCs(Least Developed Countries)
Africa Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of
problems faced by African countries in their development efforts and facilitating
a better integration of Africa into the world economy Particular emphasis is
placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
Least Developed Countries (LDC) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC
status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed
Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 and to better understand the policy-related
issues that are specially relevant to LDCs notably with a view to developing
productive capacities and reducing poverty in these countries
Land Locked Developing Countries(LLDC) Provides analytical work and
technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003
Almaty Programme of Action which deals with the special needs of LLDCs
within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked
and transit developing countries
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities
UNCTAD Established in 1964 UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of
developing countries into the world economy UNCTAD has progressively
evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to
help shape current policy debates and thinking on development with a particular
focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually
supportive in bringing about sustainable development
History Foundation
In the early 1960s growing concerns about the place of developing countries in
international trade led many of these countries to call for the convening of a full-
fledged conference specifically devoted to tackling these problems and
identifying appropriate international actions
The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was
held in Geneva in 1964 Given the magnitude of the problems at stake and the
need to address them the conference was institutionalized to meet every four
years with intergovernmental bodies meeting between sessions and a permanent
secretariat providing the necessary substantive and logistical support
Simultaneously the developing countries established the Group of 77 to voice
their concerns (Today the G77 has 131 members)
The prominent Argentinian economist Rauacutel Prebisch who had headed the United
Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean became the
organizations first Secretary-General
Phase 1 The 1960s and 1970s
In its early decades of operation UNCTAD gained authoritative standing
as an intergovernmental forum for North-South dialogue and
negotiations on issues of interest to developing countries including
debates on the ldquoNew International Economic Orderrdquo
for its analytical research and policy advice on development issues
Agreements launched by UNCTAD during this time include
the Generalized System of Preferences (1968) whereby developed
economies grant improved market access to exports from developing
countries
a number of International Commodities Agreements which aimed at
stabilizing the prices of export products crucial for developing countries
the Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences which
strengthened the ability of developing countries to maintain national
merchant fleets
the adoption of a Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and
Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices This work later
evolved into what is today known as ―Trade and Competition Policies
Furthermore UNCTAD was a key contributor to
the definition of the target of 07 of gross domestic product (GDP) to be
given as official development aid by developed countries to the poorest
countries as adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1970
the identification of the Group of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as
early as 1971 which drew attention to the particular needs of these poorest
countries UNCTAD became the focal point within the UN system for
tackling LDC-related economic development issues
Phase 2 The 1980s
In the 1980s UNCTAD was faced with a changing economic and political
environment
There was a significant transformation in economic thinking
Development strategies became more market-oriented focusing on trade
liberalization and privatization of state enterprises
A number of developing countries were plunged into severe debt crises
Despite structural adjustment programs by the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund most developing countries affected were not
able to recover quickly In many cases they experienced negative growth
and high rates of inflation For this reason the 1980s become known as
the ―lost decade particularly in Latin America
Economic interdependence in the world increased greatly
In the light of these developments UNCTAD multiplied efforts aimed at
strengthening the analytical content of its intergovernmental debate
particularly regarding macroeconomic management and international
financial and monetary issues
broadening the scope of its activities to assist developing countries in their
efforts to integrate into the world trading system In this context
the technical assistance provided by UNCTAD to developing
countries was particularly important in the Uruguay Round of trade
negotiations which had begun under the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986 UNCTAD played a key role in
supporting the negotiations for the General Agreement on Trade in
Services (GATS)
UNCTADrsquos work on trade efficiency (customs facilitation
multimodal transport) made an important contribution to enabling
developing economies to reap greater gains from trade
UNCTAD assisted developing countries in the rescheduling of
official debt in the Paris Club negotiations
promoting South-South cooperation In 1989 the Agreement on the
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) came into force It provided for the granting of tariff as well as
non-tariff preferences among its members To date the Agreement has
been ratified by 44 countries
addressing the concerns of the poorest nations by organizing the first UN
Conference on Least Developed Countries in 1981 Since then two
other international conferences have been held at 10-year intervals
Phase 3 From the 1990s until today
Key developments in the international context
The conclusion of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations under the
GATT resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organizationin
1995 which led to a strengthening of the legal framework governing
international trade
