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Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
IMENYEKANISHAMANA RISHINGIYE
KURI BIBILIYA
Cyanditswe na
Jonathan M. Menn
B.A., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1974
J.D., Cornell Law School, 1977
M.Div., Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 2007
Equipping Church Leaders-East Africa
3701 N. Gillett St., Appleton, WI 54914
(920) 731-5523
www.eclea.net
Ukuboza 2009; cyakorewe ubugororangingo muri Gicurasi 2013; gikosorwa muri Nyakanga 2014, Gashyantare
2015, Nyakanga 2015, cyongera gukorerwa ubugororangingo bwa nyuma muri Kamena-Nyakanga 2016
Imenyekanishamana (Tewolojiya) rishingiye kuri Bibiliya n’uruhererekane rw’inkuru ya Bibiliya, uhereye igihe
cy’iremwa ry’isi n’irya kiremwa muntu nk’uko byanditswe mu gitabo cy’Itangiriro, rikanyura mu gihe cyo
kugwa kw’Umwana w’Umuntu n’ingaruka zakwo, n’inkuru y’urugendo rw’ugucungurwa kw’umwana
w’umuntu, rukarangirira ku majuru mashya n’isi nshya nk’uko bisobanuwe mu gitabo cy’Ibyahishuwe. Bibiliya
ivuga inkuru isobanutse, kandi Yesu ni We mutima wayo. Imenyekanishamana rireba ku nsanganyamatsiko
zigenda zigaruka muri Bibiliya yose, ishingiye ku mibanire hagati y’Imana n’abantu. Igaragaza na none uburyo
Kristo n’Itorero ari isohozwa ry’amasezerano hamwe n’ibyasezeranyijwe, ubuhanuzi hamwe n’ibyatangijwe
mu Isezerano rya Kera. Amakarita, ingengabihe n’inshamake bigize umugereka byashyiriweho kuba
imfashanyigisho zikomeye.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
1
AMASHAKIRO Y’IBIRIMO
1. IMENYEKANISHAMANA RISHINGIYE KURI BIBILIYA (IRB): IRIBURIRO………………………………..5
I. Imiterere y’ Imenyekanishamana Rishingiye kuri Bibiliya…………………………..…………………………....5
A. Ibisobanuro ku Imenyekanishamana Rishingiye kuri Bibiliya………………………………………..……………....5
B. Ibyo abantu bafata nk’ukuri ku bijyanye n’ Imenyekanishamana Rishingiye kuri Bibiliya …………………............5
I. Umurongo w’Inkuru n’Insanganyamatsiko z’Imenyekanishamana Rishingiye kuri Bibiliya:
Inshamake…………………………………..…......................................................................................................6
A. Umurongo Ngenderwaho w’Inkuru ya Bibiliya…………………………………………………..…………………….6
B. Insanganyamatsiko z’IRB……………………………………………………………………………………………......6
2. UMURONGO NGENDERWAHO W’INKURU YA BIBILIYA……………………………………………………..8
I. Irema (Itangiriro 1-2)……………………………………………………………………………………........................8
A. Umurongo Ngenderwaho wa Bibiliya utangirira ku ijambo Imana (Itang 1:1)……………………………………….9
B. Imana yaremye buri kintu cyose ihereye ku ubusa……………………………………………………………………...9
C. Imana yaremye kiremwamuntu kugira ngo ategeke ibyaremwe byose (Itang 1:26-28)……………………………....10
II. Ukugwa kw’Umwana w’Umuntu n’Ingaruka zakwo (Itangiriro 3-11:26)…………………………………………10
A. Adamu na Eva bakora icyaha, birukanwa mu ngobyi (Itangiriro 3)………………………………………………….10
B. Ingaruka z’Ukugwa–Uhereye kuri Kayini ukageza ku Umunara w’i Babeli (Itangiriro 4-11:26)…………………...14
III. Inkinamico y’Ugucungurwa—Imana yihamagarira Ishyanga (Itang 11:27-Ibyahishuwe 20)…………………..18
A. Imana itangira bushya—uhereye kuri Aburahamu ukageza kuri Yosefu (Itang 11:27-50:26)……………………...18
B. Intangiriro ry’Ishyanga rya Isirayeli—Uhereye kuri Egiputa ukageza ku Gihugu cy’Isezerano
(Kuva – Gutegeka kwa Kabiri)……………………………………………………………………………………19
C. Isirayeli igera mu gihugu cy’isezerano (Yosuwa - 1 Samweli 7)………………………………………………………21
D. Isirayeli nk’Ubwami bwibumbiye hamwe (1 Samweli 8-1 Abami 11; 1 Ngoma 1-2 Ngoma 9; Zaburi –
Indirimbo ya Salomo)……………………………………………………………………………………………..23
E. Isirayeli nk’Ubwami bwacitsemo ibice (1 Abami 12-2 Abami 17; 2 Ngoma 10-31; Yesaya na Mika
[bahanuriye Isirayeli na Yuda]; Yoweli [yahanuriye Yuda]; Hoseya na Amosi [bahanuriye Isirayeli];
Obadiya [yahanuriye Edomu]; Yona [yahanuriye Ninewe])…………………………………………………….24
F. Ubuzima, intege nke, no kugwa by’Ubwami bw’Amajyepfo (2 Abami 18-25; 2 Ngoma 32-36:21; Yesaya-
Daniyeli; Nahumu-Zefaniya)……………………………………………………………………………………..24
G. Uguhembuka kw’Ubwami bw’Amajyepfo (2 Ngoma 36:22-Esiteri; Hagayi-Malaki)………………..……………….27
H. Imana isohoza umugambi wayo wo gucungura isi inyuze muri Yesu Kristo (Matayo-Ibyahishuwe 20)…………….27
I. Yesu ahishura imiterere nyakuri ya Mesiya, y’Ubwami bw’Imana, n’Itorero……………………………....................28
IV. Amajuru Mashya n’Isi Nshya (Ibyahishuwe 21-22)………………………………………………………………...31
A. Irema rishya ryo mu Byahishuwe riri hejuru y’irema rya mbere rivugwa mu Itangiriro…………….……………....31
B. Irema rishya ryo mu Byahishuwe riri hejuru y’irema ry’umwimerere ryo mu gitabo cy’Itangiriro….……………...31
3. KRISTO N’ITORERO NK’ISOHOZWA RY’ISEZERANO RYA KERA (IK)…………………………………....32
I. Bibiliya ivuga ibya Yesu Kristo—Ni we Muntu uri mu Mutima wayo n’Insanganyamatsiko Nyamukuru……....32
A. Yesu n’abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya (IR) bose bakoresheje IK mu gusobanura ibya Yesu………………………….32
B. Yesu yabonekeye abo mu IK mbere y’uko ahinduka umuntu……………………………………….………………...32
C. Yesu asohoza isezerano ryo mu IK ryo kuzabona Mesiya……………………………………………………………...34
D. Yesu asohoza isezerano ryo mu IK ryo guhabwa ubutumwa bwiza……………………………..……………………..35
E. Yesu asohoza IK ryose………….……………………………………………………………………..…………………36
II. Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu, iryahawe Dawidi n’Amasezerano Makuru Mashya yerekezaga
kandi asohorera muri Kristo n’Itorero………………………………………………………………………….37
A. Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu risohorera muri Kristo n’Itorero ………………………….………………...37
B. Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi risohorera muri Kristo n’Itorero………………………………….……………….41
C. Isezerano Rishya risohorera muri Kristo n’Itorero……………………………………………………………………..45
III. Yesu ni We Isirayeli Nshya, Nyakuri kandi yo Kwizerwa…………………………………………………………..49
A. Yesu asubira mu mateka ya Isirayeli…………………………………………………………………………………....49
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
2
B. IR ryerekana Yesu nka Mose mushya kandi uruta uwa mbere, ukura abantu, atari mu bucakara bwo mu
buryo bw’umubiri gusa, ahubwo no mu bucakara ku cyaha n’urupfu bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka
(Yoh 1:29; Abar 6:323)…………………………………………………………………………………...............50
C. IR rikoresha kuri Yesu amagambo n’imyanya y’ibyubahiro nk’uko yakoreshwaga kuri Isirayeli yo mu IK……….52
D. Muri Yesu, amasezerano yo mu IK yo guhembuka kwa Isirayeli yarasohoye…………………………………….…..53
IV. Kubera ko Itorero riri “muri Kristo,” Itorero ni ryo Isirayeli Nshya, Nyakuri, Isirayeli yo mu buryo
bw’Umwuka………………………………………………………………………………………………………59
A. Isirayeli yo mu IK n’Itorero: Ubuntu, ugutoranywa, n’ukwizera byo mu IK byo mu buryo bufatika ni ubwo
mu Umwuka…..……………………………………………………………………………………..…………….59
B. Ihuriro riri hagati ya Isirayeli yo mu IK n’Itorero……………………………………………………………………..61
C. Yesu yahakanye ishyanga rya Isirayeli nk’inzira yo kwubaka Ubwami bw’Imana, nyuma iyo nshingano ayiha
abamukurikiye, ari bo Torero…………………………………………………………………………………….63
D. Itorero ni ryo bwoko nyakuri, bushya bw’Imana—Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’umwuka……………………………....66
E. Kimwe na Isirayeli Nshya, Nyakuri, kandi yo mu buryo bw’Umwuka, Itorero rihura n’ibigeragezo bihwanye
n’ibyo Isirayeli yahuye na byo mu buryo bufatika ku bijyanye no guhora ari abizerwa……………………….71
V. Kristo n’Itorero Basohoza kandi Batsimbura Urusengero………………………………………..………………...71
A. Yesu ni We Rusengero Nyakuri ……………………………………………………………………..…………………72
B. Nk’userukira Kristo ku isi mu buryo bufatika, Itorero n’ “Urusengero” rw’Imana ku isi…………………………..77
VI. Yesu Yasohoje kandi Yatsimbuye Iminsi Mikuru y’Abayuda……………………………………………………..81
A. Ikirangaminsi cya Isirayeli yo mu IK ………………………………………………………………………………….81
B. Uburyo Iminsi Mikuru yizihizwa muri Isirayeli ……………………………………………………………………….82
C. Yesu yasohoje Umunsi Mukuru wa Pasika n’uw’Imitsima Idasembuwe……….…………………………………….83
D. Yesu yasohoje Umunsi Mukuru w’Umuganura n’uw’Ibyumweru……………….…………………………………...86
E. Yesu yasohoje Umunsi Mukuru wo Kuvuza Amahembe…………………………….………..……………………….87
F. Yesu yasohoje Umunsi w’Impongano………………………………………………………………………………….89
G. Yesu yasohoje Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando……………………………………..……………………………………..91
H. Yesu yasohoje umwaka w’Isabato……………………………………………………………………………………....93
I. Yesu yasohoje umwaka wa Yubile……………………………………………………………………………………….93
J. Yesu yasohoje iminsi mikuru ya Purimu na Hamukkah……………………………………………………………….95
VII. Yesu Yasohoje kandi Yatsimbuye uburyo bwose bw’Ibitambo n’ubw’Ubutambyi bw’Abisirayeli
bo mu IK……………………………………………………………………………….........................................96
A. Uburyo Abisirayeli bo mu IK batambaga ibitambo…………………………………………………………………….96
B. Yesu yasohoje uburyo bwose Abisirayeli bo mu IK batambagamo ibitambo………………………………………….96
C. Yesu yasohoje kandi atsimbura ubutambyi bwose bwo mu IK………………………………………………………...97
D. Abaheburayo bashyiraho ikinyuranyo hagati y’uburyo Abisirayeli batambamo ibitambo n’umurimo
w’ubutambyi wa Kristo…………………………………………………………………………………………....98
VIII. Yesu yasohoje kandi Yasimbuye Amategeko yo mu IK…………………………………………………………..99
A. Amategeko yo mu IK yari kimwe mu bice bigize Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose (rya Kera)…………………………….99
B. Amategeko yo mu IK yari afite igihe yagenewe………………………………….…….……………………………...100
C. Amategeko yo mu IK yari Ishusho…………………………………………………………………….........................100
D. Amategeko yo mu IK yari ubuhanuzi………………………………………………………………..….......................102
E. Yesu yazanywe no gusohoza Amategeko……………………………………………………………..………………..103
F. Yesu yashimangiye kandi yerekanye ubutware bwe hejuru y’Amategeko yose yo mu IK……………......................104
G. Yesu yabayeho agendera munsi y’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera ariko akaba ari We wari Intumwa
y’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya …………………………………………………………………………..………...104
H. Abakristo ntibabohewe munsi y’Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose cyangwa se n’itegeko iryo ari ryo
ryose ryo mu Mategeko yo mu IK ahubwo bagendera munsi y’ “Itegeko rya Kristo”……………..………....106
IX. Yesu yasohoje kandi Yasimbuye Isabato yo mu Isezerano rya Kera ……………………………........................107
A. Yesu yashimangiye kandi yerekana ubutware bwe hejuru y’Isabato………………………………………………..107
B. IR rihindura Insobanuro y’Isabato…………………………………………………………………………………...107
C. Isohozwa ry’Isabato muri Kristo ntibisobanura ikiri hejuru y’umunsi w’ “Isabato y’Abakristo” wo
kuruhukiraho uhwanye n’Umunsi wa Gatandatu ari wo Sabato y’Abayuda………………………………...109
X. Kristo n’Itorero ni bo bavuzwe mu Buhanuzi ko ari bo “Umugaragu w’Umwami”…………………………….110
A. Yesu ni wa “Mugaragu w’Umwami” wavuzweho mu buhanuzi…………………………………………………….110
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
3
B. Itorero n’ “Umugaragu w’Umwami” ku urwego rusange nk’uko Yesu na We ari “Umugaragu
w’Umwami ku urwego rw’igiti cy’umuntu”…………………………………………………………………...111
4. INSANGANYAMATSIKO ESHATU ZIVUGA KU MIBANIRE HAGATI Y’IMANA NA
KIREMWA MUNTU………………………………………………………………………………………….112
I. Urusengero n’Isi: Ubuturo bw’Imana hagati mu Bantu ……………………………………………......................112
A. Ingobyi yo muri Edeni (Itangiriro 2-3; reba na none Ezek 28:13-16)…………………………………………....…112
B. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro (Kuva 25-31, 35-40)…………………………………………………………………………….114
C. Urusengero (2 Sam 7:1-17; 1 Abami 6; 8:1-11; 1 Ngoma 17:1-15; 22:1-16; 28:1-29:9;
2 Ngoma 3-5)………………………………………………………………………………………………………….115
D. Ezekiyeli yerekwa iby’Urusengero rushya (Ezekiyeli 40-48)……………………………………….……………….117
E. Amajuru mashya n’Isi Nshya (Ibyahishuwe 21-22)………………………………………………………….….......122
II. Imibanire hagati y’Imana n’Abantu Bayo mu ishusho y’Ubukwe ……………………………………………....125
A. Itang 2:23-24 (umugore yaremewe umugabo mu buryo bw’umwihariko; umugabo na we asabwa kuva
kwa se na nyina akifatanya n’umugore we, nyuma bagahinduka “umubiri umwe” na we) n’ishusho
y’uburyo Imana yifuza kubana n’Abantu bayo……………………………………………………….……...125
B. Mu Isezerano rya Kera, havugwamo ugushakana hagati y’Imana n’abantu bayo kugaragarira mu
urukundo rwinshi, ariko Isirayeli yishe isezerano…………………………………………………………….125
C. Mu Isezerano Rishya, insanganyamatsiko y’ubukwe igezwa ku urwego rw’umwihariko muri Kristo
n’Itorero………………………………………………………………………………………………………..128
D. Mu Ibyahishuwe, ishusho y’ubukwe ishingiye kuri Bibiliya igaragaza imibanire hagati y’Imana n’Abantu
bayo isohorera muri Kristo, Umukwe we (Itorero) n’Isi Nshya……………………………............................129
III. Ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana, Inshingano za Kiremwa Muntu n’Ukubaho kw’Icyaha n’Ikibi……………….130
A. Imana ntivugirwamo hejuru ya buri kintu cyose, kandi ntihagarika umurimo wayo wo gusohoza
umugambi wayo…………………………………………………………………………………..…………….130
B. Insobanuro y’amateka mu buryo bubiri buvuguruzanya…………………………………………….…..................130
C. Imana nziza kandi ishobora byose irakenewe kugira ngo habeho kuganira ku cyiza n’ikibi……………………...133
D. Mu Ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana hejuru y’ibiba byose harimo n’ubutavugirwamo bwayo hejuru y’icyaha
n’ikibi, ariko bikaba mu buryo itabarwaho icyaha cyangwa se ikibi……………………………………........134
E. N’ubwo icyaha n’ikibi biri mu bigize umugambi nyamukuru w’Imana, Yo ihora irwanya icyaha
n’ikibi…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....136
F. Umuntu ashobora gushyiraho ikigereranyo hagati y’uburyo Imana yemera ko icyaha n’ikibi biba bifitanye
isano risa n’iriri hagati y’izuba n’umwijima hamwe n’ubukonje……………………………………………137
G. Kubera yuko mu mwanya umwe Imana ishobora kurebera ikintu kibaye mu “ndorerwamo yo mu buryo
bwaga” hamwe no mu “indorerwamo yo mu buryo bugari”, ishobora gufata icyemezo “cyangwa se
igashyiraho iteka” mu bushake bwayo bwo mu ibanga ariko icyo cyemezo kikaba kibujijwe mu
ubushake bwayo bwahishuwe “cyangwa se bwavuzwe mu mategeko yayo” ………………………..………137
H. Kubera yuko Imana ari Yo cyiza cyo mu urwego rwo hejuru rushoboka, icyaha n’ikibi birakenewe kugira
ngo impande zose z’umwimerere n’imiterere y’Imana zishyirwe ahagaragara mu buryo bunonosoye.........139
I. Imana ntishobora gukuraho ikibi mu gihe idahise ikuraho kiremwa muntu n’isi nk’uko tubizi…………………..140
J. Ikibi cyose Imana yemera kandi itegeka ko kibaho kizanira icyiza ibyaremwe cyo mu urwego rwo hejuru
Kurushiriza………………………………………………………………………………………………..……140
K. Ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana, inshingano ya Kiremwa Muntu hamwe n’ukubaho kw’ikibi: Umwanzuro………..142
UMUGEREKA WA 1—INSHAMAKE Y’IBITABO BYA BIBILIYA……………………………………………..143
UMUGEREKA WA 2—INGENGABIHE Y’AMATEKA YA BIBILIYA…………………………………………146
UMUGEREKA WA 3—BIBILIYA MU RUTONDE RW’IBIHE…………………………………………………..148
UMUGEREKA WA 4 —INGENGABIHE Y’ABAMI N’ABAHANUZI BA ISIRAYELI NA YUDA…………...150
UMUGEREKA WA 5—UBUHANUZI BWATORANYIJWE BUVUGA KURI MESIYA N’ISOHOZWA
RYABWO……………………………………………….…..………………………………………………....153
UMUGEREKA WA 6—YESU N’IMANA MU BURYO BWUZUYE KANDI N’UMUNTU MU BURYO
BWUZUYE……………………………………………………………………………………………………154
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
4
UMUGEREKA WA 7—YESU N’ “IKIMENYETSO CYA YONA” (MAT 12:38-41; 16:1-4;
LUKA 11:29-32) ……………………………………………………………………………………………163
UMUGEREKA WA 8—IKARITA Y’UBWAMI BWA ASHURI, BABULONI N’UBUPERESI………………168
UMUGEREKA WA 9—IKARITA Y’UBWAMI BW’ABAROMA & INTARA ZABWO……………………...168
UMUGEREKA WA 10—IKARITA YA KANANI: IMIGABANE Y’UBUTAKA KU MIRYANGO 12……...169
UMUGEREKA WA 11—IKARITA Y’UBWAMI BWIBUMBIYE HAMWE BWA ISIRAYELI……………..169
UMUGEREKA WA 12—IKARITA Y’UBWAMI BWA YUDA NA ISIRAYELI NYUMA YO
GUCIKAMO IBICE……………………………………………………………………………………..….170
UMUGEREKA WA 13—IKARITA YA ISIRAYELI MU BIHE BY’ISEZERANO RISHYA…………………170
UMUGEREKA WA 14—IGISHUSHANYO-MBONERA CY’IHEMA RY’IBONANIRO……………………..171
UMUGEREKA WA 15—ISHUSHO Y’URUSENGERO RUGIRA KABIRI (RWUBATSWE NA
HERODI)…………………………………………………………………………………………………….171
IBITABO BYIFASHISHIJWE………………………………………………………………………………………172
UMWANDITSI ………………………………………………………………………………………………………185
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
5
1. IMENYEKANISHAMANA RISHINGIYE KURI BIBILIYA (IRB): IRIBURIRO
I. Imiterere y’ Imenyekanishamana Rishingiye kuri Bibiliya
A. Ibisobanuro ku Imenyekanishamana Rishingiye kuri Bibiliya 1. Imenyekanishamana Rishingiye kuri Bibiliya (IRB) n’inyigo y’umuzingo uhambiririye hamwe wa
Bibiliya uhereye aho itangirira (Itangiriro) ukageza aho irangirira (Ibyahishuwe). Ni “ubushakashatsi
bugamije gusobanura ubumwe bwa Bibiliya” (Bartholomew 2005: 84).
2. IRB “rikurikirana urugendo rw’ihishurirwa riri muri Bibiliya uhereye ku ijambo rya mbere Imana
yabariye umuntu ukageza ku ihishurwa ry’ubwiza bwa Kristo ryuzuye. Risesengura intambwe zimwe na
zimwe z’amateka ya Bibiliya n’ihuriro riri hagati y’amateka amwe n’andi. Bityo, itanga urufatizo rwo
gusobanukirwa uburyo ibyanditswe biri mu gice kimwe cya Bibiliya bihura n’ibyanditswe byo mu bindi
bice byayo byose. Insobanuro yumvikana neza ya Bibiliya ishingiye ku ukuvumbura gukorwa n’[IRB].”
(Goldsworthy 1991: 32)
3. Kubera yuko IRB rirazwa ishinga no gusobanura ubumwe buri hagati y’ibice bigize Bibiliya mu
magambo yayo y’umwimere, n’ “uburyo butanga ibisobanuro kandi bushingiye ku mateka bitandukanye
n’ibisobanuro bishingiye ku Imenyekanishamana n’ibindi bishingiye ku ubusesenguzi bwaryo
(Systematic Theology).” (Bartholomew 2005: 86). N’ubwo IRB ari isomo ritanga amateka
n’ibisobanuro, Bibiliya yo igenda ihitamo gutanga bimwe mu bisobanuro birambuye bishingiye ku
mateka. Iryo hitamo rishingiye ku imenyekanishamana ryo mu urwego rusange nk’uko Bibiliya igenda
ibihambūra. “Ubumwe buri hagati y’amateka ari muri Bibiliya bushingiye kuri iryo hitamo nyene iyo
nkuru ikurikiranwamo mu nzira zimwe na zimwe; aho gushingira ku zindi nzira izo ari zi zose. Hariho
uruhererekane muri uwo murongo w’inkuru rurwanya ubwinyagamburiro bukorerwa mu nzira nto kandi
y’umwijima. Ni cyo gituma dukurikira Seti mu mwanya wa Kayini; Shemu mu mwanya wa Hamu,
Aburahamu mu mwanya wa Loti; Isirayeli mu mwanya wa Edomu; Dawudi mu mwanya wa Sauli;
Yuda mu mwanya wa Samariya; Yerusalemu mu mwanya wa Babuloni. Nyuma ya byose, irobanurwa
rikomeye rya nyuma ni ririya rya Yesu nka Mesiya tutitaye ku bamurwanyaga. Isezerano Rishya ribona
yuko habayeho uruhererekane rw’ukuri hagati mu mateka y’ishyanga rya Isirayeli nk’ubwoko
bw’Imana bwibonera muri Yesu Kristo. Ubu bushakashatsi bw’amateka bushingiye ku
Imenyekanishamana aho gushingira ku mateka yabayeho.” (Goldsworthy 2000: 69)
B. Ibyo abantu bafata nk’ukuri ku bijyanye n’ Imenyekanishamana Rishingiye kuri Bibiliya 1. Bibiliya ivuga inkuru ifite ireme, kandi Yesu Kristo ni We mutima w’iyo nkuru (Luka 24:25-27, 44-
47; Yoh 5:39; Ibyak 3:18; 10:43; 26:22-23; 1 Pet 1:10-12). Buri gitabo cya Bibiliya kigira icyo
giterereye kuri iyo nkuru, kandi inkuru nyamukuru na yo igatanga urubibe ntarengwa buri gitabo
gikorerwamo ubusobanuro nyabwo.
2. N’ubwo Bibiliya ivuga inkuru iri hamwe, iyerekwa ry’Imana ryo rigenda rijya mbere—rigenda
rihambūra ibyari bihambiriye hagati muri Bibiliya yose. Umubare w’amahame y’ingenzi ukomoka muri
ibi byavuzwe haruguru n’uyu:
a. Ibyanditswe ntibyigera birwanya ibindi Byanditswe. Ibice bibiri by’Ibyanditswe byaba bisa
n’ibivuguruzanya, ariko wakora isesengura rihamye, ugasanga ata ho bivuguruzanya.
Washobora gusanga icyanditswe kimwe gikora ubugororangingo bw’ikindi ariko ntaho
uzasanga kikivuguruza.
b. Intambwe y’amateka yo gucungurwa n’ “Umugambi mukuru w’Imana” (Ibyak 20:27)
bibwirizwa gushyingirwaho kugira ngo habeho gusobanukirwa neza icyanditswe icyo ari cyo
cyose. Inyigisho y’ “urugendo rw’Iyerekwa rukomeza” zitubwira yuko intanbwe y’amateka yo
gucungurwa ibwirizwa guhabwa agaciro igihe turimo twiga igice icyo ari cyo cyose
cy’ibyanditswe runaka. Bibiliya n’inyabumwe itubwira inkuru ifite insobanuro inoze. N’ubwo
bimeze bityo, ukuri kwa Bibiliya kuri muri buri gitabo ntiguhita kwumvikana kwose ako kanya
ahubwo kugenda guhishurwa buhoro buhoro. Insobanuro yuzuye y’icyanditswe icyo ari cyose
cyangwa se inyigisho za Bibiliya izo ari zose byashoboka ko byaba bitaboneye neza keretse
habayeho kureba insanganyamatsiko nyamukuru ya Bibiliya.
c. Isezerano Rishya (IR) risobanura Isezerano rya Kera (IK).
(1) Ni ngombwa yuko ibyanditswe byose bya Bibiliya bisomerwa hagati mu gasanduka
(framework - cadre) k’indongoramvugo (imvugo n’imyandikire y’ibyanditswe)
n’amateka ajyanye n’ibyo bihe byandikiwemo. IR ryubatswe ku musingi w’IK.
Ibitekerezo byinshi byo mu IR bishingiye ku IK. Uburyo dusobanukirwamo IR
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
6
buhabwa ireme n’uburyo dusobanukirwamo IK. Muri icyo gihe nyene, ntitwari
dukwiye gusoma Isezerano rya Kera twiyibagije yuko IR na ryo ririho. Hariho
ugufatana, hakabaho n’ukudafatana hagati y’IKn’IR. IR ryubaka ku bitekerezo by’IK,
akenshi mu buryo butangaje. Mu buryo bw’umwihariko, ibi n’ukuri urebye uburyo IR
rifata ubuhanuzi bw’IK.
(2) Tubwirizwa kwibuka ko amategeko yo mu IK, imihango n’indi migenzo
byasohorejwe kandi bisimburirwa muri Kristo (Mat 5:17; Abar 10:4; 2 Abakor 3:12-
16; Abagal 3:23-4:7). Mu nzira nyinshi, Isirayeli yo mu buryo bufatika yo mu IK,
amategeko yayo, imihango yayo, n’indi migenzo, byari “urugero,” “ibimenyetso”,
“ibicucu,” “kopi”cyangwa se “ingero” by’ibiriho byo mu Isezerano Rishya (Mat 5:17;
1 Abakor 10:1-6; 2 Abakor 3:12-16; Abagal 3:23-4:7, 21-31; Abakol 2:16; Abaheb
1:1-2; 8:1-10:22). Nuko rero, igihe tureba ishusho yo muri rusange, na cyane-cyane
igihe dukoresha Ibyanditswe, twari dukwiye “gusomera Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera mu
indorerwamo y’Ibyanditswe byo mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya” (Lehrer 2006:177).
Nk’uko bivugwa ngo, “Irishya rihishwe mu rya Kera; Irya Kera na ryo rihishurirwa mu
Irishya.”
II. Umurongo w’Inkuru n’Insanganyamatsiko z’Imenyekanishamana Rishingiye kuri Bibiliya:
Inshamake
A. Umurongo Ngenderwaho w’Inkuru ya Bibiliya 1. Mu nsobanuro yo mu urwego rusange, Bibiliya n’inkuru y’Irema, ivuga amateka, hamwe n’aho isi na
kiremwamuntu byerekeza, nk’uko bivugwa mu imenyekanishamana. Imana yaremye isi nziza cyane,
irema na kiremwa muntu bo kubaho ubuzima burangwamo umunezero, ubuzima bwuzuye, mu busabane
na Yo. Kubera icyaha cyacu, twatakaje ubwo busabane, nyuma tuzana ikibi n’urupfu mu isi. Ariko na
none, Imana ntiyaturekeye mu cyaha cyacu no mu rupfu. Binyuze mu mugambi munini warimo
guhamagara Aburahamu n’ishyanga rya Isirayeli, yateguye inzira y’ukuza ku isi ubwayo, binyuze mu
umuntu Yesu Kristo, waje azanye kubabarirwa icyaha no kugarura ubusabane na Yo. Azaza ubugira
kabiri azanywe no gutsembaho icyaha n’urupfu, ariko ataturimbuye. Azishimana natwe mu
uguhembuka kwacu n’imibanire yacu na Yo; azahindura isi ayigire nshya, igire ubwiza buruta ubwo
yari ifite igihe yaremwaga ubwa mbere. Turebeye muri ako gasanduka, inzira y’ibanze y’inkuru yaba
ifite ishusho imeze irtya: Irema (Itangiriro 1-2) =>Ukugwa n’ingaruka zakwo (Itangiriro 3-11:26)
=>Ugucungurwa (Itangiriro 11:27-Ibyahishuwe 20) => Irema rishya (Ibyahishuwe 21-22). Imana
Ubwayo ni Yo mwanditsi w’Inkuru kandi ni Yo mukinnyi w’ingenzi muri yo.
2. Bibiliya n’uburyo Imana yihishuriye abantu no kubahishurira umugambi wayo (Ubutumwa Bwiza).
a. Umuntu mukuru muri iryo hishurirwa—wa wundi wari ukomeye igihe cy’irema, we nzira yo
gucugungurwa, we sōko n’umwuzuro w’irema rishya—uwo na we ni Yesu Kristo (reba 2
Abakor 1:20; Abef 1:9-10; Abafil 2:6-11; Abaheb 1:1-3).
b. Bityo, IK n’umuteguro w’Ubutumwa Bwiza; Ibitabo bigize Ubutumwa Bwiza n’Igaragazwa
ry’Ubutumwa, Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa n’ikwirakwizwa ry’Ubutumwa, Inzandiko n’insobanuro
y’Ubutumwa; Ibyahishuwe n’Ukwishimira mu ibyanditswe mu Ubutumwa.
3. Bibiliya n’inkuru ivuga ku mibanire hagti y’Imana na kiremwa muntu, uhereye ku irema ukageza ku
irema bushya. Abasobanuzi ba Bibiliya batanze ibisobanuro ku nkuru y’iyo mibanire; ibyo bisonauro
bikaba bifite ubudasa:
a. “Mu mabarankuru ya Gikristu, isi y’Imana ni ubukorikori, insanganyamatsiko n’ukuramira
isi yaguye n’umwana w’umuntu; ibibanza byo kwubakaho n’inkuru za Bibiliya, uhereye igihe
cy’irema, ugutoranywa ukageza igihe Imana yahindutse umuntu, ukubambwa, ukuzuka no
kuzamurwa mu ijuru; umwanzuro n’urubanza rwa nyuma, ijuru na gihenomu” (Sykes 1997:14).
b. “Imenyekanishamana Rishingiye kuri Bibiya rivuga ku bijyanye n’uburyo Imana izanamo
ubwami bwayo aho imibanire yose yasubijwe mu buziranenge bwayo bwa kera” (Goldsworthy
1991: 76).
c. “Ubwoko bw’Imana, mu umwanya w’Imana, munsi y’ubutware bw’Imana, imbere y’ubwiza
bw’Imana, nk’umuryango umwe” (Cole 2006: n.p.).
B. Insanganyamatsiko z’IRB IRB rishobora kurebwaho mu nzira zitandukanye. Inzira imwe yashobora kwiga Imenyekanishamana
risihingiye k’ukugerageza gusobanura inzira yo guhishūra inkuru ya Bibiliya hakurikijwe urukurikirane
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
7
rw’ibihe uhereye ku ntango ukageza ku iherezo. Muri uyo murongo w’iyo nkuru, insanganyamatsiko y’ingenzi
n’ibitekerezo bigenda bigaruka muri Bibiliya, bifasha mu guhoza ijisho no “kwongera ibindi bisobanuro” ku
bijyanye n’inkuru ya Bibiliya yo mu urwego rusange. Akenshi, izi nsanganyamatsiko, na Bibiliya ubwayo,
bivuga kuri Yesu kandi bigasohorezwa muri We (reba Luka 24:25-27; Yoh 5:39, 46). Zimwe mu
nsanganyamatsiko n’ibitekerezo by’ingenzi n’ibi bikurikira:
1. Isezerano n’isohozwa ryaryo. Imana n’iyo kwizerwa, n’ugusohoza amasezerano yayo izayasohoza;
akenshi amasezerano yayo asohozwa mu buryo butunguranye. Isohozwa ry’amasezerano y’Imana
ribonekera muri Kristo Yesu. Nk’uko Paulo abivuga muri Abef 1:9-10, “Itumenyesheje ubwiru bw’ibyo
ishaka ku bw’ineza y’ubushake bwayo, ari byo yagambiriye kera kugira ngo ibihe nibisohora ibone uko
iteraniriza ibintu byose muri Kristo, ari ibiri mu ijuru cyangwa ibiri mu isi.”
2. Amasezerano Makuru y’Imana. Imana yashyizeho umubare runaka w’amasezerano y’ingenzi makuru
(ubwumvikane bwo mu buryo bwo mu ruhame) mu rugendo rw’amateka ya Bibiliya. Amasezerano
makuru y’ingenzi n’aya akurikira: Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Nowa (Itang 8:20-9:17); Isezerano
Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu (Itang 12:1-3; 13:14-17; 15:1-21; 17:1-21; na 22:15-18); Isezerano
Rikuru ryahawe Mose (Kuva 19-24), rizwi na none ku izina ry’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera (2 Abakor
3:14; Abaheb 8:6, 13); Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi (2 Sam 7:8-17; Zab 89:1-4); n’Isezerano
Rikuru Rishya (Yer 31:31-34; 32:40; Ezek 36:22-28; 37:15-28; Luka 22:20; 1 Abakor 11:25; 2
Abakor 3:6; Abaheb 8:6-13; 10:15-17). Mu nzira nyinshi, umugambi wose w’Imana w’ugucungura
ushobora kurebwaho nk’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu. Nk’uko
urugendo rw’inkuru y’ugucungurwa rukomeza, Amasezerano Makuru nk’uko yagiye ahabwa
Aburahamu, Mose, na Dawidi yose abonera isohozwa ryayo mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya—kandi iryo
Sezerano Rikuru rikabonera isohozwa ryaryo muri Kristo n’ubwoko bwayo; ari bo Torero.
3. Ikigereranyo – N’Ikinyuranyo cyacyo; Igicucu – N’Icy’ukuri cyacyo. “Ikigereranyo” n’ikintu
cyabayeho nyuma kikajya kubyara icy’ukuri cyacyo mu bihe byakurikiyeho, ariko na none kidasohoza
icyo kintu” (Danielou 1960: 125); isohozwa ryacyo rihora ari iryo mu urwego rwo hejuru kuruta icyo
kigereranyo cyangwa se icyo gicucu. Nk’uko umugambi w’Imana ugenda ushyirwa mu bikorwa uko
ibihe bigenda bisimburana, ubwa mbere yahamagaye Aburahamu, nyuma ihamagara Isaka, hakurikiraho
Yakobo uwo yaremeyemo ubwoko bwa Isirayeli, kugira ngo ibyari umugambi w’Imana bisohozwe.
Ariko na none, mu buryo bw’imenyekanishama cyangwa se bw’umwuka, ingero cyangwa se inzego zo
mu Isezerano rya Kera—urugero Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusengero, uburyo bwo gutamba ibitambo,
iminsi mikuru n’Iminsi y’Inzibutso y’Abisirayeli, Amategeko, Igihugu cy’Isezerano, Ubwami, Siyoni,
Yerusalemu, na Isirayeli ubwayo—byerekana “ingero” cyangwa se “ibicucu” byerekeza kuri ejo hazaza,
ari byo Isezerano Rikuru Rishya, cyangwa se Ibifatika byo mu buryo bw’umwuka (Abagal 4:21-31;
Abakol 2:16-17; Abaheb 8:5; 9:15-10:22; 12:18-24). Ibifatika by’ukuri, ingero n’ibicucu, ibyo
Isezerano rya Kera ryerekezaho bibonerwa muri Kristo, itorero, ijuru, Yerusalemu Nshya, n’ijuru rishya
n’isi nshya. Nk’uko Leonhard Goppelt abivuga, “nta gishushanyo na kimwe kiriho kiri hejuru ya Kristo,
We aza ari ikinyuranyo n’Ishusho yo mu Isezerano rya Kera ryose” (Goppelt 1982: 116).
4. “Iki cyo gukoresha igihushane” (urugero, Imana ihitamo umuto, umunyantege nke, uwo hanze)
kugira ngo isohoze imigambi yayo, ni cyo gishyirwa imbere mu Byanditswe byose. Ubuntu bw’Imana
n’amahitamo yayo bitavogerwa birasobanurwa neza muri iki gice cyose: Urugero, Seti mu mwanya wa
Kayini (Itang 4:25); Isaka mu umwanya wa Ishimayeli (Itang 17:18-19; reba na none Abar 9:6-9);
Efurayimu mu mwanya wa Manase (Itang 48:8-21); Yuda mu mwanya wa bakuru be (Itang 49:1-12).
Ibi byerekana yuko Imana idashyira imbere imbaraga, icyubahiro n’ubukire nk’uko isi ibigenza;
ahubwo ubuntu bwayo buhitamo “umuto kuruta bose” (reba Mat 25:40, 45). Imana yakomeje
gukoresha ubwo buryo uko bukeye uko bwije: Urugero, yahisemo Mose mu mwanya wa Farawo (Kuva
2:1-14:31; Abaheb 11:25-29); Isirayeli mu mwanya w’amahanga (Guteg 7:7-8); Dawudi mu mwanya
w’abavandimwe bakuru be (1 Sam 16:1-13); Salomo mu mwanya w’abavandimwe bakuru be (1 Abami
1:5-40; 1 Ngoma 3:1-5); Umupfakazi w’umunyamahanga w’i Serafati mu mwanya w’abapfakazi ba
Isirayeli (1 Abami 17:9; reba Luka 4:25-26); Namani umunyasiriya mu mwanya w’ababembe
b’Abisirayeli (2 Abami 5:1-14; reba Luka 4:27). Yesu na We ubwe yari umukene, umugaragu wa bose
(Mat 20:25-28; Abafil 2:5-8).’ Bityo, aratubwira ati, “ariko mwebweho, ntimukabe mutyo, ahubwo
ukomeye muri mwe abe nk’uworoheje, n’utwara abe nk’uhereza” (Luka 22:26). Aravuga ati, “Umuntu
ushaka kuba uw’imbere n’abe inyuma ya bose, ndetse abe n’umugaragu wa bose” (Mariko 9:35; reba
na none Mariko 10:42-44; Yoh 13:12-16). Yongeraho ati, “Uworoheje muri mwe hanyuma y’abandi
bose, uwo ni we mukuru” (Luka 9:48). Yanzura avuga ati, “Nuko uzicisha bugufi nk’uyu mwana muto,
ni we mukuru mu bwami bwo mu ijuru” (Mat 18:4; reba na none Mariko 10:14-15).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
8
5. Ubunyage n’ugutahuka. Insanganyamatsiko y’ubunyage n’ugutahuka n’imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko
zo mu urwego rwo hejuru ziri muri Bibiliya. N’insanyamatsiko itagarukira ku bunyage bwo mu buryo
bw’uturere gusa, ahubwo ivuga ku insanganyamatsiko yo mu urwego rwo hejuru kurushiriza—
gutandukana n’Imana. Turabona ibijyanye n’ibisobanuro by’iyi nsanganyamatsiko itangirira kuri
Adamu na Eva, boherejwe mu bunyage bakurwa mu ngobyi nk’ingaruka y’icyaha cyabo (Itang 3:23-
24). Kayini yaciriweho iteka ryo “kuba inzererezi ku isi” kubera icyaha cye cyo kwica Abeli (Itang
4:9-15). Imana yabwiye Aburahamu ngo ave mu gihugu cye no mu muryango we ajye mu gihugu
Imana izamwereka (Itang 12:1). Yakobo yibye Esau umugisha we nk’umwana w’imfura, abeshye se,
nyuma ategerezwa guhunga aba mu bunyage kumara imyaka myinshi mbere yuko agaruka mu gihugu
cye (Itang 27: 1-45). Dawidi ahunga Sauli nyuma ahunga Abusalomo mbere yuko agaruka mu
umwanya we (1 Sam 27: 1-3; 2 Sam 2:1-4; 15: 13-16; 19:8-15). Ibisa n’ibi byongera kuba kuri
Isirayeli muri rusange. Ubwa mbere, bakoze imirimo y’uburetwa muri Egiputa. Na none bageze mu
gihugu cy’isezerano, bajya kure y’Imana, baratotezwa, batakira Imana basaba ugutabarwa, babona
ubutabazi buturutse ku bacamanza, bwajya bumara igihe gito. Iryo shyanga risenga izindi mana, nyuma
bajyanwa mu bunyage i Babuloni. N’inyuma yo kugaruka mu gihugu kwabo, abahanuzi bavuze ku
ugutaha gushya, igihugu gishya, n’ubutegetsi bushya bw’Imana. Birtyo, ubunyage bwo mu buryo
bugaragara n’ishusho y’ugutandukanywa n’Imana. Kristo ni we uzana ukugaruka ku Mana mu buryo
nyabwo kandi buramye, ibi na byo bizasohorera mu buryo bufatika mu ijuru rishya n’isi nshya
bizahoraho igihe Imana na Kristo bazatura hagati mu bantu babo bati “tuzamubona uko ari” (1 Yoh
3:2).
6. Uburyo Imana Igenza mu bijyanye n’Imibanire: Imana itangiza ikintu kandi ikagikora kubera ubuntu
bwayo; abantu bayo na bo basabwa kubyakirana ukwizera. Imana yahoze yifuza kubona ubwoko
bwihariye bwayo. Bityo, ijambo ryakomeje kujya rigaruka n’iri: “Nzaba Imana yabo, na bo bazaba
Ubwoko bwanjye” (reba Itang 17:8; Kuva 6:7; 29:45; Abal 26:12; Yer 7:23; 11:4; 24:7; 30:22; 31:1,
33; 32:38; Ezek 11:19-20; 14:10-11; 36:28; 37:23, 27; Hos 2:23; Zak 8:8; 13:9; 2 Abakor 6:16; Abaheb 8:10; Ibyah 21:3). Imikorere igenda igaruka muri Bibiliya yose yātuma abantu bagendana
n’Imana nk’uko bikwiye, abantu bayo na bo bakabyakirana ukwizera (bisobanura cyane-cyane
“Ukwizera n’Ukwubaha, biturutse ku mutima”).
a. Igihe ikorera abantu bayo, Imana ibikorana ubuntu; n’igihe ihana abakoze ibyaha,
igaragaza ubuntu bwayo. Imana yatangije ibyo ngibyo igihe yaremaga Adamu na Eva nyuma
ikajya ibasura, ikanaganira na bo mu ngobyi ya Edeni (Itang 2:7, 15-25; 3:8). Nyuma yuko
Adamu na Eva baguye mu cyaha, kubera ubuntu bwayo, Imana yahise ishyiraho uwo mugambi
w’ugucungura mu gutanga isezerano ry’Umukiza (Itang 3:15) no gutamba inyamaswa mu
buryo bwo kubambika (Itang 3:21). Kubera ubuntu, Imana yahisemo Nowa n’umuryango we
irabarokora igihe yarimburaga abandi bantu bose bo ku isi mu mwuzure, Nowa yabyakiranye
ukwizera (Itang 6:5-22). Imana yatoranyije Aburahamu, na we abyakirana ukwizera (Itang
12:1-5; 15:5-6). Kubera ubuntu bwayo, Imana yohereje abahanuzi ngo bagabishe Isirayeli ku
ngaruka z’ibyaha byabo no kubagarurira ku ubukiranutsi. Ubwa nyuma, kubera ubuntu bwayo,
Imana yahindutse umuntu inyura muri Kristo Yesu kugira ngo akure abantu mu byaha byabo
kandi agarure imigenderanire myiza hagati y’Imana na kiremwamuntu.
b. Kubera ko kamere y’abantu ari icyaha, ntibashobora “kugororerwa” cyangwa se “ngo
bakore” ibiri mu nzira y’imigenderanire myiza n’Imana (Ibyak 13:39; Abagal 2:16; 3:11; Abef
2:1-3, 12). Inzira imwe yonyine yatuma abantu babana n’Imana nk’uko bikwiriye, n’uko
bakwakirana ukwizera ibyo Imana, mu buntu bwayo, yabakoreye. Kubera iyo mpamvu,
igitekerezo kijyanye n’ukwizera hamwe n’ukunamba ku Mana—“umukiranutsi azabeshywaho
n’ukwizera”—aya magambo aguma aguruka muri Bibiliya yose (Habak 2:4; Abar 1:17;
Abagal 3:11; Abaheb 10:38; reba na none Yoh 6:27-29; 20:26-29; 1 Yoh 3:23). Ikibabaje
n’uko abenshi mu bantu badashyira ukwizera kwabo mu Mana, n’ubwo hagiye haboneka
“amasigarira yakomeje kuba abizerwa” bo bashoboye kubikora batyo (1 Abami 19:11-18;
Abar 11:1-5; reba na none Luka 18:8).
2. UMURONGO NGENDERWAHO W’INKURU YA BIBILIYA
I. Irema (Itangiriro 1-2)
“Irema s’ikibazo kivuga ku ntangiriro y’ibintu gusa, ahubwo n’icy’intego n’imibanire” (Goldsworthy
1991: 92). Mu gihe cy’irema, turabona Imana nka Yo sōko y’ibintu byose. Ikindi n’uko, mu gihe cya mbere
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
9
cy’irema, tubona ko buri kintu ari nka “neza cyane” (Itang 1:31)—urugero, Imana, umwana w’umuntu,
inyamaswa, ibiterwa, n’ibindi biremwa byo mu buryo bugaragara bisohoza umugambi byaremewe kandi
bigendana neza hagati yabyo. “Abashakashatsi b’Ibyanditswe babonye ko ibice bya mbere by’igitabo
cy’Itangiriro . . . byashyiriweho gusubiza ikibazo cy’impamvu ki buri kintu kimeze uko kiri. Itsinda rimwe
ry’ibibazo ibice bya mbere by’igitabo cy’Itangiriro bisubiza n’iri ngiri: ‘Ni kuki abantu bari uko bari? Ni kuki
abantu bakomeza gushakisha kwunguka ubwenge? Ni kuki abantu baguma bashakisha kugendera hejuru y’isi?
Ni kuki bakomeza bashakisha uburyo bavumbura ibishya, uburyo bushya bwo gukoreshamo umutungo
“kamere” w’isi? Ni kubera iki bakoresha ubukorikori, basīga, bashushanya, bubaka amazu, bandika muzika
n’ibisigo? Ni kubera iki bakomeza gukora ubushakashatsi ku ubugeni, ubumenyi na tekinolojiya?’ Igisubizo
cyo mu gitabo cy’Itangiriro 1 ni: Uko ni kwo Imana yaremye umuntu. Umuntu n’ishusho y’Imana. Imana
n’Umuremyi kandi ni Yo Mwami. Nk’ishusho yayo, umuntu ararema kandi agategeka.” (Leithart n.d.: n.p.)
A. Umurongo Ngenderwaho wa Bibiliya utangirira ku ijambo Imana (Itang 1:1) 1. Imana Yonyine ni Yo ihoraho kandi yihagije. Imana si kimwe mu bice bigize isi n’ijuru kandi ijuru
n’isi si byo bigize Imana. Uretse Imana, buri kintu cyose kiriho (ibifatika; abamrayika; biremwa muntu,
etc) cyaremwe n’Imana kandi kibeshejweho n’Imana (Ibyak 17:28; Abakol 1:17; Abaheb 1:3). Ibi
rero byerekana ko Imana nyakuri itandukanye n’ “ibigirwamana” by’andi madini. Imana itandukanye
n’igitekerezo cy’iburasirazuba (Hindu; Ababudiste) cy’uko Imana hamwe n’ibigaragarira amaso byose
bigize “ikintu kimwe” (urugero, igitekerezo cya monisimu-monism). Imana na none itandukanye
n’amadini ashingiye ku mico (harimo n’ariya aherereye i Burasirazuba bwo hino igihe Bibiliya
yandikwaga), yizera ko ibintu bitinyagambura bifite “imyuka,” kandi yuko abantu ba mbere bagizwe
n’ibice bibiri, igice kimwe n’abantu, ikindi n’utumana.
2. Imana ni Yo yonyine yihagije. Hari Imana imwe gusa, ariko n’igifite ubugingo kitoroshye
gusobanura, gitandukanye n’ikindi kintu icyo ari cyo cyose. Bityo, n’ubwo hariho Imana imwe gusa,
ibaho mu baperesona batatu (Ubutatu): Data; Umwana; n’Umwuka Wera. Ibi n’iby’ingenzi. Iyo Imana
yari kuba igizwe n’ikintu kimwe gusa (nk’uko Abisilamu bafata Allah), aho kuba Ubutatu, ntiyokabaye
yihagije: urugero, yari kwisanga ikeneye kurema ibindi biremwa kugira ngo ijye isabana na byo.
Noneho, Imana ntiyigeze ikenera kurema ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose (reba Ibyak 17:24-26)—yari ijya
ifite ubusabane bushingiye ku rukundo rwuzuye hagati muri abo baperesona batatu bagize Ubutatu
mbere yuko irema isi. Bityo, Bibiliya (bitandukanye n’uko Korowani ibivuga) itubwira yuko “Imana ari
urukundo” (1 Yoh 4:8).1
B. Imana yaremye buri kintu cyose ihereye ku ubusa 1. Isi ntiyari igizwe n’ikintu cyo mu buryo bugaragara cyabayeho mbere; nyuma Imana ikagikoramo
inyenyeri cyangwa se ibimera cyangwa se inyamaswa. Ahubwo, icyo Imana yakoze cyabaye kuvuga
cyangwa se gusohora amateka, nyuma isi ibona kubaho ivuye mu busa (Itang 1:1, 3, 6-7, 9, 11, 14-16,
20-21, 24, 26-27). Ahandi hose mu Isezerano rya Kera n’Isezerano Rishya, Bibiliya yemera ibisa n’ibyo
(reba Kuva 20:11; 31:17; Zab 8:3-5; 33:6; Mat 19:4; Yoh 1:3; Ibyak 14:15; Abar 11:36; 1 Abakor
8:6; Abakol 1:16; Abaheb 11:3; Ibyah 4:11).2
2. Kiremwamuntu yabaye igikorwa cy’intashyikirwa cy’irema Imana yakoze. Biremwa muntu ni byo
byonyine byavuzwe ko byaremwe “mu ishusho y’Imana” (Itang 1:26-27); Imana iha umugisha
umugabo n’umugore (Itang 1:28); kandi Imana ivugana na bo kandi isābāna na bo (Itang 1:28-30;
2:16-17, 19; 3:8-9). Icyongeweho, Imana imaze kurema ibintu, ibimera cyangwa se inyamaswa, Imana
yahita ivuga yuko ibyo yaremye ari “byiza” (Itang 1:4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25), nyuma yo kurema biremwa
muntu, Imana ibona yuko “byiza cyane” (Itang 1:31).3
1 Ibijyanye n’uko Imana yihagije, itandukaniro riri hagati y’UWITEKA na Allah, n’Ubutatu mu Imana imwe byasobanuwe
mu buryo bwimbitse muri Menn, Ubukristu na Islam: Ibya ngombwa by’Imenyekanishamana (2015-2016), Igice cya 4—
UWITEKA na Allah, bibonwa ku ubuntu kuri “ECLEA Courses & Resources” urupapuro rwa ECLEA website
(www.eclea.net). 2 Iby’uko iyo minsi itandatu Imana yakoresheje mu ukurema ari iminsi itandatu nk’uko igenda ikurikirana nk’uko bivugwa
mu Itangiriro 1 cyangwa se nimba ari imvugo yo mu buryo bw’ishusho; n’ibintu byaganirwaho. Reba David G. Hagopian,
ed., Ibiganiro ku Gitabo cy’Itangiriro: Uburyo butatu bwo kuvuga ku bijyanye n’iminsi y’Irema - Three Views on the Days
of Creation (Mission Viejo, CA: Crux, 2001). 3 Uburebure bw’amajyepfo ku bijyanye n’uko Kristo ari we mutima w’inkuru ya Bibiliya bubonekera no ku kigereranyo
hagati y’irema n’urupfu n’ukuzuka bye: “Ku wa gatanu, umunsi ugira gatandatu w’icyumweru, Yesu ahagarara imbere ya
Pilato, wahise avuga ati, ‘dore wa muntu!’ [Yoh 19:5], bihwanye n’iremwa rya kiremwa muntu ku munsi ugira gatandatu
w’irema. Ku musaraba, ni ho Yesu yarangirije igikorwa Data yamuhayeho inshingano [Yoh 17:4], cyarangiye havuzwe
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
10
3. Inkuru ivuga ku irema yo mu Itang 2:4-25 ibangabanganywe cyangwa se yuzuzanya n’indi nkuru
ivuga ku irema iri muri Itang 1:1-2:3. Inkuru yo Itang 2:4-25 irasubira inyuma ikuzuzamo izindi nkuru
zo mu buryo burambuye ziri mu Itang 1:26-27 zivuga uburyo Imana yaremye kiremwamuntu.
Umugabo n’umugore bari mu mugambi w’Imana uhereye kera kwose (reba Itang 2:18-25). Ibi
bisobanura yuko kamere n’inshingano z’umugabo n’iz’umugore biruzuzanya ariko ntibyashobora
guhinduranywa rwose (reba 1 Abakor 11:3-15; Abef 5:28-32; 1 Tim 2:11-13), n’ubwo urwego rw’iryo
hinduranya rwashobora kuganirwaho.
4. Abagabo n’abagore bombi bambaye ishusho y’Imana. Insobanuro y’ibanze ku “umuntu”
(Igiheburayo, adam) n’ikomatanyirizwa hamwe rivuga “inyokomuntu, abantu,” harimo umugabo
n’umugore. Ibi bivugwa mu buryo busobanutse mu Itang Itang 1:26, havuga ngo, “Tureme umuntu,
agire ishusho yacu . . . batware.” Itang 1:27 harabisobanura neza yuko umugabo n’umugore
bavugwamo mu urwego rumwe, mu gihe havuga ngo, “Imana irema umuntu [adam] ngo agire ishusho
yayo, afite ishusho y’Imana ni ko yamuremye, umugabo n’umugore ni ko yabaremye.” Nyuma yaho, mu
Itang 1:28 Imana I“ba”ha umugisha (umugabo n’umugore) ku urwego rumwe nyuma ivugana na “bo”.
Mu Itang 1:29, igihe Imana ivuga “Mbahaye ibimera byose byera imbuto,” “ba” yerekana yuko ari mu
bwinshi, aho kuba mu ubumwe.
C. Imana yaremye kiremwamuntu kugira ngo ategeke ibyaremwe byose (Itang 1:26-28) 1. Kuba Adamu na Eva barabanye n’Imana mu Ngobyi ya Edeni biduha inzira ku bijyanye n’Ubwami
bw’Imana. “Igihuye n’Ubwami bw’Imana n’iki ngiki: Nta na kimwe mu byo Imana yaremye byose
gifite inenge n’imwe. Irabikunda kandi irabitegeka. Ubwami bisobanura yuko ibintu byose byaremwe
bifitanye isano hagati yabyo, n’ukuvuga ngo, uko ni kwo Imana yabishakaga, hagati ya buri cyaremwe
na kigenzi cyacyo, no hagati yacyo n’Imana ubwayo.” (Goldsworthy 1991: 99)
2. Adamu na Eva bategetswe “kwororoka no kugwira no kwuzura isi, kwimenyereza ibiri muri yo”
(Itang 1:26-28). Mu gihe kiremwa muntu yaremwe mu buryo bwihariye “Mu ishusho y’Imana,” mu
kuzana isi munsi y’ukwubaha itegeko ry’Imana, abantu bari bakwiye gukwiza icyubahiro cy’Imana ku
isi yose. Ubwo “bubasha bwo gutegeka” buvuga yuko bari kwagura imbago za Edeni kugeza bageze ku
isi yose. Muri ukwo kwagura Edeni ikagera ku isi yose, Adamu na Eva n’urubyaro rwabo bari
guhindura isi ikagira ishusho y’ijuru: urugero, isi yuzuyemo abantu bejejwe.4
3. Kwiringira ijambo ry’Imana ni cyo cyonyine cyatuma kiremwa muntu ashobora gutegeka isi nk’uko
bikwiriye. “Igihe Adamu yaha ibikōko byose amazina, yahise atangira urugendo rwo kudondora uko
buri gikōko giteye, kubishyira mu byicyiro; aho ni ho umutima w’ubumenyi bushingiye ku ubumenyi
cyangwa se siyansi uri. Ariko ibyo ntibyigeze bimuha kumenya uburyo we ubwe akwiye kugendana
n’Imana cyangwa se n’isi bitanyunyuze mu ubugenzuzi gusa. Ijambo ry’Imana ni ryo ryonyine ryaje
kuri Adamu rimumenyesha uburyo akwiye kugendana n’Imana hamwe n’ibijyanye no kugendana n’isi.
Ijmabo ry’Imana ni ryo rimenyesha umuntu yuko akwiye kuba umunyasiyansi n’ufata neza isi aho kuba
umukonikoni n’ukoresha ububasha afite kugira ngo akoreshe isi mu kugera ku byo yifuza.”