A spectacular increase in international financial flows led to increasing
financial instability and volatility
Against this background UNCTADrsquos analysis gave early warning
concerning the risks and the destructive impact of financial crises on
development Consequently UNCTAD emphasized the need for a more
development-oriented ―international financial architecture
Foreign direct investment flows became a major component of
globalization
UNCTAD highlighted the need for a differentiated approach to the
problems of developing countries Its tenth conference held in Bangkok in
February 2000 adopted a political declaration ndash ―The Spirit of Bangkok
ndash as a strategy to address the development agenda in a globalizing world
In recent years UNCTAD has
further focused its analytical research on the linkages between trade
investment technology and enterprise development
put forward a ―positive agenda for developing countries in international
trade negotiations designed to assist developing countries in better
understanding the complexity of the multilateral trade negotiations and in
formulating their positions
Expanded work on international investment issues following the merger
into UNCTAD of the New Yorkndashbased United Nations Centre on
Transnational Corporations in 1993
expanded and diversified its technical assistance which today covers a
wide range of areas including training trade negotiators and addressing
trade-related issues debt management investment policy reviews and the
promotion of entrepreneurship commodities competition law and policy
and trade and environment
UNCTAD XI
UNCTAD has continued to play a crucial role in emphasizing the development
dimension of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related
areas
In particular UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of globalization and
the need to overcome the supply constraints of developing countries so as to
ensure development gains and poverty reduction
Functions of UNCTAD The organization works to fulfil this mandate by carrying out three key functions
It functions as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations supported by
discussions with experts and exchanges of experience aimed at consensus
building
It undertakes research policy analysis and data collection for the debates of
government representatives and experts
It provides technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing
countries with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and
of economies in transition When appropriate UNCTAD cooperates with other
organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance
The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr Supachai Panchpakdi (Thailand) who
took office on 1 September 2005
In performing its functions the secretariat works together with member
Governments and interacts with organizations of the United Nations system and
regional commissions as well as with governmental institutions non-
governmental organizations the private sector including trade and industry
associations research institutes and universities worldwide
Trade and commodities Commodity diversification and development Promotes the diversification of
production and trade structures Helps Governments to formulate and implement
diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business
strategies and become more competitive in the world market
Competition and consumer policies Provides analysis and capacity building in
competition and consumer protection laws and policies in developing countries
Publishes regular updates of a Model Law on Competition
Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Assists developing countries
in all aspects of their trade negotiations
Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) Comprehensive computer-
based information system on trade control measures that uses UNCTADrsquos
database The CD-ROM version includes 119 countries
Trade and environment Assesses the trade and development impact of
environmental requirements and relevant multilateral agreements and provides
capacity-building activities to help developing countries participate in and derive
benefits from international negotiations on these matters
Investment technology and enterprise development International investment and technology arrangements Helps developing
countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at
the bilateral regional and multilateral levels These arrangements include the
organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the
preparation of a series of issues papers
Investment Policy Reviews Intended to familiarize Governments and the private
sector with the investment environment and policies of a given country Reviews
have been carried out in a number of countries including Ecuador Egypt
Ethiopia Mauritius Peru Uganda and Uzbekistan
Investment guides and capacity building for the LDCs Some of the countries
involved are Bangladesh Ethiopia Mali Mozambique and Uganda
Technology Services the UN Commission on Science and Technology for
Development and administers the Science and Technology for Development
Network carries out case studies on best practices in transfer of technology
undertakes Science Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews for interested
countries as well as capacity-building activities
Empretec Promotes entrepreneurship and the development of small and
medium-sized enterprises Empretec programmes have been initiated in 27
countries assisting more than 70000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven
business support centres
Macroeconomic policies debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic
interdependence the international monetary and financial system and
macroeconomic and development policy challenges
Technical and advisory support to the G24 group of developing countries (the
Intergovernmental Group of 24) in the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund advisory services to developing countries for debt rescheduling
negotiations under the Paris Club
DMFAS programme Computer-based debt management and financial analysis
system specially designed to help countries manage their external debt Started in
1982 and now installed in 62 countries
Transport customs and information technology ASYCUDA programme Integrated customs system that speeds up customs
clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their
customs procedures and management Installed in over 80 countries ASYCUDA
has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation
ACIS programme Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20
developing countries of Africa and Asia
E-Tourism Initiative Linking sustainable tourism and Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) for development UNCTAD has developed
this Initiative to help developing countries destinations to become more
autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools
Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) 150 centres around the world provide
traders with trade-related information and services and assist in the introduction
of e-business practices
TrainForTrade programme Builds training networks and organizes training in
all areas of international trade to enable developing countries to increase their
competitiveness Currently developing distance learning programmes focusing on
the LDCs(Least Developed Countries)
Africa Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of
problems faced by African countries in their development efforts and facilitating
a better integration of Africa into the world economy Particular emphasis is
placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
Least Developed Countries (LDC) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC
status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed
Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 and to better understand the policy-related
issues that are specially relevant to LDCs notably with a view to developing
productive capacities and reducing poverty in these countries
Land Locked Developing Countries(LLDC) Provides analytical work and
technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003
Almaty Programme of Action which deals with the special needs of LLDCs
within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked
and transit developing countries
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities
the identification of the Group of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as
early as 1971 which drew attention to the particular needs of these poorest
countries UNCTAD became the focal point within the UN system for
tackling LDC-related economic development issues
Phase 2 The 1980s
In the 1980s UNCTAD was faced with a changing economic and political
environment
There was a significant transformation in economic thinking
Development strategies became more market-oriented focusing on trade
liberalization and privatization of state enterprises
A number of developing countries were plunged into severe debt crises
Despite structural adjustment programs by the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund most developing countries affected were not
able to recover quickly In many cases they experienced negative growth
and high rates of inflation For this reason the 1980s become known as
the ―lost decade particularly in Latin America
Economic interdependence in the world increased greatly
In the light of these developments UNCTAD multiplied efforts aimed at
strengthening the analytical content of its intergovernmental debate
particularly regarding macroeconomic management and international
financial and monetary issues
broadening the scope of its activities to assist developing countries in their
efforts to integrate into the world trading system In this context
the technical assistance provided by UNCTAD to developing
countries was particularly important in the Uruguay Round of trade
negotiations which had begun under the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986 UNCTAD played a key role in
supporting the negotiations for the General Agreement on Trade in
Services (GATS)
UNCTADrsquos work on trade efficiency (customs facilitation
multimodal transport) made an important contribution to enabling
developing economies to reap greater gains from trade
UNCTAD assisted developing countries in the rescheduling of
official debt in the Paris Club negotiations
promoting South-South cooperation In 1989 the Agreement on the
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) came into force It provided for the granting of tariff as well as
non-tariff preferences among its members To date the Agreement has
been ratified by 44 countries
addressing the concerns of the poorest nations by organizing the first UN
Conference on Least Developed Countries in 1981 Since then two
other international conferences have been held at 10-year intervals
Phase 3 From the 1990s until today
Key developments in the international context
The conclusion of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations under the
GATT resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organizationin
1995 which led to a strengthening of the legal framework governing
international trade
A spectacular increase in international financial flows led to increasing
financial instability and volatility
Against this background UNCTADrsquos analysis gave early warning
concerning the risks and the destructive impact of financial crises on
development Consequently UNCTAD emphasized the need for a more
development-oriented ―international financial architecture
Foreign direct investment flows became a major component of
globalization
UNCTAD highlighted the need for a differentiated approach to the
problems of developing countries Its tenth conference held in Bangkok in
February 2000 adopted a political declaration ndash ―The Spirit of Bangkok
ndash as a strategy to address the development agenda in a globalizing world
In recent years UNCTAD has
further focused its analytical research on the linkages between trade
investment technology and enterprise development
put forward a ―positive agenda for developing countries in international
trade negotiations designed to assist developing countries in better
understanding the complexity of the multilateral trade negotiations and in
formulating their positions
Expanded work on international investment issues following the merger
into UNCTAD of the New Yorkndashbased United Nations Centre on
Transnational Corporations in 1993
expanded and diversified its technical assistance which today covers a
wide range of areas including training trade negotiators and addressing
trade-related issues debt management investment policy reviews and the
promotion of entrepreneurship commodities competition law and policy
and trade and environment
UNCTAD XI
UNCTAD has continued to play a crucial role in emphasizing the development
dimension of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related
areas
In particular UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of globalization and
the need to overcome the supply constraints of developing countries so as to