(Goldsworthy 1991: 99)
II. Ukugwa kw’Umwana w’Umuntu n’Ingaruka zakwo (Itangiriro 3-11:26)
A. Adamu na Eva bakora icyaha, birukanwa mu ngobyi (Itangiriro 3) 1. Bibiliya irasobanura neza yuko Satani “yaguye” mbere y’icyaha cya Adamu na Eva, mu gihe Satani
ari we yashutse Adamu na Eva, arababeshya ku bijyanye n’imiterere n’ingaruka yo kurya ku urubuto
rwo gutandukanya icyiza n’ikibi (gereranya Itang 2:16-17 na Itang 3:1-4). Bityo Yesu yavuze kuri
Satani atya“yahereye kera kose ari umwicanyi” n’“Umunyabinyoma kandi ni we se w’ibinyoma” (Yoh
8:44-45).
akaruru k’intsinzi (tetelestai, ‘birarangiye’, [Yoh 19:30]), bihuye n’irangizwa ry’irema ubwaryo. Hakurikiraho, nk’uko biri
mu gitabo cy’Itangiriro, umunsi w’akaruhuko, umunsi w’isabato [Yoh 19:31]; nyuma y’ibyo, igihe hari hakiri umwijima,
Mariya Magadarena aza ku gituro ‘ku munsi wa mbere w’icyumweru’. . . . Umurimo wa Yesu wo ku mugaragaro ukwiye
gufatwa nk’irangizwa ry’iremwa rya mbere, ukuzuka na kwo kugafatwa nk’itangiriro ry’iremwa rishya.” (Wright 2003:
440) 4Abar 8:29, 2 Abakor 3:18, Abef 4:22-24, n’Abakol 3:9-10 mu nsobanuro imwe n’imwe, aha hose havuga yuko, “ishusho
y’Imana” yatosekajwe igihe icyaha cyazaga ku isi ariko none yarimo isubizwa ubwiza bwayo mu bantu b’Imana igihe
barimo binjira mu mibanire na Data y’agakiza kabonerwa muri Yesu Kristo, buhoro buhoro bakagenda basa na Yesu.
“Inshingano Nkuru” Yesu yahaye abigishwa (Mat 28: 18-20; reba na none Ibyak 1:8) isohoza, mu buryo bwimbitse kandi
bwo mu umwuka ya “nshingano umwana w’umuntu yahabwa yo gutekeka isi.”
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
11
2. “Kumenya icyiza n’ikibi” (Itang 2:17) bisobanura ubwigenge bwo mu urwego rw’imyitwarire
cyangwa se ukwiyobora.
a. “Igiti cyo kumenya icyiza n’ikibi” nticyari igiti cyo mu buryo bw’ubukonikoni cyaremaga
ubwenge muri uwo wese wakiryagaho. “Ahubwo Imana yaremye icyo giti nk’urugabano rwo
kwerekana itandukaniro hagati y’ikibi n’icyiza. Mu yandi magambo, amahitamo ya Adamu na
Eva ntiyari hagati y’ubujiji n’ukumenya icyiza n’ikibi, ahubwo byari hagati yo kuguma ari beza
cyangwa se bagahitamo guhinduka babi. Uburyo iki kibazo kimeze n’uko amahitamo yose bari
gukora bari kumenya na none gutandukanya icyiza n’ikibi. Bari ibyaremwe byahawe kumenya
ibyemewe n’ibitemewe bari kumenya ukuri n’ikinyoma binyuze mu buryo bazitabira itegeko
ry’Imana.” (Goldsworthy 1991: 98) Iyo batsinda ikizamini, uburyo bari kwizera no kwubaha
Imana byari kuba igihamya cy’uko ari beza, kandi bari kubimenya. Bamaze kunanirwa
ikizamini, ukutizera Imana kwabo no kugomera Imana kwabo byahise bibagira abantu bafite
ikibi imbere muri bo, kandi na byo bari kubimenya.
b. Mu byanditswe byo mu IK (2 Sam 4:17; 1Abami 3:9) ijambo “icyiza n’ikibi” rijyanye
n’ubushobozi bwo gufata icyemezo mu urwego rw’ubutabera. Bityo, icyari kibujijwe ku muntu
cyari ububasha bwo gufata icyemezo ku bijyanye n’ikimufitiye umumaro n’ibitawumufitiye.
Imana ntiyahaye ububasha umuntu bwo gukora ibyo kubera ko Imana izi byose, ifite ubwenge
bwose, kandi ifite urukundo rwose. Bityo, Imana ishobora gufata icyemezo cy’ukuri kandi
kirangwamo ukuri, kiri mu nyungu zo mu urwego rwo hejuru ku umwana w’umuntu; ibihe
byose. Igihe umuntu akoze mu mbaraga ze gusa, aba yishyize hagati mu ruziga mu bijyanye
n’imyitwarire ye kandi yifatira icyemezo ku bijyanye n’ikibi cyangwa se icyiza. Bityo
agerageza kuba “nk’Imana” (reba Itang 3:5, 22). Ariko, kubera yuko umuntu atazi byose,
adafite ubwenge bwose, adafite urukundo rwuzuye, iby’agerageza bijyanye no kumera
nk’Imana bizatsindwa. Ahubwo, azarangiza akora nk’ “imana y’iki gihe” (2 Abakor 4:4),
n’ingaruka zimwe.
3. Satani yinjira mu nzoka kandi ibeshya Eva (Yoh 8:44; 2 Abakor 11:3; Ibyah 12:9). Nubwo Eva
yashutswe, “gucunga umutekano w’ingobyi n’ibyari biri muri yo byose yari inshingano za Adamu
[Itang 2:15], bityo yabwirizwaga na we kumucunga. . . . Yananiwe gucunga ingobyi bituma umwanzi
ayinjiramo” (Jordan 1988: 137). Adamu yari ahari ari kumwe na Eva, nta cyo yakoze kugira ngo
agerageze kumuhagarika, kandi, nta kubeshywa kwahabaye, ahubwo ku bushake bwe yahisemo
gukurikira umugore we muri icyo cyaha (Itang 3:6; 1 Tim 2:14). Nk’uko James Boice abivuga, “Iyo
Adamu atabeshywa, nk’uko 1 Tim 2:14 habivuga neza, bityo abwirizwa kuba yakoze icyaha azi neza
icyo yari agiye gukora. Bityo, yahisemo kurya azi neza yuko agomeye Imana.” (Boice 1986: 196) Ibi
bishobora kuba ari yo mpamvu icyaha cy’Adamu ni kinini kuruta, ari na cyo bivugwa yuko ingaruka ku
bandi bantu bose zikomoka kuri Adamu aho gukomoka kuri Eva (reba Abar 5:12-14, 17-21; 1 Abakor
15:21-22).5
4. Ingamba Satani yakoresheje zihuye n’ibigeragezo duhura na byo.
a. Yegereye Eva ubwa mbere. Iki cyari ubwenge bwo gutangirira kuri uriya atahawe itegeko
n’Imana mu maso mu yandi no guhanganisha umuntu na mugenzi we.
b. Yerekeje ikigeragezo cye ku cyo Imana yari yabujije mu itegeko rye. N’ubwo Imana yari
yabahaye ibihagije, Satani we yerekeje ku cyo babujijwe gukora, bityo aba abashizemo
igitekerezo kitari cyo mu bwenge bwabo ku bijyanye n’ukuri.
c. Yashatse uburyo yatuma bashidikanya ku ukuri ku bijyanye n’Ijambo ry’Imana (3:1). Mu
kubaza “mbese n’ukuri ko Imana yavuze, ‘Ni ukuri koko Imana yaravuze iti ‘ntimuzarye ku giti
5 Mu buryo busobanutse, Adamu yiswe “ishusho” ya Kristo mu Abar 5:14 (reba na none 1 Abakor 15:22, 45-47 aho
umurimo wa Adamu n’uwa Yesu bivugwa nk’ibihabanye, Kristo akitwa “Adamu wa nyuma”, akitwa kandi “umuntu wa
kabiri”). Bityo, Adamu na Kristo “buri wese akora nk’uhagarariye isezerano; bityo uburyo buri wese yitabiriye itegeko
ry’Imana bugira ingaruka kuri abo bose buri wese ahagarariye. . . . Aho itandukaniro rigaragarira n’uburyo buhabanye
cyane Adamu na Kristo bifashe imbere y’itegeko ry’Imana; bityo ingaruka kuri abo bose bari bahagarariwe muri ibyo bintu
na zo ziratandukanye cyane. Kubera yuko Adamu atumviye, abo yari ahagarariye bose bafatwa nk’abanyabyaha, bacirwa
urubanza rwo gupfa. Kubera ko Kristo yumviye, abo ahagarariye bose bafatwa nk’abakiranutsi, bityo bagahabwa ubugingo
([Abar] 5:15-21).” (Johnson 2007:202-2003) Ibi bigaragaza uburyo igihabanye n’ikimenyetso ari cyo sohozwa ryacyo kiba
kiri hejuru ya cya kimenyetso (igicucu), kandi ikigaragaza itandukaniro hagati yabyo cyama kihari. Nuko rero, igihe tureba
ku bimenyetso mu Ibyanditswe, “isesengura ryacu ribwirizwa kwerekeza ku kigize icyo byagenewe bisa na Kristo ariko na
none hakarebwa ikigize isohozwa ryabyo gitandukanye n’isohozwa ryo mu buryo bwuzuye kandi butunganye bwa Kristo”
(Ibid.: 203).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
12
cyose cy’iyi ngobyi’?” Satani yagerageje gushyiramo urujijo ku bijyanye n’ukuri kw’ibyo
Imana yategetse.
d. Yarabeshye arwanya ijambo ry’Imana (3:4). Igisekeje, ukuri Satani yagabyeho ibitero
n’ikijyanye n’uburakari n’ingaruka z’icyaha. Nk’uko byagenze kuri Adamu na Eva, tugira
ikibazo cyo guhitamo: Ni nde tuzizera? Munsi y’ingamba za Satani (n’iz’isi), Ijambo ry’Imana
“ntiricyemerwa nk’uko ari ryo kuri kwuzuye, noneho rikagarurwa ku urwego rw’ijambo
ry’icyaremwe. Imana hamwe n’Ijambo ryayo bisigaye bifatwa nk’uko ari abatware bato
babwirizwa kunyuzwa munsi y’ubugenzuzi bw’abatware banini kurushiriza. Na none, inzoka
ishyiramo umwete: Ntivuga yuko abantu bakura ibirego byabo ku Mana bakongera
bakabiyigarurira, ahubwo ko bo ari bo bari bakwiye gushyira ku munzane iby’uko Imana ivuga
ko ari inyakuri. Ingaruka ya nyuma isa n’uko bahaye Satani umwanya w’Uwiteka, ariko ibi
bigakorwa biremwamuntu batarakabibona.” (Goldsworthy 1991: 104)
e. Yibasiye imiterere y’Imana ubwayo (3:5). Mu by’ukuri, Satani yavuga yuko nta rukundo
Imana yari ibafitiye kuko yashyizeho urugabano batabwirizwa kurenga mu bijyanye n’ibyo
bemerewe kurya, n’uko kandi bakwiye kugendera munsi y’ubushobozi bw’Imana ku bijyanye
no kumenya icyiza n’ikibi, aho kubareka bakikoreshereza ubwenge bwabo.
f. Satani yishingikirije ku ubwibone bwa kiremwa-muntu. Satani yemereye Eva yuko ni
yagomera Imana ni ho azabona ubugingo (“gupfa ntimuzapfa”), ubwenge (amaso yanyu
azahweza), no kugira ubwigenge mu myitwarire (“mukamenya icyiza n’ikibi”), umunezero wo
gushyirwa ku ntera yo hejuru cyane (“mugahindurwa nk’Imana”). Bitandukanye n’ibyo bari
biteze, icyemezo Adamu na Eva bafashe ni cyo urupfu rushingiyemo, kuko ibyo ari byo
ugutandukana n’Imana. Ishingiro ry’icyaha cyabo kwari ukutizera (urugero, kubura ukwizera,
n’ukwiringira Imana byagaragariye mu ukutumvira Imana). No guhera mu ntango ya byose,
umugambi w’Uwiteka Imana wari uko abantu bazamutumbira no kumwizera ku bijyanye
n’ukuri kw’icyiza n’ikibi, no ku uburyo twari dukwiye kubaho ubuzima bwacu—urugero,
“umukiranutsi azabeshwaho n’ukwizera kwe” (Habak 2:4; Abar 1:17; Abagal 3:11; Abaheb
10:38).
5. Ingaruka z’icyaha cya Adamu na Eva ntizagarukiye kuri bo gusa ahubwo zageze kuri buri wese mu
mateka yose y’isi.
a. Mu mwanya w’uko byabazaniye umunezero no gutera imbere, icyaha cya Adamu na Eva
cyabyaye ukwicira urubanza, isoni, ubwoba, ugutandukana n’Imana n’ibindi biremwa, no
gutandukana hagati yabo ubwabo, nyuma yabyo urupfu (Itang 3:7-19). Adamu na Eva bifuzaga
kwiyobora (urugero ubwigenge; kwitandukanya n’Imana), kandi barabibonye. Ariko na none,
ukwo kwitandukanya n’Imana ni mo urupfu na kuzimu bishingiye. “Ukugwa kwerekanye
itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y’ubugingo n’urupfu. Imana ni Yo sōko y’ubugingo, bityo
ukutayumvira biganisha ku urupfu (Itangiriro 2:17). Ubugingo bisobanura ubugingo bwo mu
buryo bw’umwuka, ubugingo nyakuri aho umuntu agumana n’Imana. Ku munsi Adamu na Eva
bariye kuri cya giti Uwiteka yababuzaga, bahise bapfa mu buryo bufatika no mu buryo
bw’umwuka. Ariko urupfu rwo mu buryo bufatika n’ingaruka y’uru rupfu rwo mu buryo
bw’umwuka. Kubera yuko biremwa muntu bahebye kandi basenye ubugingo bwabo nyakuri
bagendanagamo n’Imana, n’ubugingo bwabo bwo mu buryo bufatika bwahise burimbuka.
Urupfu rwo mu buryo bufatika n’igihano n’ikimenyetso cy’ubuhombe bukomeye cyane bwo
mu buryo bw’umwuka.” (Poythress 1991: 83-84) Kubera ibyo bakoze, Adamu na Eva bahuye
n’isoni rishingiye ku uburyo bambaye ubusa (Itang 3:7-10). Imibonano mpuzabitsina yabo yari
ihagije kugira ngo babone ko batameze nk’Imana: Ntibashoboye kugira icyo barema uhereye ku
ubusa (nk’uko Imana yabikoraga), ahubwo bo icyo bakora kwari ukwororoka gusa. “Bityo
imibonano mpuzabitsina ibibutsa [cyangwa se yari kuba yabibukije] ibijyanye n’uburyo
bakeneranye n’ibibazo bijyanye na byo [cyangwa se byari kuba byarabahwituye] ku bijyanye
n’uburyo batekereza kubona ubwigenge n’ukwifuza kumera nk’Imana” (Goldsworthy 1991:
105).6 Mu buryo bw’ingaruka z’ibyabereye mu murima, Imana irareka abantu bakagira inzira
zabo no guhura n’ingaruka zabyo (reba Kuva 16:1-20; Kubara 11:18-20, 31-34; Abar 1:24,
26, 28).
b. Ibihano Imana yagennye (Itang 3:16-19) ku muntu (imiruho) no ku mugore (Kubyara)
6 Nyuma y’uko Eva “asoroma ku mbuto zacyo, arazirya” (Itang 3:6), Yesu Kristo yabwirijwe guhonja ku bukene n’urupfu
imbere y’aya magambo “arasoroma, ararya” (Mat 26:26) ahinduka amagambo y’agakiza aho kuba amagambo y’urupfu.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
13
bigendana n’imibabaro, buri gihano kijyanye n’iby’ibanze by’ubuzima ku bagore no ku
bagabo. Ikindi, Itang 3:16b n’ishusho y’intango y’ukutumvikana hagati y’umugabo n’umugore
na/cyangwa se intambara ishingiye ku bubasha bushingiye ku gitsina—uhereye icyo gihe
ukageza uyu munsi imibanire hagati y’abagabo n’abagore irangwa n’agatotsi k’icyaha. (reba,
e.g., ibitekerezo bikurikira bitandukanye bivuga ku bijyanye n’uburyo ihuriro cyangwa se
itandukaniro hagati y’ “ukwifuza” n’ “ugutegeka” muri 3:16 rimeze: Busenitz 1986: 203-12
[umugore azahora yifuza umugabo we nko mu gihe cyabanjirije Ukugwa, ariko na none ukwo
kwifuza n’ugutegeka byandujwe n’icyaha]; Cassuto 1961: 165-66; [nk’uko umugore yatumye
umugabo akora icyifuzo cye, n’ubwo azakomeza kumwifuza, ubu azamutegeka kandi azatuma
akora iby’umugabo we yifuza]; Walton 2001: 227-28 [icyifuzo cy’ibanze cy’umugore kugira
abana gishyira umugabo mu umwanya w’ugutegeka]; Stitzinger 1981: 41-42 [“ukwifuza”
n’ikintu gituma umugore ajya mu umwanya w’ugutegekwa, ariko “gutegeka” bisobanura yuko
umugabo noneho azayobora mu buryo bw’igitugu]; Foh 1974-75: 376-83 [icyifuzo cy’umugore
n’ugufata umugabo we mu maboko ye, ubutegetsi bwe nk’uko byashyizweho n’Imana bizasaba
imbaraga nyinshi]).
6. Bibiliya ivuga yuko abantu bose babaye umwe na Adamu (“muri Adamu”), Adamu nka we mutwe
wacu cyangwa se uduserukira (reba Abar 5:12-19; 1 Abakor 15:21-22; gereranya na Abaheb 7:9-10).
Birtyo, kubera icyaha cy’Adamu, inyokomuntu bose iyakira: ukwiciraho urubanza “bishingiye ku
mategeko” byo ku urwego rw’isi, bikaganisha ku ukwononekara kw’ubwenge (Zab 51:5; Yer 17:9;
Abar 3:9; 7:14-25), bikaganisha ku cyaha cya buri muntu utuye isi (Abar 3:10-18, 23), bikaganisha ku
ukwicira urubanza bya buri wese utuye isi. Iby’uko inzira nyakuri n’impamvu byatumye urubyaro
rw’Adamu rwisanga rugirwaho n’urubanza kandi rwarahumanye kubera icyaha cya Adamu, n’ikintu
cyaganirwaho. Ibi bikurikira ni byo byo guhabwa agaciro:
a. Akenshi Bibiliya ifata umuryango cyangwa itsinda ry’abantu “nk’abantu benshi bahurira mu
umuntu umwe” (reba Yos 7:10-26; Abar 5:12-19; 1 Abakor 15:21-22). Ibi ni kimwe n’ukubona
Adamu mu ishusho ry’urubuto cyangwa se nk’umuzi w’igiti, abamukomokaho na bo
bakabonwa mu ishusho y’amashami n’amababi: Byose bigize igiti kimwe; amashami n’amababi
byombi bibonera ubugingo bwabyo mu rubuto no mu umuzi. Adamu, nka we mutwe wa
kiremwa muntu, yabyaye ibiremwa byaguye kandi by’ibyigomeke nk’uko na we yari ameze
igihe yacumuraga. Kuba ari we mutwe wa twese “birimo inyungu iri hejuru ari yo yo kwitwa
sekuruza w’amahanga byonyine. Birimo na none ishema ryo kugira ubushobozi bwo
gusobanukirwa icyo kuba umuntu bisobanura [reba Itang 5:3; 1 Abakor 15:49]. . . . Nimba
hariho abantu ku giti cyabo bakwifuza kubihakana, n’iki bashingiraho? Jye simbona ikintu
bashingiraho, cyangwa se inkingi bubakaho ibosobanuro byabo, mu gihe umudendezo wa buri
wese muri bo udafite icyo ushingiyeho cyihariye. Imana yaremye uwo mudendezo nk’uko
yabaremye, iwuremera muri Adamu kandi aba ari we binyuzwaho, nka kimwe mu bigize
kamere ya Adamu.” (Blocher 1997: 130)
b. Mu gihe Adamu yaremwe ata cyaha afite, akaba yari afite inyungu zishingiye ku giti cye no
ku byari bihari icyo gihe, nta wundi muntu umuruta wari uhari wo guserukira kiremwamuntu.
Nka we uduserukira, icyaha cya Adamu, n’urubanza rwe, byahindutse ibyacu (reba Johnson
1974:298-316). Ibibaho mu mateka n’ikintu cyagereranywa n’ishyanga: “igihe umukuru
w’igihugu runaka atangaje intambara ku kindi gihugu, abana bavutse muri icyo gihe
cy’intambara bose na bo bahinduka abari muri iyo ntambara. Ku bijyanye na Adamu, ingaruka
y’ibi ikorera mu urwego rwimbitse kurushiriza, kubera ihuriro ryacu na Adamu (n’ukuvuga
umuntu), kandi kubera ko iryo huriro rishingiye ku Mana ‘kuko muri Yo dufite ubugingo
bwacu, tugenda kandi turiho’.” (Blocher 1997: 129)
c. Ntibyari ngombwa yuko Imana ikora icyo ari cyo cyose kugira ngo bose bahumane
nk’ingaruka y’icyaha cya Adamu. “Byonyine kuba Imana yahise yisokōra muri iyo mibanire
yayo n’uwo muntu wigometse, nk’uko byari ngombwa kandi bikwiriye yuko ibikora ityo,
amahame ye y’umwimerere agahita ahabwa akato, birahagije ko ari we yikorera ingaruka
z’ukwo guhumana no gukomeza gucumura ku Mana” (Edwards, 1984, Icyaha cya Mbere: 219).
d. Ingaruka z’Ukugwa, n’iz’uko turi “muri Adamu,” n’uko ku ubwacu gusa, tutari muri Kristo,
twapfira mu bicumuro no mu byaha byacu” (Abef 2:1). Ibi bisobanura yuko, kuri buri wese,
hariho uguhumana n’ukwononekara kwuzuye (ibi byitwa na none imbaraga z’icyaha kiba
imbere muri twe) kigira ingaruka kuri buri kintu cyose kitwerekeye, harimo n’uburyo
twiyumvira, dutekereza, tuvuga, dukora, twiyumva, tubana n’abantu n’uburyo tubana n’Imana.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
14
Ingaruka z’uku kwononekara n’uko, hatabayeho ugutabarwa guturuka kuri Kristo, ntidushobora
kuza kuri Kristo no kumwizera (Yoh 6:44, 65; Abef 2:6-9); ntidushobora na gato kubona
ubwami bw’Imana (Yoh 3:3, 5); no kugendera mu mategeko y’Imana no kuyumvira (Abar 8:6,
8); ntidushobora gusobanukirwa na gato ukuri kwo mu buryo bw’umwuka ku bijyanye n’Imana
(1 Abakor 2:14); ntidushobora na gato kunezeza Imana (Abaheb 11:6); twabaswe n’icyaha, isi,
inyama, na Satani, ntidushobora kwegera ubugingo bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka, kandi
tugendera munsi y’urubanza n’uburakari bw’Imana (Abar 6:16-17; Abef 2:1-3) (see also
Edwards, 1984, Original Sin: 143-233; Owen 1979: passim).
7. Icyaha cya Adamu cyagize ingaruka ku byaremwe byose. “Iremwa rirahari kubera inyungu zacu.
Biremwamuntu biserukira ibyaremwe byose kugira ngo Imana ibone uburyo igendana n’ibindi
byaremwe ishingiye ku buryo igendana n’abantu. . . . Igihe umuntu aguye kubera icyaha, ibyaremwe
bihita bigwana na we.” (Goldsworthy 1991: 96) Ikindi, Adamu yakira bimwe mu bigize imiti
yakoreshaga mu ukwivura: Amaze kutumvira amategeko y’Imana, ubu rero, ibindi byaremwe byose,
ibyo yari agiye gutegeka, na byo bizamwigomekaho. “Umuvumo ku butaka ni wo muvumo kuri
Adamu. Umwami w’isi nta mugaragu yubaha agifite uzaturuka mu butaka. Uburenganzira bwo kurya
ku mbuto zose zo mu ngobyi bwasimbuwe n’umuruho wo kubona isi itanga ibyo kurya byacu bya buri
munsi. . . . Iherezo ry’umwana w’umuntu n’ukuba ibiryo by’isi igihe asubijwe mu butaka aho
yakomotse.” (Ibid.: 106) Ingaruka z’ukugwa ku urwego rw’isi zavuzweho mu Abar 8: 18-25 (“kuko
ibyaremwe byose byashyizwe mu bubata bw’ibitagira umumaro,” yuko na “byo bizabaturwa munsi
y’ubwo bubata bwo kubora,” kandi “ibyaremwe byose binihira hamwe bikaramukirwa hamwe kugeza
n’ubu”).
8. No mu rubanza yaciriye Adamu na Eva, Imana yagaragaje imbabazi zayo.
a. Mu mpu z’inyamaswa, Imana yakoreye Adamu na Eva imyenda ibakwiriye (Itang 3:21). Iyi
n’ishusho y’agakiza dufite muri Kristo: Uburyo Adamu na Eva badodera hamwe ibibabi by’ibiti
n’ishusho y’agakiza kubera ibikorwa. Mu buntu bwayo, Imana yabahaye imyenda ibakwiriye,
na cyane-cyane igihe bari bagiye gusohoka bakava muri iyo ngobyi, bakinjira mu yindi si nshya
ariko irangwamo ubwanzi (Itang 3:17-19, 23-24). Ariko na none, imyenda Imana yabahaye
yaturutse mu kiguzi—byabaye ngombwa yuko inyamaswa zipfa, nk’igikorwa cy’ubuntu, “Igihe
twari tukiri abanyabyaha, Kristo yaradupfiriye” (Abar 5:8) kugira ngo twambikwe mu
ugukiranuka kwe (Yes 61:10; Zak 3:4; 2 Abakor 5:21; Abagal 3:27; Ibyah 3:5).
b. N’ubwo Imana yirukanye Adamu na Eva mu ngobyi (Itang 3:22-24), ntiyigeze ikuraho
ubusonga bwabo hejuru y’isi yose (gereranya Itang 2:15 na 3:23). Na none, ukubirukana mu
ngobyi kwayo byorohereje Imana gushyiraho igikorwa cy’uko umuntu yororoka agategeka isi
(Itang 1:28).
9. Mu Itang 3:15 Imana yatangaje ku nshuro ya mbere umugambi wayo ku gakiza k’isi: “Nzashyiraho
urwango hagati yawe n’uyu mugore no hagati y’urubyaro rwawe n’urwe, ruzagukomeretsa umutwe
nawe uzarukomeretsa agatsintsino.” Itang 3:15 yiswe “protoevagelium (‘ubutumwa bwiza bwa
mbere’) kubera yuko ari ryo tangazo ry’umwimerere ry’isezerano ry’umugambi Imana yari ifitiye isi
yose. . . . Urubyaro/abazagukomokaho bivugwa muri uyu murongo kubera yuko umuzi w’isezerano ryo
mu isezerano rya Kera ryo kuzahabwa Mesiya ni mo ushorera. Uyu murongo ni wo mubyeyi w’andi
masezeano yose.” (Kaiser 1995: 37-38) Dushingiye kuri ubu buhanuzi, ūzakomoka ku rubyaro
rw’umugore (yitwa Kristo) azatangariza urupfu rwa Satani ku musaraba, muri icyo gihe Satani na we
azakomeretsa agatsintsino ka Kristo, cyangwa se amubabaze. Na none, aya magambo ahujwe n’itegeko
ry’uko Adamu na Eva batazashobora kurya ku giti cy’ubugingo (Itang 3:22), byemeza yuko batari
gukomeza kuba mu cyaha iteka ryose. Ahubwo, abazabeshywaho n’ukwizera Kristo bazashobora kurya
ku giti cy’ubugingo mu isi nshya bakiranutse iteka ryose (Ibyah 22:2).
B. Ingaruka z’Ukugwa—Uhereye kuri Kayini ukageza ku Umunara w’i Babeli (Itangiriro 4-11:26) “Nyuma yuko Adamu na Eva bakoze icyaha, urubyaro rwabo rwakomeje gutegeka isi. Ikibazo s’uko
bategekaga. Ahubwo, Itang 4 herekana uburyo bagize uruhare mu guteza imbere muzika, gukoresha ibyuma,
ubworozi, ubugeni, na politike (‘Kayini yubatse umujyi’, v. 17). Ikibazo nyamukuru cy’umugabo
w’umunyabyaha s’uko yanze gutegeka isi, ahubwo n’uko yayoboye isi mu nzira itubaha Imana. Imiyoborere ya
mwene Adamu n’ukuyobora hamwe no kuzamura izina rye, aho kuzamura izina ry’Uwiteka Imana.
Abanyabyaha bagerageza gutegeka isi mu gihe na bo ubwabo bagendera munsi y’ububata bw’icyaha. Imana
yaremye Adamu na Eva kugira ngo bubake igisa n’umujyi wayo ku isi. Abuzukuru babo bubaka umujyi
w’umuntu wahumanye.” (Leithart n.d.: n.p.)
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
15
1. Kayini n’urubyaro rwe (Itang 4:1-24).
a. Kuri Kayini tubonamo ukugwira kw’icyaha: Ukutubaha Imana7 (4:3); umujinya (4:5);
ishyari, ukubeshya no kwica (4:7-8); kubeshya (4:9); ukwikubira no kwikunda (4:13-14); kujya
kure n’Imana (4:14, 16). Ukugwira kw’isi biragaragarira mu buryo icyaha cya Kayini kitabaye
icyo kwica uwo ari we wese ahubwo cyabaye icyo kwica uwo bavaga inda imwe kandi wari
“umukiranutsi” (Mat 23:35; Abaheb 11:4). Na none, murebe uburyo Imana ari inyabuntu igihe
yabuzaga barumuna we na bashiki ba Kayini kuzamwica (Itang 4:15).
b. Ukugwa kwa Lameke, Umwuzukuru wa Kayini (4:18-19, 23-24), kwabaye ukwo kugera hasi
cyane: N’umugabo w’inshirukanya kandi n’umwirasi; ajya kubiri n’icyifuzo Imana yari ifite
cy’uko umugabo azarongora umugore umwe (Itang 2:23-24; Mat 19:3-6). Kurongora abagore
benshi s’umugambi w’Imana. Muri Bibiliya ugushaka abagore benshi bigaragara nk’ikintu kibi
kuko biganisha ku ngaruka mbi. Bityo, ntibitangaje kubona uburyo umuntu wa mbere washatse
abagore benshi ari we Lameki, yari umugabo yishimira guhohotera abandi, watangaje ko
yigometse ku Mana mu buryo bwose bubaho igihe yajyaga yica abantu benshi cyane abahora
akantu gato ako ari ko kose; no kuvuga yuko Imana imwemerera kwihorera (reba Guteg 32:35).
Ukwatura kwe yuko azihorera abandi “inshuro mirongo irindwi” (Itang 4:24) bihuzwa
n’ijambo Yesu yavuze yuko dukwiye kubabarira abatugirira nabi “inshuro mirongo irindwi
karindwi” (Mat 18:21-22).
2. Uhereye kuri Seti ukageza kuri Nowa (Itang 4:25-6:8).
a. Ishusho iri hejuru y’andi yo mu gitabo cy’Itangiriro ivuga ku ikoreshwa ry’imitwe
y’amagambo isa n’iyi mu gutangira inkuru y’urutavanaho ku bisekuruza mu gitabo cyose. “Ibi
biboneka muri 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12,19; 36:1, 9; 37:2. Igihuriweho muri iyi
mitwe y’amagambo n’ijambo ry’Igiheburayo ryitwa [Toledot—risobanura “uru(im)byaro”;
urunganwe; inkuru; urutonde; aho ibintu byanditswe]. . . . Imitwe y’amagambo ishingiye kuri
[Toledot] ifasha mu buryo bubiri. Ubwa mbere, bihuye n’umutwe w’amagambo utangiza buri
gice cyo mu bitabo bya none. Imwe muri iyo mitwe itangiza ibice bivuga inkuru, mu urwego
rushya rwo mu bice bigize inkuru z’icyo gice. . . . [Uburyo bwa kabiri imitwe y’amagambo
ishingiye kuri Toledot] yerekeza ubwenge bw’usoma ku muntu runaka n’urubyaro rwe rwa
bugufi. Ibi bifasha umwanditsi w’igitabo cy’Itangiriro gukurikirana ubutunzi bw’urubyaro
rw’umuryango uvugwaho bitabaye ngombwa kuvuga kuri buri kintu kijyanye n’ubuzima
bw’abandi bagize imiryango ibashamikiyeho.” (Alexander 1993: 258, 259)
b. Uhereye mu Itang 4:25 inkuru yibanda ku rubyaro rwa Seti. Bityo, Toledoti ya Adamu,
uhereye ku Itang 5:1 yibanda kuri Seti no kuri bamwe mu bagize urubyaro rwa Seti. Bibiliya
ibikora itya mu bushake bwayo kuko abantu ivugaho cyane n’ab’ingenzi kuri iyi nkuru ikomeza
kugaruka.8
c. Toledot ya Adamu na yo n’iy’ingenzi kubera indi mpamvu: Nyuma yo kuvuga imyaka buri
wese yagiye amara ku isi n’abamukomokagaho b’ingenzi, ayo makuru agenda agaruka ku
ijambo ngo, “arapfa” (Itang 5:5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 27, 31). Ibi bishimangira ingaruka
“y’umuvumo” wakomotse ku cyaha cya Adamu (reba Itang 2:17; 3:19). N’ubwo abantu
7 Ituro rya Abeli ryari rishingiye ku ukwizera (Abaheb 11:4); irya Kayini ryo si cyo ryari rishingiyeho. Bityo, ituro rya
Kayini ryari rishingiye ku “bikorwa,” urugero, ugushaka kugerageza Imana. Nyuma ituro rya Abeli ryari rigizwe
n’iby’uburiza n’urugimbu uburyo bwo kwemera yuko uburumbuke mu matungo ye bukomoka ku Mana, bityo yuko
amatungo yose ari ay’Uwiteka. Ituro rya Abeli ryari rigizwe n’amatungo yo mu mukumbi we yaruta andi mu ubwiza
(urugero, “ibinure byayo”). Ibi bisobanura yuko ituro rya Kayini ryo ntiryari iryo mu mushyuzo w’ibisarurwa bye, ahubwo
ryari rigizwe n’imbuto zimwe na zimwe zo mu butaka”—bityo, bitandukanye n’ituro rya Abeli, kuko ryari ituro
ritatekerejweho, ritanzwe ata kwizera, no ku mpamvu zitari nziza. Bityo, 1 Yoh 3:12 havuga ko ibikorwa bya Kayini
(bishingiye ku uburyo ituro rye ryatanzwe) “bibi” ibya Abeli na byo “ibyo gukiranuka”. John Cross atanga igitekerezo
avuga yuko itandukaniro rikomeye n’uko igitambo Abel yatanze cyari icy’amaraso yo kubabarira ibyaha mu gihe icya
Kayini cyo cyari ikindi (Cross 2014: n.p.). 8 Hari ukudahuza hejuru ya “ni bande bari ‘abana b’Imana’ n’ ‘abakobwa b’abantu’ mu Itang 6:2. Insobanuro zo mu
buryo bune n’izi zikurikira: 1. “Abana b’Imana (AI)” = Abamarayika Baguye; “Abakobwa b’Abantu (AA)” = abantu
basanzwe, bapfa; icyaha bakoze = urushako rwabayeho hagati y’ibiremwa bidasanzwe n’ibiremwa byo mu buryo
busanzwe ari byo bipfa (ariko reba Mat 22:20). 2. AI=Urubyaro rwubahaga Imana rwakomokaga kuri Seti; AA = urubyaro
rwa Kayini rutubahaga Imana; icyaha = urushako hagati y’abera n’abatera. 3. AI = Abatware bakomoka mu umuryango
umwe; AA= abantu bo mu miryango isanzwe; icyaha = gushaka abagore benshi. 4. AI = abatware bakomoka mu muryango
umwe bayoborwa n’abadayimoni; AA = Abakomoka mu miryango isanzwe; icyaha = urushako rudashingiye ku ukwubaha
Imana. Reba neza urasanga yuko mu nsobanuro zo kuri No 1 na 4 AI ni babi; mu bisobanuro bya 2 AI ni beza.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
16
b’imbere y’umwuzure barambaga cyane kuruta abantu bo muri iki gihe, na none bageraho
bagapfa kuko bari bameze nka Adamu kandi bambaye ishusho nk’iye (Itang 5:3)—urugero,
kubera yuko bari bafite muri bo icyaha kibabamo. Cyakora, habayeho umuntu umwe utanyuze
mu rupfu; uwo na we ni Enoki (Itang 5:21-24). Ibi ntibivuga yuko Enoki nta cyaha
cyamubagamo (kimwe n’abandi bantu bose, na we yari agifite). Ahubwo, kuba Imana
yaratwaye Enoki n’ikimenyetso cy’ubuntu bw’Imana kuko Enoki yari “yagendanye n’Imana”
nk’umuntu wubahaga Imana.
d. Toledot ya Adamu yerekana ukugwa kw’umuntu kubera icyaha. Bitangirira kuri Adamu mu
buryo bwo kuvuga umugisha w’Imana (Itang 5:1), bikarangirira ku gahinda Imana yagize igihe
yicuzaga kuba yararemye umuntu, n’umugambi wayo wo kweza isi kubera umuntu ayibaho,
kuko “kandi kwibwira kwose imitima yabo itekereza ari kubi gusa iteka ryose” (Itang 6:5-7).
Ariko umuntu umwe ari we Nowa agirira umugisha ku Uwiteka, bityo aba yubatse ibyiringiro
muri kiremwamuntu (Itang 6:8).
3. Nowa n’Umwuzure (Itang 6:9-9:29).
a. Iki gice kirimo impaka. Gitangirira ku rubanza rw’Imana ku isi (Itang 6:11-13) ariko
ikarangirira ku uburyo yinjiye mu isezerano n’ibifite ubugingo byose yuko itazongera kandi
kurimbuza isi umwuzure (Itang 8:21-9:17). Ku rundi ruhande, iki gice gitangirana na Nowa
yavuzweho nk’ “umukiranutsi, yatunganaga rwose mu gihe cye, Nowa [wa]gendanaga
n’Imana” (Itang 6:9). Ikarangirira ku nkuru ya Nowa asinda akavuma Kanani (Itang 9:20-27).9
Icyerekana yuko Bibiliya ari inyakuri n’uko idashyayisha igihe iba irimo ivuga ku cyaha
cy’abantu kabone n’ubwo baba ari abo mu urwego rwo hejuru.
b. Inkuru ivuga ku umwuzure ifite ah’ihurira n’inkuru zivuga ku irema rya mbere no kugeza ku
“iremwa rya kabiri” ry’isi: “Isi yagizwe idashobora guturwa nyuma yo gutandukanya isi
ndimwa n’amazi (Itang 8:1-3; reba na none Itang 1:9-10). Ibiremwa bifite ubugingo bizanwa
kugira ngo byuzure isi bushya (Itang 8:17-19; reba Itang 1:20-22, 24-25). Iminsi n’ibihe
byongera gushyirwaho (Itang 8:22; reba Itang 1:14-18). Biremwamuntu bihabwa umugisha
n’Imana (Itang 9:1; reba Itang 1:28a), itegeka abantu kwororoka, kugwira no kwuzura isi’
(Itang 9:1b, 7; reba 1:28b), bahabwa ubutware hejuru y’ubwami bw’ibikōko (Itang 9:2; reba
Itang 1:28c). Imana iha kiremwamuntu—baremwe mu ishusho yayo (Itang 9:6; reba Itang
1:26-27)—ibyo kurya (Itang 9:3; reba Itang 1:29-30).” (Williamson 2007: 61) Ikindi, n’ubwo
Edeni wari umujyi war ahitereye, kumbure hakaba hari ku musozi (reba Ezek 28:14, 16), mu
gihe uruzi ruturukayo (Itang 2:10), bityo inkuge yahagaze ku misozi ya Ararat (Itang 8:4).
N’imirimo Nowa yakoze nyuma y’umwuzure ifitanye isano: Nkuko hari umurima muri Edeni
(Itang 2:15), ni na ko Nowa yahinze uruzabibu (Itang 9:20). Nk’uko Adamu yakoreye icyaha
mu ngobyi (Itang 3:6), n’umuhungu we na we agakora icyaha (Itang 4:8) ni na ko Nowa
yakoreye icyaha mu ruzabibu (Itang 9:21) n’umuhungu we na we agakora icyaha (Itang. 9:22).
4. Isezerano Rikuru Imana yakoranye na Nowa (“Isezerano rya Nowa,” Itang 8:21-9:17) ni ryo
Sezerano Rikuru rya mbere ryavuzwe mu buryo butomoye muri Bibiliya.10 Muri iri sezerano, “Imana
yerekanye ubuntu bwayo bushingiye ku mbabazi kuri kiremwa muntu bose, baba abarokowe cyangwa
se abatarokowe. . . . Yagaragaje uburyo idashaka kwemera yuko kamere y’icyaha y’umuntu idatuma
umugambi wayo yashyizeho mu Itang 3:15 uburizwamo, uburyo itashakaga yuko kamere y’icyaha
y’umwana w’umuntu idahindura itegeko yashyizeho mbere yo kugwa ‘ryo kwororoka, kugwira no
kwuzura isi.”’(Busenitz 1999: 182) Mu Itang 8:21 Imana ivuga yuko ukugwa kw’inyokomuntu ari kwo
kwatumye ishyiraho ubuntu bwayo, nk’uko na mbere yaho yari yaravuze yuko ari na cyo cyatumye
ishyiraho urubanza (Itang 6:5-7). Iyo hataba kubera ubuntu n’imbabazi z’Imana igihe yashyiraho
Isezerano Rikuru ryayo yakoranye na Nowa, inyokomuntu iba irimo yerekeza ku uguhona, nk’uko
9 Hari ukudahuza hejuru y’icyo Ham yakoze igihe “yabona se yambaye ubusa,” n’impamvu yatumye Nowa avuma Kanani
(umuhungu wa Hamu), aho kuvuma Hamu ubwe (Itang 9:21-27). Kubera yuko Itangiriro ari kimwe mu bitabo bigize
“Torah” (amategeko), rihuzwa n’Amategeko Cumi, harimo na rya rindi rivuga ngo, “wubahe so na nyoko” (Kuva 20:12;
Guteg 5:16). Bityo, igisobanuro gisa n’uko gikwiriye n’icy’uko Hamu yabonye se yambaye ubusa, bityo, kuba yabigizeho
urwenya bikaba bihwanye no kuba atubashye se. Nowa yavumye Kanani atyo kubera yuko ibyo yakoze bisa n’uko
atubashye se bwite. 10
Insobanuro y’Isezerano hagati y’Imana n’umuntu ishobora kuba “Gushyira igikumwe ku mugaragaro ku ihuriro ryari
risanzweho hagati y’amasezerano n’ibisabwa bishyirwaho ikidōdo n’indahiro” (Williamson 2007: 43; reba na none
Klooster 1988: 149; Beckwith 1987: 96). Amasezerano Makuru aruta andi muri Bibiliya n’Isezerano rya Nowa, Isezerano
rya Aburahamu, Isezerano rya Mose, Isezerano rya Dawidi, n’Amasezerano Makuru yo mu Gihe cyo mu Isezerano Rishya.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
17
byagenze mu gihe cy’umwuzure. “Insobanuro ishingiye ku Imenyekanishamana y’Isezerano Rikuru rya
Nowa igizwe n’ibice bibiri bifatanye. Icya mbere ni ryo rufatizo rw’ukwizera kwacu yuko Imana ari Yo
Itubeshaho. Isezerano Rikuru rya Nowa ni ryo ritwizeza yuko Imana izakomeza uburyo ibyaremwe
bigendana, n’ubwo hariho umuvurungano ugaragara nk’ushobora kubangamira ikomezwa ryabyo. . . .
[Icya kabiri] Isezerano Rikuru rya Nowa ritanga umurongo Amasezerano yo mu bumana n’ayo mu
bumuntu akoreramo.” (Williamson 2007: 67-68)
5. Ihuriro ry’Amahanga (Itang 10:1-32). Mu mateka, ihuriro ry’Amahanga (Itang 10:1-32) rishobora
kuba ryaje rikurikira Umunara w’i Babeli (Itang 11:1-11:9), uhereye igihe habaye ibiganiro bya mbere
byo kugabanganya ibihugu hakurikijwe indimi zivugwa aho hantu. Umwanditsi w’igitabo cy’Itangiriro
yashize iyi nkuru mu za mbere kubera impamvu z’imyandikire: Ikurikirana n’amateka ya ba Shemu,
Hamu na Yafeti uhereye aho Itangiriro 9 kirangirira. Byerekana yuko, mu gihe amoko yose yo mu isi
akomoka kuri Nowa binyuze muri Shemu, Hamu na Yafeti, abantu bose bakomoka mu “maraso” amwe,
bivuga yuko bakomoka mu muryango umwe; bikaba ari isohozwa ry’itegeko ry’Imana ryo muri Itang
9:1, kandi bikerekana yuko ikwirakwizwa ry’amahanga rishobora kuboneka nk’ikintu cyiza cyangwa se
kibi (urugero, urubanza rw’Imana mu Itang 11:9).
6. Umunara w’i Babeli (Itang 11:1-9). Umunara w’i Babeli n’ikimenyetso cy’uburyo umwana
w’umuntu akomeza kwerekeza umutima we ku ukwigomeka ku Mana. Inshingano ya mbere Imana
yahaye umwana w’umuntu ni “ukwuzura isi” (Itang 1:28). Imana yakomeje gusubiriramo Nowa
n’abana be iryo tegeko mu Itang 9:1. Na none, n’ubwo habayeho igihano cy’umwuzure, umwana
w’umuntu ntiyatinze kwongera kugomera Imana: Mu mwanya wo gushaka kwuzura isi, abantu
bashimishijwe no kwigumira ahantu hamwe. Nyuma bashaka kwubaka umunara ugera mu ijuru kugira
ngo izina ryabo rishyirwe hejuru kandi ngo bamere nk’Imana (na none, nka cya cyaha cy’Adamu).
Noneho, mu gihe Imana yo yashimishwaga no guhindura isi yose ubuturo bwayo, binyuze mu kuyuzuza
abantu bera . . . Babeli yo iba ihindutse ikimenyetso cy’ukurwanya icyifuzo cy’Imana” (Alexander
2008: 31). Nuko “ukwigomeka kwa Babeli kwabaye ubuhakanyi bukomeye buruta bya bindi bya mbere
byatumye habaho umuwuzure; kuko cyari ikintu cyo mu urwego mpuzamahanga kandi cyateguwe neza.
Uwo mujyi n’umunara wawo ugera mu ijuru kwari ukugerageza guturutse ku rubyaro rwa ya nzoka kwo
gukura Imana ihoraho ku ngoma yayo y’Ubwami.” (Klooster 1988: 147) Babeli na none cyari urugero
rwa mbere rw’idini ritunganije neza ruvugwa muri Bibiliya. . . . Abantu muri ubwo buryo bwabo bwo
kugerageza kwubaka umunara ugera mu ijuru, bari bashyizeho uburyo bwabo bwo kugera aho Imana
iba.” (Cross 2012: 94) Bityo, Imana “ihita ihindura ururimi rw’abo mw isi yose ruvamo nyinshi
zinyuranye” kandi “ari Yo yabakuriyeyo akabatataniriza gukwira mu isi yose” (Itang 11:7-8).11 Iyi
nkuru yerekana uburyo icyaha cyiyubatse mu muntu. Dushingiye ku ruhande rw’imyandikire, ibi biha
umusomyi inyota yo gushakisha igisubizo ku bijyanye n’impamvu umwana w’umuntu agumana kamere
y’icyaha n’ukwigomeka ku Mana.
7. Toledot ya Shemu (Itang 11:10-26). Nyuma ya Babeli, Bibiliya yerekeza ku rubyaro rwa Shemu,
urwo Nowa n’Imana bahaye umugisha. Iyi Toledoti itwerekeza kuri Aburahamu, uwo Imana
izahamagara, nyuma ikamunyuramo mu gucungura no guhezagira isi.
11
Babeli n’ugutatana kw’abana bisobanura yuko, n’ubwo hariho amadini menshi atandukanye, hariho ubwoko bubiri
bw’amadini: Ubukristu na buri kindi cyose. Andi madini yose n’umuhate w’umwana w’umuntu wo kugira ngo agere ku
Mana, abinyujije mu bikorwa, ibitambo, imihango, n’ibindi byose. Ubukristu n’icyerekana Imana imanuka ikadusanga aha
hasi; ku bijyanye na Yesu na byo, yamanutse ku isi kudukorera icyo tutari kwishoborera twebwe. Ku munsi wa Pentekoti
(Ibyak 2:1-11), Imana yagaruye igisa n’icyabaye i Babeli. “Imana yatumye abaserukira ibyo bihugu ayo mahanga
yatatanyirijwemo ngo ahurire i Yerusalemu kugira ngo baharonkere umugisha wo gusobanukirwa indimi zitandukanye
nk’uko zaba zihinduwe ururimi rumwe. . . . Intego iri muri ukwo kugira ubusobanuro bumwe n’ukwerekana imbaraga ziri
mu mwuka wo mu bihe by’imperuka mu kugaragaza urupfu rwa Yesu, ukuzuka kwe, ukuzamuka kwe ku ntebe y’ubwami yo
mu ijuru no kwima ingoma yo kuyobora ibyo mu isi n’ibyo mu ijuru. Mu ubwami bwa Yesu no mu mbaraga zo mu umwuka
we, abaserukira aya mahanga bari ‘gukwira hose’ ubugira kabiri kugira ngo baje gucisha bugufi imbaraga z’umwanzi mu
kwuzuza isi ubwiza bw’Imana . . . Uburyo nyabwo bari gukoramo ibi ngibi byari ‘guhamya’ binyuze mu mbaraga
z’Umwuka Wera mu ijambo no mu bikorwa mu mwanya wa Yesu Kristo (reba Ibyak 1:8).” (Beale 2004: 202-03). Bityo,
“Pentekoti n’ikimenyetso cya Babeli cyo mu buryo bunyuranye; aha ni ho hasohoreye isezerano ryahawe Aburahamu,
ubumwe bushya bunyuze mu Umwuka Wera bishingiye ku gikorwa cyarangiye cya Yesu Kristo ihuza abizera bo mu
mahanga y’isi yose. Ariko ibyo bipimo by’ubuntu bw’urubanza rwa Babeli ntibyari bwagahishurirwe Aburahamu cyangwa
se bariya bahawe igitabo cy’Itangiriro ubwa mbere.” (Klooster 1988: 147)
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
18
III. Inkinamico y’Ugucungurwa—Imana yihamagarira Ishyanga (Itang 11:27-Ibyahishuwe 20)
A. Imana itangira bushya—uhereye kuri Aburahamu ukageza kuri Yosefu (Itang 11:27-50:26) 1. Muri iki gice cy’inkuru ya Bibiliya, ubu none Imana ihisemo umuntu umwe (Aburahamu) kugira ngo
itangire umugambi wayo wo gucungura isi. “N’ubwo hariho ukwigomeka kw’umwana w’umuntu,
Imana ntireka imigambi yari ifitiye isi yayo. Imyaka ibihumbi bibiri mbere ya Yesu, Imana itegura
umugambi uzaganisha ku ugukira ku isi. Uyu mugambi, watanzwe nk’isezerano, ufite ibice bibiri: Icya
mbere, muri icyo kivunga cy’abantu bakundaga kwigomeka, Imana izahitamo umuntu umwe
[Aburahamu]. Imana izamuhinduramo ihanga rikomeye, irihe igihugu, irihezagire. Icya kabiri, Imana
izāgura uwo mugisha iwugeze ku mahanga yose (Itang. 12:1-3; 18:18).12
Ibindi bice by’igitabo cy’Itangiriro bivuga ku bibazo iri sezerano ryo mu buryo bubiri ryagiye
rihura na byo. Iri sezerano ntiryahawe Aburahamu wenyine ahubwo na Isaka na we yararihawe (Itang.
26:3-4); n’umwuzukuru we na we Yakobo ararihabwa (Itang. 28:13-15). Ibyago byinshi bigenda biba
intambamyi ku isohozwa ry’isezerano ry’Imana: Uburemba n’ubugumba, abami b’abanyahanga
n’inshoreke zabo, ibiza, urwango hagati yabo n’abaturanyi babo, ukutizera kwa Aburahamu, Isaka na
Yakobo ubwabo. Muri ibyo byose, Imana yigaragaza nk’ ‘Imana Ishobora Byose’ (Itang. 17:1; Kuva
6:3), Yo yonyine ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora umugambi wayo.
Ari hafi kurangiza ubuzima bwe, Yakobo yimukana abahungu be cumi na babiri muri Egiputa
ahunze inzara. Inkuru iryoshye cyane y’umwe muri bo, ari we Yosefu, umwana ugira uwa cumi na
rimwe, yerekana uburyo Imana ari iyo kwiringirwa kandi ni Yo igenga ibiba mu mateka y’isi nk’uko
ishobora kurinda ubwoko izanyuzamo agakiza kayo ku isi (Itang. 45:5; 50:20).” (Bartholomew na
Goheen n.d.: 2)
2. Imana yinjira mu (“Isezerano Rikuru yakoranye n’Aburahamu,” Itang 12:1-3; 13:14-17; 15:1-21;
17:1-21; 22:15-18), iryo na ryo risohorera kuri Isaka, umuhungu wa Aburahamu (Itang 26:1-5, 24) no
kuri Yakobo, umuhungu muto wa Isaka (Itang 28:3-4, 13-15; 35:11-12). Isezerano Rikuru rya
Aburahamu, nk’uko ryari ryarasobanuwe ubwa mbere nyuma rigasobanurwa mu mivugire itandukanye
mu gitabo cy’Itangiriro, rifite amagambo y’ingenzi “atatu avuga ku Isezerano”: urubyaro rwo mu
buryo butangaje (urugero, isezerano ryerekeye ku “urubyaro”); isezerano rijyanye no kugira igihugu nka
gakondo yabo bwite (urugero, isezerano rijyanye n’ “igihugu”); n’isezerano ryo mu urwego
mpuzamahanga (urugero, isezerano rivuga yuko n’andi mahanga azabonera umugisha mu rubyaro rwa
Aburahamu) (Williamson 2000: 100-01; reba na none Kaiser 1978: 86; Essex 1999: 208; Reisinger
1998: 6). Mu gihe abantu bo muri Babeli bo bashakaga kuzamura izina ryabo (Itang 11:4), kubera
ubuntu bwayo, Imana izagira izina rya Aburahamu rigari, nyuma, izanyura muri we mu guha isi
umugisha (Itang 12:2-3).
Iri sezerano rikomeza kugaruka mu IK ryose. Mu nsobanuro zitandukanye, Isezerano Rikuru
ryahawe Aburahamu ni rwo rutirigongo rwo mu buryo bw’imenyekanishamana na wino
y’ikidōdo ku bindi bice byose bya Bibiliya. Isohozwa ry’iryo sezerano rero risohorera muri
Kristo (reba munsi y’ibi igice cya III.A. Isezerano ryahawe Aburahamu risohorera muri
Kristo n’Itorero). “Bityo, mu gihe intego za Yehova zerekeza cyane-cyane kuri Aburahamu
n’ihanga rizamukomokaho; izo ntego na zo zikaba zirangwamo icyifuzo cyo mu rwego rugari
kuruta urwa mbere: ‘Imiryango yose yo ku isi’ (Itang. 12:3 ESV) iyo miryango na yo, binyuze
muri Aburahamu, izabona umugisha. Mu yandi magambo, imigambi Imana ifitiye Isirayeli
yahoze igendera munsi y’umugambi mukuru wo ku urwego rw’isi, imigambi yayo ku miryango
yose yo ku isi.” (Williamson 2007: 84)
3. Muri Yakobo ni mo Ihanga rya Isirayeli rizubakirwa. N’ubwo Aburahamu n’umugore we Sara bari
bashaje, batagishobora ubwabo kubona abana, mu buryo bw’igitangaza, Imana yatumye babyara
umwana w’umuhungu, Isaka (Itang 18:1-15; 21:1-8). Ibyo byerekanye yuko Imana yarimo iyobora
ibintu, kugira imenyekanishe neza yuko imigambi yayo n’isezerano yakoranye na Aburahamu byari
busohozwe.13 Igihe Rebeka, umugore wa Isaka, yari atwite impanga, Umwami Imana yamubariye mu
12
Aburahamu n’indi “shusho” ya Kristo: “Yesu ni Aburahamu utunganye kuruta uwa mbere kandi w’ukuri, witabiriye
umuhamagaro w’Imana wo kuva ahantu heza yari yishimiye no kujya mu butayu, ‘atazi iy’arimo agana’ guhanga irindi
shyanga rishya” (Keller 2015: 77). Ku kimenyetso cy’itegeko ry’Imana ry’uko Aburahamu atangaho umuhungu we Isaka
(Itang 22:1-17), reba munsi gato, note 13 igice cya 3.VI.E. Yesu asohoza Umunsi Mukuru w’Amahembe. 13
Ikimenyetso cya Isaka kiragaragara: “Urugero, kwerekeza ijambo ryo muri Yohana 3:16 ku ‘umwana wayo w’ikinege’
bifite aho bihurira na Isaka muri Itangiriro 22:2, 12, na 16 (reba na none Abaheb 11:7), we, kimwe na Yesu, batambiwe
Imana nk’igitambo. (Kimwe n’ibi, ‘ntiyimanye Umwana wayo’ mu Abaroma 8:32. Iki gice gikomoza ku Itangiriro 22:16.).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
19
by’ukuri, yuko amashyanga abiri yari muri we; kandi ko umukuru (Esawu) azaba umugaragu w’umuto
(Yakobo) (Itang 25:21-26). Nyuma, Imana yagiye guhindura izina rya Yakobo, imwita Isirayeli (Itang
32:24-32; 35:9-12).14 Muri Yakobo (Isirayeli) hakomotse imiryango cumi n’ibiri ya Isirayeli (Itang
30:1-24; 35:16-18, 22-27; 41:50-52; 49:1-28).
4. Imana yimurira ubwoko bwayo muri Egiputa. Abana ba Yakobo batangira kugira ingeso mbi zisa
n’iz’Abanyakanani bari baturanye (Itang 34:1-31; 35:22; 38:1-26). Iyo ibyo bikomeza bityo, Isirayeli
ntiyari gukomeza kubaho. Bityo, Imana irinda ubwoko bwayo yitoranyirije, ibakura i Kanani, ibajyana
muri Egiputa kubera icyaha cya bene se ba Yosefu, n’ugukiranuka kwe. Na none, Imana yakoresheje
icyaha cya Yuda na Tamari umukazana we nka kimwe mu bigize umugambi wayo mukuru
w’ubucunguzi (reba Itang 38:12-19; Rusi 4:18; Mat 1:3). Inkuru ya Yosefu (Itang 37; 39-50) yerekana
ubwa mbere uburyo Isirayeli yageze muri Egiputa, n’uburyo Imana yarimo ikora ibijyanye n’isohozwa
ry’umugambi wayo, uwo yari yaragejeje kuri Aburahamu imyaka magana mbere y’icyo gihe (Itang
15:13-14).15 Kuba Abisirayeli barabaye muri Egiputa byashyizeho intera iganisha ku icyagira
gikurikireho cy’umugambi w’Imana utangaje, ari wo Ugusohoka.