ensure development gains and poverty reduction
Functions of UNCTAD The organization works to fulfil this mandate by carrying out three key functions
It functions as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations supported by
discussions with experts and exchanges of experience aimed at consensus
building
It undertakes research policy analysis and data collection for the debates of
government representatives and experts
It provides technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing
countries with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and
of economies in transition When appropriate UNCTAD cooperates with other
organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance
The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr Supachai Panchpakdi (Thailand) who
took office on 1 September 2005
In performing its functions the secretariat works together with member
Governments and interacts with organizations of the United Nations system and
regional commissions as well as with governmental institutions non-
governmental organizations the private sector including trade and industry
associations research institutes and universities worldwide
Trade and commodities Commodity diversification and development Promotes the diversification of
production and trade structures Helps Governments to formulate and implement
diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business
strategies and become more competitive in the world market
Competition and consumer policies Provides analysis and capacity building in
competition and consumer protection laws and policies in developing countries
Publishes regular updates of a Model Law on Competition
Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Assists developing countries
in all aspects of their trade negotiations
Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) Comprehensive computer-
based information system on trade control measures that uses UNCTADrsquos
database The CD-ROM version includes 119 countries
Trade and environment Assesses the trade and development impact of
environmental requirements and relevant multilateral agreements and provides
capacity-building activities to help developing countries participate in and derive
benefits from international negotiations on these matters
Investment technology and enterprise development International investment and technology arrangements Helps developing
countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at
the bilateral regional and multilateral levels These arrangements include the
organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the
preparation of a series of issues papers
Investment Policy Reviews Intended to familiarize Governments and the private
sector with the investment environment and policies of a given country Reviews
have been carried out in a number of countries including Ecuador Egypt
Ethiopia Mauritius Peru Uganda and Uzbekistan
Investment guides and capacity building for the LDCs Some of the countries
involved are Bangladesh Ethiopia Mali Mozambique and Uganda
Technology Services the UN Commission on Science and Technology for
Development and administers the Science and Technology for Development
Network carries out case studies on best practices in transfer of technology
undertakes Science Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews for interested
countries as well as capacity-building activities
Empretec Promotes entrepreneurship and the development of small and
medium-sized enterprises Empretec programmes have been initiated in 27
countries assisting more than 70000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven
business support centres
Macroeconomic policies debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic
interdependence the international monetary and financial system and
macroeconomic and development policy challenges
Technical and advisory support to the G24 group of developing countries (the
Intergovernmental Group of 24) in the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund advisory services to developing countries for debt rescheduling
negotiations under the Paris Club
DMFAS programme Computer-based debt management and financial analysis
system specially designed to help countries manage their external debt Started in
1982 and now installed in 62 countries
Transport customs and information technology ASYCUDA programme Integrated customs system that speeds up customs
clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their
customs procedures and management Installed in over 80 countries ASYCUDA
has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation
ACIS programme Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20
developing countries of Africa and Asia
E-Tourism Initiative Linking sustainable tourism and Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) for development UNCTAD has developed
this Initiative to help developing countries destinations to become more
autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools
Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) 150 centres around the world provide
traders with trade-related information and services and assist in the introduction
of e-business practices
TrainForTrade programme Builds training networks and organizes training in
all areas of international trade to enable developing countries to increase their
competitiveness Currently developing distance learning programmes focusing on
the LDCs(Least Developed Countries)
Africa Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of
problems faced by African countries in their development efforts and facilitating
a better integration of Africa into the world economy Particular emphasis is
placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
Least Developed Countries (LDC) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC
status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed
Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 and to better understand the policy-related
issues that are specially relevant to LDCs notably with a view to developing
productive capacities and reducing poverty in these countries
Land Locked Developing Countries(LLDC) Provides analytical work and
technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003
Almaty Programme of Action which deals with the special needs of LLDCs
within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked
and transit developing countries
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities
1995 which led to a strengthening of the legal framework governing
international trade
A spectacular increase in international financial flows led to increasing
financial instability and volatility
Against this background UNCTADrsquos analysis gave early warning
concerning the risks and the destructive impact of financial crises on
development Consequently UNCTAD emphasized the need for a more
development-oriented ―international financial architecture
Foreign direct investment flows became a major component of
globalization
UNCTAD highlighted the need for a differentiated approach to the
problems of developing countries Its tenth conference held in Bangkok in
February 2000 adopted a political declaration ndash ―The Spirit of Bangkok
ndash as a strategy to address the development agenda in a globalizing world
In recent years UNCTAD has
further focused its analytical research on the linkages between trade
investment technology and enterprise development
put forward a ―positive agenda for developing countries in international
trade negotiations designed to assist developing countries in better
understanding the complexity of the multilateral trade negotiations and in
formulating their positions
Expanded work on international investment issues following the merger
into UNCTAD of the New Yorkndashbased United Nations Centre on
Transnational Corporations in 1993
expanded and diversified its technical assistance which today covers a
wide range of areas including training trade negotiators and addressing
trade-related issues debt management investment policy reviews and the
promotion of entrepreneurship commodities competition law and policy
and trade and environment
UNCTAD XI
UNCTAD has continued to play a crucial role in emphasizing the development
dimension of issues in the fields of international trade and investment and related
areas
In particular UNCTAD has been addressing the imbalances of globalization and
the need to overcome the supply constraints of developing countries so as to
ensure development gains and poverty reduction
Functions of UNCTAD The organization works to fulfil this mandate by carrying out three key functions
It functions as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations supported by
discussions with experts and exchanges of experience aimed at consensus
building
It undertakes research policy analysis and data collection for the debates of
government representatives and experts
It provides technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing
countries with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and
of economies in transition When appropriate UNCTAD cooperates with other
organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance
The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr Supachai Panchpakdi (Thailand) who
took office on 1 September 2005
In performing its functions the secretariat works together with member
Governments and interacts with organizations of the United Nations system and
regional commissions as well as with governmental institutions non-
governmental organizations the private sector including trade and industry
associations research institutes and universities worldwide
Trade and commodities Commodity diversification and development Promotes the diversification of
production and trade structures Helps Governments to formulate and implement
diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business
strategies and become more competitive in the world market
Competition and consumer policies Provides analysis and capacity building in
competition and consumer protection laws and policies in developing countries
Publishes regular updates of a Model Law on Competition
Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Assists developing countries
in all aspects of their trade negotiations
Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) Comprehensive computer-
based information system on trade control measures that uses UNCTADrsquos
database The CD-ROM version includes 119 countries
Trade and environment Assesses the trade and development impact of
environmental requirements and relevant multilateral agreements and provides
capacity-building activities to help developing countries participate in and derive
benefits from international negotiations on these matters
Investment technology and enterprise development International investment and technology arrangements Helps developing
countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at
the bilateral regional and multilateral levels These arrangements include the
organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the
preparation of a series of issues papers
Investment Policy Reviews Intended to familiarize Governments and the private
sector with the investment environment and policies of a given country Reviews
have been carried out in a number of countries including Ecuador Egypt
Ethiopia Mauritius Peru Uganda and Uzbekistan
Investment guides and capacity building for the LDCs Some of the countries
involved are Bangladesh Ethiopia Mali Mozambique and Uganda
Technology Services the UN Commission on Science and Technology for
Development and administers the Science and Technology for Development
Network carries out case studies on best practices in transfer of technology
undertakes Science Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews for interested
countries as well as capacity-building activities
Empretec Promotes entrepreneurship and the development of small and
medium-sized enterprises Empretec programmes have been initiated in 27
countries assisting more than 70000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven
business support centres
Macroeconomic policies debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic
interdependence the international monetary and financial system and
macroeconomic and development policy challenges
Technical and advisory support to the G24 group of developing countries (the
Intergovernmental Group of 24) in the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund advisory services to developing countries for debt rescheduling
negotiations under the Paris Club
DMFAS programme Computer-based debt management and financial analysis
system specially designed to help countries manage their external debt Started in
1982 and now installed in 62 countries
Transport customs and information technology ASYCUDA programme Integrated customs system that speeds up customs
clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their
customs procedures and management Installed in over 80 countries ASYCUDA