5. Imana irakora mu mateka (akenshi binyuze mu bihe n’ibikorwa by’abantu byo mu buryo bugaragara
mu maso yacu nk’ “ibisanzwe” aho kuboneka nk’ibidasanzwe) kugira ngo bimenyeshe yuko umugambi
wayo urimo usohora. Ibishika kenshi mu mateka bisa n’ibishaka kuburizamo isohozwa ry’amasezerano
y’Imana. “Icy’ingenzi kuri ibi n’uko ibishaka kuburizamo isohozwa ry’amasezerano y’Imana byubatse
muri iki yuko ayo masezerano azasohozwa n’igikorwa cy’Imana cyo mu urwego rudasanzwe. S’ikintu
kiri munsi y’ubushobozi bw’umwana w’umuntu; na none s’ikintu cyo mu urwego rwo mu mateka
asanzwe.” (Goldsworthy 1991: 121)
B. Intangiriro ry’Ishyanga rya Isirayeli—Uhereye kuri Egiputa ukageza ku Gihugu cy’Isezerano (Kuva – Gutegeka kwa Kabiri)
16
1. Muri iki gice cya kabiri kijyanye n’inkinamico ivuga ku ugucungurwa, Isirayeli ihinduka igihugu,
ibona ubwigenge buyivana mu bucakara munsi ya Egiputa, nk’imbuto y’ukwiringirwa kw Imana igihe
isohoza isezerano ryayo na Aburahamu, Isaka na Yakobo (Kuva 2:24).
a. Imyaka magana ane irashize mbere y’uko inkuru itangira. “Urubyaro rwa Aburahamu ruzwi
ku izina rya Isirayeli (izina Imana yahaye Yakobo), rugwirira cyane muri Egiputa. Ariko
amahirwe na yo ajya agendana n’ibibazo byayo. Umwami wa Egiputa atangira kubona yuko
iryo hanga nyamuke ririmo rigwira rishobora kubaviramo akaga. Mu buryo bwo kubonera
umuti icyo kibazo, Farawo aba ahinduye Abisirayeli abacakara. Igitabo cyo Kuva gitangirana
Iby’ingenzi bijyanye n’iri sesengura bivugwa mu nzira nyinshi: (1) Isaka n’ishusho ya Kristo. (2) Kimwe n’uko byagenze
kuri Kristo, ukuvuka kwa Isaka kwabaye ukwo mu urwego rw’igitangaza. (4) Kimwe na Kristo, Isaka ni we mwana
w’ikinege ukunzwe cyane. (5) Isaka na Yesu babaye ‘abana bahuje n’imibabaro.’ Isaka yababajwe mu ishusho
y’Umucunguzi; Yesu na We yabaye Umwana wababajwe, Ucungura. (6) Nk’uko Aburahamu yerekanye urukundo yari
afitiye Imana hamwe no kuyubaha abinyujije mu ugutangana ibyishimo umwana we akunda cyane, w’Ikinege; ni na kwo
Imana Data wa Twese yerekanye urukundo ifitiye isi yaguye ibinyujije mu ugutanga Umwana wayo w’Ikinege yakundaga
cyane nk’igitambo gitambirwa ibyaha. (7) Nk’uko Aburahamu yizeye yuko Imana yari kuzura Isaka imukura mu bapfuye
(Abaheb. 11:19), ni na kwo n’Imana na Yo yabikoze igihe yazura Umwana wayo Yesu, imukura mu bapfuye.” (Johnson
2007: 9n.26). Nkuko twabivuze mbere y’ibi, isohozwa riba ryiza kuruta igicucu cyabyo. Bityo, Isaka yarubashye, ibi
byashobora gushyira ubugingo bwe mu kaga. Ukwumvira kwa Kristo kwo kwamutwaye ubugingo bwe. Isekurume
y’intama yagiye mu cyimbo cya Isaka kugira ngo abone ubugingo bwe bwo mu buryo bw’umubiri; Kristo yabaye igitambo
gisimbura kugira ngo abantu be babone ubugingo buhoraho. 14
Yakobo yakiranye n’Imana (Itang 32:24-32) igihe Imana yahinduraga izina rya Yakobo rikaba Isirayeli nk’ikimenyetso
cy’uburyo Isirayeli izahora ikirana n’Imana mu mateka y’ubuzima bwayo bwose (reba Hos 12:1-6). 15
Yosefu na we ni we gicucu kindi cya Kristo, kimwe n’ibindi bimenyetso byose, isohozwa ryacyo ni ryiza cyane hejuru
y’igicucu. Kimwe na Yosefu, Yesu “yanzwe n’abe (Yohana 1:11[gereranya Itang 37:18-24]) kandi yagurishijwe mu
mafeza (Mat 26:14-16 [gereranya Itang 38: 26-28]).Yanzwe kandi yahemukiwe na bavandimwe be, ashyirwa mu nzu
y’imbohe hadakurikijwe amategeko no gucirwa urubanza rwo gupfa. Na we yarasenze cyane, asaba nimba yasimbuka
igikombe cyari kimutegereje. Ariko iyo turebye amasengesho ya Yesu, dusanga yuko, We kimwe na Yosefu, avuga ati, iki
n’ ‘igikombe cya Data’ (Yoh 18:11 [gereranya Itang 50: 20]). Imibabaro ni kimwe mu bigize umugambi mwiza w’Imana. .
. . Abanzi be bari babiteguyemo ikibi, ariko Imana irabibirindura ibihinduramo agakiza ku buzima bwa benshi [Abar 5:18-
19; gereranya Itang 45:5, 7-8; 50:20]. Ubu na ho yarazamutse mu ijuru aho yicaye i buryo bwa Data wa Twese, ayobora
amateka y’isi yose ku nyungu zacu, atuyobora kandi aturinda [Abef 1:20-22; gereranya Itang 41:41-57; 45:7-11].” (Keller
2013: 268) 16
Inshamake y’inkuru ya Isirayeli ivugwa muri Yos 24:1-13; Neh 9:5-37; Zab 105:1-45; 106:6-46, na Ibyak 7:2-53.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
20
n’igihe uburyo Abanyegiputa batotezaga Abisirayeli bwari bumaze kugera ku urwego rwo
hejuru cyane. Muri iyi nkinamico y’akababaro kenshi n’igitugu, Imana ihitamo Mose kugira
ngo abohore Isirayeli ku ntwaro y’igitugu ya Egiputa kugira ngo bagaruke ku Mana.
Mu mpanuka nyinshi zagiye ziba hamwe n’ibyago cumi Imana yahayeho igihano imana
z’Abanyegiputa (Kuva 12:12) ni mo Isirayeli yaboneyemo kurokoka iva mu maboko y’ingabo
za Egiputa mu buryo bw’igitangaza; bambuka Inyanja Itukura. Ubu noneho Isirayeli iba igeze
ahantu iri buhurire n’Imana—ku Musozi Sinayi. Aho hantu Imana ihahurira na Isirayeli mu
buryo bw’imirabyo n’umuriro. Ni kuki Imana yakoreye Isirayeli ibyo byose? Hari igikorwa
Imana yari yabateganyirije. Bari bagiye kuba ishyanga n’ubwami bukora umurimo
w’ubutambyi. Umurimo wabo n’uwo kuba umuhuza hagati y’umugisha w’Imana ku mahanga
n’uburyo bwo kwitwara nk’ubwoko bw’intangarugero burehereza amahanga yose ku Mana
(Kuva 19:3-6). Uwu ni wo muhamagaro uzatunganya Isirayeli kugira ngo: Ibe ihanga
ry’intangarugero imbere y’andi moko, ryambaye ubwiza bw’ishusho yashyizeho ku buzima
bw’umwana w’umuntu. Imaze kubaha uwo murimo, Imana yabahaye amategeko azayobora
ubuzima bwabo, ubwoko bwa Isirayeli na bwo bugahita bwiyemeza kubaho nk’ihanga ryizerwa
ry’Imana. Imana ibategeka kwubaka ihema izaturamo. Uhereye icyo gihe, aho bajyaga hose,
Imana yaba iri hagati muri bo mu buryo bugaragara.
Mu gitabo cy’Abalewi, tubona uburyo Isirayeli igiye kubaho, igendana n’Imana
nk’ihanga ryera. Igitabo cyo Kubara kirimo inkuru y’urugendo rwa Isirayeli uhereye kuva
Sinayi ukagera Kanani. Ariko, kubera kutizera kwa Isirayeli, babaye mu butayu imyaka
mirongo ine mbere yo kugera i Mowabu, ku gicaniro cy’igihugu cy’isezerano. Mu gitabo cyo
Gutegeka kwa Kabiri, Mose, umuyobozi wa Isirayeli, abaha amabwiriza y’ukuntu bazitwara mu
gihugu cyabo. Isirayeli iriteguriye kugera mu gihugu—biyemeje kuba ihanga ry’Imana no
kwereka amahanga abagose kamere y’Imana n’ubwenge bwayo bwagaragariye mu ishusho
y’ubuzima bw’umuntu uhereye igihe cy’iremwa rya mbere. Isirayeli irimo yitegurira kwinjira
mu gihugu cy’isezerano, Mose aba arapfuye, Yosuwa ahita ahabwa ubuyobozi.” (Bartholomew
na Goheen n.d.: 2-3)
b. Ikiganiro hagati y’Imana na Mose ni cyo kiyobora iki gice cy’Ibyanditswe. Igikorwa Imana
yakoreye Isirayeli cyari gishingiye ku isezerano yakoranye na Aburahamu (Kuva 2:24).17 Mu
byo Imana yiyerekeye Mose—“NDI UWO NDI WE” (Kuva 3:14)—aha ngaha Imana yarimo
ibwira Mose yuko, “Nta wumeze nkanjye, kandi uwo ndi we azagaragarira mu byo nkora” (reba
Kuva 3:13-22).18 Kamere y’Imana n’umwimerere wayo bisobanurwa mu buryo busesuye
kurushiriza mu Kuva 34:6-7. Mose ubwe ni we uvugwa kenshi kuruta abandi bose mu
Isezerano rya Kera. Bamuvugaho inshuro 770, 1/3 cyazo kikaba kiri mu gitabo cyo Kuva.
N’ubwo habayeho kugendana kwa hafi na hafi Mose yagiranye n’Imana kumara imyaka
mirongo ine, kwo mu buryo bw’umwihariko, kurangwamo ibitangaza, kuba Mose ataserukiye
kamere y’Imana mu buryo bwuzuye (Igihe yakubitaga urutare rw’i Meriba mu mwanya wo
kurutegeka gusa), byatumye Mose atageza Abisirayeli mu gihugu cy’isezerano (Kubara 20:8-
13).
2. Gusohoka (Kuva) cyabaye ikintu cyafashweho icyemezo kubera Isirayeli yo mu IK.
a. Gusohoka (Kuva) n’ikintu cyabayeho mu mateka, cyo mu buryo bufatika, cyabaye ishusho
y’ukuri kwo mu buryo bw’umwuka bijyanye n’abantu b’Imana bose babayeho mu mateka. “Mu
Isezerano rya Kera ryose, guhindūra igihugu bigaragazwa nk’igicucu cy’ibizaba ejo hazaza cyo
kuzabaho nk’ubwoko bw’Imana mu Ubwami bwayo. Ariko nta kimenyetso cyo mu buryo
bufatika cyigeze gitangwa ku bijyanye n’inzira nyayo umwana w’Imana uwo ari we wese
yanyuramo kugira ngo agere mu ubwami bw’Imana. Kubera ibi, byari ngombwa yuko abana
b’Imana banyura mu inararibonye yo mu buryo bw’ishusho yo gucungurwa bavanwa mu
maboko y’ihanga rikomeye ry’abanyamahanga.” (Goldsworthy 1991: 130-31) Na none Kuva
17
Igihe Imana yarimo ikorana Isezerano Rikuru na Aburahamu, yaranamubwiye yuko urubyaro rw’Aburahamu
ruzakoreshwa ibikorwa by’ubucakara, rugatotezwa mu gihugu kitari icyabwo kumara imyaka 400, ariko rugatahukana
ubutunzi bwinshi (Itang 15:13-14). 18
Igiteye amatsiko, kuramya Imana mu ijuru kwerekeza ku uwo Imana iri (Icyubahiro cyayo; kamere yayo iteye ubwoba),
n’icyo Imana yakoze, icyo irimo ikora n’icyo izakora (irema; agakiza; ubutware bwayo; Guca imanza kwayo kwo mu bihe
bizaza)— reba Yes 6:1-8; Ibyah 4-5; 7:9-17; 11:15-19; 15; 19:1-6. Kamere yayo n’ibikorwa byayo na byo byerekezwaho
ukuramya kwacu muri za Zaburi zikomeye zijyanye no kuramya (reba Zaburi 8; 19; 24; 29; 33; 46-48; 63; 65-68; 76; 84;
87; 92; 93; 96-100; 103; 104; 111; 113; 115; 117; 135; 145-150).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
21
n’intambwe ya mbere ikenewe kugira ngo isezerano rijyanye n’igihugu riri mu Isezerano
Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu risohozwe.
b. Kuva kwabaye icy’ibanze cy’uburyo Imana yiyeretsemo Isirayeli. Imana ivuga ku ukuva
mbere no hagati mu Mategeko Cumi (Kuva 19:4-6; 20:2; Guteg 5:6, 15). Ibyo bisobanura
yuko, mu Mategeko Cumi, ijambo rya mbere Imana ibarira Abisirayeli ryerekeye ubuntu bwayo
yagize igihe yababohoraga ibakura mu bucakara. Nyuma y’ibyo, haza Amategeko. Kuva
kwabaye urufatizo ku munsi mukuru wa Pasika (Kuva 12:1-27). Umuhimbyi wa Zaburi (reba
Zaburi 66; 77; 80; 81; 105; 106; 114; 135; 136). Byakoreshejwe n’abahanuzi igihe
bahamagariraga Isirayeli kugaruka ku ukuba abizerwa mu gukurikiza amasezerano makuru
bagiranye n’Imana, cyangwa se nk’imbuzi yaturukaga ku Mana (reba Yes 11:16; Yer 2:6;
7:22, 25; 11:4, 7; 16:14; 23:7; 32:21; 34:13; Hos 2:15; 11:1; 12:9, 13; 13:4; Amosi 2:10;
3:1; 9:7; Mika 6:4; 7:15).
3. Isezerano Rikuru Imana yagiranye na Mose (Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose [rya Kera]” (Kuva 19-24;
reba 2 Abakor 3:14; Abaheb 8), n’Amategeko ya Mose (Kuva 20-23; Abalewi 11-15; 18-20; 25:23-
55; 27; Kubara 5; 27:1-14; 36; Guteg 5; 12-13; 20-22; 24-25), uburyo bwo gutamba ibitambo, ihema
ry’ibonaniro, Isabato, iminsi mikuru, ubutambyi, imihango y’’idini; ibi byose byari ibice byo ku mutima
w’Isezerano Rikuru (Kuva 23; 25-31; 35-40; Abalewi 1-9; 16-17; 21-25:22; Kubara 3-4; 6-10; 15;
18-19; 28-30; 34-35; Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 14-19; 23; 26), hasobanura ubwoko bwa Isirayeli kugeza
igihe Imana yaziye kubisohoza. Kubera Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose, Imana yatandukanije Isirayeli
n’andi mahanga. Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose ryunguruje imbere Isezerano Rikuru rya Aburahamu
binyuze mu isezerano ridakuka yuko ishyanga rya Isirayeli, ari ryo rubyaro rwa Aburahamu mu urwego
rw’igihugu, rizakomeza kurindirwa mu gihugu cy’urwo rubyaro. Iryo Sezerano Rikuru na none
ryasobanuye neza uburyo icyo gihugu-ubwoko bwo mu buryo bufatika bwari bukwiye gutura muri icyo
gihugu kiyoborwa n’iryo Sezerano Rikuru bwahawe (reba Abalewi 26:42).19 Kubera iryo Sezerano
Rikuru ryakoze icyo gikorwa, Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose ryari ritandukanye mu buryo busesuye n’irya
Aburahamu kimwe n’andi masezerano yagiye akurikiraho muri Bibiliya kubera yuko ryo ryari ririmo
ibyasabwaga kandi rigashimangira inshingano zihabwa uruhande rw’umuntu (Isirayeli) mu buryo
butandukanye n’ubwo andi masezerano yabikoragamo. “Uburyo iryo Sezerano rikora ku mpande ebyiri
mu ishusho ry’agasanduka k’ibisabwa (urugero, ‘Ni mwumvira . . . nuko . . .’ TNIV; ni ko ibisobanura
kimwe na ESV = ibi n’insobanuro zo mu Cyongereza za Bibiliya) biri mu Kuva 19:5-6” (Williamson
2007: 96). Bityo, imigisha n’imivumo y’Imana byari bibohewe hamwe mu buryo bugaragara n’uburyo
Isirayeli yubahaga cyangwa se yigomekaga ku Itegeko rya Mose (reba Abalewi 26; Gutegeka kwa
Kabiri 4; 6-9; 11; 27-29). Kubera ubwo buryo bugaragara, Imana yashatse kwigisha Isirayeli ihame ryo
mu buryo bw’umwuka rivuga ngo, “Mube abera kuko Uwiteka Imana yanyu ndi uwera” (Abalewi
19:2; ijambo “abera” rigenda rigaruka inshuro 152 mu gitabo cy’Abalewi). Ikindi, iryo sezerano
n’urwego rwashyizweho kubera ryo ryashyizeho ihame yuko uburyo bumwe abanyabyaha bashobora
kunyuramo kugira ngo begere Imana kwari kunyura ku umuhuza. Mose yakoze nk’umuhuza wa
Isirayeli n’Imana igihe bari mu butayu. Ku musozi Sinayi, ni ho ubutambyi bwashyirwagaho. Uburyo
ihema ry’ibonaniro ryari rikozwe byerekanaga yuko hari itandukaniro hagati y’abanyabyaha n’Imana
Yera. Icyashobora kwunga izo mpande n’ibitambo n’umurimo w’ubuhuza wakorwaga n’umutambyi.
C. Isirayeli igera mu gihugu cy’isezerano (Yosuwa - 1 Samweli 7) “Igitabo cya Yosuwa kitubwira uburyo Imana isohoza isezerano ryayo ryo guha Isirayeli igihugu.
Uwiteka ayobora Isirayeli mu gikorwa cyo guhindūra igihugu no guciraho iteka abaturage bacyo
b’abanyabyaha, nyuma agaburira icyo gihugu imiryango cumi n’ibiri20. Igitabo kirangiza Yosuwa asengera
19
Igihe Mose yakiraga Amategeko Cumi mu biganza by’Imana ubwa mbere, abantu baguye mu cyaha gishingiye ku
bibuzwa muri ayo Mategeko Cumi nyene (Kuva 32:1-6). Ugutaka Mose yatakiye Imana kugira ngo irinde abantu bayo
kwari gushingiye ku Isezerano ryahawe Aburahamu (Kuva 32:11-14). Nk’ingaruka yabyo, Imana ntiyarimbuye ubwoko
bwayo ahubwo yahaye Mose ikindi gisate kiriho Amategeko Cumi (Kuva 34). 20
Yosuwa na we n’ “ishusho” yindi ya Kristo. Mu Giheburayo, “Yosuwa” ni “Yehoshuwa” cyangwa se “Yeshuwa”; iryo
zina mu Cyongereza ni “Yesu.” Ikindi, Abaheb 4:4, 8 hakoresha ijambo rimwe ry’Ikigiriki, Iēsous, mu kuvuga Yosuwa na
Yesu. Hejru y’ibyo, Yosuwa yayoboye ubwoko bw’Imana ku ntsinzi hejuru y’abanzi babo, abageza mu igihugu
cy’isezerano. Na none, isohozwa riri hejuru y’igicucu. Mu gihe Yosuwa yarimo anesha abanzi be akayobora Isirayeli mu
gihugu cy’Isezerano, Abaheb 4:8 havuga yuko atahaye ubwoko bwe “uburuhukiro” nyakuri. Ku musaraba, Yesu
yanesheje abanzi bo mu urwego rwo hejuru kuruta ubundi bwose—icyaha, urupfu na Satani—ayobora ubwoko bwe mu
gihugu cy’isezerano cy’agakiza n’ubugingo buhoraho, urugero, “uburuhukiro” bwacu bw’ukuri; igihe Yesu azagarukira,
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
22
Isirayeli ngo bagume ku Mana nk’ubwoko bwayo. Igitabo cy’Abacamanza gitangiza kivuga ku ukwigomeka
kw’Abisirayeli: Banga kurwanya ukutizera no gukuraho ibigirwamana mu gihugu (Abac. 1). Imana yinjira muri
iri Sezerano rishingiye ku rubanza, imenyesha Isirayeli yuko mu gihe gito bagiye kubana n’Abanyakanani
(Abac. 2). Igitabo cy’Abacamanza kitubwira inkuru ibabaje ivuga uburyo Abisirayeli bavuye ku Mana,
bakomeza kuneshwa n’icyaha cyo kugendera munsi y’imbaraga z’imyifatire n’ukuramya imana za gipagani
z’Abanyakanani. Nyuma ya byose, Imana yemera yuko Abanyakanani n’andi moko abakikije ategeka
Abisirayeli kandi akabatoteza kugeza ubwo Isirayeli yatakiye Imana ngo ibarokore. Imana ibasubirisha ubuntu
bwayo, izamura abayobozi bo mu buryo bwa gisirikare, bari bazwi ku izina ry’Abacamanza, kugira ngo
babakure mu menyo y’abanzi babo. Uko bakomezaga kwigomeka hejuru y’abanzi babo, ni na kwo ibintu
byagenda bimera nabi kurushiriza. Igitabo cy’Abacamanza kirangiriza ku nkuru ebyiri; iya mbere ivuga uburyo
Abisirayeli bagenda bigomeka, nyuma bagatakira Imana ngo ibahe umucunguzi wo kubarokora no kubakura
muri ako kaga (Abac. 21:25).” (Bartholo mew na Goheen n.d.: 3)21
“Samweli ni we wabaye umucamanza wa nyuma, yabaye umutambyi n’umuhanuzi” (Bartholomew na
Goheen n.d.: 3). 1 Samweli 1-7 havuga ku mateka yabaye mu bihe bya nyuma byo mu mateka ya Isirayeli
iyoborwa n’abacamanza, mbere y’umuzo w’ingoma. Iki gitabo gitangirana n’ukugwa kwa Eli n’umuryango we
n’umuzo wa Samweli, kikarangirira ku buryo Abafilistiya babanyaze isandugu ry’isezerano, uburyo ryagarutse
muri Isirayeli, n’uburyo Isirayeli yakuwe mu maboko y’Abafilistiya.
D. Isirayeli nk’Ubwami bwibumbiye hamwe (1 Samweli 8-1 Abami 11; 1 Ngoma 1-2 Ngoma 9; Zaburi –
Indirimbo ya Salomo) “Ibitabo bya Samweli byitiriwe izina rye, bivuga igihe cy’impinduka nini yabaye mu ubwoko bwa
Isirayeli. Isirayeli isaba Imana ngo ibahe umwami kugira ngo babe nk’andi mahanga (1 Sam 8:5, 19-20). Imana
ikoresha Samweli kugira ngo ashyireho Sawuli [1050-1010 MKY], nyuma Dawidi [1010-970 MKY], nk’abami
azazanana igihugu cy’isezerano ari cyo ijuru rishya n’isi nshya. 21
“Abacamanza, kimwe n’ibindi bitabo byitwa ‘ibitabo by’amateka’ by’Isezerano rya Kera, n’ubuhanuzi nyakuri.
Abacamanza kibarwa mu bitabo byitwa ‘Abahoze bitwa Abahanuzi [ ibitabo bya Yosuwa, Abacamanza, Samweli
n’Abami].’ Ibi bitabo byitwaga ubuhanuzi kubera yuko amateka yabivugwagamo yari nk’ibikwiye kugenderwaho [urugero
ingero kuri twe]. Amateka yerekaniye amahame y’Imana mu bikorwa, aba kandi abaye inzira yo kugabisha abantu mu
buryo bw’ubuhanuzi. Iyo dusomye igitabo cy’Abacamanza nk’itsinda mu murongo umwe gusa w’inkuru zibumbiye
hamwe kandi ziryoheye amatwi, tuba duhombye ubuhanuzi bukivugwamo.” (Jordan 1985: xi) Ishusho yo mu buryo
bw’ubuhanuzi ishobora gusobanuka neza hashingiwe ku nkuru cyangwa se insanganyamatsiko zibivugwamo cyangwa se
zivugwa mu bindi bitabo byo mu Isezerano rya Kera no mu ihishurirwa riri mu Isezerano Rishya. Ingero ebyiri, uhereye
itangiriro n’iherezo ry’igitabo cy’Abacamanza, zisobanura ibi ngibi:
Abacamanza 1:11-15 havuga inkuru ya Otiniyeli na Akisa. Abavugwa muri iyi nkuru ni Umwanzi (abagabo
barebare banini), Umubyeyi (Kalebu), Umwana w’Umuhungu (Otiniyeli), Umwana w’umukobwa (Akisa). . . . Umwana
w’Umuhungu arimbura Umwanzi kugira ngo ahabwe Umugeni n’Umubyeyi wabyaye uwo mugeni. Mbese twashobora
kubona ishusho idasobanutse iri muri iyi nsobanuro? Ni byo, ibi bituma dusimbuka vubavuba uru rukaratasi. Nyuma yo
gushakana kw’abo bana, tubona Umugeni asaba Se we amariba (amasōko) y’amazi. Mbese twashobora kubona muri ibi
ishusho idasobanutse y’Itorero risaba kandi rihabwa Umwuka Wera?...Ibi n’amashusho yo mu buryo budasobanutse, ariko
afitanye isano rikomeye n’ukuri. Bishobora kuba ari inkuru zizamura ishusho y’ubuhanuzi buri muri iyi nkuru mu buryo
bwuzuye, ariko na none, ntidukwiye kwihuma amaso ngo tunanirwe kubona yuko bishoboka ko ishusho y’Ubwami
bw’Imana yavuzwe muri iyi nkuru. Nta gushidikanya, inkuru ya Otiniyeli na Akisa yateguriwe kuduha ishusho yo
gutsindira ubwami, n’imigisha izagera ku bakiranutsi nyuma y’uko tuzaba tumaze gutsindira ubwo bwami. Mu urwego
rusange, ibi bijyanye n’igikorwa Kristo yakoze cyo gutsindira ubwami, n’imigisha igera ku Itorero nyuma yaho.” Ibid.:
xiii)
Abacamanza 19-21 havuga inkuru y’Umulewi n’umugore we. Mu rugendo rwabo, ijoro rigeze basabye icumbi
mu gisagara cy’i Gibeya aho ibirāra bikomoka mu muryango w’Ababenyamini byamukozeho iterabwoba. Mu buryo bwo
kurokora ubuzima bwe, uwo Mulewi yahaye abo bagabo umugore we, baraheza bamukorera ibya mfura mbi,
baramwonona. Bukeye bwaho, asanga bamwishe, amujyana muhira iwe, amukatamo ibice, yohereza buri muryango mu
miryango yose ya Isirayeli igice cy’umubiri w’uwo mugore we. Ntiyagaragaje uburyo yabaye umunyabwoba muri ibyo
byabaye. Ibyo byabyaye intambara yahitanye byinshi cyane, na cyane – cyane ku bo mu Muryango wa Benyamini. No muri
iyi nkuru na yo tubanomo Kristo: Insanganyamatsiko imwe yo mu gitabo cy’Abacamanza n’uko Isirayeli yari ikeneye
umwami, kubera yuko atabonetse, “buri wese yitegekaga uko ashatse” (Abacamanza 17:6; 21:25). Bizasaba yuko
haboneka Umwami nyawe kugira ngo habeho guhinduka nyakuri kw’imitima. Bityo, guhuza iyi nkuru mu nsobanuro
yemewe na Bibiliya mu buryo bwuzuye—na cyane-cyane insobanuro ihuza insanganyamatsiko zose zivuga ku Ubwami—
bitwereka Yesu.” (Keller 2015: 88) Ikindi, “Igihe tubona umugabo watanze umugore we ho igitambo kugira ngo acungure
uruhu rwe—umugabo gito—ni gute tutatekereza ku mugabo witanze ho igitambo ku ubwacu, itorero, umugeni we
(Abefeso 5:22-23). Uwu rero ni we mugabo utazigera udukorera ibya mfura mbi. Nuko rero, yicisha bugufi kugira ngo
agirirwe nabi kugira ngo aturinde.” (Ibid.)
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
23
ba mbere bo kuyobora ubwoko bwayo. Nk’umwami, Sawuli yarananiwe, ariko Dawidi akorera Imana
n’umutima ukiranutse, anesha amahanga y’abapagani abagose, akomeza amategeko y’Imana, kandi yimurira
ubuturo bw’Imana i Yerusalemu. Aha ngaha, nk’umutima w’ubwo bwoko, ubwiza bw’Imana n’ikintu gihora
cyibutsa Abisirayeli yuko Imana ari we Mwami nyakuri w’Abisirayeli. Salomo [970-930 MKY], umuhungu wa
Dawidi ari na we wamusimbuye, yubaka urusengero nk’ubuturo bw’Imana bwo mu buryo buhoraho, aho
izahora yumvira ishimwe n’ukuyiramya kw’abantu bayo. N’ubwo Imana yamuhaye ubwenge bwo mu urwego
rwo hejuru, kuba Salomo yarongoye abagore b’Abanyamahanga byatumye asenga izindi mana, imigambi ye yo
kwubaka amazu menshi kandi meza bimuzanira kwitwa umunyagitugu.” (Bartholomew na Goheen n.d.: 3)
Dawidi yabaye nk’ishusho izwi mu Ubwami Bwiyungiye hamwe. Ubwami bwe n’ishusho y’Ubwami bwa
Mesiya bwarimo buza.
1. Habayeho ibihamya yuko mu mateka ya Isirayeli, bamwe bari bashyigikiye kubona umwami wa
mbere (Itang 49:8-10; Guteg 17:14-20) abandi ntibari babishyigikiye (Abac 8:22-23; 1 Sam 8:1-18).
Ariko na none, abantu bashakaga umwami kugira ngo “tumere nk’andi mahanga yose” (1 Sam 8:20).
“Ibi rero byari uburyo bumwe bwo gusēsa isezerano no kwanga ubutegetsi bw’Imana (1 Sam 8:4-8)”
(Goldsworthy 1991: 165). Kumbure, kubera yuko yari yateguye kubategeka inyuze mu umwami, Imana
yahise ibaha icyo bayisabye.
2. Imana yinjira mu Isezerano Rikuru na Dawidi (Isezerano Rikuru rya Dawidi,” 2 Sam 7:8-17; 1
Ngoma 6:16; Zab 89:1-4, 28-29). Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi rihinduka uburyo bwihariye
Isezerano rya Aburahamu ryashyizwe mu bikorwa. N’amagambo arigize afite isano n’amasezerano
Imana yahaye Aburahamu. Muri iri Sezerano Rikuru (2 Samweli 7), Imana yemerera Dawidi: v. 9—
izina rikomeye (gereranya na Itang 12:2); v. 10—ubuturo (gereranya na Itang 12:7; 13:14-17; 15:7,
18; 17:8); v. 11—ihumure ku banzi (gereranya na Itang 22:17); v.12—“urubyaro” (gereranya na Itang
22:18); vv. 12-16—ubwami buhoraho n’ingoma (gereranya Itang 12:3; 13:15; 17:5-7). “Uburyo iri
Sezerano Rikuru rya Aburahamu n’irya Dawidi ari uruhererekerane bibarizwa mu nshamake
y’amagambo agize ayo masezerano yombi. ‘Nzaba Imana yabo, na bo bazaba ubwoko bwanjye’
n’inshamake ivuga ku ntego y’Imana muri iri sezerano Imana yakoranye n’Aburahamu
n’abazamukomokaho, kuri Isirayeli (ryatanzwe mu buryo bukurikira, ‘nzamubera se na we azambera
umwana’ (2 Sam 7:14). Bityo, umwana wa Dawidi na we n’umwana w’Imana, inzu ye na yo ibaye
ingoma n’ubwami bishyiriweho kumara iteka ryose (2 Sam 7:16).” (Goldsworthy 1991: 167) Iri
Sezerano Rikuru ryasohorejwe ubwa mbere muri Salomo umuhungu wa Dawidi, we wubatse
urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu. Na none, n’ubwo hariho ishusho y’ ‘umugisha ku mahanga’ mu gihe cya
Dawidi na Salomo, iri sezerano ryarategereje igihe mbere y’uko risohozwa. Amateka y’ubwami bwa
Isirayeli asobanura impamvu byagenze bityo. N’ubwo habayeho abami bake bazanye impinduka, nta
mwami ukomoka kuri Dawidi—na Dawidi ubwe arimo—wari wujuje ibisabwa mu mibanire yo mu
buryo bw’ubumana hagati y’umuntu n’Imana; ari byo: Imyitwarire izira inenge [reba 1 Abami 2:4;
6:12-13; 8:25; 9:4-9].” (Williamson 2007: 145) Imana yari yaratanze isezerano ryo guha umugisha
amahanga ibinyujije mu “urubyaro” rwa Aburahamu (Itang 12:3; 22:18). Isezerano rya Dawidi
risobanura ibijyanye n’ “ingoma zikomoka ku muryango umwe, uwo ‘[urubyaro rwa Dawidi]’
ruzarangwa n’intsinzi . . . [ariko kubera icyaha cyinjiriye urubyaro rwa Dawidi, ibi byari bishingiye ku
mwami wo mu buryo bwa Dawidi uzaba umwana wa Aburahamu mu buryo bushoboka bwose, n’ubwo
bitaba ari mu buryo bwo mu maraso (gereranya na Zaburi 72.” (Ibid.) Bityo, Isezerano ryahawe Dawidi
ryerekeza amaso kuri Yesu Kristo.
3. Inzandiko z’Ubwenge (Yobu, Zaburi, Imigani, Umubwiriza, Indirimbo ya Salomo). Mu buryo
bwimbitse, Yobu akoresha insanganyamatsiko bose bahuriraho ivuga ku mubabaro n’ukubabazwa
kudashingiye ku ukuri nk’uburyo bwo gusobanura ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana ku bijyanye n’imibabaro
hamwe n’uburyo umwana w’umuntu yizera Imana igihe ari mu mibabaro22. “[Ibihimbano bya Dawidi]
byo kuramya, kwicuza, n’uguhugura (ntimugatekereze yuko zaburi zose ari iza Dawidi) zari zijyanye
22
Yobu ubwe n’ishusho ya Kristo. “Yesu ni We Yobu w’ukuri, uwababajwe azira ubusa. . . . Nk’uko Yobu yambaye
‘ubusa,’ ahinduka umukene nyakujya, no mu mibabaro y’umubiri we (Yobu 1: 21), na Yesu yabayeho atagira icumbi,
akubitwa yambaye ubusa, aratoterezwa ku musaraba. Mu gihe Yobu yari umwere mu urwego rumwe, Yesu we yari
umwere, atunganye, mu uburyo bwuzuye, kandi igihe Yobu yumvise ko Imana yamuhebye, Yesu We yanyuze mu bihe aho
Imana itari ihari na gato igihe cy’imibabaro ye, anyura no mu uguhemukirwa n’inshuti ze z’ibigoryi, no mu ugutakaza
umuryango.” (Keller 2013: 293) Ikindi, icy’uko Yobu yageragejwe, kureba nimba yakomeza kwubaha Imana atazi inyungu
zari buve muri byo; Yesu We yari azi neza yuko kwubaha Data kwe byari kumugeza ku rupfu, ku uguhinduka icyaha kwe,
n’icy’uko Data yari kumuheba! Nyuma ya byose, igihe Yobu yasengeraga inshuti ze zari mu makosa (Yobu 42:7-9), Yesu
yapfiriye abanzi be , none ubu akaba ahora adusengera (Luka 23:34; Abar 8:34; Abaheb 7:25).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
24
n’igihe runaka ariko na none n’ingero z’insobanuro zo mu buryo bw’umwuka, bityo zikaba
ar’iz’ipfundo ry’intego y’imenyeshamana rishingiye kuri Bibiliya. Kimwe n’Ubwenge (butangwa
n’Imana mu buryo busobanutse: 1 Abami 3:12) bw’umuhungu we Salomo buhagarara hagati mu
mutima w’imyandikire iremereye cyane ku bijyanye n’igikorwa cyubatse ku imenyeshamana rishingiye
kuri Bibiliya, ari byo byitwa ibyanditswe bishingiye ku ubwenge.” (Yarbrough 1996: 64) Ibyanditswe
bishingiye ku ubwenge byerekeye ku ugushaka ubumenyi, ugusobanukirwa n’imibanire hagati
y’umuntu n’Imana no hagati y’ umuntu na mugenzi we mu isi aho imibanire yose yasenywe n’icyaha.
Ubwenge bwubaha Imana ntibisobanura yuko Imana ari Yo ifata icyemezo mu umwanya wacu cyangwa
se ngo abe ari Yo iduha gutekereza ibitekerezo bizima. Ahubwo, Ibyanditswe by’ubwenge bya Bibiliya
“biruzuzanya mu ugushyira intege mu uwizera kugira ngo akoreshe ubwenge n’ingingo zabwo mu
kugerageza gusobanukirwa ubuzima mu urwego rw’isi y’Imana, ariko na none tukabukoresha mu
gucyaha bariya biyita ko bazi ibintu byose. Gushyira icyizere mu ubwiza bw’Imana isumba byose ni
bwo bwenge buruta ubundi bwose.” (Goldsworthy 2000: 186)
E. Isirayeli nk’Ubwami bwacitsemo ibice (1 Abami 12-2 Abami 17; 2 Ngoma 10-31; Yesaya na Mika
[bahanuriye Isirayeli na Yuda]; Yoweli [yahanuriye Yuda]; Hoseya na Amosi [bahanuriye Isirayeli];
Obadiya [yahanuriye Edomu]; Yona [yahanuriye Ninewe]) “Igihe cy’ingoma ya Rehobowamu umuhungu wa [Salomo], uyu mwuka w’itotezwa [watangiye igihe
cya Salomo] warangiriye ku ugucikamo ibice kw’igihugu. Imyinshi mu miryango igize Isirayeli yahungiye mu
majyaruguru (Isirayeli), basiga inyuma yabo imiryango mike [urugero Yuda na Benyamini, hiyongereyeho
imiryango imwe n’imwe yo mu majyaruguru] (Yuda) [930 MKY].
Uhereye iki gihe, buri gice muri ibi bice bibiri kigira abami bacyo. Ibitabo bya 1 Abami na 2 Abami
hamnwe na 1 Ngoma na 2 Ngoma bivuga amakuru yabo. Inkuru ivuga ku ukwigomeka kwakozwe mu buryo
bwihuse n’abami bavuye ku Mana. Aho kuba itara ku yandi mahanga, ingeso z’ubwoko bw’Imana zatumye
ukwihangana kwayo kuyisunikira mu ukubirukana mu gihugu. Imana yahagurukije abahanuzi bayo ngo
bahamagarire ubwoko bwayo ku ukugaruka ku ukwihana nk’inzira yo kugabanya umuvuduko bari bafite mu
nzira zabo mbi zabaganishaga ku rupfu. Elisa na Eliya n’abahanuzi bagaragaye cyane mu bitabo bya 1 na 2
Abami. Binyuze muri aba Bahanuzi, Imana yemereye Abisirayeli yuko ni bayigarukaho; izabagirira imbabazi
kandi igakomeza gukorana na bo. Ariko na none, Isirayeli iramutse ikomeje kwigomeka, Imana izabaciraho
iteka, nyuma ibohereze mu bunyage. Mu gihe ibijyanye na Isirayeli bibaye nk’indwara idakira, abahanuzi
batanga isezerano yuko Imana itabahebye. Bityo, Imana ibemerera yuko izabohereza umwami w’akataraboneka
uzayoboza intwaro y’amahoro n’ubutabera. Uyu mwami watanzweho isezerano azasohoza imigambi Imana
yahoze ifitiye ibiremwa byayo.
Amagambo y’abahanuzi agwa mu matwi yazibye. Abaturage b’Ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru (722 MKY)
n’ab’Ubwami bw’Amajyepfo (586 MKY) bafatwa n’ubwami bwatwaraga icyo gihe [Isirayeli itwarwa n’Ashuri;
Yuda na yo itwarwa na Babuloni].” (Bartholomew na Goheen n.d.: 3-4)
F. Ubuzima, intege nke, no kugwa by’Ubwami bw’Amajyepfo (2 Abami 18-25; 2 Ngoma 32-36:21; Yesaya-
Daniyeli; Nahumu-Zefaniya) 1. Iyo miryango ibiri igize ubwami bw’amajyepfo (Yuda) ijyanwa i Babuloni nk’inyagano. Yuda
yakurikije inzira z’ubwami bw’abavandimwe babo b’amajyaruguru ari bwo Isirayeli. Bumaze
kuneshwa, Yerusalemu iba irasenywe, ubwoko bw’Imana buba bujyanywe ari inyagano i Babuloni.
“Ubunyage ni inararibonye ibabaje cyane ku ba Isirayeli. N’iki cyabaye ku masezerano no ku migambi
y’Imana? Mbese yari yabivuyemo rwose? Muri ubu bunyage, Imana ikomeza kuvugana na bo binyuze
mu bahanuzi nka Ezekiyeli, abasobanurira impamvu icyo kibazo cyabagezeho gityo kandi abemerera
yuko ejo hazaza habo ari heza.” (Bartholomew na Goheen n.d.: 4)
2. Unyuze mu mateka ya Isirayeli, na cyane-cyane muri cya gihe cy’ugucikamo ibice bibiri, ukageza
igihe cyo guhembuka kw’Ubwami bw’amajyepfo, abahanuzi bakoze umurimo ukomeye cyane wo
guhamagarira abantu ku ukuba abizerwa imbere y’Imana.
a. Abahanuzi b’Imana bashyira mu bikorwa ijambo ry’Imana mu gihe cy’amagume aho
imibanire ishingiye ku masezerano hagati y’Imana n’abantu bayo yari yarasenyutse. Umurimo
munini w’abahanuzi bo mu Isezerano rya Kera ntiwari uwo kuvuga ibizaba. Ahubwo,
abahanuzi bavuze mu bihe by’intambara kandi bose bari bafite ubutumwa n’umurimo wo ku
mpande ebyiri: (1) Mu buryo bwo kwatura amagambo yo gucibwaho iteka, bagabishaga
ubwoko bw’Imana ku ngaruka zo kutumvira inzira z’umwami Imana; hamwe na (2) Mu
magambo y’ibyiringiro n’agakiza, bahamagarira ubwoko bw’Imana ku uguhindukirira kuba
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
25
abizerwa. Abahanuzi bo mu IK bose barazwaga ishinga n’ukubona imyitwarire y’abantu
ihinduka. Ahanini ubutumwa bwabo bwari bugizwe n’aya magambo ngo, ‘Ni mwakora be ibisa
n’ibi, hazakurikiraho urubanza; ariko nimwakurikira Uwiteka muzabona imigisha.” Ubutumwa
bwabo bwo gucirwaho iteka n’ubw’agakiza buhwanye n’iby’urunganwe rwinshi.
b. Mu buryo bw’amateka, umuntu ashobora kubona uruhande rundi ku cyo ubuhanuzi bwari
bushingiyeho nyuma y’ubunyage bwa Isirayeli i Babuloni. Mbere y’ubunyage, abahanuzi
basaga n’aberekeza ubutumwa bwabo ku ukwigomeka kwa Israyeli. Nyuma y’ubunyage,
ubutumwa bwari bushingiye ku nshingano z’ubwoko bw’Imana zo kwitegurira ishingwa
ry’Ubwami bw’Imana mu buryo buhamye. (VanGemeren 1990: 213)
3. Na cyane cyane nyuma y’ubunyage, abahanuzi bavuga ku nsanganyamatsiko nyinshi, harimo:
• Kuva kwo mu buryo bushya. Ubwoko bw’Imana buzarokoka bukurwe mu maboko
y’abungere babo b’ibinyoma (Ezekiyeli 34). Bazarokorwa bavanwe mu bunyage (Yes 40:1-
5; 43:1-7, 15-21; 48:20-21; 49:24-26; 51:9-11; Yer 23:7-8).
• Ubwoko bushya. Rimwe na rimwe, ibi bivugwaho nk’abizerwa b’Imana bacitse ku icumu (Yes
10:20-23; 11:11-12; 14:1-4; 40:1-2; 46:3-4; 51:11; 61:4-7; Yer 23:1-8; 29:10-14; 30:10-11; 31:7-9; Ezek 34:1-6; 36:22-24; 37:15-22; Mika 2:12). Ubwoko bw’Imana bwananiwe, bwajanywe
nk’inyagano, bwacitsemo ibice bibiri, nyuma buzahindurwa bushya, busubizwemo ubuzima, nyuma
busubizwe hamwe (Ezekiyeli 37). Imana izaha umugisha amahanga (Yes 2:2-4; 19:18-25; 49:5-6;
56:1-8; Mika 4:1-4; Zef 3:9; Zak 8:20-23). Yesaya ajya ahabona mu buryo bwo gusobanura
bushya ibigize “Ubwoko bw’Imana” (bitandukanye n’uko Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose ribisobanura
mu magambo atuzuye; reba Guteg 23:1-8): “Yesaya atangaza yuko mu minsi ya nyuma, igihe
Imana izahishura ugukiranuka kwayo, inkomōko y’imiryango cyangwa se abantu bavukijwe ibice
by’imibiri yabo [urugero, inkone] si cyo kizagenderwaho kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kuba umwe
mu bagize ubwoko bwayo. Abanyamahanga bazifatanya n’Uwiteka, bazamukorera, bazakunda izina
ry’Uwiteka, kandi bazaba abagaragu be’ (56:7). . . . Icyasabwaga kugira ngo umuntu abe umwe mu
bazinjira muri ukwo guhembuka kw’Uwiteka no kwubaka ubwami bwe ntigishingiye ku nkomōko
y’umuryango ahubwo n’ukuba afite umutima ushenjaguritse kandi umenetse [57:15] hamwe
n’ubwitabire burangwamo ugukiranuka kuri bariya babarizwa mu masigarira, abo Imana ifitiye
impuhwe (58:7-14)—bariya bagize Uwiteka ubuhungiro bwabo bazahindūra igihugu kandi bazaba
ba samuragwa b’umusozi wanjye wera’ [57:13], ‘abari kure n’abari hafi’ [57:19]. Ibi bisobanura
yuko mu buhanuzi bwa Yesaya, igisabwa kugira ngo umuntu abe umwe mu bagize ubwoko
bw’Imana bwo mu bihe bya nyuma byarahindutse mu buryo bugaragara: Igihe Uwiteka
azahembura isi, abihannye bo mu Bisirayeli n’abihannye bo mu Banyamahanga, bose, ni bo bazaba
bagize ubwoko bw’Imana bw’isezerano.” (Schnabel 2002: 41)
• Undi muntu Imana izakoresha mu gusohoza imigambi yayo. Umuntu w’Imana n’umusabyi
wayo wasizwe (Yes 42:1-9; 61:1-3). Uyu mukozi w’Imana azamo nk’umugaragu urangwa
n’imibabaro (Yes 42:1-9; 49:1-6; 50:4-9; 52:13-53:12). Aboneka nk’ “umwana w’umuntu”
udasobanutse (Dan 7:13-14). Ni Dawidi mushya (Yes 9:2-7; 11:1-5; 16:5; Yer 23:1-6; Ezek
34:23-24; 37:24-25; Amosi 9:11). Eliya azaboneka (Mal 4:5-6).
• Igihugu gishya. Hazabaho Siyoni nshya (Yesaya 2; 11:6-9; 35:1-10; 54; 61:3-62:12; Ezek
34:11-16, 25-31; 36:35-38). Kizaba igihugu cy’amahoro, cy’uburumbuke n’ubukire (Hos 2:14-18;
Yoweli 3:18; Amosi 9:13-15; Mika 4:3-4). Hazabaho n’ijuru rishya n’isi nshya (Yesaya 42:14-17;
65-66).
• “Isezerano Rikuru Rishya” (Yer 31:31-34; 32:38-40; 50:4-5; Ezek 11:16-20;36:24-32;
37:15-28). Isezerano riri mu “Isezerano Rikuru Rishya” rivugwaho mu IK muri Yer 31:31 ariko mu
bindi bice byo muri Yeremiya no muri Ezekiyeli rivugwaho mu buryo bw’amarenga. “Ibimenyetso
bimwe na bimwe bishingira ku ikomezwa ry’isezerano rikuru rishya n’andi masezerano y’Imana yo
mu bihe byatambutse: Icyo ashingiyeho mu Muzingo w’Imana [“Amategeko” cyangwa se
Amabwiriza] (Yer 31:33; Ezek 36:37; Yes 42:1-4; 51:4-8); uburyo ryerekeza ku ‘urubyaro’ rwa
Aburahamu (Jer. 31:33; Ezek. 36:27; Isa. 42:1-4; 51:4-8); na cyane-cyane ‘urubyaro’ abami
bakomokamo (Yer 33:15-26; Ezek. 37:24-25; Yes 55:3); uburyo rikoresha amagambo akoreshwa
mu Isezerano Rikuru ‘Nzaba Imana yabo, na bo bazaba ubwoko bwanjye’(Yer. 31:33; Ezek. 37:23,
27; cf. Yes. 54:5-10).” (Williamson 2007: 180) N’ubwo bimeze bityo, urebye muri Yer 31:32
biragaragara neza yuko Isezerano Rikuru Rishya riruta irya Kera, ari ryo Sezerano Rikuru rya Mose.
Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ntiryari rikwiye kumera kimwe n’irya Kera, rimwe rya Mose
Abisirayeli bica. Isezerano Rikuru Rishya “rigira ubwiru” kandi rikaba “umwihariko ku bantu
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
26
runaka,” imibanire iri hagati y’Imana n’abantu bayo mu buryo ata rindi Sezerano Rikuru na rimwe
ryigeze kugerageza kubisobanura muri ako kagene. “Ubushya” bw’iryo Sezerano Rikuru
“ntibubwirizwa kwimwa agaciro kabwo; bushyiraho ibipimo bishya bigaragaza yuko ata huriro na
rito riri hagati y’ibya kera n’ibishya (reba Yer 31:32): icyaha gikuweho burundu (Yer 31:34; Ezek
36:29, 33); uguhinduka kw’umutima mu buryo bwimbitse (Yer 31:33; Ezek 36:26); ubucuti
bwihariye n’Imana (Yer 31:34a; Ezek 36:27)” (Williamson 2007: 180). Nta kimenyetso na kimwe
kirimo gihwanye n’ “ibisabwa” nk’uko biri mu Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose. Ni ko, icyaha ntikigifite
ububasha bwo gushyira mu kāga imibanire hagati y’Imana n’umwana w’umuntu kuko muri iki gihe
cy’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya Imana itangaza mu buryo bukomeye, “Nzabaharira igicumuro cyabo,
n’icyaha cyabo sinzongera kucyibuka ukundi” (Yer 31:34). Nuko, bitandukanye n’uko Isezerano
Rikuru rya Kera rivuga, nta nzira iriho n’imwe yo kwica iri sezerano rikuru rishya” (Ibid.: 157).
Uyu mutima mushya, amategeko y’Imana agenga isi yose, imibanire hagati y’umuntu n’Imana ku
urwego rwo ku giti cy’umuntu, n’ukubabarira ibyaha burundu, ibi byose bizarangirira ku
“ukumenya mu buryo bwimbitse (urugero ukwubaha gushingiye ku ukwizera) inzira ituganisha ku
ukumenya Uwiteka, [ibi na byo n’] ikimenyetso cy’isohozwa ryo mu buryo bunejeje ry’iri sezerano
ryerekeye ku bantu” (Ibid.). “Isezerano Rikuru Rishya n’isohozwa rinejeje cyane ry’amasezerano
makuru Imana yakoranye na ba sogokuruza bakuru, ubwoko bwa Isirayeli, n’uruhererekane
rw’abami bakomoka ku muryango wa Dawidi. Amasezerano akomoka kur’aya masezerano makuru
ya mbere asohorezwa muri iri sezerano rikuru rishya; kandi muri ryo, aya masezerano ahita
ahinduka ay’ ‘iteka ryose’ mu buryo bwizewe kurushiriza.” (Ibid.: 181)
• Ubutegetsi bushya bw’Imana. Hazabaho ubwiza bw’Imana buzagaragara mu buryo bushya,
hazabaho kandi n’urusengero rushya (Yes 12:6; Ezek 37:27-28; 40-48; Yoweli 3:16-17; Zef 3:14-
17). Imana izasuka Umwuka wayo ku bwoko bwayo (Yow 2:28-32; Yes 32:9-20; Ezek 36:25-28).
Rimwe na rimwe, Imana ubwayo ivugwaho nk’uko igarutse i Siyoni (Yes 26:21; 42:2-3, 9; 52:7-9;
66:15; Ezek 43:2-7; Zak 2:10; 8:3; 14:3-5; Mal 3:1). Imibanire hagati yayo n’ubwoko bwayo
izasubizwaho kandi izagirwa mishya (Hos 2:16, 19-20; 3:5).
• “Umunsi w’Umwami.” Igitekerezo kijyanye n’ “Umunsi w’Umwami” kizamuka kiva mu
buhanuzi bwavuzwe haruguru. Rimwe na rimwe, uvugwa nk’umunsi ugiye kuza mu minsi itari
myinshi (Yes 13:6; Ezek 30:1-3; Yoweli 1:15; 2:1; 3:14; Obad 15; Zef 1:7, 14). Muri ibi ngibi,
uwo munsi ugaragara nk’uvuga uburyo Imana izarimbura abanzi ba Isirayeli bo mu Isezerano rya
Kera (Yow 3:4; Obad 18-21; Zef 1:7-11; 2:4-15). Ibihe bimwe na bimwe, umunsi w’Umwami
ntuvugwaho mu buryo busobanutse. Ibisobanuro ku Umunsi w’Umwami n’uko ari umunsi uteye
ubwoba w’uburakari n’urubanza (Yes 2:12-21; 10:3 [“umunsi w’uguhanwa”]; 13:6-13; 26:21;
34:8; 63:1-4a [“umunsi wo guhōra”]; Ezek 7:19; 13:1-5; 30:1-3; Hos 1:11 [“umunsi wa
Yezerēli”]; Yoweli 1:15; 2:1, 11; 3:14; Amosi 5:18-20; Obad 17; Zak 14:1-7; Mal 4:5). Ibindi
bice bivuga ku gakiza k’ubwoko bw’Imana kuri uwo munsi (Yes 35:4; 40:9-11; 63:4b-5; Yoweli
2:30-32; Obad 17; Zak 2:10-13). Aya magambo ya nyuma asobanura neza ibijyanye n’ “umunsi
w’Umwami”, nk’umunsi wa nyuma, umunsi w’Uwiteka, kimwe mu bigize ibizaba mu bihe bya
nyuma, aho Imana izasūra abantu mu mbabazi zayo no mu guca imanza kwayo.
4. Izi nsanganyamatsiko zo mu buryo bw’ubuhanuzi ntizari zipanzwe nk’ikintu kimwe cyuzuzanya.
N’ubwo byari bimeze birtyo, zaremye mu mitima y’abantu ibyiringiro n’ibyizigiro yuko Imana izasūra
ubwoko bwayo mu mbabazi, abanzi bayo na bo ikabasūra mu buryo bwo kubacira urubanza. “Zerekeza
amaso y’abantu ku gihe cyo mu mateka aho Umwami azageza mu bihe by’isarura kandi agasohoza mu
buryo bwuzuye intego ze zose zishingiye ku ubuntu n’amasezerano makuru yakoranye n’ubwoko
bwayo” (Venema 2000: 23). Inshamake iri muri Kristo, uwo Paulo avugaho ati, “Ibyo Imana
yasezeranyije byose, muri we ni mo Yee iri” (2 Abakor 1:20). Abahanuzi bo mu IK bavanze ibjyanye
n’ukuza kwa Kristo kwa mbere n’ibijyanye n’ukuza kwe kwa kabiri. “Isezerano Rishya Ritaragera, nta
na kimwe mu byatekerejweho mu minsi y’Isezerano rya Kera kizahishurwa, urugero nk’ibijyanye
n’ukuza kumwe kwa Mesiya kuzasohozwa mu byiciro bibiri: ukuza kwe kwa mbere n’ukuza kwe kwa
kabiri” (Hoekema 1979: 12).
G. Uguhembuka kw’Ubwami bw’Amajyepfo (2 Ngoma 36:22-Esiteri; Hagayi-Malaki) “Igice cy’[ikinjana] mu bunyage gitambutse, inzira yo gusubira i Yerusalemu iba irafunguriwe
Abisirayeli mu [Iteka ry’Umwami Kuro, 538 MKY—2 Ngoma 36:22-23; Ezira 1:1-4]. Bamwe basubirayo;
ariko abenshi ntibabikora. Muri icyo gihe, munsi y’ubuyobozi bwa Zerubabaeli, Ezira na Nehemiya,
Yerusalemu n’Urusengero byari byaratwitswe n’abateye Yuda, birongera birasanwa [536-516 MKY]. Ariko
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
27
Isirayeli, Yerusalemu n’Urusengero ni byo shusho imwe y’uburyo bari bameze kera.