has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation
ACIS programme Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20
developing countries of Africa and Asia
E-Tourism Initiative Linking sustainable tourism and Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) for development UNCTAD has developed
this Initiative to help developing countries destinations to become more
autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools
Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) 150 centres around the world provide
traders with trade-related information and services and assist in the introduction
of e-business practices
TrainForTrade programme Builds training networks and organizes training in
all areas of international trade to enable developing countries to increase their
competitiveness Currently developing distance learning programmes focusing on
the LDCs(Least Developed Countries)
Africa Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of
problems faced by African countries in their development efforts and facilitating
a better integration of Africa into the world economy Particular emphasis is
placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
Least Developed Countries (LDC) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC
status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed
Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 and to better understand the policy-related
issues that are specially relevant to LDCs notably with a view to developing
productive capacities and reducing poverty in these countries
Land Locked Developing Countries(LLDC) Provides analytical work and
technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003
Almaty Programme of Action which deals with the special needs of LLDCs
within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked
and transit developing countries
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities
of economies in transition When appropriate UNCTAD cooperates with other
organizations and donor countries in the delivery of technical assistance
The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr Supachai Panchpakdi (Thailand) who
took office on 1 September 2005
In performing its functions the secretariat works together with member
Governments and interacts with organizations of the United Nations system and
regional commissions as well as with governmental institutions non-
governmental organizations the private sector including trade and industry
associations research institutes and universities worldwide
Trade and commodities Commodity diversification and development Promotes the diversification of
production and trade structures Helps Governments to formulate and implement
diversification policies and encourages enterprises to adapt their business
strategies and become more competitive in the world market
Competition and consumer policies Provides analysis and capacity building in
competition and consumer protection laws and policies in developing countries
Publishes regular updates of a Model Law on Competition
Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Assists developing countries
in all aspects of their trade negotiations
Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) Comprehensive computer-
based information system on trade control measures that uses UNCTADrsquos
database The CD-ROM version includes 119 countries
Trade and environment Assesses the trade and development impact of
environmental requirements and relevant multilateral agreements and provides
capacity-building activities to help developing countries participate in and derive
benefits from international negotiations on these matters
Investment technology and enterprise development International investment and technology arrangements Helps developing
countries to participate more actively in international investment rule making at
the bilateral regional and multilateral levels These arrangements include the
organization of capacity-building seminars and regional symposia and the
preparation of a series of issues papers
Investment Policy Reviews Intended to familiarize Governments and the private
sector with the investment environment and policies of a given country Reviews
have been carried out in a number of countries including Ecuador Egypt
Ethiopia Mauritius Peru Uganda and Uzbekistan
Investment guides and capacity building for the LDCs Some of the countries
involved are Bangladesh Ethiopia Mali Mozambique and Uganda
Technology Services the UN Commission on Science and Technology for
Development and administers the Science and Technology for Development
Network carries out case studies on best practices in transfer of technology
undertakes Science Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews for interested
countries as well as capacity-building activities
Empretec Promotes entrepreneurship and the development of small and
medium-sized enterprises Empretec programmes have been initiated in 27
countries assisting more than 70000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven
business support centres
Macroeconomic policies debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic
interdependence the international monetary and financial system and
macroeconomic and development policy challenges
Technical and advisory support to the G24 group of developing countries (the
Intergovernmental Group of 24) in the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund advisory services to developing countries for debt rescheduling
negotiations under the Paris Club
DMFAS programme Computer-based debt management and financial analysis
system specially designed to help countries manage their external debt Started in
1982 and now installed in 62 countries
Transport customs and information technology ASYCUDA programme Integrated customs system that speeds up customs
clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their
customs procedures and management Installed in over 80 countries ASYCUDA
has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation
ACIS programme Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20
developing countries of Africa and Asia
E-Tourism Initiative Linking sustainable tourism and Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) for development UNCTAD has developed
this Initiative to help developing countries destinations to become more
autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools
Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) 150 centres around the world provide
traders with trade-related information and services and assist in the introduction