Isezerano rya Kera rirangirana n’uko Isirayeli itūzwa bushya mu gihugu ariko ituzwa mu urwego ruto
kandi igoswe n’abanzi benshi kandi bakomeye. Ubwo igitambaro gikoroka mu gice cya gatatu cya sinema,
ubwo Isirayeli yananiwe gukora umukoro Imana yabahereye ku musozi Sinayi, ariko ibyiringiro byari bikiriho
kuko amasezerano Imana yatanze yari akihari.” (Bartholomew na Goheen n.d.: 4) Ibishya Isirayeli yahuye na byo nyuma y’uguhembuka kw’igihugu byabaye igicucu cy’igikorwa cyari
gukurikiraho cyo mu urwego rwa Bibiliya—ukuza kwa Kristo n’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya. Nyuma yo kugaruka
bava mu bunyage, “nta Rusengero rwari ruhari, abantu bari bakwiye gutangira kwimenyereza ibijyanye
n’Urusengero rwo mu buryo bw’Umwuka. Nta nzego zo mu buryo buhamye mu masinagogi zari zihari, kandi
abantu bari bakwiye gukora hadakurikijwe imiyoborere y’Abalewi. . . . [Ariko] Imana Yo yashakaga
amasinagogi adashingiye ku mategeko y’Abalewi, kuko ibi byatumaga impano zo mu buryo bw’umwuka
z’abayoboke bo ku urwego rusange zishyirwa ahagaragara, bityo bikaba bitanze isura y’Itorero ryo mu
Isezerano Rikuru Rishya.” (Jordan 1988: 242) 1. Kumara igihe gito nyuma yo kuva mu bunyage i Babuloni, ubuyobozi bushyirwa mu maboko
y’ukomoka mu rubyaro rwa Dawidi, umugabo witwa Zerubabeli (Ezira 2-5; Hag 1-2; Mat 1:13; Luka
3:27). N’ubwo byari bimeze bityo, abatanze inkuru za Ezira na Nehemiya barabisobanura neza yuko
iryo hanga ryagaruwe si bwo Bwami bw’Imana. Abahanuzi b’inyuma y’ubunyage bo berekeza inkuru
zabo ku cyubahiro kiri imbere kitari bwagaragazwe (Hag 2:6-9; Zak 8:20-23; 14:1-21; Mal 4:1-6). Mu
buryo buryoheye umutima, Isezerano rya Kera rirangira nk’ “igitabo kitagira umwanzuro.” Bibiliya
y’Igiheburayo irangirira ku 2 Ngoma, ikanzura yerekana ibyiringiro byo kuzabona urusengero rushya
no kuzataha bava mu Bunyage. Uburyo bwa Gikristu Isezerano rya Kera ripanzwemo burangiriza icyo
gice kuri Malaki, iki gitabo na cyo cyanzurana isezerano ryo kwohereza Eliya n’ukuza kw’Umwami.
“Bityo, Isezerano rya Kera ryacu rirangizanya igihamya cy’uko inkuru ituzuye” (Goldsworthy 2000:
179).
2. Hagati y’aho IK rirangirira n’aho IR hariho umworera w’imyaka magana ane. “Iki gihe cyitwa igihe
kiri hagati y’amasezerano abiri. Muri iki gihe, Isirayeli ikomeza kwizera yuko ari yo bwoko
bwatoranyijwe n’Imana kandi yuko mu gihe cyo hafi cyane Imana yari igiye gukora mu buryo bwo
kugarura Ubwami bwayo. Igihe bagendera munsi yo gutotezwa kw’Abaperesi, Abagiriki, na cyane-
cyane, Abasiriya n’Abaroma, urumuri rw’ibyiringiro byatwitswe mu mitima y’Abayuda byongereza
ubukana bw’umuriro bigahinduka nk’amazuku akaze. Ibijyanye n’uburyo ubwami bw’Imana buzaza,
uzabuzana, n’uburyo dukwiye kwitwara kugeza igihe buzazira—kuri ibi biabzo, Abafarisayo,
Abasadukayo, Abaziloti n’Abaesenia babibona mu buryo butandukanye. Ariko Isirayeli yose ihurira ku
kintu kimwe: Inkuru yabo itegereje iherezo. Ubwami buzaza vuba. Bityo barabutegerezanije
ibyiringiro.” (Bartholomew na Goheen n.d.: 4-5)
H. Imana isohoza umugambi wayo wo gucungura isi inyuze muri Yesu Kristo (Matayo-Ibyahishuwe 20) “Isezerano Rishya ryongeye gukomeza ya nkuru nyuma y’uwo mworera w’imyaka magana ane. Yohana
Umubatiza abonekamo nk’uje gusohoza umurimo wa Eliya wo kugarurira abantu ku Mana binyuze mu
ukwihana [reba Mal 4:5-6]. Kuri ibi tubwirizwa kubona yuko ukubatizwa kwa Yesu uvugwaho nk’ihuriro
hagati ya Yesu na Isirayeli mu ukwihana. Dukeneye kwibuka yuko intego y’ukwihana ari ukugarurwa ku Mana.
Mu gihe Yesu ata cyaha yari afite yasabwaga guheba, yiyerekana nka Isirayeli iyoborwa n’Imana mu buryo
bwuzuye, bityo, umwana ushimisha Imana. Mu magambo make, twari dukwiye kubona yuko ukutuzura
kw’Isezerano rya Kera ni kwo gutuma biba ngombwa ko habaho uburyo bwo gutanga insobanuro zishingiye
kuri Kristo.” (Goldsworthy 2000: 179)
“Iyo Mana nyene ni Yo Muremyi n’Umurokozi. Hejuru y’ibyo, ugucungurwa n’ishusho y’irema rya
mbere bikurikirwa n’irema rya kabiri. Ukugwa kwagize ingaruka ku byaremwe bito byose. Ingaruka zadudubije
zituruka kuri Adamu nka we waserukira abandi. Mu buryo bukwiriye, ugucungurwa kurasana kandi kukanesha
iki kibazo. Ingaruka zidudubiza zikomoka muri Kristo, we nk’userukira ibyaremwe byose (gereranya na
Abaroma 8:22). Igitekerezo cy’uhagararira itsinda rinini cyane na cyo cyinjira muri uwo mugambi wose.
Adamu nk’umwana w’irema ahagarariye abamukomokaho bose. . . . Kristo na We nk’Umwana waje
nk’Umucunguzi ahagarariye abo bose bahurira muri We (Abaroma 8:29-34).” (Poythress 1991: 77)
1. Ibitabo bigize Ubutumwa Bwiza: Isezerano rya Kera ryatanze ubuhanuzi kandi risohozwa na Yesu.
“Ibisekuruza nk’uko byanditswe na Matayo na Luka byemeza neza ihuriro ryo mu buryo bwimbitse
hagati y’ukuza kwa Yesu n’umugambi w’Imana kandi bikora mu bihe byatambutse. Luka 1-2
hasobanura ibyiringiro by’Isezerano rya Kera ku bantu nka Zakariya, Elizabeti, Mariya, Simiyoni na
Ana, aba bose bātura ukwiringirwa kw Imana bavuga yuko izasohoza amasezerano yayo yo mu
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
28
Isezerano rya Kera.
Muri Yesu w’i Nazareti ni mo ukurokorwa n’ugusohozwa kw’ibyasezeranywe gusohorera. . . .
Kumara ikiringo cy’imyaka igera kuri itatu, Yesu yagendagenze mu bihugu by’i Galilaya, Yudaya,
Samariya n’intara zizungirije. Ashyira umutima we ku itsinda rya bamwe cumi na babiri; nka bo
bazakomeza umurimo yakoraga ni yamara kugenda, kandi atera akamo ageza amabwiriza ku mbaga
z’abantu (abenshi muri bo, ariko si bo bonyine, bari Abayuda). Ubutumwa bwari bwerekeye cyane-
cyane ab’ubwoko bw’Abisirayeli ariko bukora ku mahanga yose, harimo n’abo mu gihe cye. Inyigisho
ze, zari ziryoheye uwazumva wese, kandi zarangwagamo igitekerezo kivuga ku isano hagati ye n’Imana
nk’umuhungu wa Se ari we Mana. Na none asa n’ushaka kwemeza yuko areshya n’Imana. Inyigisho ze
zikomeza kugaragaza ishusho y’uko akomeza ashimangira yuko yaje azanye agakiza, katanyura mu
nyigisho ze zarangwagamo ubwenge, ahubwo binyuze mu ukwizera urupfu rwe rw’igitambo yari agiye
kunyuramo; ukwo kwizera kugakorwa ku giti cy’umuntu (Mariko 8:31; 10:32-34,45). Ibitabo bine
bigize Ubutumwa Bwiza bigira uruhare mu kugaragaza ibyishimo bizanwa n’ukuza kwa Yesu, atari mu
bitangaza yakoze, ubwenge cyangwa se imyifatire ye, myiza koko nk’uko byari bimeze, ahubwo
binyuze mu rupfu rwe rutwikira ibyaha no mu kuzuka kwe kudakemangwaho ikintu na kimwe.
Igikorwa cya Yesu cyabaye isohozwa ry’umugambi w’Imana wo gukiza washyizweho mu bihe
by’Isezerano rya Kera. Umuhamagaro we ku ukwihana n’ugutanga ubugingo bushya bisohoza umurimo
w’ubuhanuzi; urupfu rwe nk’igitambo n’umurimo wo kuba umuhuza bisohoza inshingano y’umurimo
w’Umutambyi Mukuru wo mu buryo bw’iteka; ubutegetsi afite (Yohana 18:37) we nk’ukomoka kuri
Dawidi bumushyiraho nka We Mwami w’abami, uhagarariye Imana ahantu hose, ibihe byose byagize
amateka. Agakiza kazazanwa na Mesiya nk’uko kavuzwe muri Edeni (Itang 3:15) kaje gusohorezwa
muri Mesiya Yesu.” (Yarbrough 1996: 64-65)
2. Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa hamwe n’Inzandiko: Itorero rikwira hose. “Igitabo cy’Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa
gitangirana n’ukuza kw’Umwuka Wera, ukwo kuza kwe kwari kwarahanuwe, na Yesu ubwe na We yari
yarabitanzeho isezerano (Ibyakozwe 2). Mwuka Wera araza, afite intego yo kuzana ubugingo bushya
bw’Ubwami bw’Imana kuri bariya bava mu byaha, bakizera ko ibishya byazananye na Yesu, kandi
bakabatizwa muri uwo muryango w’ubwo bwami buvutse. Uyu muryango mushya ushyirwaho kandi
wiyemeza gukora ibyo Imana izakoresha mu kugarura mu bantu ubuzima bw’ukuzuka: Ijambo
ry’Imana, gusenga, ubusabane n’Ameza y’Umwami (Ibyak 2:42). Bityo, ubugingo bw’Ubwami
bw’Imana bugenda bwigaragaza i Yerusalemu, itorero rihita ritangira gukura. Itorero rikwira hose
uhereye i Yerusalemu ukageza i Yudaya n’i Samariya. Nyuma ahantu hashya harashingwa i Antiyokiya
(Ibyak 11:19-28). . . . Paulo agira uruhare rukomeye mu ugukwirakwizwa kw’Inkuru Nziza mu Ubwami
bwa Roma bwose. Ubwo bwami bwari umwanzi ukomeye w’Itorero, ariko guhura na Yesu byahinduye
ubwo bwami kuba ahantu ho gutegurira no kwoherereza abamisiyoneri mu isi itari iy’Abayuda. Mu
ngendo zitatu zitandukanye, Paulo yagiye ashinga amatorero. Yandikira ayo matorero mashya inzandiko
cumi n’eshatu kugira ngo ashyire intege mu bayoboke bayo no kubahugura ku bijyanye n’imyifatire
yabo nk’abayoboke ba Yesu wazutse. Izo nzandiko, hamwe n’izindi, zishyirwa mu Isezerano Rishya.
Buri rwandiko muri izo zindi rurakomeza kugeza n’ubu mu kinjana cya makumiabili na rimwe, gutanga
amabwiriza y’agaciro ku bikwiye kwizerwa mu Nkuru Nziza n’uburyo bwo kwitwara buhwanye
n’ubuyobozi bw’Imana muri ubu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi.” (Bartholomew na Goheen n.d.: 6)
I. Yesu ahishura imiterere nyakuri ya Mesiya, y’Ubwami bw’Imana, n’Itorero
N’ubwo Yesu ari We Shusho ya nyuma kandi yuzuye kuruta andi yose y’ubuhanuzi n’ibyari byitezwe
byo mu Isezerano rya Kera, “abisohoza mu buryo butangaje mu buryo bw’uko ata washobora kuba yarahanuye
inzira azazana mu ubwami” (Goldsworthy 1991: 203). Ibitabo bigize Ubutumwa Bwiza, Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa,
hamwe n’Inzandiko bigaragaza uburyo bumwe gusa Yesu agaragazamo kamere nyakuri ya Mesiya, Ubwami
bw’Imana n’Itorero.
1. Yesu ari We Mesiya. Abenshi mu Bayuda bari biteze kubona Mesiya nk’umuntu wo mu urwego rwa
politike uzirukana Abaroma nyuma agasubizaho Yerusalemu n’urusengero mu ubwiza bwarwo
nk’ahantu hahurirwamo n’isi nshya. Yesu ntiyujuje ibyo abakuru b’idini ry’Abayuda bari biteze.
Yavuze muri make imirongo imwe n’imwe yo mu Isezerano rya Kera mu buryo butomoye kuruta uko
abandi babivuze mbere. Yavuze yuko yari Imana yahindutse umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye (Yoh 1:1-14;
10:30; 14:6-11; Abafil 2:5-7; Abakol 1:16-17; 2:9; Tito 2:13; Abaheb 1:8), kandi na none yari
umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye—Adamu wa nyuma, wo mu rubyaro rwa Aburahamu, umwana wa Dawidi,
We muhanuzi nyakuri (Mat 21:9; Luka 14:16-24; Abar 1:3; 5:19; 1 Abakor 15:22, 45; Abagal 3:16;
Abakol 1:15). Uburyo avuga yuko ari Imana, n’uburyo yikorera umurimo w’Imana (reba Yoh 2:13-22;
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
29
7:37) byaganishije abatware b’Abayuda mu nkubira y’urwango. Impamvu n’uko, ku madini yo mu
ntara z’i Burasirazuba “Imana” cyari ikintu gisa n’ “imbaraga z’ubuzima” zinjiraga muri buri muntu no
muri buri kintu. Mu madini yemera “imana” nyinshi y’i Burengerazuba, rimwe na rimwe habayeho
“imana” nyinshi zambaye ishusho y’abantu. Kugira ngo kiremwamuntu avuge yuko afite kamere
y’ubumana ntibyaba birenze uko abantu baba bashobora kubyemera. Mu idini rya Kiyuda, byari
bitandukanye n’uko. Ryari rifite uburyo ribona Imana mu “urwego rwo hejuru”: Imana ni Yo yari
umuremyi, itandukanye kandi ata ho ihurira n’ibyo yaremye. Kiremwamuntu kwiyita Imana, nk’uko
byagenze kuri Yesu, dushingiye ku mahame y’idini rya Kiyuda ryo mu kinjana cya mbere, ibyo
ntibyumvikana kandi byari igitutsi. Kandi, inshuro zirenze imwe, Abatware b’Abayuda basobanukiwe
ibyo Yesu yavugaga, nyuma bagera aho bashaka kumwicisha amabuye kubera yatukanye (reba Abalewi
24:10-16; Mat 9:2-3; 26:63-66; Mariko 2:5-7; 14:61-64; Luka 22:70-71; Yoh 5:17-18; 8:58-59;
10:30-33; 19:7).
2. Imiterere y’ubwami bw’Imana yo mu buryo bw’umwuka. Imiterere nyayo y’ubwami itandukanye
n’uburyo Abayuda ndetse n’abigishwa ba Yesu (ubwa kera) bari babyiteze. Bari biteze impinduka yo
mu ruhande rwiza y’ububasha n’igihagararo cya Isirayeli mu isi (reba Ibyak 1:6). Mu mwanya w’ibyo,
Yesu yashyizeho itorero nk’userukira ubwami ku isi mu buryo bufatika (Mat 16:18-19). Yabwiye Pilato
ati, “Ubwami bwanjye s’ubwino” (Yoh 18:36). Mbere y’aho yari yabariye Abafarisayo ati, “Ubwami
bw’Imana ntibuzaza ku mugaragaro, kandi ntibazavuga bati ‘Dore ngubu’, cyangwa bati ‘Nguburiya’,
kuko ubwami bw’Imana buri hagati muri mwe” Luka 17:20-21). Ikindi, Ubwami ntibuhagarira haba ku
Bayuda gusa cyangwa se ku gihugu cya Palestina. Ahubwo, bwo bwakira bose nta kurobanura. Muri
bwo harimo Abayuda n’Abanyamahanga ku rugero rumwe (Ibyak 10-11; Abef 2:11-22) kandi bwakira
ab’isi bose (Mat 28:18-20; Ibyak 1:8; Ibyah 5:9; 7:9). Ibyak 1:8 n’amabwiriza ngenderwaho agenga
umurimo wo gukwirakwiza itorero.
3. Ishusho “yasohoye/itarasohora” y’Ubwami bw’Imana. “Icyo abahanuzi bo mu Isezerano rya Kera
ndetse n’abigishwa ba mbere bo mu Isezerano Rishya batari bwagahishurirwe neza cyari ishusho
y’ibihe bya Mesiya yasohoye/itarasohora ” (Yarbrough 1996: 65). Igihe Yesu yirukanaga abadayimoni
yabwiye Abafarisayo ati, “Noneho Ubwami bw’Imana bubaguyeho gitumo” (Luka 11:20). Yesu
yahawe ububasha mu ijuru no ku isi kandi na n’ubu aracyatwarira mu ijuru ku “ntebe y’ubwami ya
Dawidi” (Mat 28:18; Ibyak 2:29-36; Abef 1:18-23). Ariko na none turacyahura n’icyaha n’ikibi, kandi
byinshi mu by’isi birwanya Yesu n’ubutware bwe. Insobanuro y’iki gihushane iri muri kamere
y’ubwami bw’Imana “yasohoye/itarasohora”: N’ubwo ubwami bw’Imana n’intwaro ya Kristo byamaze
kwizihizwa mu cyubahiro cyabyo cyuzuye (kandi bwabonetse ku ruhande rw’ihame ribigenga; ubwami
“bwasohoye” ), ubwo bwami na none ntibwarangije kuboneka mu buryo bwuzuye ahubwo butegereje
ukwizihizwa (uruhande “rutarasohora” rw’ubwami).23 Ibi bibonwa mu mpande zitandukanye:
a. Mu IR, abanditsi bavuga ku “bihe bibiri”: “ibihe bya none,” n’ “ibihe bizaza.” “Ibihe bya
none” birangwa n’ukurongora hamwe n’ibindi bintu by’igihe gito (urugero, Mariko 10:30;
Luka 20:34; Abar 12:2), ikibi (Abagal 1:4; Abef 2:2), n’ubwenge bw’isi (1 Abakor 1:20;
2:6-8). Ku rundi ruhande, “ibihe bizaza” birangwa n’ubugingo bwo kuzuka n’ukudapfa (e.g.,
Mariko 10:30; 1 Abakor 15:50), nta gushaka kuzabaho (Luka 20:35), nta kibi kizongera
kubaho (1 Abakor 6:9-10; Abagal 5:21; Abef 5:5) (Riddlebarger 2003: 82-83). Ukuza kwa
mbere kwa Kristo kwaje kuzananye n’ugutangiza ku mugaragaro ibihe bizaza muri Kristo
n’abe. Bityo, ibyo bihe bibiri biragongana. Mu gihe ingoma ya Kristo yamaze gutangira
(Abaheb 2:9; Abef 1:21), mu buryo bumwe cyangwa se ubundi, ibihe bizaza na byo byamaze
gutangira. Nk’uko ibihe bya none ari ibihe by’iremwa rishaje, ibihe bizaza na byo bikaba ari
ibihe by’iremwa rishya, mu nsobanuro imwe, iremwa rishya ryamaze kwizihizwa (2 Abakor
5:17; Abagal 6:15). Nk’imbuto z’ukuza kwa Yesu kwa mbere, ibihe bya none biri mu “minsi
yabyo ya nyuma” (reba Ibyak 2:17; Abaheb 1:2; Yak 5:3; 1 Pet 1:20; 1 Yoh 2:18; Juda 18).
“Ibihe bya none” bizashira nyuma y’ “ibihe bizaza” tuzabibamo mu cyubahiro cyabyo cyuzuye
mu gihe cy’Ukugaruka kwa Yesu (reba Mat 24:3; Tito 2:12-13).
b. Uruhurirane rw’ibyo bihe bibiri, n’ “umuzo” w’ibihe biri imbere muri ibi bihe turimo,
bisobanura uburyo Bibiliya itanga ishusho y’ “inzego ebyiri” z’agakiza. Ugutsindishirizwa
23
Iyi shusho “yasohoye/itarasohora” yavuzweho n’abashakashatsi benshi. Reba, urugero, Hoekema 1979:13-22; Venema
2000: 12-32; Vos 1979: 38 (imbonerahamwe ishobora gufasha). Iragaragara nk’ishusho muri za ‘Hahirwa’ zo muri Mat
5:2-10: vv.2, 10 ziri muri kubu (none); izindi zose ziri muri kazaza (ejo hazaza). “Iri tandukaniro rifite ireme cyane, kuko
rishimangira yuko, n’ubwo ubwami bw’Imana (ingoma ya Kristo) buriho mu buryo bugaragara none, ubwami bwishimiwe
mu buryo bwuzuye butegereje igihe azagarukira mu cyubahiro cye” (Alexander 2008: 95).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
30
(Abaroma 5:1; Matayo 12:37), guhindurwa abana (Abar 8:14-16 n’umurongo wa 23 w’icyo
gice nyene hamwe na Abagalatiya 4:4-6 hamwe na Abef 4:30), n’ugucungurwa (Abef 1:7
hamwe na 4:30) hamwe n’ibindi bivugwa muri Bibiliya bijyanye n’agakiza byashobora
kuvugwaho nk’ibyabaye kera n’imigisha yo mu bihe bizaza. Uko ni kwo biri yuko ibihe bigiye
kuza bizana agakiza byisanga mu nzego ebyiri. Hariho uruhurirane rw’ ibi bihe turimo n’ibihe
bizaza.” (Waldron n.d.: n.p.) Kimwe n’ibi, imwe mu migani ya Yesu, urugero umugani
w’amasaka n’urukungu (Mat 13:24-30, 36-43) n’umugani w’urushundura (Mat 13:47-50),
ivuga ku miterere ebyiri y’ubwami. Ubwami burahari ubu ngubu ariko ntituragera aho kurya
ibyiza byabwo. Ubu ngubu, icyiza n’ikibi biracyabana, ariko igihe cy’isarura kizaza aho buri
kimwe cyose, icyiza cyangwa se ikibi kizashyirwa ku ruhande rwacyo. 1 Abakor 15:20-28
havuga ibisa n’ibi: nk’uko ukuza kwa Mesiya nk’umubibyi, nyuma na ho akaza nk’umusaruzi
muri Matayo 13; ibyo bintu bibiri n’ibimenyetso by’ugutaha ubwami n’ukurya ibyiza byabwo,
bityo ukuzuka kwa Kristo kwagereranywa n’umuganura, nyuma ukuzuka kw’aba Kristo igihe
azagarukira (1 Abakor 15:23) bikagereranywa n’ukurya ibyiza by’ubwami.
4. Ubwami bw’Imana bugaragarira mu ukubwiriza ubutumwa bwiza, no mu myitwarire ishingiye kuri
bwo tubifashijwemo n’Umwuka Wera. Nk’uko Yesu yerekanye ugusohozwa gutunguranye kw’icyo
Mesiya ari, n’icyo ubwami buri, bityo yinjizamo urwego rushya rw’icyo IK ryari ryiteze kuzabona ku
bijyanye n’Umwuka w’Imana n’ubutware bushya bw’Imana: azaba atari kumwe n’abigishwa be mu
buryo bw’umubiri ariko mu buryo bw’Umwuka akaba ari imbere muri bo (Yohana 14-16; Ibyakozwe
1-2). Yesu atangiza mu ruhame umurimo we, yerekanye ihuriro riri hagati y’ubwami n’ubutumwa
bwiza: “Igihe kirasohoye, ubwami bw’Imana buri hafi. Nuko mwihane, mwemere ubutumwa bwiza”
(Mariko 1:15). Ubwo habayeho ugupfa, ukuzuka n’ukuzamurwa mu ijuru kwa Yesu, ubu noneho,
ububasha bwuzuye bw’Umwuka Wera burahari. Ibyak 2:38 hasobanura ibyabaye igihe buri wese
yashoboraga kwumva ubutumwa bwiza akabwizera: ibyaha bye birababarirwa nyuma akakira impano
y’Umwuka Wera. Igihe yasubizaga ku kibazo abigishwa be bamubajije ku bijyanye n’ukugarura
ubwami bwa Isirayeli (Ibyak 1:6-8), Yesu yasubije ati: “Ubu ngubu ubwami burimo busubizwaho,
ariko atari mu buryo bari babyiteze. Ubwami buza binyuze mu ukubwiriza ubutumwa bwiza mu
mbaraga z’Umwuka Wera. Imbaraga z’ubwami ntizibarizwa mu gikorwa cy’Umwuka Wera gusa,
cyangwa se mu ijambo rya Kristo honyine, ahubwo buri mu gihe ibi byombi bikoreye hamwe. Bityo,
Yesu aba atanze insobanuro ya nyuma ku bijyanye n’ubuhanuzi bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera ku bijyanye
n’umunsi w’agakiza.” (Goldsworthy 1991: 212) Kubera kwizera Kristo kwacu, Imana “yadukijije
ubutware bw’umwijima, abudukuramo atujyana mu bwami bw’Umwana we akunda” (Abakol 1:13).
5. Itorero n’ishusho y’ubwami bugiye kuza. Kristo yashyizeho itorero rye nk’uburyo butagaragara bwo
kwerekana umubiri We ku isi nyuma yo kuzamuka agasubira kwa Se (Mat 16:18; reba 1 Abakor
12:12-28). Kristo yatumye itorero, “nk’uko Data yantumye, ni na ko nanjye mbatumye” (Yoh 20:21),
na “Nuko mugende muhindure abantu bo mu mahanga yose abigishwa, mubabatiza mu izina rya Data,
n’Umwana n’Umwuka Wera, mubigisha kwitondera ibyo nababwiye byose. Kandi dore ndi kumwe
namwe iminsi yose kugeza ku mpera y’isi” (Mat 28:19-20). Inzandiko zo mu IR zigisha itorero
“gukomeza bibuka mu mitima yabo yuko byose ku bijyanye n’Ubuzima bwa Gikristu n’ugushyira mu
bikorwa ubutumwa bwiza muri buri gice cy’ubuzima bwacu. Dutangirana na Kristo nk’ukuremwa
kwacu kwo mu buryo bushya, tugakomeza twerekeza ku ntego, iyo na yo n’iyo guhinduka tugasa na we
mu kuremwa bushya kwo mu urwego rw’isi yose.” (Goldsworthy 1991: 233) “Itorero rifata umurimo
wa Isirayeli nk’ikimenyetso cy’icyo Imana ishaka ku buzima bw’umuntu (Ex. 19:3-6; cf. 1 Pet. 2:9-12).
Itorero risabwa gukomeza inshingano y’ubwami Yesu yatangije mu Bayuda, ubwami bumaze kugezwa
mu moko yose yo ku isi. Ubu ngubu Itorero riyoborwa n’inkuru zivugwa ku itorero mu Byakozwe
n’Intumwa, kandi, mu murimo waryo, rigenda rihura n’amateka y’ubuzima mashya kandi atandukanye.
Ibi ni byo biha ibihe bya none insobanuro yabyo. Mu gihe ubwami bwa Kristo buri hejuru y’isi yose,
aho ibyaremwe bigera ni ho inshingano z’ubwoko bw’Imana zigera. Ibi bisobanura ngo, ubwoko
bw’Imana babaho ubuzima buvuga ngo, ‘Uku ni kwo isi yose izaba imeze umunsi Yesu azagarukira!’”
(Bartholomew na Goheen n.d.: 6-7)
IV. Amajuru Mashya n’Isi Nshya (Ibyahishuwe 21-22)
“Igitabo cya nyuma cyo muri Bibiliya ni Ibyahishuwe. Muri icyo gitabo, Yohana yazamuwe mu cyumba
cyo ntebe y’ubwami bw’Imana kugira ngo arebe uko ibintu byifashe by’ukuri. Yeretswe yuko, ibyashobra
guhagurukira guhakana byose, Yesu, uwo itorero rikurikira, ni We utegeka ibibera ku isi byose. Arimo ayobora
amateka ku iherezo ryayo. Nyuma yabyo, isi ya kera yarangwaga n’ikibi, imibabaro, agahinda n’urupfu
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31
izabirindurwa. Imana izongera iture hagati mu bantu bayo nk’uko yabikoraga ubwa mbere. Azahanagura
amarira. Nta gupfa nta gupfusha bizongera kubaho, imibabaro, agahinda cyangwa se ikibi icy’ari cyo cyose;
muri ibyo, nta kizongera kubaho. Abo bose bakurikiranye iyi nkuru biteze kuzumvana umunezero impanda
y’Imana ubwayo: ‘Byose ndabigira bishya!’ (Ibyah 21:5) Ishusho yo mu buryo bw’igitangaza yo mu bice bya
nyuma by’igitabo cy’Ibyahishuwe yerekeza ibitekerezo by’ubisoma ku mperuka y’amateka no ku ihemburwa
ry’Ibyaremwe n’Imana byose. Atumirira abanyotewe bose kuza kunywa ku mazi y’ubugingo ariko kandi
akanagabisha bariya babarizwa inyuma y’ubwami. Bibiliya irangizanya isezerano risubirwamo inshuro eshatu—
‘Dore ndaza vuba’ (Ibyah 22:7, 12, 20). Nyuma twumva ijwi ry’umwanditsi w’Ibyahishuwe asubiza avuga ati,
‘Amen! Ngwino Mwami Yesu.’” (Bartholomew na Goheen n.d.: 7)
A. Irema rishya ryo mu Byahishuwe riri hejuru y’irema rya mbere rivugwa mu Itangiriro “Mu gitabo cy’Itangiriro Imana yaremye ijuru n’isi; mu gitabo cy’Ibyahishuwe, dusoma ibijyanye
n’ijuru rishya n’isi nshya (21:1). Mu Itangiriro, ibitanga umucyo byose bihamagarirwa kubaho; mu Byahishuwe
icyubahiro cy’Uwiteka ni cyo kimurikira igisagara [21:23; 22:5]. Mu Itangiriro dusoma imbaraga nyinshi za
Satani; mu Byahishuwe dusoma yuko Satani aboshywe nyuma akajugunywa mu Nyanja y’umuriro (20:10). Mu
Itangiriro dusoma gutakaza paradizo; mu Byahishuwe paradizo isubizwaho. Itangiriro risobanura ubutane bwa
kiremwamuntu igihe Adamu na Eva bahunga bava imbere y’Imana; mu Byahishuwe abacunguwe bishimira
ubukwe hagati yabo n’Umwagazi w’Intama w’Imana [19:7-9; 21:2-4; 22:4]. Mu Itangiriro ibidukikije bibaye
ikibazo ku mutekano kandi bibabaza kiremwamuntu; mu Byahishuwe ibidukikije bibeshaho abantu kandi
bikabaha ihumure [22:1-2]. Mu Itangiriro igiti cy’ubugingo kirinzwe n’umumarayika kugira ngo hatagira
ukiryaho imbuto; Ibyahishuwe kigarura uburyo bwo kugera ku giti (22:14). Iri huriro hagati y’igitabo cya mbere
n’igitabo cya nyuma bya Bibiliya n’ikimenyetso cy’isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi bwa mbere bwavugwa kuri Mesiya
(Itang 3:15) n’uburyo Imana ari Yo kwiringirwa ku bijyanye no gusohoza Isezerano Rikuru ryayo (Ibyah 21:3).”
(Hamstra 1998: 123)
B. Irema rishya ryo mu Byahishuwe riri hejuru y’irema ry’umwimerere ryo mu gitabo cy’Itangiriro “Icy’uko mu ijuru rishya no mu isi nshya nta Nyanja yindi izongera kubaho cyangwa se umwijima
w’ijoro [21:1, 25] bisubiza abantu ku gitekerezo cy’iremwa rya mbere, mu gihe muri izo ngero zombi, ibi
bitegekwa, byaciwemo ibice cyangwa se bifite ububasha bugira urugabano. . . . Ni nk’uko iremwa rya mbere,
n’ubwo ubwaryo ryari ryiza, ryari rifite amahirwe yo gutera imbere mu nzira ebyiri: nimba kiremwamuntu
yarujuje inshingano ze, akabana neza n’Imana hamwe n’ibyaremwe, imbaraga zihishwe z’umuvurungano
ushushanywa cyane-cyane n’inyanja n’umwijima bizaba mu cyerekezo cy’ubutegetsi cy’umwana w’umuntu,
nyuma kumbure bigahinduka amasōko y’ukworoshya igikorwa cy’iremwa no kwishimana n’Imana nk’uko byari
bimeze kera, aho Lewiatani izaba yahindutse igikinisho. Mu gihe isezerano rikuru hagati y’Imana n’ibyo
yaremye ryari ryishwe, nyuma biremwamuntu bikifatanya n’inzoka n’ingabo zayo, imbaraga zitera
umudugararo zirarekurwa, inyanja ihinduka igikoresho cyo gutera ubwoba, ubuturo bw’ikibi n’igikoresho cyo
guciraho iteka. Ibyanditswe bishobora kuba biri ahantu handikirwa ibijyanye n’uko umuntu ahitamo iyi nzira ya
nyuma ariko intego ya Yohana n’iyo gusubiza intege mu matorero yuko atatereranywe mu maboko y’isi
y’agahinda, umubabaro no kuborogera abapfuye. Ahubwo, intsinzi y’ ‘Umwagazi w’Intama wakerewe’—
byagaragarijwe mu mukororombya ugose intebe y’ubwami [4:3], ikimenyetso cy’isezerano ryahawe Nowa—nta
kindi bizerekanirwamo keretse uguhinduka kw’isi yose, ikintu kizaba, nyuma yaho isi izazamurwa, iterekwe
hejuru y’ukwigomeka kwo mu bihe bizaza cyangwa se icyaha.” (Moo 2009: 166-67) “Hirya ya Bibiliya, nta
kundi kwizera gushingiye ku idini kuvuga ibijyanye n’ibyiringiro, ndetse n’ishyaka mu bijyanye no
gusubizwaho kw’amahoro yuzuye [aho hazabaho umwuzuro nyawo; amahoro; ubuzima bwuzuye, bufite
umurongo, burangwamo iterambere], ubutabera, umwuzuro muri iyi si yo mu buryo bugaragara. Vinoth
Ramachandra, umwanditsi wa gikristu wo muri Sri Lanka, abona ibi ngibi mu buryo bugaragara neza cyane.
Aravuga ati, andi madini yose, aha agakiza uburyo bw’uko ubohoka avanwa mu bumuntu bwo mu buryo
busanzwe. Agakiza kabonwa nk’uburyo bwo guhungishwa uva mu mvuto y’ukuba wenyine n’ukwambara
umubiri wo mu buryo bugaragara ujyanwa mu buzima bwo mu urwego rwo hejuru bwo mu buryo
bw’umwuka.” (Keller 2008: 223-24) Ubukristu ni bwo bwonyine butanga ibyiringiro by’agakiza k’isi: biremwa
muntu bifite imibiri mishya y’icyubahiro iba mu isi yahinduwe nshya, n’Imana iri hagati muri bo.
3. KRISTO N’ITORERO NK’ISOHOZWA RY’ISEZERANO RYA KERA (IK) Icy’uko Yesu ari We nsanganyamatsiko nyamukuru y’Isezerano rya Kera byerekana yuko Isezerano rya
Kera ridahagaze ukwaryo ryonyine. Twashobora gusobanukirwa ku urwego rw’amateka ibyabaye mu gihe
cy’Isezerano rya Kera, dushobora na none gusobanukirwa ku urwego rw’imenyekanishamana ibijyanye
n’amasezerano Imana yasezeraniye ubwoko bwayo atasohoye mu Isezerano rya Kera. Na none, “twifashishije
Isezerano rya Kera ryonyine, ntibishoboka yuko dusobanukirwa mu buryo bwuzuye ibikorwa by’Imana
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
32
n’amasezerano yayo biryanditswemo” (Goldsworthy 1991: 54). Impamvu Isezerano rya Kera ryonyine
ridashobora gutanga mu buryo bwuzuye insobanuro iyirimo ni kubera yuko urugendo rw’ihishurirwa rwabaye
ikintu gikomeza (reba Abaheb 1:1-3). “Ihishurirwa ryakomeje gutera imbere bisobanura yuko ihishurirwa
ry’Imana ritatanzwe ryose umwanya umwe mu ntangiriro, ahubwo ryagiye ritangwa mu byiciro kugeza ubwo
umucyo wuzuye w’ukuri wagiye guhishurirwa muri Yesu Kristo. Hagati muri iri hishurirwa harimo
amasezerano y’Imana n’isohozwa ryayo. . . . [Yesu] ni we Hishurirwa rya nyuma kandi ryuzuye kuruta andi ku
bijyanye n’icyo amasezerano asobanura. Ibi bisobanura yuko ishusho n’ibigize isohozwa biruta cyane ishusho
n’ibigize amasezerano ubwayo.” (Ibid.: 64, 65)
I. Bibiliya ivuga ibya Yesu Kristo—Ni we Muntu uri mu Mutima wayo n’Insanganyamatsiko Nyamukuru
A. Yesu n’abanditsi b’IR bose bakoresheje IK mu gusobanura ibya Yesu
“Arababwira ati, Mwa bapfu mwe, imitima yanyu itinze cyane kwizera ibyo abahanuzi bavuze byose! None se,
Kristo ntiyari akwiriye kubabazwa atyo, ngo abone kwinjira mu bwiza bwe?” Atangirira kuri Mose no ku
bahanuzi bose, abasobanurira mu byanditswe byose, ibyanditswe kuri we.” (Luka 24:25-27)
“Maze arababwira ati, Aya ni amagambo nababwiraga nkiri kumwe namwe, yuko Ibyanditswe kuri Jye byose
mu matageko ya Mose no mu byahanuwe no muri Zaburi bikwiye gusohora. Maze abungura ubwenge, ngo
basobanukirwe n’ibyanditswe ko Kristo akwiriye kubabazwa no kuzuka ku munsi wa gatatu, kandi ko kwihana
no kubabarirwa ibyaha bikwiriye kubwirwa amahanga yose mu izina rye, bahereye kuri Yerusalemu.’” (Luka
24:44-47)
“Murondora mu Byanditswe, kuko mwibwira ko muri byo arimo mufite ubugingo buhoraho; kandi ari byo
bimpamya. Nyamara, mwanze kuza aho ndi, ngo muhabwe ubugingo. . . . Iyo mwizera Mose, nanjye muba
munyizeye kuko ari ibyanjye yanditse.” (Yoh 5:39-40, 46)
“Ariko ibyo Imana yahanuriye mu kanwa k’abahanuzi bose, yuko Kristo wayo azababazwa, ibyo yabisohoje
ityo. . . . Kandi n’abahanuzi bose, uhereye kuri Samweli n’abamukurikiyeho, uko bahanuye bose, ni na ko
bajyaga bavuga iby’iyi minsi. (Ibyak 3:18, 24).
“Abahanuzi bose bahamyaga ibye [Yesu], bavuga yuko ūmwizera wese azababarirwa ibyaha ku bw’izina rye.”
(Ibyak 10:43)
“Ariko mbona gutabarwa kwavuye ku Mana, na n’ubu ndacyariho, mpamiriza aboroheje n’abakomeye;
icyakora nta cyo mvuga keretse icy’abahanuzi na Mose bavuze ko bizaba; yuko Kristo atazabura kubabazwa,
kandi ko ari We uzabanza kuzuka no kubwira ubwoko bwacu n’abanyamahanga ubutumwa bw’umucyo.”
(Ibyak 26:22-23)
“Abahanuzi bahanuye iby’ako gakiza barondora iby’ubuntu mwari mugiye kuzahabwa babishimikiriye,
barondora igihe icyo ari cyo n’ibimenyetso byacyo, byerekanwaga n’Umwuka wa Kristo wari muri bo
agahamya imibabaro ya Kristo, itari yaba, n’ubwiza bw’uburyo bwinshi bwari bugiye kuyiheruka. Kandi
bahishurirwa yuko batabyiyerekewe, ahubwo ko ari mwe babyerekewe. Ibyo none mumaze kubibwirwa
n’ababwirijwe n’Umwuka Wera woherejwe ava mu ijuru; kandi ibyo abamarayika babigirira amatsiko bashaka
kubirunguruka.” (1 Pet 1:10-12)
B. Yesu yabonekeye abo mu IK mbere y’uko ahinduka umuntu Hari Imana gusa, ariko Imana iri mu Butatu Butagatifu—Imana Data, Imana Umwana, Imana Umwuka
Wera—Imana imwe mu ba peresona batatu. Ibi byagiye bikomozwaho mu buryo butandukanye mu Isezerano
rya Kera. Urugero, “Yachead n’ijmabo ryo mu IK rikoreshwa mu kuvuga ubumwe; ndetse no mu buryo
bw’Imibare. Rikoreshwa inshuro icumi mu Isezerano rya Kera, ariko bitari ibyo kuvuga ubumwe bw’Imana
(Itang. 22:2, 12; Zak. 12:10). Echad na ryo rivuga ubumwe bwibumbiye hamwe. Mu ubukwe, ‘babiri
bazahinduka umubiri umwe’ (Itang. 2:24); rubanda rwinshi rushobora kwishyira hamwe ‘nk’ikintu kimwe’
(Ezek. 3:1); cyangwa se bakaba bahuje ubwenge n’umutima: ‘Kandi n’abandi Bisirayeli bari bahuje umutima
wo kwimika Dawidi’ (1 Ngoma 12:38). Ikijyanye n’ubwinshi bwibumbiye hamwe gihora gikoreshwa mu
kuvuga Imana bavuga Umwami ‘umwe’.” (Pratney 1988: 259) Ikindi, “ijambo ryihariye ryo mu IK rikoreshwa
mu kuvuga Imana ni elohim, kandi iri jambo riri mu ubwinshi” (Feinberg 2001: 448). Hari inzira eshatu zivuga
kuri ibi. Iya mbere, ubuke bwa elohim ni eloah ryagiye rikoreshwa mu kuvuga Imana. “Keretse igihe
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
33
kwumvisha ubwinshi ari cyo kigenderewe, ni kuki eloah atari ryo jambo ryakoreshwa? (Ibid.: 449) Icya kabiri,
igihe ijambo ryo mu ubwinshi elohim rikoreshwa mu kuvuga Imana, ntirikoreshanywa irivuga riri mu ubumwe.
Mu bisanzwe, amazina n’inshinga birahuza mu ubwinshi, bityo ibi ntibikunze kumera gurtyo. Rimwe na rimwe,
irivuga riri mu ubwinshi rikoreshwa na elohim igihe havugwa ku Imana ya Isirayeli [Itang 20:13; 35:7; 2 Sam
7:23]” (Ibid.). Icya gatatu, igihe hakoreshejwe insigarazina ziri mu ubumwe (urugero, “Jye”, “Ya,” “Wanjye”),
mu kuvuga Imana, rimwe na rimwe izo nsigarazina zo mu ubwinshi zirakoreshwa, “bishaka kuvuga ubwinshi
bwo mu Bumana” (Ibid.). Urugero, muri Itang 1:26 (“tureme umuntu mu ishusho yacu”) “inshinga ‘tureme’
(na’aseh) iri mu ubwinshi, birtyo ni ‘yacu’” (Ibid.:450; reba na none Itang 3:22; 11:7; Yes 6:8). Na none,
Yobu 35:10; Zab 149:2; Umub 12:2; Yes 54:5 hose havuga Imana nk’umuremyi cyangwa se uwahanze
ubuzima bw’umuntu cyangwa se uwahanze Isirayeli. Muri ibyo byanditswe byose, amagambo y’Igiheburayo
asobanura “umuremyi” cyangwa se “uwahanze” ari mu ubwinshi (Ibid.: 455). N’ubwo bamwe bashobora
kuvuga yuko ari “ubwinshi buvuga icyubahiro,” Klaas Runia we aravuga yuko elohim “ntirishobora kuba rivuga
‘ubwinshi buvuga icyubahiro’ kuko ibi bitari bwakamenyekane mu Baheburayo” (Runia 1982: 166; reba na
none Archer 1982: 359). Turebye ibiri muri iyi mirongo yo haruguru, insigarirazina zo mu ubwinshi
ntizishobora kwerekezwa ku bamarayika, cyangwa se ku wundi uwo ari we wese keretse ku Imana ubwayo
(Archer 1982: 359; reba na none Feinberg 2001: 450). Izi ngero zose zakoreshejwe mu indongoramvugo
(grammaire) zerekeza ku ubwinshi mu Ubumana.
N’Ubwo ibiranga Imana Umwana—Yesu Kristu—bisobanurwa neza mu IR nk’imbuto y’uguhinduka
umuntu kwe, yagaragaye kenshi mu gihe cy’IK atarahinduka umuntu:
1. “Umwami”. Ibice byinshi byo mu Ibyanditswe bivuga ku Mana mu IK ntibishyiraho itandukaniro
hagati y’abantu bagize Ubutatu Butagatifu. N’ubwo bimeze birtyo, mu Byanditswe byo mu IK igihe
yavugwagaho nk’ “Umwami,” abanditsi bo mu IR, na Yesu ubwe, basobanura neza yuko “Umwami”
ryavugaga Yesu Kristo.24 Urugero, 2 Ngoma 36:15-16 havuga ngo, “Umwami Imana ya ba sekuruza
ikabatumaho intumwa zayo,” ikazinduka kare igatuma, kuko yababariraga abantu bayo n’ubuturo
bwayo. Ariko bagashyinyagurira intumwa z’Imana, bagasuzugura amagambo yayo. Muri Mat 23:34,
Yesu akomoza kuri ibi, avuga ati, “Nuko rero kubw’ibyo ngiye kubatumaho abahanuzi,
n’abanyabwenge n’abanditsi,” bamwe muri bo muzabica, muzababamba. Petero ibi abihamya avuga
yuko wari “umwuka wa Kristo” wavugiraga mu kanwa k’abahanuzi (1 Pet 1:10-12).
• Yes 6:1-13, Yesaya ni iyerekwa ry’ubwiza bw’Imana. Isa 6:1 havuga ibijyanye n’“Umwami”
yicaye ku ntebe imbere mu rusengero rwo mu ijuru. Muri Yes 6:8 “Umwami” Imana aravuga ati,
“Ni nde watugendera?” Muri Yes 6:9-10, Yesaya aratumwe ngo agende, ariko akore mu buryo
badakorwaho n’ubutumwa kugira ngo badakira. Muri Yoh 12: 39-41, Yohana asubiramo
amagambo ya Yesaya yo muri Yes 6:10, arasobanura ati, “Ibyo byavuzwe na Yesaya, kuko yabonye
ubwiza bwa Yesu, akamuvuga.”
• Abar 10:13 hasubiramo amagambo yo muri Yoweli 2:32 (Yoweli 3:5 LXX, “kandi umuntu
wese uzambaza izina ry’Uwiteka azakizwa”), ayakoresha ashaka kuvuga ku ukwizera Kristo. Abar
10:11 na ho havuga ibisa na byo (hasubiramo Yes 28:16 LXX).
• Abaheb 1:5-13 hasubiramo amagambo yo muri Zab 2:7; 2 Sam 7:14; Zab 97:7; 45:6-7; Yes
61:1; Zab 102:25-26; 110:1 akoresha aya magambo kuri Kristo.
• Yes 8:12-13 (LXX) hahamagarira abantu kudatinya, ahubwo “Uwiteka Nyiringabo, abe ari We
mushimisha ukwera kwe, kandi uwo abe ari we mujya mwubaha.” 1 Pet 3:14-15 hasubiramo iki
gice muri aya magambo “ahubwo mwubahe Kristo mu mitima yanyu, ko ari we Mwami.”
2. Umumarayika w’Umwami. I ruhande rwo kubihuza n’abamarayika muri rusange, IK rivuga
“Umumarayika w’Uwiteka.” Rimwe na rimwe, “Umumarayika w’Uwiteka” avugwaho nk’Imana
cyangwa se akaramywa nk’Imana (Itang 16:7-13; 22:11-16; 31:11-13; Kuva 3:2-6; Yos 5:13-15
[“umugaba w’ingabo z’Uwiteka”]; Abac 13:6-22; Yes 63:9 [“marayika uhora imbere ye”]); mu bindi
bihe, “marayika w’Uwiteka” noneho agaragara atandukanye n’Imana (Kub 22:22-35; Abac 13:8-9). Iyi
mirongo “ibishimangira ivuga yuko, mu gihe hariho Imana imwe, rimwe na rimwe hari aho bijya
bigaragara yuko hariho ubwinshi mu Ubumana, kuko Umumarayika w’Uwiteka yitwa Imana kandi
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Uburyo bwimbitse kandi burangwamo ubwenge bwinshi ibyanditswe byo mu IK byavugaga kuri Kristo nk’uko biboneka
muri Yes 1:3, havuga hati, “Inka imenya nyirayo, indogobe na yo ikamenya urugo rwa shebuja. Abisirayeli bo ntibabizi,
ubwoko bwanjye ntibubyitaho.” Edmund Clowney aravuga ati, “Amagambo ya Yesaya yarangwagamo agahemo ko mu
buryo buhebuje arasohoye. . . . Ijambo Luka akoresha mu kuvuga ‘urugo’ [phatnē, Luka 2:7, 12, 16] riboneka muri iki
gice mu nsobanuro ya kera ya Yesaya mu Kigiriki [urugero, Septuagint (LXX)], no muri ‘rwa shebuja’ risobanura
“rw’umutware’ (kuriou).” (Clowney 2003:20) N’inka ndetse n’indogoba zimenya urugo rwa shebuja, ariko nk’uko
intumwa Yohana yabivuze, “Yaje mu be, ariko abe ntibamwemera” (Yoh 1:11).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
34
atandukanye n’Imana” (Feinberg 2001: 453). Edmund Clowney aravuga ati, “Umumarayika w’Uwiteka
avugira mu gihuru abwira Mose, ariko yivugaho nka NDI, Imana ya ba sogokuruza [Kuva 3:2-14]. Iki
n’ikimenyetso gihamye cy’uburyo [Imana yabonekeraga abantu] mu bihe byo mu Isezerano rya Kera.
Uwo Mumarayika yari Imana Umwana, Umwami. Umumarayika uhora uhagaze imbere y’Imana ni we
wavuganye na Aburahamu (Itang. 18:1-2, 22, 33), wakiranye na Yakobo (Itangiriro 32 [reba na none
Hos 12:3-5]), wagenderaga imbere y’Abisirayeli (Kuva 23:20), uwo Mose yifuje kubona (kumenya)
(Kuva 33:12-13), wiyeretse Manowa amumenyesha ukuvuka kwa Samusoni (Abacamanza 13).
Umumarayika avuga nk’Umwami, afite izina ry’Imana, kandi yerekana icyubahiro cy’Imana (Kuva
23:21). Arabutswe mu maso he mu gaturuturu, Yakobo yavuze yuko yabonye mu maso h’Imana (Itang.
32:30)” (Clowney 2003:12-13). Bityo rero, “Umumarayika w’Uwiteka” ntiyashoboraga kuba yari
Imana Data kubera yuko nta wigeze kubona Imana (Data), ngo akomeze kubaho (Kuva 33:20; Yoh
1:18; 1 Tim 6:16). Mu gihe rero abantu bamwe na bamwe bo mu bihe by’Isezerano rya Kera bagiye
babona Imana nyuma bagakomeza kubaho, ibi bisobanura yuko “Umumarayika w’Uwiteka” babonaga
yari Imana Umwana wo mu bihe by’imbere yo kuza ku isi kwe no guhinduka umuntu.
C. Yesu asohoza isezerano ryo mu IK ryo kuzabona Mesiya “Ijambo [‘Mesiya’] ritanga ishusho ry’umucunguzi wari utegerejwe cyangwa se ukumbuwe uhereye
kera, na cyane-cyane mu migenzo y’Abayuda. . . . Mu buryo ijambo ‘uwasizwe’ ryakoreshejwe, rifite
insobanuro imwe n’ ‘umwami,’ na cyane-cyane Dawidi n’urubyaro rwe. . . . Byashoboka na none yuko imvugo
y’ibwami n’ikimenyetso byagiye gukoreshwa bisobanura umwami wari witezwe ejo hazaza, ubwami bwe
buzarangwa n’ubutabera bw’iteka, umutekano n’amahoro bizahoraho. . . . Kwizera yuko hazaboneka Mesiya wo
mu buryo bw’ubutambyi, umwana wa Aroni, wari kuzanana na Mesiya ukomoka kuri Dawidi kugira ngo bakize
Isirayeli, bigaragara mu Mizingo yo ku Inyanja Itukura. . . . Nyuma ya byose, imyemerere yuko umukiza
washyizweho n’Imana yari akwiye kubabazwa (Luka 24:26; Ibyakozwe 3:18) ishingiye kuri za Zaburi nyinshi
zivugwa ko ari iza Dawidi (urugero, 22; 55; 88).” (Sawyer 1993: 513-14) Ubuhanuzi bwo mu Isezerano rya
Kera bwavugaga yuko Mesiya yari kuza mu buryo butatu: (1) umwami (reba Yer 23:5-6; Zab 110:1-2); (2)
umutambyi (reba 1 Sam 2:3525; Zab 110:3-4; Zak 6:12-13); na (3) umuhanuzi (reba Guteg 18:15-19).
Icy’ingenzi n’uko Mesiya atari kuba “umwami” ahubwo yari kuba “umwami mu buryo bwihariye”—umwami
wa nyuma uzatwara isi yose. “Mu bitekerezo by’abigisha b’ibyanditswe, Mesiya n’umwami uzarokora kandi
akaganza muri Isirayeli mu buryo buhambaye bw’amateka y’umwana w’umuntu, kandi akaba ikintu
kizakoreshwa mu ukwubaka ubwami bw’Imana” (Jacobs 2013: “Mesiya in the Rabbinic Thought = Mesiya
ujyanye n’Ibitekerezo by’Abigisha”). Ubutambyi bwe bwari ubw’ “iteka ryose”, bitandukanye n’ubw’abatambyi
b’Abalewi ahubwo bwari kuba “ubwo mu buryo bwa Melkizedeki” (Zab 110:4). Ikindi, ibice byinshi byo mu
Isezerano rya Kera byavugaga yuko Mesiya yari kuba uwo mu buryo bwa kiremwa muntu (urugero, Itang 3:15;
Yes 11: 1-5; 42: 1-6; 59:20; Yer 30:18-22; 33:14-15); ariko ibindi bice byavugaga yuko Mesiya yari kuba uwo
mu buryo bw’ubumana (urugero, Zab 2:6-12; 110:1-7; Yes 9:6; Yer 23:5-6; Mika 5:2; Zak 14:9).26
“Mesiya” (Mu Giheburayo = mashiach) ubwaryo risobanura “yasizwe” cyangwa se “uwasizwe” Ijambo
ry’Ikigiriki rivuga “yasizwe” cyangwa “uwasizwe” ari we christos aho izina “Kristo” rikomoka. Isezerano
Rishya ryerekana neza yuko Yesu Kristo asohoza icyo Abisirayeli bari bategereje ari cyo umwami n’umukiza
woherejwe n’Imana (reba, urugero, Mat 2:4-11; 16:16, 20; 22:42-45; 26:63-65; Mariko 8:29; 12:35-37;
14:61-62; Luka 4:41; 20:41-44; 22:67-70; 23:2-3, 39; 24:26, 46; Yoh 4:25-26; 11:25-27; 20:30-31; Ibyak
2:30-31; Ibyak 2:30-36; 9:22; 17:3; 18:5, 28; 1 Yoh 2:22; 5:1). Yesu yari umwami wari warahanuwe. Ibi
byaremewe mu ntango y’umurimo wa Yesu (Yoh 1:49, “Mwigisha, uri Umwana w’Imana; uri Umwami wa
Isirayeli”) na igihe Yesu yinjiraga i Yerusalemu ku nshuro ya nyuma, ibitabo byose bigize Ubutumwa Bwiza
bisobanura yuko ibyo byari bihwanye n’ukuza kw’Umwami ukomoka kuri Dawidi (Mat 21:1-11; Mariko 11:1-
11; Luka 19:28-40; Yoh 12:12-16). Yesu ni we mutambyi mukuru utunganye “mu buryo bwa Melkizedeki” mu
Rusengero nyakuri (Abaheb 2:17; 4:14-5:10; 7:1-8:6; 10:11-22). Ikindi, Yesu yasohoje ubuhanuzi bwa Mose
yuko Imana izahagurutsa undi muhanuzi umeze nka we (Yoh 1:45; 6:14; Ibyak 3:20-23). Nyuma y’ibyo, Yesu
yari umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye n’Imana mu buryo bwuzuye (reba UMUGEREKA WA 6—YESU N’IMANA
25
Uburyo uwu murongo wubatswe hakurikijwe indongoramvugo (grammar), harimo n’ikjyanye na “uzahora ugendera
imbere y’uwasizwe wanjye,” bivugwaho muri Kaiser 1995: 74-76. 26
Mu IK, Mesiya avugwa inshuro zirenze 100 kimwe n’ “uburyo” bwinshi bwerekezaga kuri Mesiya (reba Kaiser 1995:
29, 34; Payne 1980: 665-72). Ikindi, ubuhanuzi buvuga kuri Mesiya ntibwavuzwe mu buryo butagira ihuriro cyangwa se
ngo buvugwe mu buryo butagira umurongo. “Ahubwo, biratangaje kubona ukuntu, mu mashusho ku bijyanye na Mesiya
wari kuza n’umurimo we, harimo n’umugambi uhoraho w’Imana. Amashusho yari uruhererekane rw’amatangazo uhereye
igihe cy’imbere ya ba Sogokuruza ba mbere . . . ukageza ku gihe cy’abayobozi n’abahanuzi ba Isirayeli.” (Kaiser 1995: 29)
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
35
MU BURYO BWUZUYE KANDI N’UMUNTU MU BURYO BWUZUYE) Yesu yakiriye icyubahiro yahawe nka Mesiya, ariko Yesu, ari we Mesiya, umucunguzi wari
utegerezanyijwe urukumbuzi, yari yazanywe no gukiza abantu, bitari mu buryo bwa politike, ahubwo akabakura
mu buretwa bw’icyaha (reba Mat 9:2-8, 12-13; Mariko 2:3-12; Luka 5:17-26, 31-32; 7:47-50; 9:56; 19:10;
Yoh 5:33-34; 8:1-11; 10:7-9; 12:47). Ukubambwa ku musaraba kwa Yesu kwatumye abari bamutegereje
nk’Umucunguzi wari warabahaweho isezerano batakaza ibyiringiro kubera yuko bitumvikana uburyo
bategerezaga gucungurwa ku uwabambwe (reba Luka 24:19-21). Abantu ntibigeze basobanukirwa uburyo
ugucungurwa munsi y’ububata bw’icyaha byari kunyura mu ukubambwa. Bityo, ibitari byitezwe biraba: Yesu
aba arazutse ava mu bapfuye. Nyuma y’ukuzuka kwe, Yesu yasobanuriye abigishwa be ati, “None se, Kristo
[urugero, wa Mesiya] ntiyari akwiriye kubabazwa atyo, ngo abone kwinjira mu bwiza bwe?” (Luka 24:26),
kandi ati, “Ni ko byanditswe, ko Kristo akwiriye kubabazwa no kuzuka ku munsi ugira gatatu.” (Luka 24: 46).