of e-business practices
TrainForTrade programme Builds training networks and organizes training in
all areas of international trade to enable developing countries to increase their
competitiveness Currently developing distance learning programmes focusing on
the LDCs(Least Developed Countries)
Africa Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of
problems faced by African countries in their development efforts and facilitating
a better integration of Africa into the world economy Particular emphasis is
placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
Least Developed Countries (LDC) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC
status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed
Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 and to better understand the policy-related
issues that are specially relevant to LDCs notably with a view to developing
productive capacities and reducing poverty in these countries
Land Locked Developing Countries(LLDC) Provides analytical work and
technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003
Almaty Programme of Action which deals with the special needs of LLDCs
within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked
and transit developing countries
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities
countries assisting more than 70000 entrepreneurs through local market-driven
business support centres
Macroeconomic policies debt and development financing Policy analysis and research on issues concerning global economic
interdependence the international monetary and financial system and
macroeconomic and development policy challenges
Technical and advisory support to the G24 group of developing countries (the
Intergovernmental Group of 24) in the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund advisory services to developing countries for debt rescheduling
negotiations under the Paris Club
DMFAS programme Computer-based debt management and financial analysis
system specially designed to help countries manage their external debt Started in
1982 and now installed in 62 countries
Transport customs and information technology ASYCUDA programme Integrated customs system that speeds up customs
clearance procedures and helps Governments to reform and modernize their
customs procedures and management Installed in over 80 countries ASYCUDA
has become the internationally accepted standard for customs automation
ACIS programme Computerized cargo tracking system installed in 20
developing countries of Africa and Asia
E-Tourism Initiative Linking sustainable tourism and Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) for development UNCTAD has developed
this Initiative to help developing countries destinations to become more
autonomous by taking charge of their own tourism promotion by using ICT tools
Global Trade Point Network (GTPNet) 150 centres around the world provide
traders with trade-related information and services and assist in the introduction
of e-business practices
TrainForTrade programme Builds training networks and organizes training in
all areas of international trade to enable developing countries to increase their
competitiveness Currently developing distance learning programmes focusing on
the LDCs(Least Developed Countries)
Africa Provides analytical work aimed at increasing the understanding of
problems faced by African countries in their development efforts and facilitating
a better integration of Africa into the world economy Particular emphasis is
placed on supporting the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)
Least Developed Countries (LDC) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance aimed at enabling relevant States to make the best possible use of LDC
status in the framework of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed
Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 and to better understand the policy-related
issues that are specially relevant to LDCs notably with a view to developing
productive capacities and reducing poverty in these countries
Land Locked Developing Countries(LLDC) Provides analytical work and
technical assistance to LLDCs in support of the implementation of the 2003
Almaty Programme of Action which deals with the special needs of LLDCs
within a new global framework for transit transport cooperation for landlocked
and transit developing countries
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Provides analytical work and technical
assistance to SIDS in support of the implementation of the 2005 Mauritius
Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States with particular
emphasis on issues of economic vulnerability and specialization
UNCTADrsquos overall role UNCTADrsquos mandate as the UN focal point for the integrated treatment of trade
and development
UNCTAD assists developing countries and economies in transition to beneficially
integrate into the globalizing world economy
UNCTAD promotes the effective implementation of the MDG commitment ―to an
open equitable rule-based predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading and financial system
These tasks are carried out through
Intergovernmental work and consensus building
Analytical work
Training and technical cooperation
UNCTAD should undertake
Analysis of the development dimension and implications of IPRs amp
TRIPS including improvements in ToT protection of TK genetic
resources and fair and equitable benefit sharing
UNCTADrsquos analytical work should
draw lessons from successful experiences with ToT through FDI and other
channels
support efforts by developing countries to respond to technological
changes identify best practices in ToT and assess the effectiveness of
policies aimed at domestic innovative capability-building including the
role of IPRs
UNCTAD should assist developing countries
in identifying ways and means to operationalize ToT in international
agreements and in maximizing the potential benefits of those agreements
UNCTADrsquos role IPRs and ToT
IPRs
Resource Book on TRIPS and Development
Policy Discussion Paper on IPRs and Development
Study on TRIPS and trade negotiations
Book on national experiences in protecting and promoting TK
Studies on specific topics eg compulsory licensing copyright in the
digital era product patents in the pharmaceutical sector
Support to developing country negotiators within the TRIPS Council
Technical cooperation activities
ToT
Studies on selected topics
Reference book on key issues
Active participation in the WTO WG on ToT
Technical cooperation activities