Yashoboye kuganira n’Intumwa bahereye mu byanditswe by’Isezerano rya Kera yuko uwo Yesu yari we
Mesiya (Ibyak 2:29-36; 3:18-20; 4:5-12; 5:29-32; 8:30-37; 9:22; 13:32-39; 17:2-3, 10-12; 18:5, 24-28;
26:22-23; 28:23-24). Mu mburano ze, Paulo aravuga yuko yafashwe agashyirwa mu rukiko “kubera ibyiringiro
by’Abisirayeli” (Ibyak 28:20), urugero, “Ibyiringiro byo kuzabona agakiza kavuye kuri Mesiya [bya]hindutse
iby’ukuri binyuze mu ukuzuka kwa Yesu, uwo ni We Imana isohorezamo amasezerano yayo; ayo akaba ari yo
yari agize ibyiringiro bya Isirayeli” (Schnabel 2012:1069; reba na none Marshall 1980: 423 [“Icyo yaregwaga
mu rubanza rwe, nk’uko yagiye abivuga, cyari imiterere nyakuri y’ibyiringiro bya Isirayeli muri ukwo kuza
kwa Mesiya n’ukuzuka kwe”]; Haririson 1975: 402 [‘”Ibyiringiro bya Isirayeli]’ . . . biri mu umuntu ari we
Yesu w’i Nazareti nk’uko byakomejwe n’ukuzuka kwe ava mu bapfuye”]; Kepple 1977: 231-41). Nuko rero,
Isezerano rirabyamamaza, rigatangaza Yesu nka We Mucunguzi—Mesiya, Kristo—we wenyine ushobora
gukiza abantu akabakura mu byaha byabo (Mat 1:21; Luka 2:11; Yoh 1:29; 3:17; 4:42; Ibyak 3:26; 4:12;
5:31; 13:23, 38-39; 15:11; 16:31; Abar 3:24-26; 4:25; 5:1, 6-11, 15-21; 8:2; 10:9; 1 Abakor 1:30; 6:11;
15:17; 2 Abakor 5:18-21; Abagal 1:3-4; Abef 2:13-16; 4:32; 5:2, 25-26; Abafil 3:20; Abakol 1:12-14; 3:13;
1 Abates 1:10; 5:9-10; 1 Tim 1:15; 2 Tim 2:10; 3:15; Tito 1:4; 2:13-14; Abaheb 2:17; 5:9; 7:25; 13:20; 1 Pet 1:18-19; 3:18; 2 Pet 1:11; 1 Yoh 3:5; 4:9-10, 14; Ibyah 5:9; 14:4). Yesu yasohoje ubuhanuzi bwose
n’ibyiringiro byose byo mu IK bya Mesiya, ariko yabikoze mu buryo bwari bwitezwe; bityo aba abihaye
insobanuro yo mu buryo bwimbitse kandi bukomeye kuruta uko uburyo abantu bari babyiteze. (reba
UMUGEREKA WA 5—UBUHANUZI BWATORANIJWE BUVUGA KURI MESIYA N’ISOHOZWA
RYABWO)
D. Yesu asohoza isezerano ryo mu IK ryo guhabwa ubutumwa bwiza 1. Ubutumwa bwiza bwa Yesu Kristo bwari bwarasezeranyijwe mu Isezerano rya Kera kandi
bushingiye kuri ryo. Insanganyamatsiko nyamukuru mu Butumwa Bwiza n’uko Imana yera, n’inyakuri,
irakiranuka kandi ni nziza (Itang 18:25; Kuva 34:6-7; Abal 11:44; Yobu 34:10-12, Zab 5:4; 136:1;
145:17; Habak 1:13; reba Abar 1:18; Yak 1:13). N’ubwo bimeze birtyo, abantu bakomereza mu
cyaha kandi imitima yabo ihora yerekeye ku kibi (Zab 51:1-5; Yes 64:6; reba na none Abar 3:23;
7:8-21). Icyaha cyacu cyazanye urupfu n’ugutandukana n’Imana (Itang 2:17; Yes 59:1-2; Ezek 18:4;
reba Abar 5:12-14; 6:23). Nta cyo twakora cyaba ikiraro kiduhuza n’Imana kuko ikibazo kiri imbere
muri twe; kandi ntidushobora guhindura imitima yacu (Umub 9:3; Yes 1:5-6; Yer 17:9; reba Mat 15:
18-19; Mariko 7:20-23; Abar 1:21; 3:10-18). Bityo lero, nimba dushaka kwemerwa n’Imana, Imana
ibwirizwa kudukorera icyo tutashobora kwikorera ubwacu, ikoresheje umusimbura uzikorera icyaha
cyacu n’urubanza rwacyo kugira ngo dushobore kubabarirwa (Itang 15:17-18; 22: 1-14; Abal 17:11;
Yes 53:4-5; Yer 31:31-34; reba 2 Abakor 15:21; Abaheb 10:10; 1 Pet 2:24). Nk’uko ibyaha byacu
byishyurwa n’umusimbura, ni na ko ugukiranuka dukeneye kugira ngo dushobore guhagarara imbere
y’Imana tuguhabwa kubera ubuntu bwayo binyuze mu ukwizera kwacu (Itang 15:6; Zab 32:1-2;
Habak 2:4; reba Abar 3:21-22, 24; 4:5, 22-25; Abef 2:8-9).
2. IR rivuga mu nshamake uburyo Kristo asohoza Ubutumwa Bwiza bwari bwarasezeranyijwe mu IK.
Abar 1:1-4 herekeza ku “ubutumwa Bwiza bw’Imana, ubwo yasezeranije kera mu byanditswe byera
binyuze mu kanwa k’abahanuzi bayo, buvuga iby’Umwana wayo, wavutse mu rubyaro rwa Dawidi mu
buryo bw’umubiri, kandi werekanywe n’ubushobozi ko ari Umwana w’Imana mu buryo bw’Umwuka
Wera, bigahamywa no kuzuka kwe, ni We Yesu Kristo Umwami wacu.” Goldsworthy arabisobanura:
“Icya mbere n’Ubutumwa Bwiza bw’Imana. . . . Ntibuza buvuga ku byo dukeneye nk’uko twaba
tubitekereza—uburyo nagira imibereho myiza kurushiriza, nkanesha ibibazo numva mfite, ngaha
ubuzima bwanjye izina—n’ubwo n’ibi na byo birimo mu byo ubwo butumwa bwiza buvuga. Ubutumwa
bwiza n’inzira Imana ikoresha mu gukemura ‘ikibazo’ cyayo ubwayo, uburyo, Yo nk’Imana ikiranuka
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
36
kandi yera, yashobora gutsindishiriza no kwemera umunyabyaha. . . .
Icya kabiri, n’ubutumwa bw’Isezerano rya Kera. Igice cy’ingenzi cy’Imenyekanishamana
ishingiye kuri Bibiliya n’ukugerageza gusobanukirwa uburyo amasezerano yatanzwe mu Isezerano rya
Kera asohorera mu Rishya. Mu yandi magambo, uburyo bwa gikristo Isezerano rya Kera rikoreshwa
n’umurongo tubonamo ubutumwa buri muri ryo bwerekeye kuri Kristo, no kuri twe binyuze muri We. .
. . Icya gatatu, harimo insanganyamatsiko nyamukuru muri ubwo butumwa. Buvuga cyane-cyane
ku Umwana kuruta aho bwavuga kuri Data, cyangwa se ku Umwuka Wera, cyangwa se ku uwizera. . . .
Si Imana Umwana wenyine, ari We muperesona ugira kabiri mu Butatu butagatifu bw’iteka ryose. Ni
Yesu w’i Nazareti ukomoka mu muryango wa Dawidi Umwami wa Isirayeli. . . .
Icya kane, hari icyakoretse kiri hagati mu mutima wabwo, icyo na cyo n’ukuzuka kwa Yesu ava
mu bapfuye. Paulo avuga yuko kuzuka kwa Yesu kwatumye ahita agaragara ko ari Umwana w’Imana. .
. . Ukuzuka kwa Yesu mu buryo bugaragara bw’umubiri ni yo nsanganyamatsiko nyamukuru mu
bijyanye n’ugusobanukirwa neza Ubutumwa Bwiza mu murongo w’Isezerano Rishya. . . . Ukuzuka ni
kwiza kuko kutābaho hatabanje kubaho ugupfa, kandi guhagarariye intangiriro nshya ya kiremwa
muntu. . . . Bityo, twavutse ubugira kabiri binyuze mu ukuzuka kwa Kristo (1 Pet 1:3). Kubera ukuzuka
kwe, duhita twinjira mu ubushya bw’ubugingo (Abar 6:4-11).” (Goldsworthy 1991: 81-82, 229).
E. Yesu asohoza IK ryose 1. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira yerekana ihuriro riri hagati y’inyigisho za mbere za Petero n’iza Paulo mu
Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa. Yerekana uburyo IK ryose ribona isohozwa ryaryo muri Yesu. Ubutumwa Bwiza Petero (Ibyakozwe 2) Paulo (Ibyak 13)
1. IK ryarasohoye
2. mu umuntu n’ibikorwa bya Yesu
3. wapfuye
4. akazuka
5. ubu na ho akaba yashyizwe hejuru
6. Muri We ni ho kubabarirwa ibyaha
bibarizwa
7. Nuko rero …
2:16-21, 25-31, 34-36
2:22
2:23
2:24, 32
2:33, 36
2:38
2:38-40
13:16-23, 32-39
13:23-26
13:27-29
13:30-31, 34-37
13:34
13:38-39
13:40-41
2. Amasezerano makuru yo mu IK, inzego z’ubuyobozi, ibyabaye mu mateka, n’ihanga rya Isirayeli
ubwaryo byerekezaga ku ukuri kwo mu IR. “Mu bihe by’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera, tubonamo ukuri
kwo mu buryo bw’umwuka kuvugwaho mu buryo bw’amashusho. Igihe Imana yerekanaga uburyo
umuntu akeneye ko ibyaha bye bihongererwa, yakoresheje ubwoko bw’ibitambo n’ibicucu mu uburyo
busobanutse harimo n’ibihumbi by’abatambyi n’ibikōko byorowe. Igihe Imana yaha abantu bayo
isezerano ry’ukuzatura hagati muri bo, yabikoze mu buryo bw’ibicucu bw’ingobyi yari i Burasirazuba
bwo Hagati; yongera na none ibyerekanira mu nzu yubatswe mu matafari n’amabuye. Ubu ni bwo buryo
Imana yerekaniyemo umugambi wayo mu gihe cy’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera. Na none muri icyo gihe
nyene, Imana yakoreshaga abahanuzi mu gusobanura isohozwa ryo mu buryo bw’umwuka
ry’umugambi wayo, Imana yahisemo gukoresha imvugo y’ibimenyetso n’ibicucu. Yarimo isobanura
ibijyanye n’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya mu mvugo y’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera. Yerekeje ibisobanuro
byayo ku ntego yayo yo mu buryo bw’umwuka, ikoresha uburyo bukeye kandi bugaragaramo umucyo
kuruta ubundi bwose, ibyo na byo bikaba byerekanwaga mu buryo bw’ibimenyetso n’ibicucu byo mu
buryo bugaragara.” (Lehrer 2006: 85)
Mu yandi magambo, Isirayeli yo mu gihe cyo mu IR nk’ishyanga, n’amasezerano makuru
yagiye ihabwa, amategeko, imihango n’inzego byari “amashusho,” “ibimenyetso” , “ibicucu”,
“amakopi” cyangwa se ingero y’ibihari mu Isezerano Rishya byasohoreye muri Kristo n’itorero rye
(Mat 5:17; 1 Abakor 10:1-6; 2 Abakor 3:12-16; Abagal 3:23-4:7, 21-31; Abakol 2:16-17; Abaheb
1:1-2; 8:1-10:22). Icy’ingenzi gikwiye kwibukwa n’uko “iyo igihe cy’isohozwa kigeze, inzego zahoze
ari ibimenyetso cyangwa se amashusho y’iby’ukuri ntiziba zikibaye iza ngombwa. Bihita bisimburwa
n’iby’ukuri byari bihagarariye.” (Holwerda 1995:74-75; reba na none Carlson 1984:142 [icyo kiza mu
buryo bw’ubahanuzi kubera umwimerere wacyo n’icy’umwanya muto, gihita kizamurwa kandi
“kigashyirwa munsi y’isohozwa ry’ubwo buhanuzi”]; Kaiser 1995: 34 [“Ibitambo, ibikoresho
n’umutambyi mukuru by’ihema ry’ibonaniro bihita bikurwaho igihe icy’ukuri, icyo byari bibereye
ibicucu bigeze ku ruhando”]). Ibice bikurikira byerekana uburyo Kristo n’Itorero ari “ibimenyetso” IK
ryerekezagaho.
II. Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu, iryahawe Dawidi n’Amasezerano Makuru Mashya
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
37
yerekezaga kandi asohorera muri Kristo n’Itorero “Mu Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu harimo Amasezerano Makuru yombi ari yo Irya Kera
[n’ukuvuga irya Mose] n’Amasezerano Makuru Mashya. Ibi bisobanura yuko Irya Kera n’Irishya ari’isohozwa
ryo mu buryo bufatika n’iryo mu buryo bw’umwuka by’Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu. Isezerano
Rikuru Imana yakoranye na Aburahamu rihishura umugambi w’Imana wo gukiza ubwoko no kubuzana mu
gihugu cyayo. Mu Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera, Imana ikiza ubwoko bwa Isirayeli mu buryo bufatika
(abuzukuruza bo mu buryo bw’umubiri ba Aburahamu) ibakura mu Banyegiputa ibazana mu Gihugu
cy’Isezerano ari cyo Palestina. Hakurikijwe Isezerano Rikuru Rishya, Imana ikiza ubwoko bwayo mu buryo
bwo mu umwuka (abuzukuruza ba Aburahamu bo mu buryo bw’umwuka) ikabakura mu cyaha no gucyirwaho
iteka ikabazana mu gihugu cyo mu buryo bw’umwuka (mu karuhuko kabonerwa mu gakiza no kubageza mu
ijuru).” (Lehrer 2006: 29)
A. Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu risohorera muri Kristo n’Itorero “Isezerano Imana yakoranye na Aburahamu rishyiraho urufatizo rw’amateka yose ajyanye no
gucungurwa nk’uko yanditswe mu Byanditswe” (Holwerda 1995: 32). Yari “intambwe ya mbere yo gusohoza
ibyavuzwe kera mu Itangiriro 3:15 ku bijyanye n’Urubuto Rumwe rujya gupfa ku musaraba mu buryo
bw’isohozwa ry’umugambi w’Imana w’iteka ryose kandi udahinduka ari wo w’ubuntu” (Reisinger 1998: 25).
Ibi byahawe insobanuro igihe iri sezerano ryashizweho igikumwe muri Itang 15:9-21. Imana yategetse
Aburahamu gutegura ibikōko bimwe na bimwe, buri gikōko agicamo hagati ibice bibiri-bibiri, noneho buri gice
agishyira imbere ya kigenzi cyacyo. “Mu bisanzwe, icyo gihe, iyo isezerano ryakorwaga abagize impande
zombi zakoranaga amasezerano banyuraga hagati y’ibyo bice by’ibyo bikōko byatanzweho ibitambo. Ibi byari
indahiro ikozwe mu buryo bw’inkinamico, nk’uko abo bantu babaga barimo bavuga bati, ‘Nzacibwemo ibice
nk’uku iki gikōko cyabikorewe ni yo ntuzuza icyo nsabwa gukora muri iri sezerano’ [reba Yer 34:17-20].”
(Assohoto na Ngewa 2006: 34) Ariko noneho mu birimo bivugwa aha ngaha, icuraburindi rimaze kuza, Imana
ni Yo Yonyine yashoboraga kunyura hagati y’ibi bikōko byaciwemo ibice (Itang 15:17). Bisobanura yuko ari
Yo Yonyine yari yiyemeje kwikorera imivumo yari muri iryo sezerano; yaba iyari yerekeye Imana ubwayo
n’iyari yerekeye Aburahamu. Ni nk’uko yarimo ivuga iti, “Ni ntasohoza uruhare rwanjye ruri muri iri
sezerano—na we ukananirwa kwuzuza ibiri mu ruhande rwawe—nzamere nk’ibi bikōko byakaswe mu bice
bibiri-bibiri.” Hafi imyaka ibihumbi bibiri nyuma y’aho, icuraburindi ryongera kuza ubugira kabiri; ku
musaraba, Yesu Kristo—bitari mu buryo bw’ikimenyetso nk’ubwa mbere, ahubwo mu buryo bufatika—
yikorera imivumo iri muri ryo sezerano yari kuba yarikorewe na kiremwa muntu bo bene gukora icyaha
(Mariko 15:33-39; reba na none Yes 53:8; Abaheb 10:19-20).
Mu buryo bumwe cyangwa se ubundi, andi masezerano agenda ajya mbere akomoka ku Isezerano
Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu. Igitekerezo cyo mu Abaheb 6:13-8:2 n’uko Yesu na We aruta Aburahamu kandi
kubera We hakabaho isezerano rikuru riruta irya mbere kuba ryiza.
1. Mu Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu (Itang 12:1-3; 13:14-17; 15:1-21; 17:1-21; 22:15-18)
harimo “amasezerano yo ku mutima y’ibanze atatu ahuzwa n’akagozi”: a. urubyaro bwo mu buryo
butangaje (n’ukuvuga, amasezerano yerekeye ku “urubyaro”); b. igihugu cyabo bwite (n’ukuvuga,
amasezerano ajyanye n’ “igihugu”); na c. umugisha wo mu urwego rusange (imigisha ku yandi moko
binyuze muri/mu urubyaro rwa Aburahamu) (Williamson 2000: 100-01; reba na none Kaiser 1978: 86;
Essex 1999: 208; Reisinger 1998: 6).
2. Uburyo Imana yagiye ihindura amagambo agize isezerano rikuru bwagiye buhinduka uko Imana
yagiye igendana na Aburahamu. Ku ntangiriro ya byose, Imana yasezeraniye Aburamu kuzamuhindura
“ubwoko bukomeye” (Itang 12:2) ariko mu nyuma ijya kuryagura imugira sekuruza w’ “amahanga
menshi” (Itang 17:5). “Igihugu,” ubwa kera kitari gisobanutse (Itang 12:1), ubwa mbere cyari
gisobanuwe nk’ahantu Aburamu yashoboraga kugezaho amaso (Itang 13:14-15), nyuma imbibe zacyo
zijya kuvugwa (Itang 15:18-21; 17:8), nyuma ya byose kijya kuvugwaho mu magambo yumvikana
yuko “urubyaro rwawe ruzahindūra imiryango y’abanzi babo” [mu magambo y’umwimerere “be”]
(Itang 22:17). Na none, Imana yagabanyije imbago z’ “urubyaro” izasohorezamo rya sezerano rikuru:
s’abakomoka mu rukiryi rwa Aburahamu bose bari muri iryo sezerano, ahubwo n’abo mu rubyaro rwa
Isaka bonyine (Gen 17:18-21). Muri urwo rubyaro, ni mo “amahanga yose yo mu isi azaherwa
umugisha” (Itang 22:18).
3. Isezerano Rikuru rya Aburahamu ryateguwe mu buryo bwuko ryambuka rikagera hirya y’isohozwa
ryaryo ryo mu buryo bufatika bwo muri Isirayeli yo mu IK.
a. Isirayeli yo mu IK ni yo yari isohozwa ryo mu buryo bufatika ry’Isezerano ryahawe
Aburahamu. Ku bijyanye n’isezerano ry’ “urubyaro”, Kuva 1:6-13; Kub 23:10; Guteg 1:10
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
38
havuga uburyo Abisirayeli bagiye baguka mu buryo butangaje. Guteg 1:10 havuga hati,
“Uwiteka Imana yanyu irabagwije; none dore muhwanije ubwinshi n’inyenyeri zo mu ijuru.”
Na none, isezerano rijyanye n’ “igihugu” na ryo ryarashojwe byibura inshuro ebyiri (mu gihe
cya Yosuwa [Yos 21:43-45] no mu gihe cy’ingoma ya Salomo [1 Abami 4:20-21]). Ku
bijyanye n’isezerano ry’ “umugisha”, mu 1 Abami 10:1-13; 2 Ngoma 9:1-12, umugabekazi w’i
Sheba yemeye ko Salomo yazaniye Isirayeli na buri wese yamwumvise ubwenge bwe. Bityo,
muri 1 Abami 8:56, Salomo yavuze ati, “nta jambo na rimwe mu masezerano yose Imana
yasezeraniye mu kanwa k’umugaragu we Mose, ritasohoye” (reba na none Yos 21:45; 23:14).
b. N’ubwo hari ibyasohoye by’ibanze muri Isirayeli yo mu IK, amashusho yo mu IK agaragaza
uruhande rw’ibitasohojwe byo mu Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu. Dushingiye ku
isezerano ryerekeye ku “urubyaro”, Guteg 30:4-5; Yer 23:3; Ezek 36:10-11 “herekeza ku
isezerano ry’uko umubare w’abantu uziyongera mu gihe cyari gukurikira ubunyage, nyuma
hakabihuza n’imigisha yari kugerwaho mu bihe byo mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya” (Williamson
2000:112). Ku bijyanye n’isezerano ryerekeye “ubutaka”, kuguma muri Kanani byari bishingiye
ku uburyo Isirayeli bazubaha Imana. Isezerano rya Kera n’ishusho y’uruhande rumwe
rw’isohozwa ry’isezerano, rwakurikiwe no kunyagwa igihugu no kugisubirana. Bityo,
igitekerezo cy’igihugu nticyigeze kigerwaho mu buryo bwuzuye mu gihe cy’Isezerano rya
Kera. Ku bijyanye n’ “umugisha wo mu urwego rw’amahanaga yose,” Yes 42:6; Yes 49:6
herekeza ku Umugaragu w’Imana uzaba “umucyo ku mahanga.” “Havuyemo ‘Imyaka yasa
n’izahabu’ yo ku ngoma ya Salomo, ‘umugisha ku mahanga’ wagumye ari ibyiringiro bitari
bwakagerweho muri biriya bihe byose by’Isezerano rya Kera. Mu Byanditswe n’Abahanuzi
ibintu be n’ibyo byari bikirebwaho nk’ibizasohora ejo hazaza.” (Williamson 2000:115)
Ibyiringiro by’uko Imana yari gusohoza amasezerano yahaye Aburahamu byakomeje cyane
Isirayeli igihe yarimo inyura mu bihano by’Imana (Yes 41:8-16; Mika 7:18-20). Yer 33:23-26
hahuza isohozwa ry’Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu n’igihe Uwiteka yohereza Umwami
we nk’uburyo bwo gusohoza ibyanditswe mu Kub 24:17 na 2 Sam 7:16, iri sohozwa na ryo
ryari ryitezwe mu bihe byari gukurikiraho.
4. IR rishyira mu buryo bw’umwuka amasezerano yose yahawe Aburahamu. Hakurikijwe IR, Isezerano
Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu ryari gusohorera mu ihongererwa n’ukuzuka kwa Yesu Kristo byari
gukurikiraho.
a. Isezerano ryerekeye “urubyaro”. Mu buryo butandukanye bwo gusimura, ikijyanye n’
“urubyaro” rwa Aburahamu (Itang 13:15; 15:3, 5, 18; 17:7, 9, 19; 22:17, 18) rikunze
gusimurwa mu magambo “abakomoka” cyangwa se “abuzukuruza”. Ijambo ry’igiheburayo
rikoreshwa ku “urubyaro” rishobora kuba rivuga ubumwe cyangwa se ubwinshi. Mu Isezerano
Rishya, ibijyanye n’ubumwe ku isezerano ry’ “urubyaro” ryerekeye kuri Kristo nk’ “urubyaro”
nyakuri rwa Aburahamu; ibijyanye n’ubwinshi na byo bikaba byerekeye abo bose bari “muri
Kristo” kubera ukwizera (itorero).
(1) Yesu ni we “rubyaro” nyakuri rwa Aburahamu. Imbabazi z’Imana n’isezerano
rikuru ryayo yahaye Aburahamu, nk’uko byavuzweho muri Yer 33:26, Mariya yaje
kurisubiramo muri Luka 1:54-55 avuga ku ukuza kwa Yesu. Zakariya, se wa Yohana
Umubatiza, na we yerekeje ijambo rye ku ukuza kwa Yesu na Yohana uwamubanjirije,
nk’ugusohoza isezerano rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu (Luka 1:67-79). Luka 2:32
n’isohozwa ry’ibyanditswe kuri Yesu muri Yes 42:6; 49:6. Mu magambo ye, Yesu
yavuze yuko isezerano ryahawe Aburahamu ryari iryo mu buryo bw’umwuka kandi
yuko yarisohoje (reba Yoh 8:31-58). Mu Abagal 3:16 Paulo avuga mu buryo bwihariye
yuko isezerano ryashyiriweho Aburahamu “n’urubyaro rwe.” Arashimangira avuga
yuko ijambo “urubyaro” riri mu ubumwe kandi ko ryerekeza kuri Kristo.
(2) Abari muri “Kristo” kubera kwizera ni bo bana b’ukuri ba Aburahamu. Iyi ngingo
ikomeye cyane igizwe ahanini n’abantu b’ingenzi bavugwa mu IR.
• Yohana Umubatiza. Yohana Umubatiza ashyira mu urwego rwo hasi urubyaro
rw’Aburahamu rwo mu buryo bw’umubiri avuga ati, “Ntimukibwire muti, ‘ko
dufite Aburahamu, akaba ari we sogokuruza.’ Ndababwira yuko Imana ibasha
guhindurira Aburahamu abana muri aya mabuye” (Mat 3:9; Luka 3:8).
• Yesu Kristo. Yesu yakoze itandukaniro hagati y’abuzukuruza b’Aburahamu bo
mu uryo bw’umubiri (abo na bo si bo sohozwa nyakuri ry’Isezerano Rikuru
ryahawe Aburahamu) n’abuzukuruza ba Aburahamu bo mu buryo bw’umwuka (abo
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
39
na bo ni bo sohozwa nyakuri ry’Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu). Yavuze
yuko, mu gihe Abayuda babaye imbata z’icyaha, ntibari abana nyakuri ba
Aburahamu (Yoh 8:33-36). Iyo baba ari abana ba Aburahamu, bari kuba barakoze
ibisa n’ibyo Aburahamu yakoze; ariko kuba baragerageje kumwica n’igihamya
cy’uko batabikora. Bityo, s’abana ba Aburahamu ahubwo n’abana ba Satani (Yoh
8:39-41, 44). Abisobanura avuga yuko iyo Imana yari kuba ari Yo se ubabyara, bari
gukunda Yesu no kwumva ijambo rye (Yoh 8:42).
• Intumwa Petero. Mu Ibyak 3:25-26, yasobanuye neza yuko abizera Kristo
“ari bo bana b’abahanuzi kandi muri ab’isezerano Imana yasezeranije na ba
sekuruza banyu.”
• Intumwa Paulo. Paulo akomoza ku byo Yesu yavuze muri Yoh 8:34-44 avuga
ibijyanye n’abana nyakuri b’Aburahamu. Mu Abar 4:11-18 avuga yuko isezerano
ryahawe Aburahamu ryakozwe “bitanyuze mu mategeko, ahubwo binyuze mu
ugukiranuka kubonerwa mu ukwizera.” Yongeraho avuga ati, mu Abar 9:6-8
havuga yuko “abakomotse ku Isirayeli atari bo Bisirayeli bose,” kandi ko “ibyo
n’ukuvuga yuko abana b’umubiri atari bo bana b’Imana, ahubwo abana
b’isezerano ni bo bemerwa ko ari urubyaro nyarwo.” Ikivugwa mu Abagal 3-4
hose n’uko Kristo n’Itorero ari bo sohozwa nyakuri ry’Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe
Aburahamu. “Imiterere ya Aburahamu n’icy’ingenzi ku gitekerezo cya Paulo mu
[Abagal 3:6] no gukomeza—‘Mwibuke Aburahamu’ (v. 6)—uwo Paulo aguma
amugarura mu gice cyose cya 3 (imirongo 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 18, 29). N’iby’ingenzi
kubona yuko sogokuruza wacu wa kera yinjizwa mu biganiro nk’inzira iganisha
kuri wa Wundi w’isohozwa ry’isezerano ryahawe Aburahamu, ari We Yesu Kristo,
Umwana w’Imana (3:16, 26). Igikuru, icyo Paulo avuga muri iki gice n’insobanuro
y’Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu rishingiye kuri Kristo no ku Isomo
ryigisha kuri Kristo. . . . Mu nshamake, Paulo arimo asobanura bushya Isezerano
Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu, aho icyo ashyira imbere ya byose ari ukuba uwa
Kristo, kandi abari muri We bose, Umuyuda n’Umunyamahanga, bemerewe kuba
uwo mu rubyaro rw’Aburahamu.” (Burke 2006: 112, 114n.33) Nuko rero, mu
Abagal 3:29, Paulo asobanura neza avuga ati, “Ubwo muri aba Kristo, muri
urubyaro rwa Aburahamu, muri n’abaragwa nk’uko byasezeranijwe”. Ibi biba,
atari kubera inkomōko yo mu buryo bw’umubiri, ahubwo kubera ukwizera
(Abagal 3:7-9, 14). Nk’uko Imana yasezeraniye Aburahamu yuko urubyaro rwe
ruzahwana n’ “inyenyeri zo mu ijuru’ kandi yuko ruzahwana n’umusenyi wo ku
kibaya cy’inyanja” (Itang 22:17), ibyo byasohojwe n’Itorero rya Kristo (ni ryo
rubyaro nyakuri rw’Aburahamu rwo mu buryo bw’umwuka), harimo abantu bo
“mu miryango yose, indimi zose, amoko yose, n’amahanga yose” yo mu isi (Ibyah
5:9; 7:9).
b. Isezerano ryo kuzahabwa “igihugu”. “Igihugu ni cyo kimenyetso cyo mu buryo bufatika
cy’isezerano ry’Imana. Bityo, cyari icyerekeza ‘ku umudugudu wubatswe ku mfatiro, uwo
Imana yubatse ikawurema (Abaheburayo 11:10). Kubona igihugu si byo byabaye akaruhuko ka
nyuma k’Isabato, ahubwo byabaye umusogongero wako (Abaheburayo 4:8-11). . . .
Uburumbuke mu gihugu cyari ikimenyetso cy’uko Isirayeli babaye abizerwa igihe yagendanaga
n’Imana (Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 28:1-14). Ubunyage no gutakaza igihugu byatewe no
gukomereza mu ukutubaha Imana (Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 28:15-29:28). Ubu buryo ibintu
biteguye yari ishusho y’ ijuru rishya n’isi nshya tuzazungura, tuzahabwa kubera ukwubaha kwa
Kristo, atari ukwacu (1 Petero 1:4).” (Poythress 1991: 106, 72)
(1) Mu IR, icyo “gihugu” cyahindutse icyo mu urwego rw’isi yose. Mu gihe itorero rya
Kristo ririmo abantu “baturutse mu miryango yose, indimi zose, amoko yose,
n’amahanga yose” (Ibyah 5:9; 7:9), Abar 4:13, ibi byagura isezerano ry’ “igihugu”
kugira ngo Aburahamu n’urubyaro rwe binjiremo nka “bo bazungura isi.” Mu Abar
4:13, ijambo rivuga “isi”, n’ijambo ry’Ikigiriki kosmos. “Bigaragara yuko Intumwa
yahisemo ijambo kosmos kubera (byibura, cyangwa se bihakwa kungana n’isi yose)
insobanuro yaryo yo mu urwego rw’isi yose n’uko, mu mwanya wa ge yakoreshejwe
mu bijyanye n’amateka y’isezerano rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu (urugero, Itang 12:1;
13:15 LXX). Mu gihe ge yashobora gukoreshwa ku ‘gihugu’ kizitiye, n’ubwo kigose
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
40
‘isi’ (Itang. 1:1 LXX), Ibisobanuro nyabyo n’uko isezerano ry’igihugu Imana yahaye
Aburahamu, umugabo wagiraga ukwizera hamwe n’urubyaro rwe rwo mu ukwizera,
baba abakebwe cyanga se abatakebwe, rigera ku isi yose, kandi ko kitazagarukira ku
mbibe n’ubwo zaba zagutse kuruta izindi, igihe Isirayeli izaba imaze kugihindūra.”
(Johnson 2007: 284n.24) Igihe Paulo yifashisha itegeko ngo “Wubahe so na nyoko . . .
kugira ngo ubone amahoro, uramire mu isi” (Abef 6:2-3), ahindura umwimerere waryo
wo mu Isezerano rya Kera akuramo amagambo, ‘Uwiteka Imana yawe izaguha,’ ayo
magambo yari yerekeye ubutaka bwa Kanani (Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 5:16). Ukwo
gukuramo ayo magambo atuma bisobanuka neza kurushiriza, Paulo avuga yuko none
muri Kristo isezerano rihwanye n’igihugu icyo ari cyose . . . Icyahoze ari umugisha
wasezeraniwe abantu b’Imana mu gihugu cy’umwihariko cya Kanani, cyatanzwe
n’Imana nk’impano, ubu noneho gihindutse isezerano ku bantu b’Imana bose batuye
aho ari ho hose ku isi, kandi cyari cyaratanzwe n’Imana nk’impano.” (Holwerda 1995:
102)
(2) IR risobanura bushya ibijyanye na Kanani yo mu buryo bugaragara yo mu IK (iyo
yari yarasezeraniwe Aburahamu) nk’ikimenyetso cy’ “igihugu” nyakuri, umurwa wo
mu ijuru, Yerusalemu Nshya (Abaheb 11:8-16; Ibyahishuwe 21-22). Ishusho
y’Isezerano rya Kera y’ “umusozi w’Imana” (reba, urugero, Yes 56:7) yari “igicucu”
cyangwa se “kopi” ikoresha ishusho cyangwa se imvugo yo mu buryo bufatika ivuga
ubuzima bwiza kurushiriza n’ibiriho byo mu buryo bwo mu umwuka bya Kristo Ubwe
(Abakol 2:16-17; Abaheb 8:1-10:22). Muri Kristo, ntimwegere wa musozi ubasha
gukorwaho . . . ahubwo mwegereye umusozi wa Siyoni n’ururembo rw’Imana ihoraho,
ni rwo Yerusalemu yo mu ijuru” (Abaheb 12:18, 22; 13:14). Abaheb 11:8-16
hasobanura neza yuko Aburahamu ubwe ntiyarimo ashakisha igihugu cyo mu buryo
bufatika ahubwo yashaka icyo mu buryo bw’umwuka: “kuko yategerezaga umudugudu
wubatswe ku mfatiro, uwo Imana yubatse, ikawurema” (Abaheb 11:10); na “ariko
noneho, barashaka gakondo, irusha icyo gihugu kuba cyiza, ni yo yo mu ijuru”
(Abaheb 11:16). Paulo arabisubiramo mu Abagal 4:21-31, aho yavuze yuko Umusozi
wa Sinayi wo mu buryo bugaragara na Yerusalemu yo mu buryo bugaragara byari mu
bucakara ariko “Yerusalemu yo mu ijuru yo ni yo mugeni, ni yo mubyeyi twese.” Mu
buryo busobanutse, “Paulo, hejuru yuko yakoresheje ibyanditswe byo mu Isezerano rya
Kera (Yes 54:1 mu Abagal 4:27) kuri Yerusalemu yo mu ijuru; ibyo na byo byahuraga
na Yerusalemu yo ku isi; yarahakanye na none avuga yuko iyi Yerusalemu ya nyuma
ata ho ifite ihurira na ‘Yerusalemu yo mu ijuru’ (Walker 1996: 131). Kimwe no muri
Mat 5:14 igihe Yesu yavugaga ku “umudugudu wubatswe ku mpinga,” iyi mvugo ye
ishobora kuba “ihuye n’ubuhanuzi bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera bujyanye n’igihe
Yerusalemu cyangwa se umusozi w’inzu y’Imana, cyangwa se Siyoni, uzazamurwa
mbere, isi ibireba, amahanga ayihekaho.” (Carson 1984: 139-40). Ijambo “u” riherekeza
“mudugudu” ntarihari, nta wamenya neza icyo bivuga icyo ari cyo. Ariko, nimba ari
byo, bishimangira yuko abigishwa ba Yesu ari bo bakoze insanganyamatsiko nyakuri
y’ubwoko bw’Imana, uburyohe bw’ubwami bw’Imana bwo mu buryo bugaragara
bw’ubwami bw’Imana, n’umuyoboro w’ivugabutumwa—insanganyamatsiko zose
zikaba zishingiye ku gitekerezo cya Matayo” (Ibid.: 140).
(3) IR na none ryongera gutanga ibisobanuro ku bijyanye n’isezerano ry’ “igihugu”
mu kurihuza n’uburuhukiro bw’abizera bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka cyangwa se
bushingiye ku gakiza. Umutima w’isezerano ry’igihugu wari “uburuhukiro” bwa
Isirayeli bava mu maboko y’abanzi babo bose n’ukubona ibyo kubamara ubukene
byose (reba Guteg 12:9-11; 25:19; Yos 1:23; Zab 95:10-11). “Uburyo busanzwe bwo
gusobanukirwa isezerano mu Itangiriro 17:8 [ku bijyanye n’igihugu] ryashobora
kutwerekeza ku gitekerezo cy’uko ugukebwa kukiri itegeko ku ubwoko bw’Imana
(Itangiriro 17:9-14). Ariko Paulo yaratsinze impaka kuri icyo kibazo mu Bagalatiya no
mu Nama Nkuru y’itorero ry’i Yerusalemu (Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa 15)!” (Travis 1982:
134) Nuko rero, Abaheb 3:7-4:11 hahindura insobanuro y’isezerano ry’ “Igihugu”
ryatanzwe mu Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu hakabihwanisha n’uburuhukiro
bwo mu urwego rw’agakiza. Hatabayeho ukwirengagiza isezerano ry’ igihugu, Abaheb
3:7-11, 15, 4:3, 5, 7 hasubiramo Zab 95:7-11 kandi hagakomoza ku Kub 14:23 na
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
41
Guteg 1:34-35 aho “kwinjira mu kiruhuko cy’Imana” bihuzwa no kwinjira mu gihugu
cy’isezerano cya Kanani. N’ubwo bimeze bityo, Abaheb 3:11; 4:3, 5 hasubiramo na
none iki gice cya Zab 95:11 kivuga ngo, “ntibazinjira mu buruhukiro bwanjye.”
Abaheb 4:9-11 hanzura havuga yuko hariho uburuhukiro dukwiye kwitegurira
kwinjiramo. “Ibi Byanditswe [Abaheb 3:7-4:11] bisa n’uko bijya impaka [na Yos
21:43-45] kugeza ubwo tuzashyira mu gaciro insobanuro zihabwa uburuhukiro n’
igihugu mu Abaheburayo igice cya 3 n’icya 4. Urubyaro rwo mu butayu ntirwemerewe
kwinjira mu ‘Uburuhukiro bw’Imana,’ bisobanura yuko batemerewe kwinjira mu
Gihugu cy’Isezerano. Ibi byumvikana neza mu Abaheburayo igice cya 3 havuga yuko
bataronse agakiza. N’ubwo bimeze bityo, Yosuwa we, yajyanye Abisirayeli mu
Gihugu cy’Isezerano, bahabwa uburukiro hejuru y’abanzi babo bo mu buryo
bw’umubiri! Ariko umwanditsi w’urwandiko rw’Abaheburayo arimo avuga ku
isohozwa ryo mu buryo bugaragara rijyanye n’igihugu cyo mu buryo bugaragara
n’uburuhukiro hejuru y’intambara; hakabaho kugana mu uburuhukiro bwo mu buryo
bw’umwuka. Isezerano rya Kanani nk’ubutunzi bw’iteka ryose ryarangiye risohorezwa
mu ubutunzi bw’iteka bw’agakiza k’iteka.” (Lehrer 2006: 36)
c. Isezerano ry’ “umugisha”. “Muri Yesu Imana yakoze neza ibyo yari yaremereye Aburahamu
(Itang 12:3), nyuma abisubiramo mu Bahanuzi; na cyane-cyane, kugeza imigisha ku mahanga
yose yo mu isi” (Williamson 2007: 190). Mu Ibyak 3:25-26, Petero asubiramo isezerano ry’
“umugisha” ryahawe Aburahamu mu Itang 22:18 kandi iryo sezerano aryerekeza kuri bariya
bose bakijijwe kubera ukwizera Kristo, avuga ati, “Namwe muri abana b’abahanuzi kandi muri
ab’isezerano Imana yasezeranye na sekuruza wanyu, ibwira Aburahamu iti ‘Mu rubyaro rwawe
ni mo imiryango yose yo mu isi izaherwa umugisha.’ Ni mwebwe Imana yabanje gutumaho
Umugaragu wayo, imaze kumuzura, kugira ngo abahe umugisha, abahindure, umuntu wese, ngo
ave mu byaha bye.” Mu Abagal 3:8-9, 14 Paulo asubiramo isezerano ry’ “umugisha” ryo mu
Itang 12:3 ariko agasobanura yuko “umugisha wa Aburahamu” ni wo gutsindanishirizwa
kwacu binyuze mu ukwizera kubonerwa “muri Yesu Kristo honyine.” Nuko rero, ku bijyanye
n’isezerano ry’ “urubyaro” n’isezerano ry’ “igihugu”, byari byitezwe yuko “umugisha”
usohorera, atari mu buryo bw’ “ibigaragara”, ahubwo mu buryo bw’umwuka muri Kristo.
B. Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi risohorera muri Kristo n’Itorero 2 Sam 7:1-17 harimo “Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi” aho Imana yasezeranye ko izahagurutsa uwo
mu rubyaro rwa Dawidi inyuma ye kandi “izakomeza intebe y’ubwami bwe iteka ryose” (2 Sam 7:12-13, 16;
reba na none Zab 89:29, 36-37). Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi ryaje rinoza Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe
Aburahamu, rivuga mu magambo atomoye, mu gice kimwe, uburyo Imana izasohoza amasezerano yahaye
Aburahamu. Bityo, ayo masezerano makuru ahurizwa hamwe. Ibi byavuzweho muri Yer 33:23-26, hahuza
isohozwa ry’isezerano rya Aburahamu n’irya Dawidi. Na none, isengesho rya Mariya (Luka 1:46-55)
n’ubuhanuzi bwa Zakariya (Luka 1:67-79) “bigarurira hamwe isezerano rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu
n’iryahawe Dawidi mu isezerano rikuru rimwe. . . . Mu byagiye bivumburwa muri rya sengesho, abasomyi
bafata icy’uko isezerano rya Gaburiyeli ku bijyanye na Yesu uzicara ku ntebe ya Dawidi ryubatse mu isezerano
Imana yahaye Aburahamu” (Brawley 1995: 20). “Ibintu bibiri byasohoye, hejuru y’ibindi, bibonwa
nk’umuteguro w’ukuza kwa Yesu. Ibi na byo, n’amasezerano akubiye mu Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe
Aburahamu, Isaka na Yakobo, n’ingoma ya Dawidi. Abantu batatu, Aburahamu, Dawidi na Yesu, bafatanyiriza
hamwe intego n’ibikorwa byo gukiza by’Imana mu gikorwa kimwe kinini cyo gukiza. Amateka yose ya Isirayeli
ashyirwa mu uburyo Imana ihishura igikorwa cyayo cyo gucungura, icyo Imana ihishura mu buryo
bw’ugucungurwa, kikarangirira muri Yesu Kristo.” (Goldsworthy 1991: 56)
Iri huriro riguma rizunguruka hagati ya Aburahamu, Dawidi, na Yesu ribonwa mu buryo bwinshi.
Ibisekuruza bya Yesu nk’uko byavuzwe na Matayo “bivuga mu nshamake uburyo byubatse: bituvana kuri
Aburahamu bikatugeza kuri Dawidi, bikadukura kuri Dawidi bikatugeza ku gihe cy’ubunyage, bikadukura ku
gihe cyo kuva mu ubunyage bikatugeza kuri Kristo (Mat 1:17). . . . Igihe tugeze ku kibwirizwa cya mbere cya
Petero, dusanga yuko yibanda cyane-cyane ku bisekuruza uhereye kuri Dawidi ukageza kuri Kristo [Ibyak 2:
22-36]. Ikibwirizwa cya Paulo i Antiyokiya gikomoza ubwa mbere kuri Aburahamu, kikaja ku mateka y’agakiza
kugeza kuri Dawidi, nyuma kigasimbuka kuva kuri Dawidi ukageza kuri Kristo (Ibyak 13:17-23). . . .
Inshamake ya Paulo mu Abaroma 1:1-4 ishimangira ubu buryo bwo gusobanukirwa. Muri ibi bice dukuramo
umurongo ngenderwaho mu bijyanye no kwamamaza ubutumwa bwiza. Aburahamu ni we utangira,
hagakurikiraho amateka y’urubyaro rwe, bikarangirira kuri Dawidi. Nyuma tukajya ku rubyaro rwa Dawidi uwo
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
42
byose biza bikarangiriza ku ndunduro ari yo sohozwa y’inkuru kuri Yesu w’i Nazareti. . . . Impamvu Matayo na
Paulo bashobora gusimbuka bakava kuri Dawidi bakajya kuri Yesu n’uko igiteranyo cya byose cy’ibyo
ubuhanuzi bwari bwiteze wari umuzo w’ingoma y’icyubahiro ibonerwa mu gicucu cy’ingoma ya Dawidi.
Isohozwa rya byose, n’uko hari kuza umwami ufite inkomoko yo mu buryo bw’umubiri yo mu rubyaro rwa
Dawidi, uyu na we akaba azanywe no gukiza iyo ngoma no kwicara ku ntebe yayo y’ubwami.” (Goldsworthy
2000: 89, 108)
1. Ibisekuruza bya Yesu n’ukuvuka kwe bivuga yuko yasohoje Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawid.
a. Ubutumwa bwatangajwe n’Umumalayika Gaburiyeli. N’imbere yuko Yesu avuka,
umumarayika Gaburiyeli yakomoje ku byanditswe muri 2 Sam 7:12-13 na Yes 9:6-7, igihe
yavugaga yuko Yesu yasohoje Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi igihe yabwiraga Mariya yuko
Yesu “azaba mukuru, azitwa Umwana w’Isumbabyose; kandi Umwami Imana izamuha intebe
y’ubwami ya sekuruza Dawidi, azima mu nzu ya Yakobo iteka ryose, ubwami bwe ntibuzashira”
(Luka 1:31-33). Bityo Matayo atangiza ubu butumwa asobanura ibya Yesu “nk’umwana wa
Dawidi, umwana wa Aburahamu” (Mat 1:1).27
Ijambo “Mwana wa Dawidi” n’ijambo
ryerekeye kuri Mesiya (reba Mat 22:42; Mariko 12:35). Abandi bemeye ubushobozi bwa Yesu
n’uburyo ari uw’umwihariko bakoresheje ijambo “Mwana wa Dawidi” bamuvugaho (Mat
9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9; Mariko 10:47-48; Luka 18:38-39). Na Yesu na we ayo
magambo ni yo yakoresheje yivugaho (Mariko 12:35-37). “Igihe yahumuraga impumyi i
Yeriko yamuhamagaye mu izina rya Mwana wa Dawidi, Yesu yemeye ku mugaragaro ko ari
We koko” (Goppelt 1982: 87).
b. Isezerano ryo kwitana “se-umwana” riri mu Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi. Iryo
sezerano rivuga ngo “Nzamubera se na we azambera umwana” (2 Sam 7:14) rikoreshwa kuri
Yesu mu Abaheb 1:5. Hisunzwe 2 Sam 7:14, “Umwana w’Imana” n’amagambo yerekeye kuri
Mesiya kandi avuga ku umwami Dawidi wari watanzweho isezerano. Bityo, kuvuga isohozwa
ry’Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi, Yesu yakunze kwitwa “Umwana w’Imana” (Mat 4:3, 6;
8:29; 26:63; 27:40, 54; Mariko 1:1; 3:11; 15:39; Luka 1:35; 3:38; 4:3, 9, 41; Yoh 1:34, 49;
11:27; 20:31; Ibyak 8:37; 9:20; Abarom 1:4; 2 Abakor 1:19; Abagal 2:20; Abef 4:13; Abaheb 4:14; 6:6; 7:3; 10:29; 1 Yoh 3:8; 4:15; 5:5, 10, 12, 13, 20). Yesu na We yakoresheje
amagambo “Umwana w’Imana” igihe yabaga arimo yivugaho (Mat 26:63-64; 27:43; Mariko
14:61-62; Luka 22:70; Yoh 3:18; 5:25; 10:36; 11:4; 19:7; Ibyah 2:18).
c. Ubuhanuzi bwa Mika. Mika yahanuye avuga yuko Mesiya yari kuvukira i Betelehemu (Mika
5:2). Mu buryo bwo gusohoza ubuhanuzi bwa Mika, Yesu yavukiye i Betelehemu (Mat 2:1-6;
Yoh 7:42), umudugudu Dawidi na we yakomokagamo (Rusi 4:11, 22; 1 Sam 16:1-13). Luka
yandikana ubushishozi avuga yuko Yosefu (Umurezi ariko uzwi nka se wa Yesu) yari “uwo mu
nzu ya Dawidi no mu muryango we” kandi yuko Betelehemu, aho Yesu yavukiye, hari
“umudugudu wa Dawidi” (Luka 2:4).
2. IR ritanga ishusho y’ubuzima bwa Yesu isa n’iy’ubuzima bwa Dawidi, umwami wari waratanzweho
isezerano. Muri Yes 11:1-10 umuhanuzi yavuze yuko “Mu gitsina cya Yesayi hazakomoka agashami,
mu mizi ye hazumbura ishami ryere imbuto. Umwuka w’Uwiteka azaba kuri we.” 28 Yer 23:5 havuga
yuko “ishami rikiranuka”, iryo Uwiteka “azahagurukiriza Dawidi’ azima abe umwami” (reba na none
Yer 30:9). Abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya bashimangira icy’uko Yesu yari “uwo mu rubyaro rwa
Dawidi” (Yoh 7:42; Ibyak 13:22-23; Abar 1:3; 2 Tim 2:8). Yesu na We ubwe ashimangira ibijyanye
n’uko akomoka kuri Dawidi kandi yuko afite ubutware nk’ubwe (Ibyah 3:7; 5:5; 22:16). Mu Abar
15:12, Paulo akoresha amagambo yo muri Yes 11:10 avuga kuri Yesu Kristo no ku uburyo
Abanyamahanga bazahurira mu itorero. Umwanya Yesu ahagazemo nk’umwami Dawidi wa Isirayeli
wari warahanuwe, avugwa muri buri cyiciro cy’ubuzima bwe bwo ku isi; nyuma akavugwaho ibijyanye
n’icyubahiro cyo kuzuka kwe.
27
“Benshi bavuze yuko uburyo Matayo yashyize ibisekuruza bya Yesu mu byiciro bitatu, buri cyiciro kikaba kigizwe
n’ibisekuruza cumi na bine (1:17) byashobora kuba birimo ikintu kijyanye n’imiterere ya Dawidi mu Giheburayo (indome
d, w, na d) ni 14 (d = 4, w = 6)” (Holwerda 1995: 33n.10). 28
“Urugero ruruta izindi rwo gusobanura amagambo yo mu Isezerano rya Kera yifashishijwe mu ugusobanura igishya ni
Matayo 2:23: ‘aragenda, atura mu mu gisagara cyitwa Nazareti. Bityo, ibyari byaravuzwe n’abahanuzi biba birasohoye;
ngo: “Azitwa Umunazareti.”’ Bigaragara yuko, Matayo, igihe yifashishaga ibyanditswe muri Yesaya 11;1, aho ‘igitsi’
cy’ijambo ryakoreshejwe ari nezer. Kubera yuko ayo magambo yumvikana kimwe, nezer ryahindutse ‘Nazareti.’ Matayo
abwirizwa kuba yarirengagije ikintu kimwe igihe yakuragamo ako gatosi, ikintu abahanuzi bakunze kwifashisha.” (Kaiser
1995: 35)
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
43
a. Ubuzima bw’ibanze bwa Yesu. Kubera gusoma Isezerano rya Kera, abanyabwenge bamenye
yuko Yesu yavutse, baza baturutse i Burasirazuba baje kumureba (reba Mat 2:1-6). Babajije
ikibazo bati, “Umwami w’Abayuda wavutse ari hehe? Ko twabonye inyenyeri ye turi i
Burasirazuba, none tukaba tuje kumuramya” (Mat 2:2).
b. Kubatizwa kwa Yesu no kurabagirana kwe. Mat 3:16 na Yoh 1:32 bombi bakoresheje
ibyanditswe muri Yes 11:2 kuri Yesu igihe yabatizwaga, Yohana Umubatiza abona “Umwuka
w’Imana amanuka, asa n’inuma, amujyaho.” Igihe cyo kubatizwa no guhindurwa kwa Yesu,
Data yavuze ngo “Nguyu umwana wanjye nkunda nkamwishimira” (Mat 3:17; Mariko 1:11;
Luka 3:22) rihuye na Zab 2:7. Zaburi 2 ni Zaburi ya Mesiya, kandi imirongo ibanziriza iyi
Zaburi yavuze ku nsanganyamatsiko y’ingoma ya Dawidi i Yerusalemu” (Walker 1996: 2). Mu
Ibyak 13:32-33, Paulo akoresha Zab 2:7 kuri Yesu asobanura iby’ukuzuka kwe. Nk’uko
Dawidi yasizwe amavuta na Samweli mbere y’uko yemerwa nk’umwami nyakuri wa Isirayeli,
ni na ko “umubatizo wa Yesu wabaye ikimenyetso cyo kumwimika nk’umwami nyakuri i
Yerusalemu mu cyimbo cya Dawidi. . . . Igihe Mariko yarimo avuga inkuru ivuga ku ukuza kwa
Yesu i Yerusalemu, izi nsanganyamatsiko zigenda zigaruka—yuko Yesu ari ‘Umwami’ nyakuri
mu cyimbo cya Dawidi (10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35) kandi ko ari ‘Umwami Imana’ (11:3).” (Ibid.)
Kwa kurabagirana kwa Yesu kwongeye kugaruka, Eliya [Eliya w’ukuri atari Yohana
Umubatiza], na ya magambo Data wo mu ijuru yavugaga igihe cyo kubatizwa kwa Yesu,
“Nguyu Umwana wanjye nkunda, nkamwishimira” yongeye kugaruka kandi igihe Yesu
yarabagiranaga (Mat 17:1-13; Mariko 9:1-13; Luka 9:28-36).
c. Yesu atangira umurimo we. Igihe Natanayeli yahuraga na Yesu ubwa mbere, yavuze ati,
“Mwigisha, uri Umwana w’Imana; uri Umwami wa Isirayeli” (Yoh 1:49).
d. Umurimo wa Yesu i Galilaya. Igihe Yesu yatangizaga umurimo we i Galilaya, Mat 4:14-16
hemeza yuko ibi ari isohozwa ry’ibyahanuwe igihe yavugaga amagambo ari muri Yes 9:1-2
(“Igihugu cy’i Zebuluni n’igihugu cy’i Nafutali . . . babonye umucyo mwinshi”). “Matayo
atangaza impande ebyiri z’ihuriro hagati y’ubu buhanuzi na Yesu. Icya mbere, ubuhanuzi
butanga isezerano ry’umucyo n’agakiza ku bantu batuye i Galilaya. Icya kabiri, ibyo Yesaya
akoreraho muri 9:1 (no gukomeza) bitanga isezerano yuko ako gakiza kazazanwa n’Umwana
wa Dawidi watanzweho isezerano, uzashyiraho ubwami bw’iteka ryose [Yes 9:7]. Bityo, kuba
Yesu yakoreye i Galilaya ntibyavuzwe kubera ibijyanye n’akarere yakoreyemo byonyine,
ahubwo byabaye mu urwego rw’ihishurirwa ryavugaga yuko umwete wa Yehova urimo
urakorera mu mateka ushinga intwaro y’ukuri n’ugukiranuka kw’ubwami bwa Dawidi
bwatanzwe nk’isezerano (Yesaya 9:6 no gukomeza).” (Holwerda 1995: 49)
e. Yesu agera i Yerusalemu ubwa nyuma. Zef 3:8-20 n’ijambo rivuga ku urubanza n’agakiza.
Kirangira kivuga ku bantu bashya (“abasigaye ba Isirayeli” —Zef 3:12-13) na “Umwami wa
Isirayeli, Uwiteka, ari muri wowe imbere” (Zef 3:14-17). Azategekera mu munezero
n’amahoro “ku musozi wanjye wera” (Zef 3:11, 18-20). Zak 9:8-17 atanga ijambo rihwanye
n’iryo ku gakiza ka Isirayeli. Umwami avugwaho nk’ “aje aho uri . . . yicishije bugufi,
agendera ku ndogobe, ndetse no ku cyana cyayo” (Zak 9:9). Igihe Yesu yinjiraga i Yerusalemu
ubwa nyuma, ubutumwa bwiza bwose bune bubisobanura nk’ukuza kw’umwami ukomoka kuri
Dawidi (Mat 21:1-11; Mariko 11:1-11; Luka 19:28-40; Yoh 12:12-16). Mariko 11:10
havuga mu magambo atomoye ngo, “Hahirwe n’ubwami buje, ni bwo bwami bwa sogokuruza
Dawidi.” Matayo na Yohana bahurira ku ikoreshwa ry’amagambo yo muri Yes 62:11; Zef 3:16
na Zak 9:9 kugira ngo bashimangire yuko Yesu yasohoje ubuhanuzi bw’Umwami wa Isirayeli
winjiye i Yerusalemu (Mat 21:1-5; Yoh 12:12-16).
f. Urubanza rwa Yesu n’urupfu rwe. Yesu ubwe yashimangiye yuko ari “Umwami w’Abayuda”
(Mat 27:11; Mariko 15:2; Luka 23:3). Muri Yoh 18:33-37, na none, igihe yongera kuvuga
yuko ari umwami koko, Yesu yavuze yuko ubwami bwe budahwanye n’ubw’isi cyangwa se
n’ubwami bwo mu buryo bugaragara nk’uko benshi bari babyiteze cyangwa se babyibwiraga.
Igihe yari ku musaraba, ikimenyetso cyashyizwe hejuru ye cyavugaga yuko yari “Umwami
w’Abayuda” (Mat 27:37; Mariko 15:26; Luka 23:38; Yoh 19:19-20; reba na none Mat
27:42; Mariko 15:32; Luka 23:37; Yoh 19:21-22).
g. Ukuzuka kwa Yesu. Mu Ibyak 2:29-36, Petero yasubiyemo Isezerano Rikuru rya Dawidi
yuko “Imana yamurahiye indahiro yuko izamuha umwe mu buzukuruza be ngo abe ari we
usubira ku ngoma ye” (Ibyak 2:30; reba Zab 132:11) kandi yongera asubiramo Zab 16:10
avuga yuko Imana “Kandi utazakundira umukunzi wawe kubora” (Ibyak 2:27, 31). Yongeyeho
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
44
yuko ubwo buhanuzi butarimo buvuga kuri Dawidi “yuko yapfuye agahambwa, ndetse n’igituro
cye kiracyari iwacu n’ubu” (Ibyak 2:29). Ahubwo, ubwo buhanuzi bwasobanuraga “yavugaga
ibyo kuzuka kwa Kristo, abibonye bitaraba” (Ibyak 2:31). Hejuru y’ibyo, ayo masezerano yose
yo mu buryo bw’iteka, iyo migisha, izo mbabazi, byeretswe Dawidi byavuzwe mu magambo
make Yesaya yavuze ati, “imbabazi zidahwema Dawidi yasezeranyijwe” (Yes 55:3). Isezerano
n’umugisha byahawe Dawidi “Inzu yawe n’ubwami bwawe bizahoraho bidakuka iminsi yose;
kandi intebe y’ubwami bwawe izakomera iteka ryose.” (2 Sam 7:16). Mu Ibyak 13:34, Paulo
yavuze LXX [bisobanura, uburyo Bibiliya y’Igiheburayo yasobanuwe mu Kigiriki; izwi nka
Septuagint] ya Yes 55:3 kandi havuga yuko isezerano y’ “imigisha yera kandi ihamye ya
Dawidi” yasohoreye mu ukuzuka kwa Yesu. Bityo, ukuzuka kwa Yesu ava mu bapfuye ni kwo
kwabaye inzira Imana yanyuzemo kugira ngo isohoze isezerano ryayo ry’uko ingoma ya
Dawidi izahoraho iteka ryose.
3. Inshuro zirenze imwe, Yesu yivuzeho nk’umwuzukuru wa Dawidi.
a. Igihe abigishwa ba Yesu baciye intete z’ingano ku isabato (Mat 12:1-8; Mariko 2:23-28;
Luka 6:1-5). Igihe Abafarisayo baregaga abigishwa ba Yesu kubera ko bishe Isabato baca
imitwe y’impeke igihe barimo banyura mu murima, Yesu yasubiyemo amagambo ari muri 1
Sam 21:1-6, aho Dawidi n’abantu be bariye ku byateguriwe umurimo w’Imana mu Ihema
ry’Ibonaniro. Yesu yasobanuye uburyo ibyo Dawidi yakoze byari binyuranyije n’amategeko
(“amategeko ntiyemera ko abandi babirya keretse abatambyi bonyine”). Icyo Yesu ashaka
kwumvisha s’uko ibyo Dawidi n’abantu be bakoze byashyigikiraga iby’abigishwa be bakoze
(“ntibisobanura yuko buri Mwisirayeli wese ushonje yakurikiza urugero rwa Dawidi agahita
afata imitsima iri ku meza y’ihongerero akayirya, cyangwa se ngo agende avune amahundo
y’ingano ku Isabato”) [Beare 1960: 134]). Na none ntarimo ashimangira yuko iby’umubiri
ukeneye byaza imbere y’amategeko (muri ibi, nta na hamwe bivuga yuko abigishwa bari
bashonje cyane cyangwa bari mu bukene byatumye bakora biriya). Na none ntarimo avuga yuko
Ibyanditswe byemera yuko habaho imbabazi zirenze hejuru y’amategeko biruta uko
Abafarisayo babikora. Ahubwo, Yesu arimo atanga icyifuzo gishingiye ku murimo wa Mesiya:
“Ubundi buryo bwo kubibona bwiza kuruta ubwa mbere bushobora kugerwaho igihe
igishingiweho mu gisomwa cyashyizwe ahagaragara: 1. Izo nkuru zose eshatu zitanga
ibisobanuro byo mu buryo bukomeye, n’ibitekerezo byinshi, imibanire yari hagati ya Dawidi
n’abantu be; 2. Izo nkuru zose zanzura zivuga ububasha bwa Kristo hejuru y’Isabato; 3. Nyuma
y’ibyanditswe muri 1 Samweli 21, Matayo yongeraho ahamagarira abantu mu buryo
bw’ikimenyetso kwifashisha Isezerano rya Kera [urugero, Mat 12:5-6]. Ibyo byose hamwe
bishaka kuvuga yuko ikigamijwe kwari ukwerekana isano riri hagati ya Dawidi na Yesu: Nimba
Dawidi, hamwe n’abantu be, yari afite uburenganzira bwo kurenga amategeko, bisobanura
yuko ‘umwuzukuruza’ wa Dawidi we n’abigishwa be bo bafite ububasha burenze ubw’abo.”
(Moo 1984: 8; reba na none Beare 1960: 134)
b. Amaze kwinjira i Yerusalemu mu cyubahiro cye Yesu atangira kujya impaka n’Abafarisayo
(Mat 22:41-46; Mariko 12:35-37; Luka 20:41-44). Yesu yabajije Abafarisayo icyo batekereza
kuri Kristo: “N’umwana wa nde?” Basubije bati, n’ “Umwana wa Dawidi.” Nyuma
abasubiriramo Zab 110:1 “Uwiteka abwira Umwami wanjye.” Nyuma arababaza ati, Nimba
Dawidi [wanditse iyi Zaburi] amwita ‘Umwami’ ashobora ate kuba umwana we?” Yesu yarimo
yerekeza ikiganiro kuri We ubwe nka We Mesiya, “umwuzukuru” wa Dawidi, kandi yuko afite
inkomōko ku Mana (reba Goppelt 1982: 83 [“Ijambo ‘Mwami’ (kurios) rimugira ureshya
n’Imana”]). Abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya basobanukiwe icyo Yesu yarimo avuga. Zab 110:1
yahindutse icyanditswe ngenderwaho mu IR (hariho ibyanditswe 21 aho abanditsi bakomoza
kuri iki cyanditswe mu byanditswe byo mu IR). Icy’ingenzi ku banditsi b’Abakristu b’Itorero
rya Mbere, na cyane-cyane ushingiye ku cy’uko bari bafite idini rimwe gusa rya Kiyuda, n’uko
ibi byari bifite ibisobanuro bihambaye. “[Zab 110:1] yashobora gusomerwa abantu kugira ngo
bavuge gusa yuko Mesiya ahabwa umwanya w’icyubahiro nk’umuntu wicara i ruhande
rw’intebe y’Imana, aho aguma yicaye ategereje gusa umunsi azimikirwamo kugira ngo atangire
umurimo we wo gutwara isi. Uku ni ko nyuma bamwe mu Bigisha bagiye bayisoma.
Birumvikana rero yuko Abakristu bo mu Itorero rya Mbere babisoma mu buryo butandukanye:
Bagashyira Yesu ku ntebe y’Imana mu ijuru, agakora umurimo wo mu urwego rw’Imana wo
gutegeka ibintu byose.” (Bauckham 1998: 29)
4. Ukuzuka kwa Yesu kwerekana yuko ari We sohozwa ry’Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi. Ijambo
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
45
rikuru Paulo yavuze mu Ibyak 13:16-41 rivuga uburyo Kristo ari we Mucunguzi wari waratanzweho
isezerano, wo mu muryango wa Dawidi (Ibyak 13:22-23). Icy’ingenzi n’uko Imana yujuje isezerano
yakoranye na Dawidi na Isirayeli igihe yazuraga Yesu imukura mu bapfuye (Ibyak 13:30-37). Mu
ijambo rye, amagambo ya Paulo asa n’amagambo ari mu isezerano ryahawe Dawidi muri 2 Samweli 7,
na cyane-cyane nk’uko yakoreshejwe mu nsobanuro ya Bibiliya ishyirwa mu Kigiriki [Septuagint] (reba
Goldsmith 1968: 321-22). Mu Ibyak 13:34, Paulo avuga yuko Kristo yazuwe akurwa mu bapfuye
“ubutazasubira mu iborero.” Kubera ibyo, Paulo akoresha amagambo yo muri Yes 55: 3, “Na njye
nzasezerana nawe isezerano rihororaho, ni zo mbabazi zidahwema Dawidi yasezeraniwe,” iri na ryo
rihura na rimwe mu masezerano akubiye mu isezerano rikuru Imana yahaye Dawidi” kandi rifitanye
isano na “umukunzi wawe-uwera” yo muri Zab 16:10 [15:10, LXX] (Ibid.: 323-24). Mu yandi
magambo, Yes 55:3 asubirwamo mu ukwerekana uburyo Imana yasohojwe amasezerano ari muri II
Samweli 7. . . . II Sam 7:15a na 16a yasohoreye mu uburyo Yesu atongeye kubora ukundi. . . .
Amagambo atandukanye yo mu Isezerano rya Kera (IK) yakoreshejwe mu Ibyak 13:33-37
ntiyatoranyijwe mu buryo butarangwagamo ubushishozi, ahubwo umuhanga yifashishije ubuhanga bwe
mu bijyanye n’amategeko agenga imyandikire n’imenyekanishamana mu ukugaragariza Abayuda
uburyo Imana yasohoje isezerano yahaye Dawidi muri II Samweli 7—cyane-cyane iryo kuzura Yesu
imukura mu bapfuye.” (Ibid.:324)
5. Ubu na ho Yesu yarazamutse, yicaye kandi arimo ategekera ku “ntebe ya Dawidi.” Mbere yuko
avuka, umumarayika Gaburiyeli yemereye Mariya yuko Uwiteka Imana azaha Yesu “intebe y’ubwami
ya sekuruza Dawidi; azima mu nzu ya Yakobo iteka ryose, ubwami bwe ntibuzashira” (Luka 1:32-33).
Nyuma y’ukuzuka kwe, Yesu yabwiye abigishwa be yuko “Nahawe ubutware bwose mu ijuru no mu
isi” (Mat 28:18). Ku izamuka rye mu ijuru, ni ho igice cya nyuma ku bijyanye n’Isezerano Rikuru
ryahawe Dawidi cyasohorera—“urubyaro” nyakuri rwa Dawidi, umwana w’Imana yicaye hasi ku
“ntebe ya Dawidi”, aho arimo ategekera mu bushobozi bwe bwose (reba Mariko 16:19; Luka 22:69;
Abef 1:20-23; Abakol 3:1; Abaheb 1:3; 1 Pet 3:21-22; Ibyah 1:5; 3:21). Ku munsi wa Pentekote,
Petero asobanura neza uburyo Yesu yasohoje Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi binyuze mu kuzuka no
kuzamuka mu ijuru kwe (Ibyak 2:22-36). Mu buryo bwo gusomera mu ruhame no kugereranya, Petero
ahuza 2 Samweli 7 na Zaburi 16:8-11, 110:1, na 132:11 n’icy’uko “kwicara ku ntebe ya Dawidi
bigereranywa n’ukwicara i buryo bw’Imana.” Mu yandi magambo, Petero ashyira imbere iby’ukuzuka
kwa Yesu no kuzamuka mu ijuru kwe akicara i buryo bw’Imana nk’isohozwa ry’Isezerano Imana
yahaye Dawidi” (Bock 1992: 49, icyashingiweho mu icyanditswe cy’umwimerere).
6. Paulo yifashishije 2 Sam 7:14 igihe akoresha 2 Abakor 6:18, Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi na
ryo arihuza n’itorero. Mu buryo busobanutse, Paulo ahindura amagambo akoreshwa ku isezerano Imana
yashyizeho ku muhungu wa Dawidi Salomo (“Nzamubera se na we azambera umwana”) ayasimbuza
amagambo yandi ati, “nzababera So, namwe muzambere abahungu n’abakobwa.” Ibi byerekana yuko
Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Dawidi ryakomeje, rikarengana Dawidi na Salomo, rikajya gusohorera kuri
Kristo n’itorero.
C. Isezerano Rishya risohorera muri Kristo n’Itorero Yer 31:31-34 havuga isezerano rikubiye mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya Imana yakoranye “n’Inzu ya
Isirayeli n’Inzu ya Yuda.” Isezerano Rikuru Rishya rizaba isezerano rikuru ry’iteka ryose aho Imana izandika
amategeko yayo mu mitima y’abantu bayo, abantu bayo bazamenya neza Uwiteka, kandi azabababarira ibyaha
byabo kandi ntazongera kubyibuka ukundi (reba na none Yer 32:38-40; 50:4-5; Ezek 11:14-20; 36:24-32;
37:15-28).29
1. Igihe bahurira ku Igaburo ryera rya nyuma, Yesu yavuze mu magambo arambuye yuko yarimo
afungura ku mugaragaro Isezerano Rikuru Rishya mu maraso ye (Luka 22:20; reba 1 Abakor 11:25).
“Kwerekeza igitekerezo ku ukubabarira ibyaha byavuzwe na Yeremiya mbere yuko bishyirwa mu
bikorwa (Mat 26:28; Yer 31:34) no ku maraso nk’uko byahwanyijwe n’isohozwa ry’Isezerano Rikuru
rya Mose ryo mu buryo bw’umwimerere (Luka 22:20; Kuva 24:7) bishimangira yuko Yesu
yasobanukiwe yuko urupfu rwe ruhwanye n’ugukingura ku mugaragaro isezerano rikuru rishya”
(Williamson 2007: 184). “Mu mirongo myinshi ye [umwanditsi w’Abaheburayo] ahuza
29
Ezek 11:14-20 havuga ku ukugaruka kwa Isirayeli bava mu bunyage ariko hagakoresha imvugo y’Isezerano Rikuru
Rishya (“Nanjye nzabaha umutima uhuye, kandi mbashyiremo umwuka mushya; umutima w’ibuye nzawukura mu mubiri
wabo, mbahe umutima woroshye, kugira ngo bagendere mu mategeko yanjye, bakomeze amateka yanjye, kandi
bayasohoze: na bo bazaba ubwoko bwanjye, na njye nzaba Imana yabo.”). Bityo, kuva mu bunyage bataha mu gihugu
cyabo, na byo n’ “ikigereranyo” cy’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
46
ibiyanditswemo n’isezerano rikuru “rishya” cyangwa se “ryiza kuruta” irya mbere. Ibi na byo n’amaraso
ya Yesu yarimo avugaho (10:29, 12:24, 13:20). Yasobanuye amagambo ya Yeremiya akoresheje
imvugo y’ubutambyi n’iy’ibitambo kuko yabonaga Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera mu ndorerwamo y’ayo
magambo nyene. Abona kandi igikorwa cya Kristo nk’ukuri imigenzo n’ubuhanuzi byerekezagaho.”
(Peterson 1979: 77) Iryo Sezerano Rikuru ryarashimangiwe kandi ribonerezwa ku musaraba (Abaheb
9:12-17). Ryashyizweho igikumwe igihe Yesu yazutse ava mu bapfuye, azamuka mu ijuru, yicarana na
Data wa twese ku ntebe y’ubwami (Abaheb 10:11-18). Nuko rero, “s’umuhuza w’Isezerano Rikuru
Rishya ry’Imana byonyine, ahubwo ni na We buturo bwaryo” (Goppelt 1982: 116).
2. N’ubwo bimeze bityo mu ishusho yaryo nk’uko ryahawe Yeremiya, Isezerano Rikuru Rishya Imana
yakoranye “n’Inzu ya Isirayeli n’Inzu ya Yuda,” nk’uko biri n’iryo yakoranye n’Aburahamu na Dawidi,
IR ryemeza yuko Isezerano Rikuru Rishya risohorezwa muri Kristo n’itorero, aho gusohorera mu
bihugu bya Isirayeli na Yuda byo mu buryo bufatika.
a. Igihe Yesu yakinguraga ku mugaragaro Isezerano Rikuru Rishya igihe cy’Igaburo ryera rya
Nyuma, ryari rijyanye n’ijambo “I”sezerano Rikuru Rishya ryasezeranijwe muri Yeremiya
kubera yuko Yer 31:31 ni cyo gice cyonyine aho ijambo “Isezerano Rikuru Rishya” ryavuzwe
mu Byanditswe mbere yuko Yesu arikoresha igihe cy’Igaburo ryera rya Nyuma. Nuko rero,
Isezerano Rikuru ryerekeye bariya bose bizeye Kristo (urugero, itorero), yaba Umuyuda
cyangwa se Umunyamahanga (nk’uko Paulo abisobanura neza igihe asubiramo amagambo ya
Yesu arimo avugaga ku itorero ry’Abanyamahanga i Korinto muri 1 Abakor 11:25).30
b. Abaheb 8-10 hakoresha mu buryo bwihariye Isezerano Rikuru Rishya kuri Kristo n’itorero.
Abaheb 8:8-12, amagambo yo mu IK maremare kuruta andi yose asubirwamo mu IR,
asubiramo Isezerano Rikuru Rishya nk’uko rivugwa muri Yer 31:31-34 mu buryo bwuzuye
(harimo n’ibivuga ku “inzu ya Isirayeli n’Inzu ya Yuda”). Ibindi bice by’Abaheburayo 8-10
byerekeza Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ku itorero. Ayo magambo arongera agasubirwamo mu
Abaheb 10:16-17. Abaheb 10:15-18 yerekeza Isezerano Rikuru Rishya kuri “twe” [Abakristu,
Itorero]. Abaheb 8:6, 9:15, na 12:24, yose avuga yuko Kristo ari umuhuza w’Isezerano Rikuru
Rishya. Icy’uko “ari” (igihe cy’ubu) umuhuza yerekana yuko mu bihe bya none iryo Sezerano
Rikuru Rishya ririmo rikora. Abaheb 9:12-17 havuga yuko amaraso ya Kristo yaje
ashimangira kandi asōza Isezerano Rikuru Rishya. Abaheb 8:13 herekana yuko Isezerano
Rikuru Rishya ryatumye isezerano rya mbere (i urugero, Irya Kera, cyangwa se Isezerano rya
Mose [reba Abaheb 8:9]) rikurwa ku ruhando.31 Abaheb 10:9 na ho havuga hati, “Akuriraho
30
Tubivuze uko bikwiye, umuntu yashobora kuvuga yuko Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ryatashywe ku mugaragaro kuri
Isirayeli na Yuda kubera yuko abigishwa bose bari bahari igihe cy’Ameza ya Nyuma bari Abisirayeli. N’ubwo bimeze
bityo, Isezerano Rishya rirabisobanura neza cyane yuko Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ryerekeye Abakristo bose (urugero,
itorero), hadashingiwe yuko ari Abayuda cyangwa se Abanyamahanga. Mu gihe Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ari ryo ryazanye
ukubabarira ibyaha (urugero, binyuze muri Kristo), bityo riguma ari yo nzira imwe yonyine Abisirayeli bashobora
gukirizwamo (reba Abar 11:26-27). 31
Abaheb 8:8-12 hasubiramo mu buryo bwuzuye ibyanditswe bivuga ku Isezerano Rikuru Rishya biri muri Yer 31:31-34.
Abaheb 8:13 hakomeza gusobanura hati, “igihe akoresha amagambo ‘Isezerano Rikuru Rishya,’ n’uko aba yambuye
agaciro irya mbere, ririmo risaza kandi ryenda gushira.” Uburyo Yeremiya akoresha ijambo isezerano rikuru “rishya”
byerekana yuko “hagati mu ishusho y’ubuhanuzi bwerekeye ku masezerano meza kuruta aya mbere ari mu isezerano
rikuru rishya (umurongo wa 6), irya kera rigaragara neza ritakijyanye n’ibihe kandi yuko rigenewe gukurwa ku ruhando.
Igicucu cy’uko ririmo rikurwaho cyamaze gutangira kurigaragaraho.” (Hughes 1977: 302) N’ubwo bimeze bityo, hariho
n’ibindi byaba byavuzweho ku murongo wa nyuma ari wo 8:13. “Aya magambo avuga yuko isezerano rikuru rya kera
ririmo rishira, kandi ashobora kuba asobanura yuko, igihe umwanditsi yandikaga iri jambo, hari hakiriho ibijyanye
n’imihango ishingiye ku madini byaba bitarashira mu mitima y’abantu. Intumbero ye igaragaza yuko iyo mihango
itagihuye n’ibihe, nta gaciro igifite kandi ko yenda gushira. Nimba uwo mwanditsi yanditse ibi mu ntango ya za 60,
ashobora kuba yarimo atekereza ku buhanuzi bwa Yesu ku ugusenywa kwa Yerusalemu (Mariko 13:2). Ibi byose
byanditswe nyuma yuko Yerusalemu n’urusengero byasenywaga muri 70 NKY kandi nta kuntu yari gushobora kunyura ku
ruhande ibijyanye n’isohozwa ryanditswe mu mateka y’ibyari mu gitekerezo cye gishingiye ku imenyekanishamana.”
(Hagner 1990: 124) Igitekerezo cya Hagner kirashimangirwa n’uko, n’ubwo igihe urwandiko rw’Abaheburayo
rwandikwaga kitazwi neza, hari ibihamya bivuga yuko hari mbere ya 70 NKY (O’Brien 2010: 15-20). Ikindi, amagambo ya
nyuma ari mu 8:13 (“cyenda gushira”) mu Kigiriki ni eggus aphanismou. “N’ubwo ijambo aphanismos rigaragara aha
honyine mu Isezerano Rishya, rirakoreshwa kenshi muri LXX (56x) mu gusobanura ibijyanye n’ugusenywa kwa Isirayeli
kwo mu buryo bugaragara (Yer. 12:11; Ezk. 6:14; Mika 7:13; Yoweli 2:13), ukwa Yerusalemu (Jer. 19:8)
n’ukw’Urusengero (Guteg 9:26; Jdt. 4:12). Nta ho byigeze bikoreshwa mu gusobanura ugushira kwagiye gukorwa buhoro-
buhoro nk’uko abenshi mu basobanuzi b’Abaheburayo 8:13 (urugero ‘ryiteguye kuzimangana – cyenda gushira’ New
American Standard Bible – NASB = Ubusobanuro bwa Bibiliya mu Cyongereza cy’Abanyamerika Gishya) babivuga.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
47
ibya mbere gukomeza ibya kabiri.” “Ibi bishyigikirwa n’icy’uko Isezerano Rikuru Rishya
ryitwa Isezerano ryo mu buryo buhoraho [Yes 55:3; 61:8; Yer 32:40; 50:5; Ezek 16:60;
37:26] mu gihe ijambo ‘rihoraho’ ritigera rikoreshwa ku isezerano rikuru [rya Mose] ryo kuri
Sinayi” (Gentry 2010: 38; reba na none ibid.: 43n.33, “Nta na hamwe isezerano rikuru ryo kuri
Sinayi ryigeze ryitwa isezerano ryo mu buryo buhoraho’”). Ibigirwaho impaka mu
Abaheburayo 8-10 n’uko Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Mose, urusengero, umurimo
w’ubutambyi, amategeko n’uburyo Isirayeli yose yatambaga ibitambo, byari “ibimenyetso”
(Abaheb 9:9), cyangwa se ngo ryitwe “ibishushanyo” (Abaheb 9:23-24), cyangwa se “igicucu”
(Abaheb 10:1; reba na none Abakol 2:16-17) cy’ “isezerano riruta iry’abo” kuko ryakomejwe
n’ “amasezerano aruta ayabo” (Abaheb 8:6): urugero, Ibi na byo n’ibiriho by’ukuri kandi byo
mu buryo buhoraho biri muri Kristo no mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya.
c. Paulo akoresha Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ku itorero. Muri 2 Abakor 3:5-6 (byandikiwe
cyane-cyane itorero ry’Abanyamahanga ry’i Korinto) Paulo avuga yuko “Imana . . .
yatubashishije . . . kuba ababwiriza b’isezerano rikuru rishya.” Ibitekerezo bikubiye mu 2
Abakorinto 3 bihanganisha Isezerano ryahawe Mose n’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya: (1)
Itandukaniro hagati y’urwandiko n’Umwuka (2 Abakor 3:3, 6, 17-18). (2) Icya mbere
n’igikorwa cy’ugupfa no gucirwaho iteka; icya kabiri n’ubugingo, ibyiringiro, umudendezo
n’Umwuka (2 Abakor 3:6-9, 12, 17). (3) N’itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibyanditswe ku bisate
by’amabuye n’ibyanditswe ku mutima w’umuntu (2 Abakor 3:2-3, 7). (4) Buri cyose muri ibi
gifite icyubahiro cyacyo, ariko icya kabiri gifite icyubahiro cyo mu urwego rwo hejuru cyane
kuruta icya mbere (2 Abakor 37-11, 18). (5) Icya mbere kigera aho kivaho, mu gihe icya kabiri
cyo gikomeza iteka ryose. (6) Icya mbere gitwikiriye mu umwenda mu gihe ku cya kabiri ho,
uwo mwenda utwikira ukurwaho (2 Abakor 3:13-16, 18). Nuko rero, Isezerano Rikuru Rishya
riduha ubushizi bw’amanga kandi rikaduhindura tukagira ishusho nk’iya Kristo (2 Abakor 3:2-
3, 12, 18). Muri 2 Abakor 4:3-6 “avuga yuko ‘Isezerano Rikuru Rishya’ ari ubutumwa bwa
Yesu Kristo (2 Abakor 4:3-6), abakristu na bo bakaba bariya imigisha y’isezerano rikuru rishya
yasohoroyemo (2 Abakor. 3:3; reba Yer. 31:32-33; Ezek. 11:19; 36:26-27). . . . Mu buryo
bugaragara, iyi mirongo ya Bibiliya ishyira ahagaragara umurimo w’Umwuka utanga ubugingo,
utanga umudendezo kandi ufite icyubahiro (2 Abakor 3:8) igahuzwa kandi n’ ‘imirimo
y’isezerano rikuru rishya’ (2 Abakor. 3:6).” (Williamson 2007: 192, 192n.33) Mu Abagal 4:21-
31 “Abagore ba Aburahamu ari bo Hagari na Sara, bavugwaho yuko baserukira amasezerano
abiri atandukanye. Irya mbere muri aya (riserukiwe na Hagari) rivugwaho nk’Isezerano Rikuru
rya Mose (‘ryo ku Musozi Sinayi . . . muri Arabiya’ Abagal. 4:24-25 ESV). Isezerano rya kabiri
(riserukiwe na Sara), igihe ryo ata cyo rivugwaho, bigaragara yuko rihuzwa n’umusozi Siyoni
n’amasezerano akubiye mu isezerano rishya rikuru (Abagal. 4:26-27; reba Yes. 54:1). Bityo,
Hagari aserukira isezerano ry’ububata (munsi y’amategeko), bihuye na Yerusalemu ya none’
(Abagal. 4:25 ESV), mu gihe Sara we aserukira isezerano ry’umudendezo ari ryo rihwanye na
Yerusalemu yo mu ijuru’ (Abagal. 4:26 ESV).” (Ibid.: 199)
d. Kubera yuko Isezerano Rishya ritanga inzira ku ukubabarirwa ibyaha, kandi ko muri Kristo
ari ho honyine ibyaha bishobora kubabaririrwa, ukubabarirwa ibyaha ni yo nsanganyamatsiko
y’ingenzi mu Butumwa Bwiza. Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ni ryo ryonyine mu masezerano yose
makuru y’Imana ritanga inzira y’ukubabarirwa ibyaha. Ibi bisohorera muri Kristo, “Nguyu
umwagazi w’intama w’Imana, ukuraho ibyaha by’abari mu isi” (Yoh 1:29; reba na none Mat
1:21; Ibyak 5:31; 1 Yoh 3:5). Nuko rero gutangaza ukubabarirwa ibyaha muri Kristo n’ibyo
byo mu mutima w’Ubutumwa Bwiza (reba Luka 24:44-49; Ibyak 2:38; 10:43; 13:38-39;
26:15-18).
3. Muri Ezek 36:25-27 Imana yatanze isezerano “nzabanyanyagizaho amazi meza, maze muzatungana,
mbakureho imyanda yanyu yose, n’ibigirwamana byanyu byose. Nzabaha n’umutima mushya;
nzabakuramo umutima ukomeye nk’ibuye, mbashyiremo umutima woroshye. Kandi “nzabashyiramo
umwuka wanjye.” Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera ntiryashobora guhindura abantu uhereye imbere mu
mutima werekeza ku bigaragarira amaso. Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera ryari rishingiye ku bintu
bigaragara, imihango abantu bategekwaga gukora. Bityo, byari ibinyantege nke cyane: Ntiryashobora
Ahubwo, byama bigaragaza urupfu rw’abantu cyangwa se gusenywa kw’ibintu hakoreshejwe imbaraga zo mu buryo
bwihuta kubera gucirwaho iteka n’Imana. Icy’umwanditsi ashingiyeho n’icy’uko Isezerano Rikuru Rishya riri hejuru y’andi
yose kuko rizashyirwaho igikumwe igihe Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera rizaba risenywe burundu, n’abatambyi baryo, hamwe
n’ibitambo n’Urusengero.” (Gleason 2002: 108-09)
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
48
guhindura abantu uhereye imbere mu mutima ujya hanze; ntibyashoboraga guhindura imitima yabo.
Abaheb 9:9-10 havuga yuko munsi y’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera “batura amaturo, bagatamba
ibitambo, bitakibasha gutunganya rwose umutima w’ubitura, kuko ibyo hamwe n’ibwirizwa iby’ibyo
kurya no kunywa no kwiyibiza no kujabika by’uburyo bwinshi, ari amategeko yo mu buryo bw’abantu
gusa, yategetswe kugeza ku gihe cyo gutunganywa.” Abaheb 7:19, 25; 10:1 havuga neza yuko, mu
ugutunganywa kw’umuntu, urugero nk’uramya Imana habamo n’uguhabwa inzira itugeza ku Mana mu
buryo buhoraho. Abahoze bifuza kwegera Imana binyuze mu byatangwaga mu gihe cy’Isezerano
Rikuru rya Kera ntibashoboraga gutunganywa kuko ibyari bihari bitashobora guhangana n’ikibazo
kijyanye n’umutima wicira urubanza (9:9) cyangwa se ‘umutimanama w’icyaha’ [10:2].” (Peterson
1979: 76) Mu gihe cy’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera, abantu bari bafite imitima y’ibuye (Zak 7:12).
Nyuma, Mose arimo asenga yavuze ati, “Icyampa ab’ubwoko bw’Uwiteka bose bakaba abahanuzi,
Uwiteka akabashyiraho umwuka we!” (Kub 11:29). Na none, mu Isezerano rya Kera, Umwuka
w’Imana yajyaga aza ku mubare muto w’abantu, abenshi muri bo bakaba baba bari mu myanya yo
hejuru mu urwego rw’idini cyangwa se rwa politilke, kugira ngo bakore imirimo runaka (reba Kuva
31:3; Kub 11:16-29; Abac 3:10; 6:34; 14: 6, 19; 1 Sam 10:1-11; 16:13-14; 19:20-24).
Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ni ryo rishobora guhindura abantu uhereye mu mutima imbere
ukagera ku bigaragara. Kubera yuko Isezerano Rikuru Rishya rishingiye ku cyo Kristo yadukoreye, aho
gushingira ku cyo dutegekwa gukora, ridukorera icyo tudashobora kwikorera. Mu gihe munsi
y’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera twari dufite imitima ihumanye, na ho mu gihe cy’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya
“amaraso ya Kristo . . . ahumanura imitima yanyu, akayezaho imirimo ipfuye, kugira ngo mubone uko
mukorera Imana ihoraho” (Heb 9:14) kandi “abezwa yabatunganishije rwose igitambo kimwe kugeza
iteka ryose” (Abaheb 10:14). “Muri ukwo kweza umutimanama, Kristo ategurira Imana abantu be mu
buryo bw’imibanire ishingiye ku umutima - ukwubaha nk’uko Yeremiya (9:4, 10:10, 22) yabihanuye.
Mu buryo bwo kurwana n’icyaha mu buryo buhoraho, Kristo yafunguriye inzira abo bose
bahamagariwe kwakira umugabane w’iteka ryose (9:15).” (Peterson 1979: 81) Ubu dufite uburenganzira
buhoraho bwo kugera aho Imana iri, kandi dushobora kuyegera twifitiye icyizere (Abaheb 4:16) kuko
Kristo “anyura mu ihema rirusha rya rindi gukomera no gutungana rwose” (Abaheb 9:11), ubu akaba
ari imbere y’Imana ubwayo (Abaheb 9:24; 10:12), kandi aberaho iteka ku[du]sengera” (Abaheb
7:25). Mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya, Imana idukuramo imitima y’amabuye ikadushyiramo imitima
y’inyama. Abaheb 10:22 hifashisha Ezek 36:25 igihe avuga ati, “imitima yacu imijiriweho gukurwamo
kwimenyaho ibibi, n’imibiri yacu yuhagiwe amazi meza.”
2 Abakor 3:3 na ho hifashisha Ezek 36:26 igihe Paulo avuga ati, “muri urwandiko rwa Kristo
rwanditswe natwe; rutandikishijwe wino, ahubwo rwandikishijwe Umwuka w’Imana ihoraho;
rutanditswe ku bisate by’amabuye, ahubwo rwanditswe ku by’inyama, ni byo mitima yanyu.” Yesu
yasezeranye kwohereza Umwuka Wera “azabana namwe iteka ryose” kandi “akazaba muri mwe”
(Yoh 14:16-17). Uhereye ku munsi wa Pentekote, yarabisohoje. Ubu Umwuka Wera n’impano ze
ntibikigarukira ku mubare w’abantu muto gusa, ahubwo mu gihe cy’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya, Imana
yasutse Umwuka wayo ku bantu bayo bose, ititaye ku myaka, igitsina cyangwa se ubwoko (Ibyak 2:14-
18; reba na none Abar 8:9; 1 Abakor 3:16; 6:19). Ubu none, “abo bose bayobowe n’Umwuka
w’Imana, abo ni bo bana b’Imana” (Abar 8:14). Umwuka ashyira ikidōdo ku bantu be, bitandukanye
n’uko byari bimeze igihe cy’Isezerano rya Kera (Abef 1:13-14). Paulo akomeza avuga yuko Umwuka
ashoboza abantu b’Imana gukora n’ibyo amategeko atari bwigere ageraho: ‘kugira ngo gukiranuka
kw’amategeko gusohorezwe muri twe’ (Abar 8:4)”. (Burke 2006: 133-34). Nuko rero, “Isezerano
Rikuru rya Kera ryatashywe ku mugaragaro ku musozi Sinayi ryatsimbuwe n’irishya ryari ryaravuzwe
kera n’abahanuzi Yeremiya na Ezekiyeli. . . . Iki gitekerezo cyo mu urwego rusange (gusimbuza
isezerano rikuru rya kera irishya) nk’uko twabibonye, bisobanurwa mu Bagalatiya n’Abaroma mu
magambo ngo ibihe byashaje by’Amatageko (Abagal. 3/Abar. 7) n’ibihe bishya by’Umwuka (Abagal. 4/
Abar.8). Ihinduranywa ry’amasezerano makuru ryari rikenewe kuko nta muntu wari gushobora
kwubahiriza amagambo yose yari mu masezerano makuru ya kera, ikintu Isirayeli yerekanye kenshi ku
urwego rw’igihugu no ku urwego rw’umuntu ku giti cye.” (Ibid.: 132). Bityo, hari impinduka nini
hagati y’icyo Isezerano Rikuru Rishya muri Kristo ririmo rikora uyu munsi ubigereranyije n’Isezerano
Rikuru rya Kera, iryo umwanditsi wa 2 Abakor 5:17 yanzuraga avuga ati, “Umuntu wese iyo ari muri
Kristo, aba ari icyaremwe gishya: Ibya kera biba bishize, dore byose biba bihindutse bishya.”
III. Yesu ni We Isirayeli Nshya, Nyakuri kandi yo Kwizerwa “Nimba Yesu ari We isezerano ryahawe [Aburahamu] ririmo risohoreramo, ashobora kuvuga yuko ari
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49
We muntu nyakuri wo mu rubyaro rwa Aburahamu, uwo ni we wujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo yitwe umwuzukuru
w’Aburahamu. Nuko rero, Yesu, ni We Isirayeli nyakuri, We ukora icyo ari cyo cyose Isirayeli isabwa gukora
kandi akaba ari We buri cyose Isirayeli isabwa kuba.” (Holwerda 1995: 33) Yesu ashobora ibyananiye Adamu
na Isirayeli. Bityo, ni We wenyine ushoboye guhindura abantu bose akabagira bashya. Ibi bibonekera mu nzira
nyinshi.
A. Yesu asubira mu mateka ya Isirayeli 1. Yesu no Kuva. Mat 2:15 hasubiramo ibyanditswe muri Hos 11:1, “Hanyuma mpamagara umwana
ngo ave muri Egiputa,” akabyerekeza kuri Yesu. Ubwa mbere Imana yari yahamagaye Isirayeli
“umwana wayo” mu gihe cyo kuva (Kuva 4:22—“Ubwoko bwanjye bwa Isirayeli n’umwana wanjye
w’imfura”). Matayo arimo yerekana uburyo amateka ya Isirayeli yo mu Isezerano rya Kera arimo
asubizwamo ubuzima na Yesu. Yesu asubizaho kuva muri Egiputa muri Mat 2:19-21. “Mu uburyo
bw’ukwemera yuko amagambo ya Hoseya ‘yasohoreye’ mu ukuva muri Egiputa kw’umwana Yesu
n’ababyeyi be, Matayo ntarimo avuga yuko amagambo ya Hoseya ahwanye na Yesu mu mwanya wa
Isirayeli ahubwo yuko ayo magambo ahwanye na Yesu kubera yuko muri We ari mo Isirayeli
yasohoreyemo” (Johnson 2007: 208). Hos 11:1-11 arimo asubiramo inkuru yo Kuva kwo gusohoka
bava muri Egiputa kwa Isirayeli, nyuma akomoza ku Kuva kwo mu buryo bwa kabiri kubera yuko
ukutumvira kwa Isirayeli nyuma yo Kuva kwa mbere byahagaritse igitekerezo cy’Imana cyo kwubaka
ubwoko bwera. N’ubwo ubwoko bwo mu buryo bugaragara bwasubiye mu gihugu cyabo nyuma yo
gutaha bava mu bunyage i Babuloni, bwagumye buri munsi y’ubutegetsi bw’ibindi bihugu, bityo, mu
by’ukuri, ubwoko bwera ntibwigeze bubaho. Habayeho gukoresha Hos 11:1 kuri Yesu, “Matayo, hejuru
yo kuvuga yuko Yesu ari We Isirayeli, Umwana w’Imana ukundwa, anongeraho yuko Kuva [kwa
kabiri] kwari gutegerejwe uhereye kera kose kwaratangiye” (Holwerda 1995: 40). Kuba Yesu yarimo
ahuza inkuru y’Ugusohoka kwa Isirayeli n’ubuzima bwe bwite bigera aho bisobanura amagambo
yavugiye ku Musozi yahinduriweho aho avuga ku “ugusohoka” kwe [ijambo ry’Ikigiriki iri jambo
rikomokamo risobanura “ukugenda”] (Luka 9:30-31), n’urupfu rwe bwite rwasohoye kuri Pasika
byibutsa uburyo Abisisrayeli basohotse bava muri Egiputa.
2. Yesu abatizwa. “Igihe Yesu asanze Yohana ngo amubatize, muri ibyo bintu, Yohana yahise abona
yuko hariho ibitajyanye (Matayo 3:13-15). Umubatizo wa Yohana wasobanuraga ukwozwaho icyaha,
kandi wahabwa bariya bemeye ibyaha byabo (3:6). Yesu ntiyigeze akora icyaha, bityo ntakeneye uwo
mubatizo. Ugereranyije uburyo ata cyaha Yesu abarwaho, na Yohana ubwe ahita aboneka
nk’umunyabyaha kimwe n’abandi bose, kandi akeneye kubatizwa (3:14). Ariko Yesu arimo yumvisha
Yohana uburyo ari ngombwa ko icyo kintu kidakwiriye gikorwa: ‘Emera ubikore! Kuko ari byo
bidukwiriye ngo dusohoze gukiranuka kwose.’ Ijambo ‘dusohoze’ ryongeye kugaruka. Yesu, utigeze
akora icyaha, arimo yifatanya n’umwanya w’uko Abisirayeli ari abanyabyaha mu kwemera kubatizwa
kimwe na bo. Kuba yifatanya na bo aha ngaha bihanura uburyo yifatanya n’abanyabyaha bose igihe
yikorera ibyaha byabo ku musaraba.” (Poythress 1991: 253) Umubatizo wa Yesu na none n’ukwibutsa
ibijyanye n’ukwambuka Inyanja Itukura n’Uruzi Yorodani (urwo yabatirijwemo), no kwinjira mu
gihugu cy’isezerano (Kuva 14:13-22; Yos 3:14-17; reba Mat 3:13-17; Mariko 1:9-11; Luka 3:21-22;
Yoh 1:31-34).
3. Yesu mu butayu. Iminsi mirongo ine Yesu yamaze mu butayu (Mat 4:1-2) ni uburyo bugufi bwo
gusobanura imyaka mirongo ine Isirayeli yamaze mu butayu. Nk’uko Imana yayoboye Isirayeli mu
butayu (Kuva 13:17-18, 21), Mwuka Wera yayoboye Yesu mu butayu (Luke 4:1). Ibigeragezo Yesu
yahuye na byo mu butayu (Mat 4:1-11; Luka 4:1-13) bihwanye n’ibigeragezo Isirayeli yahuye na byo
mu butayu. Mu kigeragezo cya mbere n’ uburyo Yesu yacitwayemo, harimo ibintu by’ingenzi bigenda
bigaragaza ihuriro hagati y’insanganyamatsiko ihuriweho na Yesu nk’Umwana n’ishyanga rya Isirayeli
nk’umwana. Bombi ‘n’abana’ (Guteg. 8:5; reba Mat. 4:3, 6); bombi ‘barayoborwa’ (Guteg. 8:3; reba
Mat. 4:1); bombi bajyanwa mu butayu (Guteg. 8:2; reba Mat 4:1); bombi barashonje (Guteg. 8:3; reba
Mat. 4:2).” (Burke 2006: 173-74n.55). Aho Isirayeli itishimiye ibyokurya bya manu Imana iyihaye
(Kub 11:1-6), Yesu na We igihe yari ashonje yageragejwe ngo afate amabuye ayahinduremo umutsima
(Mat 4:3; Luka 4:3). Nyuma amaze kugaburira abantu ibihumbi bitanu, Yesu yigereranyije na manu
Isirayeli yigeze kurya mu butayu, igihe avuga ati, “Ni Jye mutisma wavuye mu ijuru” (Yoh 6:1-14, 41,
48-58). Aho Isirayeli yageragereje Imana i Masa n’i Meriba, bashaka igihamya cy’Ubwiza bw’Imana
n’ubushobozi bwayo (Kuva 17:1-7), Yesu na We yageragejwe na Satani amubwira ngo asimbuke ava
hejuru ku munara w’urusengero kugira ngo bibe ngombwa yuko Imana isohoza amasezerano yayo (Mat
4:5-6; Luka 4:9-11). Aho Isirayeli yavuye ku Mana ikiremera igishushanyo cy’inyana mu izahabu
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50
(Kuva 32:1-6), nyuma bakaramya Bayali (Hos 2:1-13), Yesu na We yahahuriye n’ikigeragezo igihe
Satani yamubwira ngo amwunamire, amuramye (Mat 4:8-9; Luka 4:5-7). Nyuma y’ibyo, Yesu yahuye
n’ibigeragezo igihe yasubiramo amagambo ya Mose ku mateka ya Isirayeli mu butayu (Guteg 8:3;
6:13, 16). “Kuba Yesu yahisemo ibi bice bitatu by’ibyanditswe biri mu gice kigufi cy’Isezerano rya
Kera byerekana yuko Yesu yabonye ihuriro ryo mu buryo bw’imenyakanishama ryari hagati y’amateka
ya Isirayeli n’aye bwite. Isirayeli yarahanywe (yashyizwe ku murongo) nk’uko umubyeyi ahana
umwana we (Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 8:5), ariko ntiyigeze ifata amasomo uko bikwiye. Ubu none Yesu,
utangajwe nk’ ‘Umwana w’Imana’ ku ruzi Yorodani, abonye anyura mu bigeragezo bisa n’iby’abo
kugira ngo agere aho yitwa umwana. Ariko aho Isirayeli yananirirwe, Yesu yagaragaje ko ari Umwana
w’Imana nyakuri. Muri We, ni mo Isezerano ryahawe Isirayeli risohorera.” (France 1975: 67)
4. Matayo asubiramo Yer 31:15 (“Ijwi ryumvikana i Rama . . . Rasheli aririra abana be”) nyuma
abikoresha kuri Yesu (Mat 2:17-18). Rama ni ho abajyanyweho inyagano bakoranyirijwe ku mishumi
mbere yo kwoherezwa mu bunyage i Babuloni (reba Yer 40:1). Insobanuro y’uburyo Matayo
yakoresheje amagambo “Rasheli aririra” iri mu buryo bukurikira: “Rasheli, inkundwakazi ya Isirayeli,
hari hashize ibinjana apfuye kandi yari yahambwe ku nzira iva Beteli igana Betelehemu-Efurata, aho na
ho ntihari kure y’i Rama. Igihe Isirayeli yari mu rugendo mu butayu, umuhanuzi ‘yumva’ Rasheli arira
kubera abuze abana be. Ariko Uwiteka abwira Rasheli ngo ahagarike kurira ‘kuko hari ibyiringiro
by’ejo hawe hazaza’ kandi abana be bazagaruka (31:16-17). Isirayeli yaragarutse iva mu bunyage, ariko
ugutotezwa n’abanzi babo kwo ntikwigeze guhagarara. Bityo, rero, Matayo, kimwe na Yeremiya,
yumva Rasheli akomeza kurira kubera yuko yabuze abana be: Igihe Herode yica abana, ugutotezwa no
kurimbuka kw’Abisirayeli byari bigikomeje. Ibyiringiro byari byasezeraniwe Isirayeli byari
bitarakagerwaho. Matayo asubiramo amagambo ya Yeremiya 31:15, bitari kugira ngo ashimangire
agahinda ka Isirayeli byonyine, ahubwo byari no kugira ngo avuge muri make isohozwa ry’ibyiringiro
bya Isirayeli byari mu bijyanye n’ibyo byanditswe. Mu ukurokoka ubwo bwicanyi kwa Yesu harimo
isohozwa ry’ibyiringiro bya Isirayeli. Mu gihe Yesu ari We Isirayeli, urubyaro rwa Aburahamu nyakuri,
n’Umwana w’Imana nyakuri, isezerano Imana yasezeraniye Rasheli ry’umuryango uzahembuka, ubu
riri mu rugendo rigana ku ugusohozwa kwaryo. Ibyiringiro byasezeranijwe by’ukuzabona ejo hazaza
heza birimo bisohozwa. Yesu, igihe asubiramo amateka ya Isirayeli, yarimo atuma Isirayeli ihembuka.”
(Holwerda 1995: 42)
B. IR ryerekana Yesu nka Mose mushya kandi uruta uwa mbere, ukura abantu, atari mu bucakara bwo mu
buryo bw’umubiri gusa, ahubwo no mu bucakara ku cyaha n’urupfu bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka (Yoh 1:29;
Abar 6:3-23) Hariho uburyo bwinshi Yesu na Mose bafitanye isano. Ariko, n’ubwo iryo sano rihari, Yesu
ntiyigeze ahabwa izina rya Mose mushya mu buryo burashe kuko hariho ikinyuranyo aho Yesu yerekanwa
nk’uri hejuru ya Mose mu buryo budasubirwaho. Nuko rero, urwandiko rwandikiwe Abaheburayo rusobanura
uburyo Kristo asa na Mose ariko akaba ari hejuru ya Mose (Abaheb 3:1-6): Kristo “akwiriye ishimwe rinini
kuruta iryo Mose akwiye guhabwa, nk’uko umwubatsi w’inzu afite icyubahiro kuruta inzu ubwayo” (Abaheb
3:3); kandi nk’uko “Mose yakiranukaga mu nzu y’Imana nk’umugaragu. . . . Ni na kwo Kristo yakiranutse mu
nzu yayo nk’umwana” (Abaheb 3:5-6).
1. Mose ni we wabanjirije Mesiya. Mose yari afite umwihariko we bwite agereranyijwe n’abandi
bahanuzi, haba ku mirimo ikomeye yakoze cyangwa se ku kijyanye n’uko Imana itavuganaga na we mu
iyerekwa cyangwa se inzozi ahubwo yavuganaga na we “akanwa ku kandi” n’ “amaso mu yandi”
(Kub 12:6-8; Guteg 34:10-12). Yahanuye yuko Imana izahagurutsa undi muhanuzi umeze nka we
(Guteg 18:15, 18). Yesu yasohoje ubwo buhanuzi (Yoh 1:45; 6:14; Ibyak 3:20-23; 7:37, 52). N’ubwo
bimeze bityo, Yesu yari hejuru cyane ya Mose. Yesu yakoze ibitangaza byinshi birenze ibya Mose,
harimo kirya cyo kuzuka ava mu bapfuye. Kandi Yesu ntiyajyaga avuga amagambo y’Imana rimwe na
rimwe; ahubwo, nta na kimwe yigeze akora ari we ucyitegetse, ahubwo buri kintu yakoze cyangwa se
yavuze, n’icyo yategetswe na Data (Yoh 5:19, 30; 6:38; 8:28; 12:49; 14:10). Impamvu n’uko Yesu
atavuze amagambo y’Imana byonyine ahubwo yuko na We ubwe yari Jambo w’Imana waje ku isi
nk’umuntu (Yoh 1:1, 14).
2. Hariho amahuriro menshi hagati y’uburyo Farawo na Herodi bagerageje kurimbura abana
b’Abaheburayo (Kuva 1:15-22; Mat 2:16). Farawo na Herode, bombi bari abantu batubahaga Imana.
Bari bafite ubwoba yuko ishyanga rifite imbaraga zo kubarwanya cyangwa kubatsimbura ryashobora
kuzamuka (reba Kuva 1:8-12; Mat 2:1-3).
3. Hariho ihuriro hagati y’uburyo Mose yagarutse mu Egiputa n’uburyo Yesu yahungiye muri Egiputa
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51
(Kuva 4:19; Mat 2:20). Mose na Yesu bahungiye mu kindi gihugu (Kuva 2:15; (Kuva 2:15; Mat
2:13-15). Muri ibyo bihe byombi, babwiwe mu buryo bw’igitangaza yuko bakwiriye gusubira i wabo
nyuma yuko bariya bashakaga kubica bazaba bamaze gupfa (Kuva 4:19-20; Mat 2:19-21).
4. Mose yayoboye ubwoko bwe abukura mu bubata muri Egiputa abuganisha ku buzima busha
bw’umudendezo. Yesu yayoboye ubwoko bwe abukura mu bubata bukabije cyane kurushiriza; ari bwo
bw’icyaha, urupfu, ububata munsi y’amategeko, kugira ngo “Ni muguma mu ijambo ryanjye, muri
abigishwa banjye nyakuri; kandi nimwamenya ukuri, ukuri kuzababatura” (Yoh 8:31-32).
5. Mu butayu, Mose yakubise urutare kugira ngo ahe abantu amazi yo kunywa (Kuva 17:6; Kub 20:11;
Zab 78:15). Mu 1 Abakor 10:4, Paulo yerekana yuko Isirayeli “banywaga ku gitare cy’umwuka . . .
kandi icyo gitare cyari Kristo.” Igihe bari mu butayu amazi yavuye mu rutare Mose yakubise yatanze
ubuzima ku bantu, Yesu we agatanga “amazi y’ubugingo” ari bwo bugingo buhoraho (Yoh 4:10-14;
7:36-39). Iki kigereranyo ntikirangirira aha ngaha. Mose ntiyari yemerewe kuyobora ubwoko bwe mu
gihugu cy’isezerano kubera yuko yakubise urutare inshuro ya kabiri kugira ngo abone amazi mu
umwanya wo kubwira urutare rugatanga amazi nk’uko Imana yari yabimutegetse (Kub 20: 8-12).
Hejuru y’uko uku kutubaha byari bikorewe Imana, kwari uguhagararira Ubutumwa mu buryo
budakwiriye. Impamvu n’uko, kimwe n’uko byari byabaye kuri urwo rutare, Kristo “yakubiswe” inkoni
y’urubanza rw’Imana rimwe gusa, atari kabiri: “yatangiye ibyaha igitambo kimwe cy’iteka” (Abaheb
10:12; reba an none Abaheb 10:10, 14).
6. Yesu agereranywa na manu Uwiteka yatanze igihe Mose yayoboraga Isirayeli mu butayu (Kuva
16:1-21). Mu kwigereranya na manu Abisirayeli baririye mu butayu, Yesu yavuze ati, “N’ukuri
n’ukuri, ndababwira yuko Mose atari we wabahaye umutisma w’ukuri uvuye mu ijuru. . . . “Ni Jye
mutsima w’ubugingo.” (Yoh 6:32, 35) Manu yari iyo mu buryo bufatika kandi yari iy’akanya gato.
Umutsima Yesu atanga (Ubwe) utanga ubugingo buhoraho kuri uwo wese uwurya (Yoh 6:48-58).
7. Nk’uko Imana yahaye Mose Amategeko ku musozi (Kuva 19:20), ni ko Yesu na We yatangiye
amategeko ku musozi (Mat 5:1-2). Nuko rero, byombi biratandukanye, nk’uko intumwa Yohana
ibivuga: “Amategeko yatanzwe na Mose, ariko ubuntu n’ukuri byo byazanywe na Kristo” (Yoh 1:17).
8. Igitambo n’Incungu. N’ubwo Mose yatambye ibitambo byo gucungura abantu no kwitangira ibyaha
by’abantu be (Kuva 32: 30-32), Yesu yatanze igitambo cy’incungu kandi yitanzeho igitambo kubera
icyaha cy’abantu (Abar 3:23-25; 5:6-8; Abaheb 9:26-28; 10: 11-12; 1 Yoh 2:2).
9. Nk’uko uruhanga rwa Mose rwarabagiranye igihe yamanukaga ava ku musozi Sinayi nyuma yo
kwakira Amategeko Cumi ubugira kabiri (Kuva 34:29), ni na kwo byabaye mu maso ha Yesu no ku
myenda ye ku musozi yahinduriweho (Mat 17:2, Mariko 9:2-3; Luka 9:29). Luka avuga yuko ku
musozi Yesu yahinduriweho, Mose na Eliya barimo baganira ku “kuva” kwa Yesu ubwe [ijambo
ry’Ikigiriki bikomokamo ni Guhaguruka-Kugenda-Gutaha”] (Luka 9:30-31).
10. Nk’uko Mose yabaye umuhuza umwe hagati y’Imana na Isirayeli (Kuva 20:19; Gut 5:5; Abagal
3:19), ni na ko Yesu ari “umuhuza hagati y’Imana n’abantu” (1 Tim 2:5). Mose yabariye abantu
amagambo y’Imana, ariko Yesu We ni We Jambo w’Imana (Yoh 1:1, 14; Ibyah 19:13).
11. Mu gihe cy’igaburo rya Pasika rya Nyuma, Yesu yavuze ati, “Aya n’amaraso yanjye y’isezerano”
(Mat 26:28; Mariko 14:24). Ibi bisa n’amagambo ya Mose ari mu Kuva 24:8. Isezerano rya Mose
ntiryababariraga ibyaha cyangwa se ngo ritange ubugingo buhoraho; ariko iri sezerano rishya Yesu
atashye ku mugaragaro mu maraso ye ribabarira ibyaha kandi rigatanga ubugingo buhoraho.
12. Yesu agereranya urupfu rwe na Mose. “Nk’uko Mose yamanitse inzoka ku giti mu butayu, ni na kwo
umwana w’umuntu akwiriye kumanikwa” (Yoh 3:14; reba Kub 21:9). Guhanga amaso ku nzoka ikozwe
mu muringa mu butayu byatuma umuntu akira urupfu rwo mu buryo bw’umubiri; guhanga amaso kuri
Yesu biha ubikora ubugingo buhoraho, bikarinda umuntu urupfu rwa kabiri.
13. Imibiri ipfuye ya Mose na Yesu bombi nta na hamwe wayibona. Guteg 34:6 havuga yuko Mose
yahambwe mu gihugu cy’i Mowabu, “ariko kugeza uyu munsi, nta n’umwe uzi aho Mose yahambwe.”
Yesu na we yarabambwe, umubiri na we ntushobora kuboneka kuko yazutse! Nk’uko Umumarayika
yabariye Mariya Magadalena ati, “Ntawuri ngaha kuko yazutse, nk’uko yari yarabivuze. Ni muze
murebe aho yari aryamye” (Mat 28:26).
C. IR rikoresha kuri Yesu amagambo n’imyanya y’ibyubahiro nk’uko yakoreshwaga kuri Isirayeli yo mu IK 1. Yesu ni We Mwana w’Imana nyakuri. Nk’uko Kuva 4:22 na Hos 11:1 yise Isirayeli “umwana
wanjye,” Data na We ashimangiye yuko Yesu ari we Mwana nyakuri w’Imana igihe yabatizwaga
(n’igihe ishusho ye yarabagiranaga), aho yitaga Yesu “umwana wanjye nkunda” (ukubatizwa—Mat
3:17; Mariko 1:11; Luka 3:22; kurabagirana—Mat 17:5; Mariko 9:7; Luka 9:35; reba na none Mat
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
52
4:3; 14:33; Mariko 3:11; Luka 1:35; Yoh 1:34, 49; Ibyak 9:20; Abagal 2:22, ibijyanye na Yesu nk’
“Umwana w’Imana”). Igihe Yesu yabatizwaga, ijwi ryaturutse mu ijuru riti (“ng’uyu Umwana nkunda
akanshimisha,” Mat 3:17; Mariko 1:11; Luka 3:22), “icya mbere, rivuga ukuntu Imana yemeye uwo
mubatizo mu buryo bwihariye. N’ikimenyetso cy’uko ‘ugukiranuka kwose’ gusohoye. Icya kabiri, iryo
jwi rihuriza hamwe imvugo yo muri Zaburi 2:7; Yesaya 42:1; kumbure na Itangiriro 22:2. Byerekana
yuko Amategeko (Itangirro 22:2), Abahanuzi (Yesaya 42:1), n’Inzandiko (Zaburi 2:7) bihurira mu
mwanya umwe muri Yesu. Imvugo ya Yesu nk’Umwana w’Imana yibutsa amagambo yavuzwe muri
Hoseya 11:1, aho Isirayeli ari umwana. Kuba Isirayeli ari Umwana na Isaka akaba umwana bisohorejwe
mu ukuza kw’Umwana w’ukuri kandi wa nyuma, Umwana mu nsobanuro nyayo y’iryo jambo.”
(Poythress 1991: 254)
2. Yesu yiyise “umuzabibu w’ukuri” (Yoh 15:1). “Mu Isezerano rya Kera umuzabibu n’ikimenyetso
kimenyerewe ku Bisirayeli bose, ubwoko bw’Imana mu buryo bw’isezerano (Zab. 80:9-16; Yes. 5:1-7;
27:2 no gukomeza; Yer. 2:21; 12:10 no gukomeza; Ezek. 15:1-8; 17:1-21; 19:10-14; Hos. 10:1-2).
Hejuru y’ibindi byose n’uko, igihe cyose Isirayeli ivuzweho muri iki kimenyetso, hashyirwa imbaraga
ku uburyo umuzabibu wananiwe kwama imbuto nziza n’urubanza rw’Uwiteka ku gihugu kubera ibi.
Bitandukanye n’uku kunanirwa kw’Abisirayeli Yesu avuga ati, ni Jye muzabibu ‘w’ukuri’, urugero,
uwo Isirayeli yari yerekejeho amaso, umwe wama imbuto nziza. . . . Umuzabibu . . . w’ukuri, bityo
s’abantu b’abanyabinyoma, ahubwo ni Yesu ubwe, na bariya bose bamwinjiyemo. Insanganyamatsiko
ishobora kuba irimo isobanurira Abayuda batatanye iti: Nimba bashaka kuba muri ibyo byiza byo
kwemerwa mu muzabibu Imana yatoranyije, basabwa kwihuza na Yesu mu buryo bw’ukuri.” (Carson
1991: 513-14)
3. Imyanya y’ibyubahiro by’abantu bari mu ubuyobozi muri Isirayeli—Umwami, Umugaragu w’Imana,
Umwana w’Imana—yakoreshejwe kuri Yesu. “Yesu yarezwe kuba yiyise ‘umwami w’Abayuda’
(Mariko. 15:2, 26, 32, etc.) Icyo kirego nta na hamwe cyanditswe ho kubihamya, ahubwo Yesu
yakoresheje imvugo ‘ya politike’ yo mu buryo busobanutse, igihe yakunze gukoresha ibyanditswe muri
Zakariya 9:9 (‘dore umwami wawe aje ah’uri’). Igihe yari arimo agendera ku ndogobe i Yerusalemu,
Luka atubwira yuko rubanda bari aho ngaho, na bo babifashe muri uwo murongo (Luka 19:38). Ariko
yakoresheje mu buryo butomoye abandi bantu babiri bo mu Isezerano rya Kera ari bo, Umugaragu wa
Yehova muri Yesaya [reba Yes 42:1-6; 49:3-6] n’Umwana w’Umuntu muri Daniyeli 7 [Yesu yiswe
‘Umwana w’Umuntu inshuro 80 mu bitabo bine bigize Ubutumwa Bwiza; ni na kwo yiyita kenshi],
byombi, kimwe n’ijambo ‘umwami’ mu mitekerereze yo mu gihe cy’Isezerano rya Kera, bihuriza
hamwe bigaragaza ishusho yo ku giti cy’umuntu n’iyo mu buryo bwo guserukira abandi. Nk’uko
umwami byasobanuraga Isirayeli ni na kwo Umugaragu avugwaho nka ‘Isirayeli’ mu gihe Umwana
w’Umuntu We avugwaho nk’ ‘ubwoko bw’abera b’Isumbabyose’ [Dan 7:18, 22, 25, 27]. Kuba Yesu
yakunze gukomoza kuri ibi bimenyetso bibiri bisobanura yuko yabibonye nka misiyo ye yo guserukira
Isirayeli, nka We ibyiza bya Isirayeli byose byakoranyirijwemo.” (France 1975: 66-67)
4. Yesu akoresha za Zaburi zavugaga ku mibabaro n’intsinzi bya Isirayeli ku bimwerekeye. “Muri za
zaburi zose itomoye kuruta izindi ni Zaburi 118, yakoreshejwe na Yesu muri Mariko 12:10-11 na
Matayo 23:39. Ibuye ryanzwe nyuma rigahabwa icyubahiro muri Zaburi 118:22 rishobora kuba
ryakoreshejwe kugira ngo ryibutse intsinzi Abisirayeli bagiye bagira ku banzi babo babatunguraga.
Zaburi 22, 41 na 42-43 (zakoreshejwe mu buryo butomoye cyangwa se bwihishe muri Mariko 15:34;
14:18; 14:34) zakoreshejwe mu magambo avuga ku muntu ku giti cye. Yesu ashobora kuba yagiye
azikoresha nk’ishusho y’insanganyamatsiko ivuga ku ukubabazwa kw’umukiranutsi, ariko na none
abantu bemera yuko na zaburi zimwe-zimwe, imwe-imwe ukwayo, zagiye zikoreshwa ku bijyanye
n’inkuru y’igihugu.” (France 1975: 68)
D. Muri Yesu, amasezerano yo mu IK yo guhembuka kwa Isirayeli yarasohoye Abahanuzi (urugero, Yesaya 60-62; Yeremiya 30-33; Ezekiyeli 34-37) bari barahanuye uguhembuka
kwa Isirayeli igihe izaba iyoborwa n’umwami wasizwe amavuta n’Imana, uzategeka uhereye i Yerusalemu,
cyangwa se ku Musozi Siyoni. N’ubwo Abisirayeli baza baratashye bava mu bunyage bw’i Babuloni imyaka
500 mbere y’uko Yesu aza ku isi, “mu bihe bya Yesu, Abayuda hafi bose bagumye babona yuko ubunyage
bukomeza kubaho. Mu buryo bw’ibigaragara, abantu bari baratashye, ariko ubuhanuzi bukomeye bwavugaga ku
uguhembuka ntibwari bwasohore.” (Wright 1996: 126) Bityo, mu gihe cya Yesu, abantu bari bagifite ibyiringiro
by’uguhembuka (Luka 2:25, 38; 19:11; 24:21; Ibyak 1:6). Ubwo buhanuzi bwavugaga ku uguhembuka
bwasohoreye muri Yesu (Luka 1:68) ariko mu buryo butunguranye: Nta huriro hagati ya Siyoni nshya, Isirayeli
yahembutse n’ahantu cyangwa se igihugu runaka ahubwo iryo huriro riri mu umuntu wa Kristo n’abanatu be.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
53
1. Umurimo wa Yesu wari ufite ihuriro ryihariye n’uguhembuka cyangwa se ugucungurwa kwa
Isirayeli. Igihe Yesu yazanwaga mu Rusengero ngo akebwe, Umwuka Wera aza ku mugabo witwaga
Simiyoni wari utegereje “ihumure ry’Abisirayeli” (Luka 2:25). Uwo munsi nyene, umuhanuzikazi Ana
yatangiye “kumuvugaho [urugero, Yesu] abwira bose bari bategereje ugucungurwa kw’i Yerusalemu”
(Luka 2:38). Abahanuzi babonye ubunyage bwa Isirayeli nk’ingaruka z’ibyaha byabo, cyangwa se
igihano kubera byo (reba, urugero, Yer 2:1-25:11; Ezek 3:1-24:27). Ibi byanditswe bibiri biri mu
mirongo igenda irebana. “Uburyo Simiyoni na Ana bakiriye Yesu bivugwa mu buryo bukurikirana,
ariko ubuhamya bwabo bushyizwe hamwe burakenewe cyane kugira ngo inkuru ya Luka ibe iyuzuye.
Simiyoni na Ana baserukiye igitsina gabo n’igitsina gore byombi bikeneye gucungurirwa muri Kristo,
bose bakira neza ibyiringiro bya Mesiya (vv. 25, 38), kandi ibyo ubu buhamya bwombi bwarimo
buvuga birakenewe kugira ngo habeho igihamya cyo mu buryo buhamye buhwanye n’Amategeko
(Torah) (Guteg 19:15).” (Edwards 2015:83) Simiyoni na Ana barimo bavuga ibyiringiro byabo by’uko
Isirayeli izabohorwa na Mesiya wari waratanzweho isezerano. “Ihumure rya Isirayeli . . . ryari
urufunguzo ku byanyuma mu buryo butandukanye, hashingiwe ku byiringiro byo gucungurwa
kw’ishyanga (Yes. 40:1; 49:13; 51:3; 57:18; 61:2; 2 Bar. 44.7). Nyuma y’aho, abigisha b’amatageko
bagiye gufata Mesiya nka Menahem (umuhoza) kuko bamubonye nka We wari kuzana iryo humure. . . .
Amagambo [‘gucungurwa kwa Yerusalemu’] yerekeza ku ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli, kubera yuko
umurwa mukuru uba uhagarariye igihugu cyose. Bihwanye n’amagambo y’ihumure rya Isirayeli
(2:25), aya magambo afitanye isano n’IK bishingiye ku cyemezo Imana yafashe cyo gukiza ubwoko
bwayo (Yes. 40:9; 52:9; 63:4).” (Bock 1994: 238, 253)
Simiyoni na Ana, bombi bari bakoresheje amagambo avuga uburyo Mesiya azacungura
Isirayeli mu urwego rwa politike, ariko bamaze kubona Yesu, bahise berekeza amaso yabo kuri We.
Bityo, icyo Simiyoni avuga gishyira imbaraga ku uwo Yesu ari n’icyo azakora (Luka 2:30-34). Ana na
we “yakomeje kumuvugaho” (Luka 2:38). Ibi byose bivuga yuko, na mbere y’uko Yesu atangira
umurimo we ku mugaragaro, Umwuka Wera yakomeje ahishura yuko umugambi w’Imana ku bijyanye
n’iryo humure n’ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli nta ho wari uhuriye na politike cyangwa se n’ibijyanye
n’igihugu. Ahubwo, umurimo nyakuri wa Mesiya wari utandukanye cyane kandi wari mugari cyane
kuruta uko Abayuda babitekerezaga kuko wo washyiragamo “amoko yose” harimo n’Abanyamahanga
(Luka 2:31-32). Wari wateguriwe kuzana kubabarirwa ibyaha no gushyiraho Ubwami bw’Imana
nyakuri. N’ubwo wari umugambi mugari kandi ufite uburebure bw’amajyepfo bunini kuruta uko
Abayuda bari babyiteze, umugambi w’Imana muri Kristo wari ufite icyo asobanuye kuri Isirayeli,
nk’uko N.T. Wright abivuga: “Ushingiye ku gitekerezo cy’Umuyuda wo mu kinjana cya mbere,
‘kubabarirwa ibyaha ntibyari guhagararira ku mugisha wo ku giti cy’umuntu, n’ubwo mu by’ukuri ibyo
na byo ari ko byari bimeze. . . . Kuzamura imibirereho y’umuntu ku urwego rw’igihugu byari ishusho
y’uburyo igihugu muri rusange cyaba gihagaze; kandi igihe cyose Isirayeli izaguma munsi y’ubuyobozi
bw’abapagani, igihe cyose Torah (Amategeko) azaba atubahirijwe uko bikwiye, igihe cyose Urusengero
ruzaba rutarasubizwa ishema ryarwo; kubera ibyo, Isirayeli yari inyotewe ‘ukubabarirwa ibyaha’
nk’umugisha wo mu urwego rwo hejuru, wo mu buryo budasubirwaho, bwahanuwe kandi wo mu
urwego rw’igihugu Imana yabo yabasezeraniye [reba, urugero, Yes 40:1-2; 43:25-44:3; Yer 31:31-34;
33:4-11; Amag 4:22].” (Wright 1996: 269, 271) Uhereye kuri ibyo, igihe Yohana Umubatiza, nk’uwaje
avuga ukuza kwa Yesu, abwiriza iby’ “umubatizo wo kwihana ngo bababarirwe ibyaha” (Mariko 1:4;
Luka 3:3), nyuma aza gutangaza ati, “ng’uyu umwana w’intama w’Imana ukuraho ibyaha by’abari mu
isi.” (Yoh 1:29), icyo Yohana yarimo ategurira inzira n’icyo Yesu yarimo atanga igihe ahamagarira
abantu ngo “mwihane kuko ubwami bw’ijuru buri hafi” (Mat 4:17; reba na none Mariko 1:15) n’icyo
avuga ngo, “Umwana w’Umuntu afite ubutware mu isi bwo kubabarira abantu ibyaha” (Mat 9:6;
Mariko 2:10), nta kindi byasobanuraga keretse “ugucungurwa Isirayeli yari itegereje . . . uburyo bushya
isi yayoborwamo, ‘iherezo ku maganya y’igihe kirekire Isirayeli yabayemo, ‘ukubabarirwa icyaha’
nyakwo kandi kwa nyuma, gutaha ku mugaragaro ubwami bw’Imana.” (Ibid.: 271-72).
2. Mat 4:13-17 hasobanura bushya ubuhanuzi bwo muri Yes 9: 1-2 akongera akabuhuza na Yesu.
“Matayo ahuza inyigisho za Yesu i Galilaya n’insobanuro ihwanye n’uko igihe yamaze i
‘Kaperinawumu, ku nkengera y’uruzi . . . mu gihugu cya Zebuloni na Nafutali’ gisohoza ubuhanuzi bwo
muri Yes 9:1-2: ‘Igihugu cya Zebukuni n’igihugu cya Nafutali, ariko mu gihe cya nyuma yagiteye
icyubahiro, ku nzira ikikiye inyanja hakurya ya Yorodani, Galilaya y’Abanyamahanga—abantu
bagenderaga mu mwijima babonye umucyo (Mat 4:13-16). Inkomōko y’ibi havuga ubwoko
bwamenaguwe, baneshejwe n’ingabo z’Abashuri, nyuma bajyanwa mu bunyage (2 Abami 15:29; 1
Ngoma 5:26), bahabwa isezerano ry’umwana w’umuhungu wo mu nzu ya Dawidi uzazana agakiza.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
54
Matayo abona ubu buhanuzi bwuzurizwa mu murimo wa Yesu: Atanga ishusho y’ugusenywa mu buryo
bugaragara n’ikibazo gishingiye kuri politike nk’umwijima wo mu buryo bw’umwuka no mu buryo
bw’ingeso, yongera ahuza uburyo Yesu atangaza urukerera rwerekeza ku ubwami bw’Imana (Mat 4:17)
nk’isohozwa ry’ukurokoka ‘ku nzira ikikiye inyanja hakurya ya Yorodani, Galilaya y’abanyamahanga’
(Yes 9:1).” (Schnabel 2002: 43)
3. Yesu ahuza Yohana Umubatiza na Eliya, “uzaza kugarura byose no kubitunganya” (Mat 17:11-13;
reba Mal 4:5-6). Yes 40:3-11 na Mal 3:1 havuga yuko Umwami Imana azohereza intumwa ye mbere
yuko Umwami aza mu bantu be no mu rusengero rwe. Zakariya (se wa Yohana Umubatiza) arabyemeza
igihe avuga yuko Imana “yaduhagurukirije ihembe ry’agakiza mu muryango wa Dawidi umugaragu
wayo” (Luka 1:69, havuga kuri Yesu). No kuri Luka 1:76 yifashishije amagambo yo muri Mal 3:1
igihe yavugaga kuri Yohana Umubatiza (“na we mwana, uzitwa umuhanuzi w’Isumbabyose; kuko
uzabanziriza Umwami ngo utunganye inzira ze”). Yohana Umubatiza na we yifashishije amagambo ari
muri Yes 40:3-5 na Mal 3:1 mbere y’uko Yesu abatizwa (Mat 3:3; Mariko 1:2-3; Luka 3:4-6; Yoh
1:23). Yesu na we arahamye yuko Yohana Umubatiza yai “intumwa” nk’uko byavuzwe mu buhanuzi
buri muri Mal 3:1 (reba Mat 11:7-10; Luka 7:24-27).32 Bityo, Yohana Umubatiza na Yesu basohoje
ubuhanuzi buri muri Yes 40:3-11 na Mal 3:1. Iyo ntumwa izabanziriza kuza kw’Umwami ivugwa mu
magambo asobanutse muri Mal 4:5 havuga yuko Imana izohereza “Eliya umuhanuzi.” Yohana
avugwaho nk’ufite umwuka wa Eliya kugira ngo ategurire abantu ukuza kw’Umwami (Mat 11:14;
17:10-13; Mariko 9:11-13; Luka 1:13-17, 76). Icyo gikorwa Yesu yakoze cyo guhuza Yohana
Umubatiza na Eliya muri Mat 17:11-13 “cyasobanuye neza yuko umwaka wo ‘guhembuka’ wari
witezwe, kandi noneho ko uri hafi yo gusohora—ariko igitangaje n’uko bigiye kunyura mu ‘mibabaro’
y’Umwana w’Umuntu” (Walker 1996: 43).
4. Yesu yatoranyije intumwa 12 (Mat 10:1-2; Mariko 3:13-19; Luka 6:12-26), ibi na byo bikaba
bigaragaza ishusho y’imiryango 12 kandi bikaba ari ikimenyetso cy’uguhembuka kwa Isirayeli.
“Uburyo Yesu yahamagaye intumwa cumi n’ebyiri (Mariko 3:13-19; Luka 6:12-26; Mat 10:1-2) bifite
insobanuro ikomeye: Nimba Yesu ubwe yibonye nka Mesiya, za ntumwa cumi n’ebyiri zishimangira
ibyo avuga yuko umurimo we utangije ibijanye n’uguhembuka kw’imiryango cumi n’ibiri ya Isirayeli
kwo mu bihe bya nyuma” (Schnabel 2002: 45). “Insobanuro y’ikoreshwa ry’umubare cumi na kabiri,
bivuga iremwa bushya rya Isirayeli; Isirayeli itari igifite imiryango cumi n’ibiri mu buryo bugaragara
uhereye umwaka wa 734 MKY igihe Ashuri yateraga Isirayeli, noneho mu gihe Yesu aha ba bigishwa
be cumi na babiri umwanya wa mbere, ibyo byonyine birahagije kugira ngo bihuzwe n’uburyo abo ari
bo bazicara ku ntebe y’imanza bacira imanza imiryango cumi n’ibiri [Mat 19:28; Luka 22:28-30], ibi
bigaragaza mu buryo butomoye yuko yarimo atekereza ku bijyanye no guhembuka kwa Isirayeli kwo
mu bihe bya nyuma.” (Wright 1996: 300) (Reba na none igice IV.D.4., mu bice bikurikira)
5. Hamwe n’ukubihuza n’ubunyage, akenshi abahanuzi bavugaga ku Mana “uguteranyirizwa hamwe”
bushya kw’amasigarira ya Isirayeli (Zab 147:2; Yes 11:12; 27:12; 49:5; 56:8; Yer 6:9; 31:10; Ezek
11:17; 28:25; 34:13; 37:21; 38:8; 39:28; Hos 1:11; Mika 2:12; 4:6; Zef 3:18-20; Zak 10:8, 10). Yesu
avuga “guteranyiriza hamwe” Isirayeli (Mat 3:12; 12:30; 13:30, 47-48; 18:20; 22:10; 23:37; 24:31;
Mariko 13:27; Luka 3:17; 11:23; 13:34).
6. Ezekiyeli avuga ku Mana nk’ “umwungere” ugarura Isirayeli (Ezek 34: 1-31; 37:24). Yesu yavuze
ati, “Ndi umwungere mwiza” (Yoh 10: 11, 14; reba na none Mat 26:31; Mariko 14:27). Yitwa
“Umutahiza w’intama” mu Abaheb 13:20 n’ “Umutahiza” muri 1 Pet 5:4. Ikivugwa muri Ezekiyeli 34
n’uguhembuka kwa Isirayeli. Muri ibyo, Imana ishimangira uburyo umwungere yita ku ntama ze (Ezek
34:11-16). Igihe Kristo yavugaga ati, “Umwungere mwiza apfira intama ze” (Yoh 10:11, 15), yarimo
yerekana isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi bwa Ezekiyeli. Muri Ezekiyeli, Imana yongeye kuvuga itya iti,
“Nzaziha umwungere umwe, ni we uzaziragira, ni we mugaragu wanjye Dawidi” (Ezek 34:23). “Ibi
ntibisobanura yuko Dawidi azongera akaba muzima kugira ngo yongere abe umwami. Ahubwo, bivuga
Mesiya yari gukomoka mu muryango wa Dawidi kugira ngo asohoze ibyo Dawidi yari yarasezeranijwe.
Yitwa Dawidi mushya (Ezek 34:23; 37:24; Hos 3:5).” (Kaiser 1995: 189). R. T. France aravuga ati,
“Igihe yavugaga yuko icyamuzanye ku isi ari ugushaka no gukiza icyari cyarazimiye (Luka 19:10),
yarimo asubiramo insobanuro Ezekiyeli aha Imana nk’umwungere uzarokora intama ze zatatanye
(Ezekiyeli 34, cyane-cyane imirongo ya 16, 22)” (France 1975: 57). Nyuma y’ayo mateka, ibi
bisobanura, kimwe mu bindi bisobanuro, yuko muri Yesu uguhembuka kwa Isirayeli kwarasohoye,
n’ubwo atari mu buryo bw’ibigaragara nk’igihugu-ishyanga nk’uko Abayuda benshi bari bayiteze.
32
Yesu ubwe n’ “Intumwa y’Isezerano Rikuru” yavuzweho mu gice kiherukira Mal 3:1.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
55
7. Ibitangaza byinshi n’indi mirimo ihambaye Yesu yakoze byari ibimenyetso yuko Isirayeli yari mu
nzira y’uguhemburwa kandi yuko Ubwami bw’Imana bwarimo butahwa ku mugaragaro. “Ubuhanuzi
bwavugaga ku ugutaha bava mu bunyage, n’ukugaruka kw’UWITEKA i Siyoni, bwabonye ibikorwa be
n’ibi nk’ikimenyetso cy’uguhemburwa kw’ibyaremye, binyuze mu ugukiza abarwayi [urugero, Yes
35:1-10: “Icyo gihe impumyi zizahumurwa, n’ibipfamatwi bizaziburwa. Icyo gihe ikirema kizasimbuka
nk’impara, ururimi rw’ikiragi ruzaririmba.”]: . . . Dushobora kuvuga dufite ibyiringiro yuko Yesu yari
agamije kwumvisha abantu yuko ‘ibikorwa bihamabaye’ bye by’ugukiza nk’ikimenyetso cy’isohozwa
cy’ibi bari biteze yuko bizasohora icyo gihe…. Bityo, igihe umuhanuzi Yohana wahanuraga ibizasohora
yatangajwe n’ibyo Yesu yarimo akora, kumbure anatangazwa n’ibyo atarimo akora, Yesu yasubije
agabisha intumwa za Yohana ku bijyanye n’agaciro k’ibikorwa bikomeye [imiterere; igikorwa]: ‘Genda,
muvuge ibyo mwumvise n’ibyo mubonye. Impumyi zirahumuka, ibirema biragenda, ababembe
barakira, ibipfamatwi birumva, abapfuye barazurwa, abakene barabwirwa ubutumwa bwiza. Kandi
hahirwa uwo ibyanjye bitazagusha’ [Mat 11:4-6].” (Wright 1996: 428-29) 33
Na none, “Yesu akoresha ubushobozi bwe hejuru y’uburyo ibintu bitunganyije, abigarura mu
murongo mushya hashingiwe ku murongo w’Imana w’intego y’agakiza k’Imana nk’uko byagaragaye
mu gihe cyo kwambuka Inyanja Itukura” (Ibid.: 193-94). Mu bikorwa be n’ibyo harimo igikorwa
cy’uburobyi bwo mu buryo bw’igitangaza (Luka 5:4-11; Yoh 21:1-14); gucecekesha imiraba y’inyanja
(Mat 8:23-27; 14:32; Mariko 4:35-41; 6:51; Luka 8:22-25); kugendera hejuru y’amazi (Mat 14:22-
31; Mariko 6:45-50; Yoh 6:16-21); kugaburira abantu ibihumbi mu buryo bw’ibitangaza (Mat 14:13-
21; 15:32-38; Mariko 6:32-44; 8:1-9; Luka 9:12-17; Yoh 6:1-14); guhindura amazi vino (Yoh 2:1-
11); no kuvuma igiti cy’umutini (Mat 21:18-19; Mariko 11:12-14, 20-21). “Muri ibi byose, kimwe no
mu ‘bikorwa byo mu urwego ruhanitse’ muri rusange, ‘icyabonetse’ mu buryo isi yabonaga Abayuda
mu kinjana cya mbere kwari uko ibyaremwe byose byari bikeneye guhemburwa, ibyo Isirayeli yahoze
yiteze uhereye kera kose, igihe Imana yabo ari na Yo yari umwami wabo, nyuma bakajya guhanwa na
Yo. . . . Mu buryo bw’umwihariko, ibijyanye no gukiza bigendana ijambo, ngo: ‘Nimba jye, n’ukuboko
kw’Imana, nirukana abadayimoni, nuko rero ubwami bw’Imana bwabagezemo [Mat 12:28; Luka
11:20].’ Ibi byibutsa inkuru ivuga ibi: Umunsi umwe Imana y’Abisirayeli izaba Umwami; ukwubaka
ubu bwami kuzagendana n’ukunesha umwanzi wahoze ugumiza Isirayeli mu buja; hariho ibimenyetso
bigaragara yuko ibi birimo bisohora; bityo ubwami na bwo burimo bwinjira. UWITEKA arimo aba
umwami; Isirayeli na yo irimo ibohozwa.” (Ibid.: 194, 228).
8. Nyuma yo kuzuka kwe, bari mu nzira igana Emawusi (Luka 24:21, 25-27), Yesu yabwiye abigishwa
be mu buryo bwumvikana yuko “uguhembuka kwa Isirayeli” kwari ukwo mu buryo bw’Umwuka
kwubatse ku ukumwizera, aho kuba uguhembuka kwa Isirayeli nk’igihugu-ishyanga kwo mu buryo
bugaragara cyangwa se bwa politike. Ako kanya nyuma yo kuzuka kwe, Yesu yahuye na babiri bo mu
bigishwa be ku nzira igana Emawusi. Ntibamumenya, nyuma bavuga yuko “biringiraga yuko ari we
uzacungura Abisirayeli” (Luka 24:21). “Nta gushidikanya, ibitekerezo byabo byari byerekeye kuri
politike kuruta aho kubyerekeza ku by’idini ku bijyanye n’uburyo Kristo yari gucungura Isirayeli. Kuri
bo, ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli byasobanuraga ukurokorwa bakurwa mu maboko y’abanzi babo,
urugero, Abaroma.” (Stein 1992: 611; reba na none Bock 1996: 1913-14)
a. Yesu acyaha abo bigihswa babiri. Mu gisubizo yahaye abo bigishwa, Yesu yarabacyashye,
avuga ati, “Mwa bapfu mwe, imitima yanyu itinze cyane kwizera ibyo abahanuzi bavuze byose.
None se, Kristo ntiyari akwiriye kubabazwa atyo, ngo abone kwinjira mu bwiza bwe?” (Luka
24:25-26). “Insobanuro y’ibi n’uko Kristo yari yacunguye cyangwa se yasubijeho ubwami bwa
Isirayeli, ariko mu buryo butandukanye n’uko bari babyiteze. Mu gutegereza Mesiya wo mu
buryo bwa politike azazana ‘ugucungurwa’ kwo mu urwego rwa politike, bari bararangije
gusobanukirwa mu buryo butari bwo ubwo buhanuzi bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera. Ariko ukwo
gucungurwa kwa Isirayeli kwaje gusohorera mu ukuzuka kwa Yesu.” (Walker 1996: 285)
33
Yesu si “umwami wa Isirayeli” (Mat 2:2; Yoh 1:49) ahubwo ni Umwami hejuru y’isi yose kandi arimo ategekana
ubushobozi bwose (Mariko 16:19; Luka 22:69; Ibyak 2:22-36; Abef 1:20-23; Abakol 3:1; Abaheb 1:3; 1 Pet 3:21-22;
Ibyah 1:5); ubwami bwe n’ “ubwo hejuru y’imiryango yose, indimi zose, ibihugu byose, n’amashyanga yose” (Ibyah 5:9;
7:9). Kubera yuko ibyaremwe byose kimwe na twe twese ubwacu tuvugwaho nk’ “abaniha” kugeza ubwo tuzabona
“ugucungurwa kw’umubiri wacu” (Abar 8:22-23; reba na none 2 Abakor 5:1-4), kuzasohora igihe Yesu azagarukira (1
Abakor 15:20-57), kuba Yesu yarakizaga abarwaye, akazura abapfuye byari bifite umumaro munini kuruta uguhembuka
kwa Isirayeli. Indwara, ubumuga, n’urupfu n’imibabaro y’isi n’iya kiremwa muntu, bitandukanye n’umugambi w’Imana
kuri byo. Bityo, icy’uko Yesu akiza abantu “byerekeza intsinzi y’Umwami wo mu buryo bw’Imana no mu bihe
by’amakimbirane yo ku urwego rw’isi . . . nk’inzira y’ukwemeza intwaro ze” (Gray 1979: 1n.1).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
56
b. Insobanuro y’ “umunsi ugira gatatu.” Abo bigishwa babiri bagiye gusobanukirwa yuko
“dore uyu munsi n’uwa gatatu uhereye igihe ibyo byabereye” (Luka 24:21). Muri Luka 24:46,
Yesu avuga yuko ukwo kuzuka kwe ku “umunsi ugira gatatu” byari byaranditsweho mu
Isezerano rya Kera. “Na none n’iyihe mirongo arimo avugaho? Mu gihe byashoboka yuko
yaba arimo atekereza ku nkuru ya Yona, uwo ashingiyeho cyane n’uwo muri Hoseya 6:2
(‘azaduhembura tumaze kabiri: ku munsi wa gatatu azaduhagurutsa’). Nimba ariko biri, Yesu
yafashe umurongo wavugaga ku uguhembuka cyangwa se ugukanguka kwa Isirayeli, awirozaho
nka We Mesiya wa Isirayeli. . . . Nk’uko Dodd yanzura: ‘Ukuzuka kwa Kristo ni kwo kuzuka
kwa Isirayeli abahanuzi bavuze’.” (Walker 1996: 285)
9. Inshingano Nkuru (Mat 28:18-20).
a. Amateka ajyanye n’IK. Zab 2:6-8 hari harahanuye Isirayeli yahembutse, n’Umwami
washyizwe ku ngoma nka Mesiya ku Musozi Siyoni, “umusozi wera” w’Imana, nk’ “Umwana
w’Imana,” hamwe n’amahanga n’ “impera z’isi” yahawe nk’ubutunzi bwe (reba na none Zab
48:1-2). Mu buhanuzi bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera, Imana yahawe ishusho nk’ituranye n’abantu
bayo ku musozi Siyoni (Zab 26; reba na none Zab 9:11; 43:3; 68:16; 76:1-2; Yes 8:18; Yow
3:17; Zak 8:3). Amahanga yari kuba yateraniye ku musozi Siyoni kugira ngo babone ubwiza
bw’Imana n’imigisha yayo (reba Yes 2:2-3; 25:6-7; 56:6-8; Mika 4:1-2; Zak 8:20-23).
b. Yesu yerekeje Zab 2:6-8 n’ubundi buhanuzi bwo mu IK busa n’ubu kuri We ubwe, ku ubwoko
bwe (itorero), no ku gikorwa cyo gukwirakwiza Ubutumwa Bwiza. Yesu “Umwana” (Zab 2:7;
Mat 28:19; reba Ibyak 13:33, aho Paulo akoresha Zab 2:7 kuri Yesu) afite “ububasha bwose
mu ijuru no ku isi” nk’Umwami, akongera akaba na Mesiya (Zab 2:6; Mat 28:18). Yesu
Umwami asohora iteka ariha abigishwa be (Zab 2:7; Mat 28:18-20). Na none, iryo teka na ryo
ryerekeye ku “mahanga yose” (Zab 2:8; Mat 28:19). Ahubwo, ah’uko abantu bokaza ku
“musozi wera” w’Imana, Yesu abwira abantu be gusohoka bakajya ku mōko yose yo ku isi,
n’ahantu hose ngo bigishe ijambo ry’Umwami. Si ngombwa yuko tuba ahantu runaka kugira
ngo dushobore kubana n’Umwami (reba Yoh 4: 21-23). Ahubwo atwizeza yuko “ndi kumwe
namwe kugeza ku mperuka y’isi” (Mat 28:20; reba na none Mat 1:23—“azitwa Imanweli,
risobanurwa ngo ‘Imana iri kumwe natwe’”). Ubwo bwami bushya, Umusozi Siyoni mushya,
aho ni ho umwami ari. Ntihakiri ahantu hihariye, umusozi runaka ahubwo n’ahantu ho mu
buryo bw’umwuka. Ni aho hantu hose abantu ba Kristo bakoraniye (reba Yoh 4:21-24;
Abaheb 12:22-24). Kristo ni we wasimbuye Siyoni nk’ahantu Imana yahuriraga n’abantu bayo,
kandi muri Kristo ni mo ibyiringiro byose bijyanye na Siyoni byasohoreye.
10. Yesu asubiza ku kibazo yabajijwe n’abigishwa be ku bijyanye no kugarura ubwami mu Ibyak 1:6-8.
Mbere y’ukuza kw’imbaraga z’Umwuka Wera mu gihe cya Pentekoti, n’abigishwa ba Yesu na bo
ntibari bwagasobanukirwe uburyo Yesu yasobanuye ibijyanye n’ “ukugarura Ubwami bwa Isirayeli”.
Imitekerereze yabo yari igishingiye ku bijyanye n’ahantu runaka hamwe na politike, aho gutekereza ku
bishingiye ku Umwuka. Batekerezaga yuko Mesiya yari gucungura “igihugu gito” kimwe cyonyine, aho
gucungura isi yose. Ariko, mu gisubizo ku kibazo cyabo ku bijyanye n’ “ukugarura ubwami
bw’Abisirayeli” Yesu yakomereje ku byo yari yavuze mu “Inshingano Nkuru” noneho abayobora ku
gitekerezo gitandukanye n’icya mbere mu gutanga ibisobanuro ku cyo “Ubwami bwa Isirayeli
bwacunguwe” buri: N’ubwo mu buryo bw’umwuka, ubwami bwa Isirayeli bwageze ku isi yose, kandi
bugizwe n’abantu bo mu bwoko bwose, b’indimi zose, aho kuba bwerekeye Abanyesirayeli bonyine.
Ukuzamuka kwa Yesu mu ijuru (Ibyak 1:9-11), bisobanura neza ibijyanye n’umwimerere nyayo
y’ubwami, bishimangira ibi ngibi: “Ukuzamuka mu ijuru kwa Yesu ni, mu yandi magambo, igisubizo
cy’abigishwa cya 1.6. Uku ni kwo ubwami burimo busubizwa Isirayeli: binyuze mu buryo Mesiya
ubuhagarariye azashyirwa ku ntebe nk’umwami nyakuri w’isi.” (Wright 2003: 655)
a. Insobanuro nshya y’ “ugucungurwa kw’ubwami hamwe n’ibigize ‘Isirayeli nyakuri’.”
N’ubwo igice cya mbere cy’igisubizo Yesu yatanze mu Ibyak 1:7-8 gishobora gufatwa nk’
“ikintu cyo gukosora ‘ingengabihe yabo’ (uku ‘gucungurwa’ kwari gusohora, ariko atari muri
iki gihe cya none),” igice cya kabiri cy’icyo gisubizo (urugero, uhereye ku Ibyak 1:8), havuga
yuko ibyo Yesu arimo avugaho n’uburyo bushya kandi butandukanye n’ubwa mbere bw’
“ugucungurwa kw’ubwami”: “Ibijyanye n’ibi muri Luka 24 bivuga yuko Yesu arimo anenga
uburyo bumvagamo ‘ugucungurwa’. Arashimangira ibijyanye n’ibyiringiro, ariko agahindura
insobanuro yabyo. Icyo ashingiraho ni ku ‘ubwami bw’Imana’ (umurongo wa 3), butandukanye
n’ubwami bushingiye kuri Isirayeli yo mu buryo bwa politike; Umwuka azatangwa (imirongo
4-5), ariko s’ukugarurira Isirayeli ubwami’, ahubwo kwari ukubaha inguvu zo kwamamaza
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
57
ubutumwa hirya y’imipaka ya Isirayeli’ . . . Muri Luka 24 abigishwa bahamagariwe kureba
umurimo wa Yesu wo gucungura babanje gusubiza amaso inyuma bakareba ukubambwa kwe,
ubu na ho bahamagariwe kureba imbere berekeza amaso yabo ku nshingano bahawe yo kugera
‘ku mpera z’isi’ (Ibyak 1:8). ‘Ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli’ gukubiyemo ibintu bibiri—
kwizihirijwe mu rupfu n’ukuzuka kwa Yesu, ariko kugasohorera muri misiyo yahawe
abigishwa. . . . Mu ukuzuka kwa Mesiya wa Isirayeli n’impano yari hafi gutangwa y’Umwuka
Wera ni mo Isirayeli yarimo icungurirwa. Uburyo Isirayeli izakwirakwiza ubutware bwayo ku
isi ntibizanyura mu ubwigenge bwayo bushingiye kuri politike, ahubwo ni mu ubutware
n’ubutegetsi bwa Mesiya wa Isirayeli. Uburyo bwatoranyijwe bw’ubutware bw’uyu Mesiya
bunyura mu ukwamamaza ubutumwa bwe ku isi hose bazana abantu ku ‘ukwitondera
iby’ukwizera’ (reba Abar. 1:5). None kimwe na mbere, ikiraza ishinga Yesu nticyari icy’
‘ubwami bwa Isirayeli’ bwo mu urwego rwa politike, ahubwo cyari icy’ ‘ubwami bw’Imana’
(Ibyak 1:3).” (Walker 1996:96, 292) Mu yandi magambo, “ubwami burimo bugenda
buhemburwa, ariko buzaba ubw’Umuyuda kimwe n’Umunyamahanga ku urwego rumwe
binyuze mu ukwamamaza Ubutumwa Bwiza” (Goldsworthy 2000: 238); reba na none Peterson
2009: 109-10 [“hashingiwe ku ubuhamya bw’intumwa za Yesu, ‘ubwami’ bwari gusubizwa
Isirayeli, ariko bitari mu buryo bwa politike cyangwa se bw’igihugu”]; Wright 1996: 383-90
[“Yarimo ashimangira itoranywa rya Isirayeli nk’uko yabisobanuye,” urugero, Isirayeli igizwe
n’abo bose bumvise amagambo ye bakamukurikira]).
b. “Ku mpera z’isi” na byo byatanze insobanuro nshya ku buhanuzi. Umwanzuro w’igisubizo
Yesu yahaye abigishwa be cy’uko bakwiye kujya mu mahanga yose “ku mpera z’isi” (Ibyak
1:8, NIV) wibutsa Inshingano Nkuru kandi ukaba ishusho ya Zab 2:8, bivuga ngo, “impera
z’isi” zahawe Umwami Mesiya nk’umugabane we. “Mu nshingano Yesu yahaye intumwa ze yo
kugenda bakagera ‘ku mpera z’isi,’ iyerekwa ryo mu buryo bw’ubuhanuzi rivuga iby’uko
amahanga azaza i Yerusalemu (Yes 2:2-5, Mika 4:1-5; Zak 8:20-23) risimburwa n’iby’ukuri
bivuga ku Bamisiyoneri b’Abayuda bazajyana Ubutumwa bwiza mu mahanga. Za ngendo zari
zaravuzweho zo kuva ku mpera z’isi zerekeza hagati, ubu none, zihawe indi ntumbero ya
misiyo yo kuva hagati (Yerusalemu, aho Yesu yapfiriye nyuma akazuka ava mu bupfuye)
werekeza ku mpera (impera z’isi).” (Schnabel 2002: 47)
11. Umwimerere wo mu buryo bw’umwuka ku bijyanye n’ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli wabaye impamo
igihe cy’Inama Nkuru y’Itorero y’i Yerusalemu mu Ibyak 15. N’ubwo Dawidi yari yarasezeraniwe
ubwami buhoraho, Isirayeli nyuma yagiye gucikamo ibice, nyuma ijyanwa mu bunyage. Imana, inyuze
mu Umuhanuzi wayo Amosi, yari yaremeye ko hazabaho ugucungurwa: “Uwo munsi nzegura ihema
rya Dawidi ryaguye,” nyuma y’ibyo amahanga azashakisha cyangwa se azubaha Uwiteka (Amosi 9:11-
12).
a. Uhereye mu Ibyakozwe 10, Imana yeretse Petero yuko nta shyanga, nta muryango cyangwa
se ubwoko bukwiye kwitwa “ubutejejwe.” Icyakurikiyeho n’uko umubare munini
w’Abanyamahanga bahindutse, ariko ntibakebwa cyangwa se ngo bayoborwe n’amategeko
y’Abayuda. Ikibazo cy’uko Abanyamahanga bakwiye gukurikiza imigenzo n’amategeko
y’Abayuda yo mu IK ni cyo cyari ku murongo w’ibyigwa muri iyo Nama Nkuru i Yerusalemu
nk’uko biri mu Ibyakozwe 15. Inama yanzuye ivuga yuko Abanyamahanga badategetswe
gukurikiza imihango n’amategeko byo mu IK.
b. Kugira ngo ibi byemerwe, mu Ibyak 15:15-18, intumwa Yakobo yasubiyemo amagambo
yanditswe mu gitabo cya Amosi 9:11-12 (hakoreshejwe inyandiko ya LXX) ariko atangira kandi
arangiza ayo magambo yo mu IK akoresha amagambo yo muri Hos 3:5; Yer 12:15, na Yes
45:21.Iyo mirongo yashyize ya magambo yakuwe muri Amosi mu murongo w’ugukizwa
kw’Abanyamahanga mu bihe bya Mesiya.Yakobo yanzura avuga ati, kuba Abanyamahanga
bahuriye mu rusengero ni kwo kwubaka bushya “ihema rya Dawidi” (urugero, uguhembuka
kwa Isirayeli). Bityo, kuba Abanyamahanga bageze ku ukwizera byerekana yuko “ihema rya
Dawidi” ryamaze kwubakwa bushya, mu gihe “ibyanditswe bivuga yuko habwirizwa kubaho
‘uguhembuka’ mbere y’uko Abanyamahanga bashobora kwinjiramo (‘Nzahacungura, kugira
ngo . . . Abanyamahanga’). Kuba Yakobo akoresha ‘ha’ ni kugira ngo ahe agaciro misiyo
izakorwa mu Banyamahanga, bisobanura yuko ibijyane n’ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli biza
byaremewe.” (Walker 1996: 97)
c. Nk’uko ibijyanye n’isezerano Aburahamu yahawe ku “gihugu”, itorero rya mbere “ryize mu
buryo bw’umwuka” ubuhanuzi bwo mu IK bwa Amosi babwerekeza ku itorero, aho kuryerekeza
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
58
ku rusengero rwo mu buryo bw’inyubako cyangwa se ku ubwami bwa Isirayeli bwo mu buryo
bwa politike. “Mu gushakisha ibyanditswe byatuma Abanyamahanga bakīrwa, Yakobo
yahisemo icyanditswe kimwe cyemeza neza yuko igikorwa cy’Imana mu Banyamahanga cyari
gutangira nyuma yuko izaba yarangije gukorera ubwoko bwayo bwite (‘ihema rya Dawidi
ryaguye’). Ikihari ibi byari byerekejeho n’uko ibyiringiro bya Isirayeli (Ugucungurwa
kuzakurikirwa n’ ‘icy’uko amahanga azataranira hamwe’) byari iby’ukuri. Ikitari icy’ukuri
n’insobanuro yahabwa ‘ugucungurwa’ kwa Isirayeli. . . . Bityo, insobanuro ya Yakobo iba
irumviswe, yavuga yuko intumwa nyuma zagiye gushyira ku ruhande ibijyanye n’imyizerere
yabo ya mbere yuko ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli kwari kujyanye n’ubwigenge bushingiye kuri
politike cyangwa se mu icy’uko abantu bayo bazaza ku ukwizera Yesu ari benshi cyane.”
(Walker 1996: 293-94)
d. Icyemezo cyafatiwe mu Nama Nkuru y’Itorero i Yerusalemu gihwanye n’ibyanditswe muri
Yes 49:6. Yes 49:6 n’umwe mu mirongo ivuga ku “ubugaragu”. Uwo murongo uhuza
ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli n’umuhamagaro w’Imana ku Banyamahanga: “Aravuga ati, “Kuba
umugaragu wanjye, ugakungura imiryango ya Yakobo, ukagarura Abisirayeli bacitse ku icumu,
ibyo ntibihagije; ahubwo nzaguha kuba umucyo wo kuvira amahanga, kugira ngo agakiza
kanjye kagere ku mpera y’isi.” Kimwe no muri Amosi 9:11-12, “kuba Abanyamahanga
bagezweho n’Ubutumwa Bwiza cyari ikimenyetso cy’uko igihe cyari cyarategerejwe kuva kera
cy’ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli cyasohoye” (Walker 1996: 98). Paulo na Barunaba basubiyemo
amagambo ari mu gice cya kabiri cya Yes 49:6 mu Ibyak 13:47. Byashoboka yuko bagiye
kumenya ko hariho ihuriro hagati y’ “ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli” n’agakiza ku Banyamahanga.
Ikoreshwa ry’amagambo yo muri Yes 49:6 byatumye habaho ibyishimo n’umunezero kubera
ijambo ry’Uwiteka n’agakiza ku Banyamahanga (reba Ibyak 13:48-49). Ibi byari ibijyanye
n’Inama Nkuru y’Itorero yabereye i Yerusalemu, iyo Paulo na Barunaba batanzemo inkuru zose
ku byo Imana yabakoresheje mu Banyamahanga (Ibyak 15:2-4, 12).
12. Paulo agereranya ibijyanye na Kristo n’Itorero nk’ “ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli.”
a. Mu Abar 9:4-5 Paulo abona Yesu nk’igiteranyo, n’ikiri hejuru y’imigisha yose ikomeye
yagenewe Isirayeli: ukurerwa nk’abana, icyubahiro, amasezerano, amategeko, urusengero,
imirimo ikorerwa mu rusengero, amasezerano, na ba Data. Bityo, icy’uko Yesu yamamaza
ugusohora kw’ubwami bw’Imana byakurikiwe n’insobanuro nshya ku ubwami, hamwe
n’ibimenyetso byarangaga Isirayeli, ibyari bibuze (ugukebwa, Isabato, ibyo kurya) cyangwa se
byahinduwemo ibindi (Ubwoko, Igihugu, Amategeko, Urusengero). Ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli
nk’uko kwasezeranijwe kwahawe indi nsobanuro mu magambo avuga ku ukwubaha Yesu aho
kwubaha ibimenyetso bya kera byarangaga Isirayeli: Igishingiweho s’Urusengero, cyangwa se
amategeko, cyangwa se igihugu, ahubwo n’ubutumwa bw’urukerera rwerekeza ku ubutegetsi
bw’Imana binyuze mu murimo n’umuntu wa Yesu.” (Schnabel 2002: 42-43)
b. Paulo asobanura bushya “ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli” nk’ikintu kijyanye n’iby’umwuka.
Yes 49:8 havuga ku uburyo Uwiteka afasha “Wowe” (Musabyi we) “kugira ngo ucungure
igihugu.” Paulo asubiramo amagambo yo mu gice cya mbere cy’uwo murongo wa 2 Abakor
6:2, atabihuje n’ugucungurwa na kumwe kw’igihugu cyangwa se kw’ubwami bwa Isirayeli
kwo mu buryo bufatika, ahubwo abihuza n’ukuba ambasaderi (umuvugizi) wa Kristo no
kwakira ubuntu bw’Imana. Ahandi na ho avuga yuko Aburahamu ari we se w’abizera bose, na
bariya bose ba Kristo n’abana b’Aburahamu (Abar 4:11; Abagal 3:29). Itandukaniro ryari
rihari hagati y’Abayuda n’Abanyamahanga, “ab’inyuma” n’ “ab’imbere,” muri Kristo, ni mo
ryavaniweho (1 Abakor 5:12; Abagal 3:28; Abef 2:14-19; Abakol 3:11; 1 Abates 4:12).
“Nuko rero, igihe Paulo ashimangira yuko isezerano ry’Imana kuri Aburahamu ubu ryarangije
gusohorera muri Kristo ryose, harimo n’ukwagurira umugisha w’Imana ku Banyamahanga,
igihe kandi ashimangira yuko iri sohozwa ririmo ribera muri bariya bizera Yesu Kristo, aha
arimo avuga icyo yizera yuko itorero, rigizwe n’Abayuda bizera n’Abakristu
b’[Abanyamahanga], ibi na byo bisobanura ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli kwo mu bihe bya
nyuma” (Schnabel 2002: 54) Kimwe n’ibyo, mu Ibyak 13:32-34, 38-39, Paulo ahuza
“imigisha nyakuri ya Dawidi” n’ukuzuka kwa Yesu. Aya masezerano n’iyi migisha, nyuma
ntibijya kuvugwaho nk’Ubwami bw’Abayuda bwo muri iki kinyagihumbi, ahubwo bihuzwa
n’ukubabarirwa ibyaha n’agakiza. Nuko rero, amasezerano yahawe Isirayeli yagiye
gusohorezwa mu Itorero ryo mu Isezerano Rishya.” (Hoekema 1979: 197)
c. Abayobozi b’Abayuda basobanukiwe yuko Paulo yarimo atanga insobanuro nshya y’
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
59
“ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli.” Amaze gufatwa, Paulo yavuze ati, “None mpagaritswe no
gucirwa urubanza, kuko niringira kuzabona ibyo Imana yasezeraniye ba sogokuruza.” (Ibyak
26:6). Igihe yoherezwaga i Roma, yavuze ati, “Kuko iby’Abisirayeli biringiye kuzabona ari byo
byatumye mboheshwa uyu munyururu” (Ibyak 28:20). Biragaragara neza yuko ibyo Paulo
yizera ku bijyanye n’ “ibyiringiro bya Isirayeli” byari bihabanye cyane kandi bitandukanye
n’ibyari mu bitekerezo by’abayobozi b’Abayuda. Ibitekerezo byabo byari bishingiye ku
bigaragara ku kijyanye n’ibyiringiro bya Isirayeli—bisobanura yuko bo bashakaga Isirayeli
icunguriwe kuba ubwami bukomeye, aho nta huriro riba riri hagati y’Abayuda
n’Abanyamahanga, kandi bishingiye ku Mategeko n’Urusengero rwo mu Isezerano rya Kera
rw’Abayuda. Iyo Paulo yari kuba afite insobanuro be n’iyo ku bijyanye n’ibyiringiro
n’ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli, yari kuba yabaye umuntu wemewe cyane, na cyane-cyane ko yari
umwigihsa w’Amategeko wize cyane (Ibyak 22:3; 23:6; 26:5; Abafil 3:5). Ahubwo, Paulo
yigishaga “ibyiringiro” bitandukanye n’ibyo Abayuda bari bafite mu bitekerezo byabo, yigisha
Kristo, “amategeko ya Kristo,” ubwoko bushya bw’Imana burimo Abayuda n’Abanyamahanga,
bakaba bari umwe “muri Kristo” hamwe n’ “ibyiringiro by’umuzuko” (Ibyak 17:1-7; 23:6;
24:14-15; 26:6-23). Ibi ni byo byatumye Abayuda bagerageza kumwica, kugera aho bamufata
(Ibyak 21:28-33; 22:17-22).
13. Abanditsi b’IR basobanukiwe yuko Yesu yari yararangije guha intumbero nshya ubuhanuzi bwo mu
IK ku bijyanye n’ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli. “Abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya ntibigeze bavuga na rimwe
yuko ugusohozwa kw’Ubuhanuzi bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera bwari gusohorera mu ugucungurwa
kw’igihugu cya Isirayeli kwo mu buryo bugaragara. Igihe Paulo ashimangira avuga yuko igice cya
Isirayeli cyinangiye umutima kizagera aho na cyo kikagarurwa mu ubwōko bw’Imana nyakuri, bityo,
‘Isirayeli yose izakizwa’ [Abar 11:25-26], nta nzira n’imwe ashyiraho igaragaza yuko haba hari ikintu
kindi yaba arimo atekerezaho keretse uguhinduka kwabo kwo mu buryo bw’umwuka. Haba hariho ibyo
gushidikanyaho ku bijyanye n’ejo hazaza ho mu umwuka h’Abayuda, abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya
bakomeza bakurikiza umurongo wabo berekeza amaso yabo ku Itorero rya Gikristo nka ryo muyoboro
w’ejo hazaza ha Isirayeli.” (France 1975: 77-78) Abaheb 12:18, 22 havuga yuko muri Kristo
“Ntimwegereye wa musozi ubasha kugerwaho . . . ahubwo mwegereye umusozi wa Siyoni n’ururembo
rw’Imana ihoraho, ni rwo Yerusalemu yo mu ijuru” (reba na none Abagal 4:21-31). Mu gihe Isezerano
Rikuru rya Kera ryari ritarata agaciro, no mu gihe Yesu yari akiri mu isi akora umurimo we,
Yerusalemu yitwaga “Umurwa wera” (Yes 48:2; Dan 9:24; Neh 11:1, 18; Mat 4:4; 27:53). Na none,
“nyuma y’icyo gihe, ijambo ‘umurwa wera’ ntirisubira kugaruka, kuko Imana yashyize icyicaro cyayo
mu itorero aho kugishyira i Yerusalemu; kandi igihe cya Pentekoti, Umwuka ntiyuzuye urusengero
cyangwa se Yerusalemu, ahubwo yuzuye intumwa na bariya bose bihannye bakabatizwa (Ibyak 2:1-4,
38-39). Ubu busobanuro burasobanurwa mu Ibyahishuwe aho Yohana asobanura Yerusalemu nshya
nk’umurwa wera (21:2, 10; 22:19). Akomeza asobanura avuga yuko aho ari ho hari ‘ubuturo bw’abera,
umurwa w’igikundiro’ (20:9) uwo Yesu yita ‘ururembo rw’Imana yanjye’ (3:12). Umurwa wera ni
Yerusalemu y’abera yo mu buryo bw’umwuka.” (Kistemaker 2000: 437)
IV. Kubera ko Itorero riri “muri Kristo,” Itorero ni ryo Isirayeli Nshya, Nyakuri, Isirayeli yo mu buryo
bw’Umwuka
A. Isirayeli yo mu IK n’Itorero: Ubuntu, ugutoranywa, n’ukwizera byo mu IK byo mu buryo bufatika n’ubwo
mu Umwuka 1. Amagambo yerekeye ku “ubuntu,” “ugutoranywa,” n’ “ukwizera” arakoreshwa mu IK, nk’uko ari mu
IR. “Insanganyamatsiko zimwe na zimwe z’ingenzi zishingiye kuri Bibiliya, zimwe muri zo zigenda
zihuzwa n’amateka y’Aburahamu izindi na zo zigahuzwa n’Isezerano Rikuru. Insanganyamatsiko ya
mbere n’ubuntu. Kimwe no kuri Nowa, nta kidasanzwe kuri Aburahamu cyatuma agirirwa neza
n’Imana mu buryo yamuhamagarira kwinjira muri iyi migisha. . . . Iya kabiri igendana n’ubuntu n’
ugutoranywa. Igihe cyose Imana ikoze kubera ineza ishaka kugirira abantu, ikora ikirwanya icyo
bakorera, bo nk’abanyabyaha bigometse, icyo gikorwa rero n’ubuntu. Ugutoranywa bisobanura yuko
Imana ihitamo bamwe aho guhitamo abandi kugira ngo abe ari bo babona kuri ubwo buntu bwayo. . . .
Insanganyamatsiko ya gatatu n’ ukwizera nk’uburyo bw’ukugaruka ku Mana. Ukwizera kwa
Aburahamu ntikwari gutunganye rwose, ntikwarangwamo imbaraga buri gihe, rimwe na rimwe
hagaragaramo n’ukutizera (Itang 15:2-3). Ariko, mu bihe bimwe na bimwe bikomeye, yagiye afata
Imana ku ijambo ryayo akizera amasezerano yayo. Urufunguzo s’imbaraga cyangwa se ugutungana
kw’ukwizera kwa Aburahamu, ahubwo n’imbaraga n’ugutungana kw’Imana yizeye. . . . Kandi uhereye
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60
igihe nta na kimwe Aburahamu akwiriye kubona mu byo asezeranywa, bibwirizwa kubonwa nk’impano
adakwiriye kubona. Ni cyo gituma abarwa nk’umukiranutsi imbere y’Imana kubera yuko yizeye
byonyine (Itang 15:6).” (Goldsworthy 1991: 122-23)
2. IK rihishura yuko Imana “ihitamo” cyangwa se “itoranya” mu buryo bubiri butandukanye: mu buryo
bw’ibigaragara no mu uburyo bw’umwuka. Guteg 7:6 havuga hati, “Kuko uri ubwoko [Isirayeli]
bwerejwe Uwiteka Imana yawe, kandi Uwiteka Imana yawe ikagutoraniriza mu mahanga yose yo mu isi
kuba ubwoko yironkeye.” N’ubwo bimeze bityo, ugutoranywa mu nsobanuro yo gushyirwa ku ruhande
nk’ubwoko-igihugu (bisobanura, “ugutoranywa kwo mu buryo bugaragara”) ntibihuye n’agakiza ko mu
buryo bw’iteka (“ugutoranywa kwo mu buryo bw’umwuka”). Abizera Imana “kuko yaduhereye muri
Kristo imigisha yose y’umwuka yo mu ijuru: nk’uko yadutoranirije muri we, isi itararemwa, kugira ngo
tube abera, tutariho umugayo imbere yayo” (Abef 1:3-4; reba na none Abar 8:29-30; 9:8-24; 2 Abates
2:13; 2 Tim 1:9). Mu nshamake, “Isirayeli n’ihanga ryatoranijwe, ariko iyerekwa rijyanye na byo
rizerekana yuko be n’ukwo gutoranywa kwo mu buryo bugaragara kugendana n’ugutoranirizwa
ubugingo buhoraho kwo mu buryo butagaragara (ku imbere). Paulo yanzura avuga ati, abakomoka kuri
Isirayeli si bo Bisirayeli (Abar 9:6). Uburyo Imana ikorana n’ubwoko nk’igihugu bibwirizwa kuba
bitandukanye n’uburyo ikorana n’abantu ku giti cyabo kubera agakiza k’iteka ryose. Izi mpande zombi
z’ugutoranywa zitandukanye n’ugutoranywa kw’abantu bamwe na bamwe abo Imana yerekezaho intego
zayo mu buryo bwihariye.” (Goldsworthy 1991: 126) No mu Isezerano rya Kera, uburyo Imana
yatangagamo agakiza ko mu buryo bw’umwuka kandi k’iteka ryose bwari kubera ubuntu bubonerwa
mu ukwizera, bitari kubera ukwubaha Amategeko ya Mose mu buryo bugaragara byonyine (Itang 15:6;
Guteg 10:16; 30:6; Hos 6:6; Habak 2:4; Abarom 1:16-17; 4:13-24; 9:27-33; 11:17-23; Abaheb
11:1-12:2).
3. N’ubwo Imana yahisemo Isirayeli (Guteg 7:6-8), ikabacungura ibakura mu bucakara (Kuva 13-15),
igaha Isirayeli igihugu cyayo bwite (Yosuwa 1-21), ikinjira mu masezerano makuru na Isirayeli (Itang
12:1-3; 13:14-17; 15:1-21; 17:1-21; 22:15-18; Kuva 19-24; 2 Sam 7:8-17; 1 Ngoma 17:3-15), mu
mateka yayo yose, ubwo bwoko bwose bwahoze burangwa n’ukutizera (reba Neh 9:1-37; Ibyak 7:1-
53). IK kimwe n’IR havuga yuko amateka ya Isirayeli yahoze agengwa n’ukutizera hamwe no kuva mu
isezerano bakoranye n’Imana.
• Igihe Mose yajyaga ku musozi Sinayi kwakira Amategeko Cumi. Ishyanga ryatangiye kuramya
ikimasa gikozwe mu izahabu. Imana ishaka kubarimbura bose (Kuva 32).
• Bagera ku nkombe z’Igihugu cy’Isezerano. Cumi muri ba batasi cumi na babairi bavuze yuko
batari bakwiye kwinjira mu gihugu, abenshi muri bo bahita bigomeka ku Uwiteka. Imana
ibahanisha kuzerera mu butayu kumara imyaka 40, muri abo bantu bose, Yosuwa na Kalebu ni bo
bonyine bemerewe kwinjira mu gihugu (Kubara 13-14).
• Binjiye mu gihugu, mu gihe cy’ubuyobozi bw’Abacamanza. Abantu bakomeje gusenga izindi
mana kandi “bakora ibyangwa n’Uwiteka” (Abac 2:11-13; 3:5-7, 12; 4:1; 6:1; 10:6; 13:1; 17:6;
21:25).
• Isirayeli yisabira umwami. Icyo basabye byari ukwigomeka ku Mana kugira ngo bamere
nk’andi mahanga (1 Sam 8:1-9).
• Mbere y’ubunyage i Babuloni. Imana yavugiye mu kanwa k’abahanuzi inshamake y’amateka ya
Isirayeli iti, “Ariko nzareka igice gisigaye cya gakondo yanjye, mbahāne mu maboko y’ababisha
babo, bahinduke umuhīgo n’umunyago by’ababisha babo bose; kuko bakoze ibyangwa imbere
yanjye bakandakaza, uhereye igihe ba sekuruza babo baviriye mu Egiputa na bugingo n’ubu” (2
Abami 21:14-15).
• Nyuma yo gutaha bava mu bunyage i Babuloni. Icyaha cya Isirayeli cyarakomeje, harimo no
gushakana n’abapagani (Neh 13:23-26; Mal 2:11-15); kunanirwa gutanga kimwe mu icumi ari byo
kunanirwa kwubaha amategeko (Neh 13:10-14; Mal 2:10; 3:8-10; 4:4); birengagije Isabato (Neh
13:15-22; Mal 2:8-9); abatambyi barononekaye (Neh 13:7-9; Mal 1:7-14; 2:1-9); n’ibyaha byo mu
urwego rusange (Neh 5:1-13; Mal 3:5).
• Urugero rwa Isirayeli rwo kutizera, kutubaha, no kureka Imana byarakomeje kugeza ku ukuza
kwa Yesu n’inyuma yaho. Yesu “yaje mu be ariko abe ntibamwemera” (Yoh 1:11). Umugani Yesu
yaciye w’abahinzi bimye shebuja imyaka ye (Mat 21:22-46; Mariko 12:1-12; Luka 20:9-19)
uvuga muri make amateka ya Isirayeli nk’ukwanga abahanuzi b’Imana n’ukwanga umwana
w’Imana. Abaheb 3:7-4:9 hanzura havuga yuko Isirayeli itigeze yinjira mu “buruhukiro”
bw’Imana kubera kutizera kwabo. Sitefano yavuze inshamake y’amateka ya Isirayeli nk’ugutoteza
abahanuzi, kugambanira no kwica Kristo, no kutubaha amategeko (Ibyak 7:51-53). Mu Ibyak
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61
28:23-27 Paulo asubiramo amagambo yanditswe muri Yes 6:9-10 ku bijyanye n’ubuhumyi no
kwica amatwi bya Isirayeli abihuza n’uburyo Isirayeli yanze kwakira Yesu.
4. Mu Abar 9:6-7 Paulo avuga ati, “Kuko abakomotse kuri Isirayeli atari bo Bisirayeli bose; kandi
kuko ari urubyaro rwa Aburahamu, si cyo kibagira abana be bose.” “Mu mwanya wo gushyiraho
itandukaniro hagati ya Isirayeli n’itorero, Bibiliya ishyiraho itandukaniro hagati y’Abisirayeli ubwabo—
itandukaniro hagati y’amasigarira, abo na bo ni bo bizerwa imbere y’Imana, n’abayobye, abo na bo
nk’uko Yesu abivuga, n’abana ba Satani (Yoh 8:44)” (Grenz 1992: 125). Abaroma 9-11 havuga
ibijyanye n’icy’ukumenya nimba Imana yaravuye ku Ijambo ryayo cyangwa se nimba yarishe
Amasezerano Makuru yakoranye na Isirayeli: “Imana ntiyigeze, kandi ntizigera, inanirwa kwubahiriza
buri sezerano ryayo rikuru yashyizeho. ‘Ariko,’ Paulo arabyatura avuga ti, ‘Imana ntiyigeze ikorana
isezerano ryo mu buryo bw’umwuka n’umuntu n’umwe ishingiye ku nkomōko ye yo mu buryo
bw’umubiri.’ Iri ni ryo pfundo ry’ikibazo cyose! Amagambo ya Paulo yerekeye buri mwana
w’Umuyuda uvukira mu gihugu cya Isirayeli, amagambo ye na none yerekeye buri mwana uvukiye mu
babyeyi b’Abakristo uyu munsi. Hamwe iri hame ryakwumvwa neza kandi rikaguma rishyirwa mu
bikorwa, abantu ntibazongera gukoresha amagambo nka ‘igihugu cy’isezerano’ (Isirayeli yo mu buryo
bugaragara) cyangwa se ‘abana b’isezerano’ (abana bavuka ku abizera bo mu buryo bugaragara). Buri
sezerano ry’Imana rizana umugisha wo mu buryo bw’umwuka ku muntu runaka risaba yuko uwo muntu
yizera iryo sezerano ku giti cye. Isirayeli ntiyigeze ibona umugisha yasezeraniwe kuko
‘batawushakishirije mu ukwizera’ (Abaroma 9:32). . . . Ku murongo w’epfo, Paulo avuga ati,
abakomotse kuri Isirayeli si bo Bisirayeli bose bisobanura itandukaniro hagati y’abantu bagenewe
amahirwe yihariye n’abandi bafite ubuntu [bukiza]. Umwisirayeli wese yagiye yishimira amahirwe
menshi kubera umuryango yavukiyemo (Abar 3:1-3), ariko nta mu Isirayeli (nta wundi n’umwe) wigeze
ushyirwa mu urwego runaka rwo mu buryo bw’umwuka cyangwa se ngo abone imigisha yo mu buryo
bw’umwuka keretse irya y’ukwihana n’ukwizera. . . . Icyo ashaka gusobanura muri ibi n’ikijyanye na
“Isirayeli hagati muri Isirayeli” n’ikijyanye n’ugutoranywa gushingiye ku ubutavugirwamo (Abar 9:11)
n’umuhamagaro nyawo (Abar 9:24), kandi ibi nta ho bihuriye n’ibisekuruza. . . . N’iby’ingenzi
kumenya yuko [mu Abar 9:6-13] Paulo ntarimo asobanura ibijyanye n’inyigisho ku ugutoranywa akoze
ikigereranyo hagati y’ ‘umwana w’isezerano’ (urubyaro rw’Aburahamu) n’umwana ‘utari
uw’isezerano’ (Umunyamahanga), ahubwo arimo akora ikigereranyo hagati y’abana babiri
‘b’isezerano’. Kandi abo s’abana babiri b’isezerano bo mu buryo busanzwe, ahubwo n’abuzukuru
b’impanga b’Aburahamu ubwe, n’impanga z’ukuri za Isaka wizeraga Imana. Paulo akoresha impanga
z’Aburahamu ashaka gutanga ibisobanuro byo mu buryo budasubirwaho by’uko kuzungura
amasezerano y’ukuri y’Imana ata ho bihuriye ‘na wa mwana w’isezerano’ cyangwa se kuba
‘ibyashyizweho igikumwe’ n’ibimenyetso by’isezerano—na ririya sezerano rikuru ry’ugukebwa
ryashyizweho igikumwe n’Imana ryerekeye kuri Aburahamu, umuhungu we Isaka no ku buzukuru be
babiri b’impanga. . . . Muri uru rugero akoresha mu gusobanura, Paulo arimo atubwira icyo ashaka
kuvuga igihe akoresha amagambo ‘Abakomotse ku Isirayeli si bo Bisirayeli bose.’ Nta na kimwe mu
byo Imana yasezeranye cyangwa se yakozeho isezerano rikuru na Isirayeli kivuga neza yuko Abisirayeli
cyangwa se abana babo, bazabona umugisha wo mu buryo bw’umwuka. Bajyaga babona amahirwe,
ariko ntibigeze babona igihamya cy’uko iyo migisha izahoraho.” (Reisinger 1998: 47-48)
B. Ihuriro riri hagati ya Isirayeli yo mu IK n’Itorero Itorero ni rishya kandi mu yandi magambo si rishya. “Isezerano Rishya ntirivuga cyane ku uburyo abera
bo mu Isezerano rya Kera bakwemerwa mu itorero, ariko riravuga uburyo abizera b’Abanyamahanga bo mu
gihe cy’Isezerano Rishya bakiriwe mu Bisirayeli” (Bell 1967: 102).
1. Itorero si rishya kubera yuko itorero n’ “amasigarira ya Isirayeli” (Abar 9:27; 11:1-7) kandi
rihagarariye ikwirakwizwa ry’ “amasigarira ya Isirayeli” ryo mu urwego rw’isi (reba Mat 13:31-32, 47-
48; 16:18; Abaheb 11:40; Ibyah 5:9; 7:9). Itorero n’uruhererekane rwa Isirayeli” bisobanura ngo
“ikomezwa n’ikwirakwizwa rya Isirayeli nk’ubwoko bw’Imana, burimo Abayuda batoranyijwe
n’Abanyamahanga, bose hamwe, bakoze “Isirayeli y’Imana’ (Abagal 6:16)” (Williamson 2007:191).
Nk’uko Abar 9:6-7 herekana yuko hariho itandukaniro rikomeye hagati ya Isirayeli yo mu buryo
bugaragara n’itorero, ni na ko herekana ihuriro n’uruhererekane ruhambaye hagati ya Isirayeli “yo mu
buryo bw’umwuka” (Isirayeli iri hagati muri Isirayeli”) n’itorero. Iryo huriro n’uruhererekane bisangwa
mu gitekerezo cy’ “amasigarira” ayo Paulo yita mu ishusho y’ “igiti cy’umuzabibu” mu Abar 11:17-24:
“Umuzabibu byerekana amasigarira y’Abisirayeli. Iki gitekerezo kirashyigikirwa cyane n’ibivugwa
muri icyo gice. Ubwa kera, Paulo yari yavuze kuri Isirayeli nyakuri (9:6), amasigarira y’Abisirayeli
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
62
(9:27; 11:5), Abisirayeli batoranyijwe (11:7). . . . Iyo Paulo afungirana urugero rwe rw’umuzabibu
agashyiramo Abayuda bonyine, amasigarira y’Abisirayeli bokwisanze bari ikindi kintu ata huriro
gifitanye n’Itorero, cyangwa se ikintu giteretse hagati mu Itorero. Mu gihe abizera b’Abanyamahanga
bometse ku giti cy’umuzabibu, na none, [Abar 11:17], biragaragara neza yuko amasigarira
y’Abisirayeli adafatanyijwe n’Abayuda bo mu buryo bugaragara bonyine, ahubwo, mur’ayo masigarira
harimo ya moko nyene yacunguwe abarizwa mu Itorero.” (Gay 2002: n.p.) “Ikijyanye n’uko Itorero ari
amasigarira ya Isirayeli byemezwa n’uko izina ry’ubuturo bw’iteka bw’abizera (Yerusalemu Nshya),
inkingi z’ubwo buturo (intumwa cumi na zibiri z’Abisirayeli za Yesu), n’Umuntu uzaba wicaye kuri iyo
ntebe y’inganji y’ubwo buturo (Yesu, Umwami w’Abisirayeli, na none We ubwe n’Umwisirayeli).
Kubera yuko Itorero ari amasigarira ya Isirayeli, Paulo—na we akaba ari umwe mu bayoboke
b’iryo Torero—yashobora kuvuga yuko, mu gihe ari umwe mu bizera Yesu, yari umwe mu bagize
amasigarira ya Isirayeli (Abaroma 11:1-5). Kubera ko Itorero rigizwe n’amasigarira ya Isirayeli, Paulo
yashobora kuvuga yuko Abanyamahanga bizeye Yesu bometswe ku masigarira ya Isirayeli (Abar
11:17). Kubera yuko Itorero ari amasigarira ya Isirayeli, bityo Paulo na Petero bashoboye kuvuga yuko
Abayuda batemeye Yesu bazacibwa bakavanwa muri Isirayeli (Abar 11:17; Ibyak 3:23). Kubera yuko
Itorero rigizwe n’amasigarira ya Isirayeli, Paulo yashoboye kuvuga yuko abizera b’Abanyamahanga
‘ntibagihejwe ku ubwenegihugu bwa Isirayeli’ kandi ntibakiri ‘abanyamahanga ku masezerano makuru
yatanzweho isezerano’ (Abefeso 2:12). Kubera ko Itorero rigizwe n’amasigarira ya Isirayeli, Paulo
yavuze ko abizera b’Abanyamahanga batakiri ‘abanyamahanga n’abimukira, ahubwo basangiye
ubwenegihugu n’ubwoko bw’Imana kandi ni bamwe mu bagize urugo rw’Imana’ (Abefeso 2:19).”
(Ibid.) Ingero ebyiri zikurikira zerekana ibi:
a. “Ubwisirayeli bwa Isirayeli” (Abef 2:11-22). Abanyamahanga bavugwaho nk’abari
batandukanijwe n’Ubwisirayeli muri “abashyitsi ku masezerano y’ibyasezeranyijwe” (2:12).
Ariko, 2:19 havuga yuko “muri Kristo” Abanyamahanga “ntibakiri abashyitsi n’abasuhuke,
ahubwo musangiye ubwoko n’abera [b’Abayuda].” Iki cyanditswe kirasobanutse, kivuga yuko
“Abizera b’Abanyamahanga bakaba n’abayoboke b’Itorero, bakiriwe nk’abasangiye ubwoko
n’Abisirayeli, abo babayemo kera ari abasuhuke, bityo bakaba basangiye amasezerano Imana
yakoranye na Isirayeli mu bihe by’Isezerano rya Kera. Nta gushidikanya kuriho yuko iri huriro
ryanyuze mu uguhindurwa, ariko inzira yo gukomeza yo igumaho.” (Bell 1967: 105)
b. Igiti cy’Umwelayo (Abar 11:1-24). Ikigereranyo cy’igiti cy’Umwelayo gikomoka muri Yer
11:16 na Hos 14:5-6. Abar 11:1-6 hatangira havuga yuko Imana yakomeje amasezerano yayo
yagiranye na Isirayeli binyuze mu masigarira y’Abisirayeli babaye abizerwa, muri abo Paulo
(umuyoboke w’itorero) akaba ari umwe muri bo. Paulo ahuza Isirayeli n’Igiti cyiza
cy’Umwelayo. “Imana yimuye amwe mu mashami y’icyo Giti cy’Umwelayo kubera ukutizera
Umwana wayo, ari We Mesiya wabo. Na none, yafashe amwe mu mashami y’umwelayo
y’umurarashyamba, ayomeka hagati mu mashami y’igiti cy’Umwelayo cyiza. Ariko, aya
mashami yometsweho mashya ntiyari akwiye kwirata kubera umwanya wayo hejuru y’Abayuda
bashyizwe ku ruhande. Amashami y’Abayuda yashyizwe ku ruhande kubera ukutizera kwabo.
Amashami y’Abanyamahanga yometsweho kubera ukwizera kwabo. Aba Banyamahanga
baramutse baguye bakava mu ukutizera, na bo bazacibwa bakurweho. Umwanya umuntu agira
mu Giti cy’Umwelayo uterwa n’ukwizera byonyine.” (Bear 1940-41: 152) “Byashobora
kugaragara yuko Abayuda bizera, bahagarariwe n’amashami meza y’umwimerere, atigeze
avaho. Ntiyigeze ashyirwa ku giti gishya, etc. Abakristu b’Abanyamahanga ni bo bahindutse
igice cy’igiti cy’umwelayo cyiza cyari kihasanzwe (Isirayeli) kandi gisangira ibyo kurya
n’amashami y’umwimerere asanzwe ahari (Abayuda). . . . Abaroma 11, iki gice kigendana neza
n’ibindi bice by’Inzandiko za Paulo nka Abefeso 2 hamwe n’Isezerano Rishya muri rusange,
higisha yuko amasezerano y’Imana kuri Isirayeli ntiyigeze yerekezwa ku urubyaro rwa Isirayeli
rwo mu buryo bw’umubiri nk’ikintu kimwe cyibumbiye hamwe, ahubwo yari yerekeye ku
Bisirayeli bizera gusa, amasigarira y’Abisirayeli, mu gihe cya Paulo, bahagarariwe na Paulo
ubwe n’abandi Bayuda bizeye, abo na bo, binyuze mu ukwemerwa muri Isirayeli ya kera
(kwomekwa mu giti cy’umwelayo cyiza), basangira n’Abayuda bizeye; bose hamwe bakaba
bagize Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’umwuka na/cyangwa se Itorero rya Gikristu.” (Bell 1967: 116,
118)
2. Itorero ni rishya kubera ko Yesu yavuze ati, “Uri Petero, kandi nzubaka Itorero ryanjye kuri urwo
rutare; kandi amarembo y’i kuzimu ntazarishobora” (Mat 16:18). Aya magambo ya Yesu avugwa mu
buryo bw’ejo hazaza (“nzubaka”) bisobanura yuko Itorero ryari ikintu gishya mu mateka, kandi kitari
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
63
bwakwubakwe. Itorero ni rishya kubera impamvu byibura ebyiri:
a. Itorero ryubatse ku urupfu n’ukuzuka kwa Kristo. “Itorero n’ikintu gishya, cyane-cyane
kubera yuko ari iteraniro Mesiya yubatse ku rufatizo rw’urupfu rwe rukuraho ibyaha n’ukuzuka
kwe. Nk’uko Mose ari we wakuye ekklesia [ijambo ry’Ikigiriki risobanura ‘iteraniro’; reba
Ibyak 7:38] (Abisirayeli) arikura muri Egiputa mu buryo bw’ibigaragara, Mesiya na We
yakuye ekkelsia ye mu isi yo mu buryo bw’umwuka, kugira ngo bakore iteraniro ryo mu buryo
bw’umwuka rigizwe n’Abayuda hamwe n’Abanyamahanga.” (Gay 2002:n.p.)
b. Itorero ni ryo ryagenewe kwakira hagati muri ryo Umwuka Wera. “Itorero na none ni rishya
hashingiwe ku isezerano rimwe mu yagize Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ryo kuzakira Umwuka
azaba hagati mu bantu (Ezekiyeli 36:24-26; Yeremiya 31:31-33). Ikijyanye n’amayobera
y’Itorero n’uko n’abatari Abayuda na bo bazakira Umwuka kandi bakakirwa kugira ngo bagire
umubiri umwe (hamwe n’Abayuda bizera) binyuze mu Umwuka Wera (Ibyakozwe 10:45; 15:8;
Abef 2:19-3:6). Ibi byabaye amayobera kuko Isezerano Rikuru Rishya n’ukuza kw’Umwuka
byari byasezeraniwe inzu ya Isirayeli n’inzu ya Yuda (Yeremiya 31:31), Abanyamahanga
ntibarimo. Bityo, byari bihishe ahantu hatandukanye, mu Isezerano rya Kera, nk’uko byari
bimeze ku bijyanye n’isezerano rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu rivuga yuko urubyaro rwe (Mesiya)
ruzabera umugisha amahanga yose.” (Gay 2002:n.p.)
C. Yesu yahakanye ishyanga rya Isirayeli nk’inzira yo kwubaka Ubwami bw’Imana , nyuma iyo
nshingano ayiha abamukurikiye, ari bo Torero Ibitabo bine bigize Ubutumwa Bwiza bivuga yuko Yesu ari We imigisha yose ikubiye mu Isezerano
Rikuru yasohoreyemo. Ariko na none, muri ibyo bitabo bine bigize Ubutumwa Bwiza, “harimo
insanganyamatsiko yo mu buryo butari bwiza: n’iyijyanye n’isohozwa ry’imivumo ikubiye muri iryo sezerano
(gucirwaho iteka) kuri Isirayeli itizera (Mat. 8:12; 13:12-14; 21:43; 23:37-39; reba Luka 16:19-31). Kugira ngo
tube ba samuragwa b’amasezerano akubiye mu isezerano rikuru, hariho ikindi gisabwa hejuru y’inkomōko
y’umuntu yo mu buryo bw’umubiri (Mat 3:9)!” (Williamson 2007: 185)
1. Ku bijyanye n’ukwizera kwa wa mukuru w’abasirikare b’Abaroma (Umunyamahanga), Yesu yavuze
ati, “Ndababwira ukuri yuko ntabwo nari nabona kwizera kungana gutya, haba no mu Bisirayeli.
Ndababwira yuko benshi bazaturuka iburasirazuba n’iburengerazuba, bakicarana na Aburahamu na
Isaka na Yakobo mu bwami bwo mu ijuru: ariko abana bo muri buriya bwami bazirukanirwa mu
mwijima hanze” (Mat 8:10-12). “Ikihari kigaragara aha ngaha n’uko insobanuro itangwa ku bantu
bazaturuka ‘iburasirazuba n’iburengerazuba’ ihuzwa n’ibyanditswe nka Yesaya 43:5 no gukomereza
kuri Zaburi 107:3 byavuze ku Bayuda bazataha bava mu bunyage. Ariko, aha ngaha, Yesu arimo
akoresha ibi byanditswe ku Banyamahanga babarwa mu ubwoko bw’Imana. Umwanya w’umwihariko
Abayuda bari bafite nk’ubwoko bw’Imana urarangiye. Amahirwe yo kubarwa muri ubwo bwoko ubu
noneho akinguriwe bose—yaba Umuyuda cyangwa se Umunyamahanga—wizera Yesu.” (Travis 1982:
129)
2. Mu bisobanuro bye ku mugani w’umubibyi (Mat 13:10-17), Yesu agaragaza ikinyuranyo kiri hagati
ya Isirayeli n’abigishwa ku bijyanye n’ukuziba amatwi n’amaso by’Abisirayeli. Icya mbere, Yesu
yabwiye abigishwa be ati, “Mwebweho, mwahawe ubwiru bwo kumenya iby’ubwami bwo mu ijuru,
ariko bo ntibabihawe” (Mat 13:11). Icya kabiri, nubwo Isirayeli yari yaraherewe ubwiru bw’ubwami
mu Mategeko n’Abahanuzi, ntibigeze babisobanukirwa, bituma bashakisha ubwami bwo mu buryo
bugaragara kandi bushingiye kuri politike. Nuko rero, Yesu aravuga ati, “udafite wese azakwa n’ibyo
yari afite” (Mat 13:12). Icya gatatu, “Yesu acira iteka ryo mu buryo bw’umwuka kuri Isirayeli
asubiramo amagambo yanditswe muri Yes 6:9-10” (Beale 2008: 163) avuga yuko Isirayeli “kumva
muzajye mwumva ariko mwe kubimenya: kureba muzajye mureba ariko mwe kubyitegereza. Ujye
unangira imitima y’ubu bwoko, uhindure amatwi yabo ibihuri, upfuke amaso yabo: kugira ngo
batarebesha amaso, batumvisha amatwi, batamenyesha imitima, bagahindukira, bagakira” (Mat
13:14-15; reba na none Mariko 4:12; Luka 8:10; Yoh 12:39-40). Yanzura yerekana igihushane kiri
hagati y’abigishwa be n’ubuhumyi n’ubupfamatwi bwa Isirayeli avuga ati, “Ariko amaso yanyu
arahirwa, kuko abona: n’amatwi yanyu kuko yumva. Ndababwira ukuri yuko abahanuzi n’abakiranutsi
bifuzaga kureba ibyo mureba, ntibabibone; no kumva ibyo mwumva ntibabyumve” (Mat 13:16-17).
3. IR rikoresha Yes 6:9-10 nk’ubuhanuzi burwanya Isirayeli kubera ko banze Yesu. Nk’uko byavuzwe
mbere, Yes 6:9-10 cyari igice cy’inshingano y’ubuhanuzi Yesaya yahawe, ubwo buhanuzi yabutanze
mu gihe cye, ariko Yesu abyita “ubuhanuzi” burimo busohora” (Mat 13:14). Muri Yes 6:9-10
Isirayeli yarimo icirwaho iteka kubera gusenga ibigirwamana, usibye ko ibigirwamana byayo byari
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
64
bitandukanye: Yasimbuje urukundo rw’Imana imigenzo yashyizweho n’abana b’abantu (reba Yes 29:9-
13; Ezek 14:4, 7; Mat 15:7-9; 23:29-33; Mariko 7:6-13), bashaka kwimika ugukiranuka kwabo mu
umwanya w’ugukiranuka gutangwa n’Imana (Abar 10:3). Icyaha cya Isirayeli cyari kibi kuruta
ibyakozwe na basekuruza babo mu bihe byababanjirije, mu gihe banze Imana Ubwayo yari yaraje ku isi
mu ishusho y’umuntu ari we Yesu. “Muri Yes 6:11, umuhanuzi arabaza ati, ‘ibyo bizageza hehe’
igihano cyashyiriweho ubwo buhumyi bwo mu umwuka n’ukwo kutumva, igisubizo cyabaye yuko
bizakomeza kugeza ku gihe cy’amasigarira y’ubunyage bw’i Babuloni na bariya bazagaruka gutura mu
gihugu nyuma y’ubwo bunyage. Birumvikana yuko Yesu yasobanukiwe yuko abenshi mu Bisirayeli
batizera bo mu gihe cye bafite inkomōko kuri ya masigarira y’abatizera kandi b’impumyi b’igihe cy’ubu
buhanuzi. Kubera ibi, birasobanutse neza impamvu Yesu yabonye yuko Yesaya 6:9-10 bwari ubuhanuzi
bwavugaga uburyo Abayuda bo mu gihe cya Yesaya n’abo mu gihe cye bari bahagaze mu buryo
bw’umwuka.” (Beale 2008: 165) Muri Yoh 12:40, intumwa Yohana na we akoresha amagambo yo muri
Yes 6:10 avuga ku ubuhumyi bw’Abisirayeli “ntibamwizeye [Yesu]” (Yoh 12:37). Yohana yongeraho
yuko “Yesaya yavuze ibi bintu kubera yuko yabonye icyubahiro cye, amuvugaho [n’ukuvuga Yesu].”
Mu Ibyak 28:23-28 Paulo na we yasubiyemo amagambo ari muri Yes 6:9-10 ayerekeza ku uburyo
Isirayeli yanze Yesu, avuga yuko ari yo mpamvu Imana yahise yohereza agakiza ku Banyamahanga.
4. Yesu yerekanye ikimenyetso cy’uburyo azangwa na Isirayeli igihe yavumaga igiti cy’umutini (Mat
21:18-22; Mariko 11: 12-14, 20-24). Kuvuma umutini byabaye “inkinamico y’umugani.” Umutini
cyari ikimenyetso ku ubwoko bwa Isirayeli (Hos 9:10; Nah 3:12; Zak 3:10). Muri ukwo kuvuma
umutini, Yesu yarimo arwanya amadini yakora imirimo nk’uburyo bwo “kwishyira ahagaragara” ariko
nta mbuto z’umwuka nyakuri zarimo. Na none, yarimo akora ibirenze ibyo. Yer 5:17, 8:13, Hos 2:12;
Amosi 4:9, na Mika 7:1-6 hose havuga ku bihano byahawe ibiti by’imitini nka bimwe mu bigize iteka
Uwiteka yaciriyeho Isirayeli. Igice gikunze kuza mu bitekerezo kijyanye n’ibyo ni Mika 7:1-6, aho
uburyo umuhanuzi atangazwa cyane na ruswa ikorerwa muri Yuda byasobanuwe nk’uburyo yananiwe
kubona ‘umutima wanjye urarikiye imbuto z’umutini z’umwimambere.’ Hashingiwe ku ijambo riri ku
murongo wa 18 rivuga yuko Yesu yari ashonje, kuba atashoboye kubona imbuto z’umwimambere zo
kurya bivuga mu buryo bukomeye ku iyerekwa ryo mu buryo bw’ubuhanuzi risohoreye mu kunanirwa
kwa Yerusalemu y’icyo gihe n’urusengero rwayo.” (France 2007: 793). Yesu afatanya uburyo yavumye
umutini n’aya magambo, “Ntukere imbuto iteka ryose” (Mat 21:19). Kubera iryo jambo, Yesu
ntiyarimo arwanya uburyarya bwo mu madini (mu gihe indyarya zishobora kwihana zigahinduka).
Ahubwo, yarimo yerekana yuko ubwo bwoko nka bwo nzira yo gukwirakwiza ubwami bw’Imana
bwanzwe burundu, nyuma buratabwa. Igisa n’icyo, nyuma yo guhangana n’Abafarisayo, Yesu yavuze
ati, “Igiti cyose Data wo mu ijuru adateye kizarandurwa” (Mat 15:13).
5. Mu mugani wa nyir’urugo n’uruzabibu, Yesu yahakanye ibikorwa by’abayobozi b’Abisirayeli avuga
yuko “ubwami bw’Imana muzabunyagwa buhabwe ishyanga ryera imbuto zabwo” (Mat 21:33-46; reba
na none Mariko 12:1-11; Luka 20:9-18). Uyu mugani uvoma muri Yes 5:1-7 aho “urutoke
rw’Uwiteka Nyir’Ingabo ari inzu ya Isirayeli” (Yes 5:7). Uyu mugani uvuga ibijyanye n’uburyo
Isirayeli igendana n’Imana. Nyir’uruzabibu n’Imana; uruzabibu n’ubwami bw’Imana; abahinzi
b’uruzabibu ni Isirayeli (na cyane-cyane abakuru bayo [reba Mat 21:45]); imbata n’abahanuzi;
umuhungu we na we ni Kristo. Bisobanura ngo, “baramufata [umwana we], bamwirukana mu
ruzabibu, baramwica” (Mat 21:39). Ibi byasohoreye mu kubambwa kwa Kristo kwabereye “inyuma
y’irembo” (Abaheb 13:12). Igihe batotezaga kandi bakica abahanuzi, bakica n’umwana mu buryo
buteye isoni, “buzuza ukwigomeka kwabo kwo mu buryo buteye isoni imbere y’Imana, kandi Isezerano
Rikuru rya Kera rihita risenywa burundu. Uruzabibu ari rwo gakiza k’Imana, ruzakwa ba bahinzi
ruhabwe abahinzi bandi, atari ab’ubundi bwoko bw’abantu bo kw’isi, atari kiremwamuntu muri
rusange, ahubwo ruzahabwa ubwoko bw’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya.” (Goppelt 1982: 79)
Ibijyanye n’uburyo Yesu yavumye igiti cy’umutini n’uburyo yaciriye Isirayeli ho iteka, byari
bishingiye ku mbuto: iteka rya mbere ryari ribi cyane—“Ntukere imbuto iteka ryose” (Mat 21:19); irya
kabiri na ryo ryari ryerekeye ku kintu cyiza— “ubwami bw’Imana muzabunyagwa buhabwe ishyanga
ryera imbuto zabwo” (Mat 21:43). Umwanzuro wa Yesu (21:43) ukoresha ubumwe (“ishyanga” –
“ubwoko”). Ibi bifitanye isano n’amagambo Paulo yavuze nyuma, “Abakomotse ku Isirayeli atari bo
Bisirayeli” (Abar 9:6). Mu yandi magambo, “Kuvuga irindi ‘shyanga’ ryo ku‘gu’simbura mu bijyanye
no kurinda umuzabibu bitujyana mu mutima w’ikibazo [ni nde ari] Isirayeli nyakuri cyihishe munsi iki
gice cyose cy’Ubutumwa Bwiza” (France 2007: 808). Umwanzuro wa Yesu uri mu buryo bwimbitse.
“Iri shyirwa ku ruhande ry’amahirwe Isirayeli yari ifite nka yo shyanga ry’Imana ryonyine nyuma
agahabwa ubundi bwoko ari bwo Torero . . . nta kintu na kimwe kibuze kugira ngo byitwe
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
65
ukubirindurwa (revolisiyo). Ubumwe [ethnos], bisobanura ‘ishyanga’ cyangwa se ‘ubwoko’ bikomoza
kuri misiyo yo kugera ku Banyamahanga, bahwanye na [ethnoi], ubwinshi bw’iryo jambo nyene.”
(Hagner 1995: 623)
6. Nyuma yo kwinjira i Yerusalemu mu cyubahiro, amagambo Yesu yavuze yose n’ibikorwa yakoze
byose byerekanaga ko yanze Isirayeli, bigatuma ahanura ugusenywa kwa Yerusalemu n’urusengero
kubera ko Isirayeli yamwanze. “Icy’uko insanganyamatsiko ya [Mariko 13]—Urubanza—bihura
n’ishusho y’ibyabaye mbere y’aho mu Cyumweru cya Pasika, nk’uko bivugwa, atari muri Mariko
honyine, ahubwo no mu bindi bitabo by’Ubutumwa Bwiza bivuga ibijyanye n’amateka (Matayo,
Mariko, Luka). Kristo yatangaje yuko Imana yasuye Isirayeli igihe yinjiraga i Yerusalemu mu
cyubahiro cye [Mat 21:1-11; Mariko 11:1-10; Luka 19:29-40], akeza urusengero [Mat 21:12-17;
Mariko 11:15-18; Luka 19:45-48], akavuma igiti cy’umutini [Mat 21:18-19; Mariko 11:12-14],
akatura imigani ivuga ku ugucirwaho iteka—umuzabibu n’ibuye ryasuzuguwe [Mat 21:33-46; Mariko
12:1-12; Luka 20:9-18], akavuga ku ubukwe bw’umwana w’umwami [Mat 22:1-14] akavuga
ibijyanye n’akaga ku Bafarisayo [Mat 23:1-39]; ibi byose biza nk’amagambo y’inkuba avuga ku
ugucirwaho iteka.” (Ford 1979: 36). Imigani ivuga ku bana b’abahungu babiri (Mat 21:28-33),
uruzabibu (Mat 21:33-46; Mariko 12:1-12; Luka 20:9-18), umunsi mukuru w’ubukwe (Mat 22:1-14)
nk’ “imigani itatu itanga ishusho y’ikirego gikorerwa Isirayeli (21:28-32), urubanza rukurikiraho
(21:33-46), irangizwa ry’urubanza (22:1-14)” (Blomberg 2007: 74). “Kandi mu magambo ye yo
kuburira abantu harimo bimwe batashobora kubona uburyo babyiregura. Abantu b’iki gihe cya none ni
bo bazabarwaho amaraso y’abahanuzi bose: iki ni cyo gitekerezo cya nyuma. Uburyo Luka yahanuyemo
ugusenyuka kwa Yerusalemu burimo amagambo akomeye, ‘kuko iyo minsi izaba ar’iyo guhoreramo
kugira ngo ibyanditswe bisohore’ (Luka 21:22). Ijambo rikomeye twabonye mu byo Yesu yamamaje
yuko muri We ari mo ibyiringiro byose byo mu Isezerano rya Kera byarimo bigenda bisohorera
[Mariko 1:15; Luka 4:21; 24:27, 44-47] rigereranywa n’iki gitekerezo cy’ibyago byo mu bihe
bizakurikiraho nk’ingaruka y’ukwigomeka kwa Isirayeli.” (France 1975:62)
Iteka ryaciriweho Isirayeli ryari rishingiye ubwa mbere ku uburyo Isirayeli yahakanye Yesu.
Igihe yinjiraga mu murwa ku nshuro ya nyuma, Yesu yahuje uburyo Abayuda bamwanze n’ugusenywa
kwa Yerusalemu n’urusenegro (Luka 19:41-44). Igisobanuro cyiza hejuru y’ibindi n’icy’uko igihe
yinjiraga muri Yerusalemu mu cyubahiro cye byabaye isohozwa ry’ibyo abo mu Isezerano rya Kera bari
bategereje kuzabona yuko “UWITEKA (YHWH) agarutse i Siyoni. Azongera akore ibyo yakoze igihe
cyo Kuva, cyo kuza agatura hagati mu bantu be [Yes 4:2-6; 24:23; 25:9-10; 35:3-6, 10; 40:3-5, 9-11;
52:7-10; 50:15-17, 19-21; 60:1-3; 62:10-11; 63:1-9; 64:1; 66:12-19; Ezek 43:1-7; Hag 2:7-10; Zak 2:4-5, 10-12; 8:2-3; Mal 3:1-4].” (Wright 1996: 616) “Mu bihe bye no mu muco we, yagendeye ku
ndogoba ajya ku Musozi wa Elayono, hakurya ya Kidironi, azamuka umusozi wubatsweho Urusengero
avugana imbaraga kuruta uko amagambo yashobora gusobanura ibijyanye n’icyubahiro cy’umwami.
Kuba Zakariya yavuzweho gato (hamwe n’ibindi byanditswe) birumvikana neza cyane [Zak 9:9-10;
reba na none Itang 49:8-12; Zab 72:8; Yes 63:2-6]. Icyiswe ‘Ukwinjira mu Ntsinzi’ na byo byari ibyo
mu buryo bwa Mesiya.” (Ibid.: 490-91) N’ubwo bimeze bityo, Isirayeli ntiyigeze imenya yuko
Isezerano rya Kera ryarimo risohora, Umwami yari yahageze, Imana yarimo isura Ubwoko bwayo.
Kubera ibyo, Yesu “araturika ararira, yatura iteka umudugudu ugiye gucirwaho, kubera yuko batamenye
‘igihe cyabo cyo gusurwa’ [Luka 19:41-44]. UWITEKA (YHWH) arimo asura ubwoko bwe, kandi
ntibarakabimenya; bityo akaga ko gucirwaho iteka karabegereje, kazaza mu ishusho y’igitero cya
gisirikare no gusenywa. Ibi s’uguhakana yuko ukuza kw’ubwami kwegereje. Ahubwo n’ukugabisha
abantu ku bijyanye n’icy’ubwami buzahura na cyo. . . . Kwari ukugabisha yuko, igihe UWITEKA
(YHWH) yagarukaga i Siyoni, yaje nk’umucamanza kuri bariya Bisirayeli batabaye abizerwa ku
nshingano yabahaye. Igihe UWITEKA (YHWH) yagarukaga, nk’uko Isirayeli yari ibyiringiye kandi
yari yifuje k’Uwiteka yabisohozaga, azaza nk’umucamanza kandi azaza nk’uzanywe no gukiza, kandi
urubanza ruzatangirira ku bo mu rugo rwe bwite. ‘Mbese uwo munsi w’UWITEKA (YHWH)
murawushakira iki? Uzaba ari umwijima, s’umucyo’ [Amosi 5:18]. Ibyiringiro by’Abisirayeli
by’intsinzi y’igihugu cyabo bizashyirwa ku ruhande; abantu bonyine bazatabarwa igihe Imana yabo
izagarukira, nk’igikorwa cyo gusohoza isezerano rye, bazaba bariya bitabiriye amabwiriza y’Imana
arimo atangirwa mu ukwamamaza ubwami bwa Yesu .” (Ibid.: 636-37).
Icy’urubanza rushingiyeho mu migani ye y’uruzabibu n’ibuye ryanzwe (Mat 21:33-46; Mariko
12:1-12; Luka 20:9-18) n’ubukwe bw’umwana w’umwami (Mat 22:1-14) byari uburyo bwo
kugaragaza ukuntu abatware b’Abayuda bakomeje kwanga ubwami bw’Imana hejuru yabo, ibyo bikaba
byarangiriye ku uburyo bamwanze igihe we ubwe yabazagaho . Mu ijambo rye rirerire arwanya
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
66
abanyabwenge b’ibyanditswe n’ Abafarisayo (Mat 23:1-39), Yesu yongeye guhuza ibyo bintu. Yavuze
ko agiye kwohereza abahanuzi, abagabo b’ubwenge, n’abanyabwenge b’ibyanditswe; kandi abo
bazabica, babatoteze,” “muhereko mugibweho n’amaraso yose y’abakiranutsi yaviriye ku isi, uhereye
ku maraso ya Abeli ukageza ku maraso ya Zakariya” (23:34-35). Nyuma y’ibyo, “Ndababwira ukuri
yuko ibyo byose bizasohora ku b’iki gihe” (23:36). Yanzuye yihuza n’ibizasohora kuri Yerusalemu:
“Yerusalemu, Yerusalemu, wica abahanuzi, ugatera amabuye abagutumweho, ni kangahe nshaka
kubundikira abana bawe, nk’uko inkoko ibundikira imishwi yayo mu mababa yayo; ntimunkundire.
Dore inzu yanyu muyisigiwe ari umusaka. Ndababwira yuko mutazambona, uhereye none, ukageza
ubwo muzavuga muti ‘Hahirwa uje mu izina ry’Uwiteka’.” (23:37-39)34 Yashimangiye na none ihuriro
riri hagati y’ukwangwa kwe, We ubwe, n’iteka rizagwira Yerusalemu n’urusenegro igihe azaba arimo
yegera ukubambwa kwe (Luka 23:28-31): ibi bisobanura, “(1) Nimba Abaroma bazamfata, Jye uwo
bemera yuko nta cyaha mfite, aka kagene, ni gute bazafata bariya bazaba ari abigomeke kandi
bagatsindwa n’urubanza? (2) Nimba Abayuda bafata aka kagene uwari yazanywe no kubakiza,
bazagenzwa bate bo ubwabo kubera uburyo bamurimbuye?” (Plummer 1942: 529) Umusobanuzi umwe
abivuga mu nshamake ati, “Ku bijyanye n’Isezerano Rishya, ibyabaye ku mpera y’Isezerano rya Kera,
urupfu rwa Kristo n’ugusenyuka kwa Yerusalemu, yari intango y’Iherezo ry’ibintu. Cyari kimwe mu
bikorwa byakozwe muri iyo nkinamico ivuga ku mperuka y’ibihe, icya nyuma na cyo kikazaba
icy’amarangamutima adashobora kuyobora (Parousia).” (Ford 1979: 31)
7. Inshamake y’ibiri muri Bibiliya. “Nta cyanditswe gisobanutse na kimwe cyo mu Isezerano Rishya
kivuga ku ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli nk’ishyanga ryo mu buryo bwa politike cyangwa se ngo gihanure
ibijyanye n’ingoma ya Kristo ku isi yo mu buryo bugaragara izabaho mbere y’ukwerekanwa kwe kwa
nyuma. Nta na hamwe havuga ku cyubahiro cyo mu buryo bugaragara cya Kristo nk’umwami wo mu
buryo busanzwe uzaba utegeka ishyanga ryacunguwe rya Isirayeli. Uguceceka kw’Umwuka muri ibi
kurimo gutuma abantu bafunga amatwi yabo. . . . Nk’uko uruhande rumwe rw’urufaranga rw’Isezerano
Rishya rufite ishusho ikomeye ivuga yuko nta cyanditswe na kimwe cyigisha uguhembuka kwa Isirayeli
nk’ishyanga ryo mu buryo busanzwe, urundi ruhande rwacyo rwo rwashushanyijweho ishusho y’ikintu
gikomeye cy’uko Isirayeli nk’ishyanga n’amategeko yayo byagiye bisimburwa n’itorero hamwe
n’Isezerano Rishya Rikuru. Twirinze kugira icyo twongeramo cyangwa se dukuramo, muri Mat 15:13
na Mariko 12:1-9, Umwami wacu yavuze yuko ishyanga ry’Abayuda nta mwanya rigifite nk’ubwoko
bwihariye bw’Imana; uwo mwanya wafashwe n’umuryango w’Abakristu usohoza intego y’Imana kuri
Isirayeli.” (Waltke 1988: 273, 274-75)
D. Itorero ni ryo bwoko nyakuri, bushya bw’Imana—Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’umwuka “Abakristo ba mbere ntibigeze batekereza uburyo itorero ari umuryango ufite amategeko awugenga; bo
bari bazi yuko itorero ari amasigarira y’Abisirayeli babaye abizerwa, bagizwe n’abaragwa b’amasezerano
y’Imana; bari Isirayeli Nshya, abantu bayo na bo bakaba ari abatoranyijwe cyangwa se abo Imana yihiteyemo;
rwari Urusengero rurimo ubwiza bw’Imana butuwemo n’Umwuka, wari umubiri wa Kristo, icyaremwe gishya
kiri hejuru y’ubwoko, urwego umuntu abarizwamo muri sosiyete cyangwa se igitsina. Bari umuryango munini
w’abantu, washyizweho mu mateka n’igikorwa cy’Imana ubwayo.” (Davies 1965:46)
1. Kristo atuye “hagati mu” bizera, n' abizera na bo bari “muri Kristo.” Nk’uko Kristo ari We Isirayeli
nshya, y’ukuri, yo kwizerwa, ni na ko bariya bose bafitanye ubumwe na Kristo kubera kwizera kwabo.
• Kristo atuye “hagati mu” bizera (Yoh 14:20; 17:23; Abar 8:10; Abagal 2:20; Abef 3:17;
Abakol 1:27; 1 Yoh 3:24; Ibyah 3:20).
• Abizera na bo bari “muri Kristo” (e.g., Abar 8:1; 12:5; 16: 6, 7, 9-10; 1 Abakor 1:2, 30; 4:10,
15; 15:18, 22; 2 Abakor 1:21; 5:17; 12:2; Abagal 1:22; 3:28; 6:15; Abef 1:3; 2:6, 10; Abafil 1:1; Abakol 1:2; 1 Abates 2:14; 4:16; 1 Tim 3:13; 2 Tim 3:12; Fil 23; 1 Pet 5:14).
• Abizera bafitanye ubumwe na Kristo kubera ukubambwa kwe no ukuzuka kwe (Abagal 2:20;
34
“Ibijyanye n’ejo hazaza ha Isirayeli biravugwa rimwe na rimwe muri Mat 23:39/Lk 13:35, aho amagambo ahanura
ugusenywa kwa Yerusalemu arangirira, ‘Ndababwira yuko mutazambona, uhereye none, ukageza ubwo muzavuga muti
‘Hahirwa uje mu izina ry’Uwiteka”’. Nta cyo abantu bahuriraho ku bijyanye n’insobanuro nyayo ihwanye n’ibi byanditswe,
byaba icy’uko ugukomerwa amashyi byakorewe Yesu nk’umwami byaba bishaka gusobanura uguhinduka kw’Abayuda
bamwe na bamwe, cyangwa se nimba byaba bisobanura ukwemerwa kwe kuzagendana n’ugushidikanya igihe azaba aje
nk’umucamanza. . . . Byari bikwiye kumenyekana na none yuko hari ikijyanye n’ejo hazaza kivugwaho mu buryo
budasobanutse (muzongera kumbona ari uko . . .’), igishingiweho muri ibi kigakora ku gice cya mbere gikuru cy’iyi
nshinga aho gukora ku cya kabiri. Ariko, uko byasobanurwa kwose, nta na kimwe muri ibi [gitanga] ishusho iyo ari yo yose
y’ejo hazaza ha Isirayeli ho mu buryo bwa politike.” (France 1975: 76n.41)
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
67
Abef 2:5-6).
• Itorero ryitwa “umubiri umwe wa Kristo”, abizera na bo, umwe umwe ku giti cye, n’ “ingingo”
z’uwo mubiri (Abar 12:4-5; 1 Abakor 10:17; 12:12-17; Abef 1:22-23; 2:16; 4:4, 12; 5:30;
Abakol 1:18; 3:15).
• Ashingiye ku uburyo na We yatumwe na Se, Yesu yatumye itorero rye ngo bahaguruke bagende
(Mat 16:19; 28:18-20; Yoh 17:18; 20:21, 23).
2. IR rifata ibitekerezo n’amagambo byo mu IK byakoreshejwe mu kuvuga ibya Isirayeli rikabikoresha
ku itorero. Igihe amashusho akoreshwa kuri Isirayeli mu IK akoreshejwe ku bigishwa ba Yesu, biba
bishaka kuvuga yuko bo, nk’ubwoko bushya bw’Imana, basānishwa n’ubwoko bw’Imana bwa kera”
(Goppelt 1982: 109).
• Ubwoko bwatoranyijwe, ubutambyi bw’ubwami, ishyanga ryera,ubwoko Imana yihitiyemo
nk’ubutunzi bwayo. Abef 1:4-5; Abakol 3:12; Tito 2:14; 1 Pet 2:5, 9; Ibyah 1:6; 5:10; bihuze na
Kuva 19:5-6; Guteg 4:20; 7:6-7; 14:2; Yes 43:20-21.
• Ubwoko bw’Imana. Abar 9:22-26; I Pet 2:10; bihuze na Hos 1:10; 2:23. Mu Abar 9:24-26
hejuru y’uko Paulo asubiramo amagambo ya Hoseya, anavuga mu buryo bwihariye yuko Hoseya
(warimo uvuga ibijyanye na Isirayeli) akoresha amagambo ye avuga “twebwe” (bisobanura itorero).
• Abahungu cyangwa se abana b’Imana. Abar 8:14, 16; 9:26; Abagal 3:26; 1 Yoh 3:1-2;
ubihuze na Kuva 4:22; Guteg 14:1.
• Urubyaro (abuzukuruza) ba Aburahamu. Abar 4:13-16; Abagal 3:29; bihuze na Zab 105:6-7.
• “Nzaba Imana yabo, na bo bazaba ubwoko bwanjye. 2 Abakor 6:16; Abaheb 8:10; Ibyah
21:3; bihuze na Itang 17:8; Kuva 6:7; 29:45; Abal 26:12; Yer 7:23; 11:4; 24:7; 30:22; 31:1, 33;
32:38; Ezek 11:19-20; 14:10-11; 36:28; 37:23, 27; Hos 2:23; Zak 8:8; 13:9.
• Umugore w’Imana. Abef 5:25-32; Ibyah 21:9-14; bihuze na Yes 54:4-7.
• Uruugo rw’Imana. Abef 2:19; 1 Tim 3:15; bihuze na Kub 12:7.
• Umukumbi w’Imana. Luka 12:32; Yoh 10:15-16; 1 Pet 5:2-3; bihuze na Ezek 34:12-16. Yesu
“afata ishusho ya Zakariya y’umwungere wakubiswe, akayikoresha kuri We ubwe no ku bigishwa
be nk’ ‘intama zatatanye’ (Mariko 14:27, akoresha amagambo yo muri Zakariya 13:7). Bityo,
umuntu ukomeye wo mu Isezerano rya Kera wa Isirayeli akoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye ku
bigishwa.” (France 1975:69)
• Umurima w’Imana. 1 Abakor 3:9; bihuze Yer 12:10.
• Uburyo ijambo ry’Ikigiriki “ekklēsia” rikoreshwa ku itorero. “Ijambo ry’Igiheburayo qāhāl,
rikunze guhuzwa na ekklēsia muri Septuagint (insobanuro mu Kigiriki ya Bibiliya y’Igiheburayo),
rikoreshwa mu kuvuga Isirayeli mu IK. Nk’ingero nke gusa, turasanga ijambo qāhāl rikoreshwa mu
kuvuga iteraniro cyangwa se ikoraniro rya Isirayeli mu Kuva 12:6, Kubara 14:5, Gutegeka kwa
Kabiri 5:22, Yosuwa 8:35, Ezra 2:64 na Yoweli 2:16. Mu gihe Septuagint ari yo yari Bibiliya
y’Intumwa, uburyo bakoreshaga ijambo ry’Ikigiriki ekklēsia, Septuagint yaryo yari ihwanye na
qāhāl, kuko Itorero ryo mu IR rivuga neza yuko hariho uruhererekane hagati y’Itorero na Isirayeli
yo mu bihe by’IK.” (Hoekema 1979: 215)
• Ugukebwa (nyakuri). Abar 2:28-29; Abafil 3:3; Abakol 2:11; bihuze na Itang 17:9-15; Guteg
30:6; Ibyak 7:51; Abef 2:11; Abafil 3:2.
• Igiti cy’umwelayo. Abar 11:17-24; bihuze na Yer 11:16; Hos 14:6.
• Umuzabibu w’Imana. Yoh 15:1-5; bihuze na Hos 10:1.
• Ubwami bw’abatambyi. 1 Pet 2:5, 9; Ibyah 1:6; 5:10; bihuze na Kuva 19:6; Yes 61:6. “Mu
bihe bya Mose, ishyanga rya Isirayeli ryagizwe ubwami bw’abatambyi (Kuva 19:5-6). Abaheburayo
10:19-25 herekana yuko Abakristu bose bafite amahirwe yagenewe umutambyi mukuru, muri iki
cy’uko bashobora kwinjira Ahera h’Ahera binyuze muri Kristo” (Poythress 1991: 116).
• “Isirayeli y’Imana” Abagal 6:16. Mu IR ryose, aha ni ho honyine aya magambo agaragarira.
Uwo iri jambo rivugaho agirwaho impaka: itorero nk’ikintu kimwe; Abakristu b’Abayuda;
“Isirayeli yose” izakizwa (nk’uko bivugwa mu Abar 11:26 [ubwaryo n’ijambo rigibwaho impaka];
cyangwa se Abayuda bo bagafatwa nk’Abayuda. Dushingiye ku gitekerezo cya Paulo mu gitabo
cyose cy’Abagalatiya, “Isirayeli y’Imana” kumbure yaba ihuye n’Itorero ryose muri rusange
(Abizera b’Abayuda n’Abanyamahanga). “Icy’ingenzi muri Kristo Paulo arimo atangaho
igitekerezo n’umusaraba n’irema rishya; aho kuba ugukebwa. . . . Iyo aya magambo yari kuba
asobanura ubwoko bw’Abayuda, cyangwa se Abakristu b’Abayuda, we ubwe yari kuba arimo
yivuguruza. . . . Ntawashobora kunyura ku ruhande icy’uko Isirayeli y’Imana risobanura ubwoko
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
68
bw’Imana nyakuri (bihabanye na bariya bashingiye ku mahame ya Kiyuda) bwiratira umusaraba
n’ukuvuka ubwa kabiri nk’igikorwa cy’Imana cyo gukiza, aho kwiratira ugukebwa.” (Ramm 1970:
263-64) Ikindi, “Igihe ubutumwa bwo hejuru y’ubundi [mu Abagalatiya] ari buriya bwo
gutandukanya ubwoko bw’Imana hakurikijwe igihugu umuntu akomokamo (3:7-8, 26-29; 4:26-31;
5:2-12), bishobora gusa n’uburyo Paulo yanzura urwo rwandiko avuga kuri bariya bo mu itorero
hashingiwe ku miryango bakomokamo. Iki gitekerezo cyo muri 6:11-18, nk’umwanzuro
w’urwandiko, bisa n’uko ari insanganyamatsiko nkuru-nkuru zarwo.” (Beale 1999b: 205; reba na
none LaRondelle 1983: 108-14; Cole 1989: 235-37; McKnight 1995: 302-04; Longenecker 1990:
297-99)
3. IR rifata ibimenyetso n’ubuhanuzi byo mu IK byari bijyanye na Isirayeli rikabikoresha ku itorero.
a. Ugukebwa. Ugukebwa cyari ikimenyetso cy’isezerano Imana yakoranye na Aburahamu
(Itang 17:9-14). Icyo kimenyetso cyo mu buryo bugaragara cy’inyuma cyerekeza ku kindi
cy’imbere, cyo mu buryo bw’umwuka—“ugukebwa kw’umutima” (reba Guteg 10:16; 30:6;
Yer 4:4). IR rivuga riti, “Ahubwo Umuyuda wo mu mutima ni we Muyuda, kandi gukebwa kwo
mu mutima n’umwuka ntikumeze nk’umubiri, ni kwo gukebwa nyakuri: ūmeze atyo ntashimwa
n’abantu, ahubwo ashimwa n’Imana.” (Abar 2:29). Abafil 3:3 hongeraho havuga hati, kuko
twebwe turi abakebwe gukebwa kwiza, abasenga mu buryo bw’Umwuka w’Imana tukishimira
Kristo Yesu, ntitwiringire iby’umubiri.” Kimwe no mu Abakol 2:11 havuga hati, “Muri We ni
na mo mwakebewe gukebwa kutari ukw’intoki, ahubwo n’ugukebwa kuva kuri Kristo, ni ko
kwiyambura umubiri w’ibyaha bya kamere.”
b. Isezerano Rikuru Rishya. Isezerano Rikuru Rishya, mu umwimerere waryo, ryari rigenewe
“inzu ya Isirayeli n’inzu ya Yuda” (Yer 31:31). Nubwo bimeze bityo, igihe Yesu yasangiraga
n’abigishwa be ameza ya nyuma, yavuze mu magambo atomoye yuko yarimo afungūra ku
mugaragaro Isezerano Rikuru Rishya mu maraso ye (Luka 22:20; reba 1 Abakor 11:25). Mu
Abaheburayo igice cya 8 kugeza ku cya 10, Isezerano Rikuru Rishya rikoreshwa ku itorero.
Abaheb 8:8 hasubiramo amagambo yo muri Yer 31:31 (harimo amagambo “inzu ya Isirayeli
n’inzu ya Yuda”). Abaheb 8:6; 9:15 na 12:24 hose havuga yuko Kristo ari we muhuza
w’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya. Icy’uko “ari” (mu gihe cya none) umuhuza byerekana yuko
Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ryamaze gutangira gukora. Abaheb 9:12-17 havuga yuko amaraso ya
Kristo yemeje anashyiraho akadomo kuri iryo Sezerano. Abaheb 10:15-18 herekeza
amagambo y’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya kuri “twe” [bisobanura Abakristu, itorero]. Mu 2
Abakor 3:5-6 (byandikiwe Itorero ry’i Korinto ryo mu buryo bugari ry’Abanyamahanga),
Paulo avuga yuko “Imana . . . yatubashishije . . . kuba abagaragu b’Isezerano Rishya Rikuru.”
c. Ibyo Ezekiyeli yeretswe ku magufwa yumye n’inkoni zibiri (Ezekiyeli 37). Ibyo Ezekiyeli
yeretswe by’amagufwa yumye asubizwamo ubuzima (Ezek 37:1-14) byasohoye igihe ubwami
bwa Yuda bwari mu bunyage i Babuloni. “Aya magufwa ni ay’ab’inzu ya Isirayeli yose” (Ezek
37:11). Ubu buhanuzi bwatanze isezerano, “Dore ngiye gukingura ibituro byanyu,
mbibakuremo, mwa bwoko bwanjye mwe: nzabagarura mu gihugu cya Isirayeli . . . Kandi
nzabashyiramo umwuka wanjye, mubone kubaho” (Ezek 37:12, 14). Iyerekwa rijyanye
n’inkoni zibiri (Ezek 37:15-28), zerekanaga inzu ya Yuda n’inzu ya Isirayeli, na ryo ryaje icyo
gihe nyene. Muri ubwo buhanuzi Imana yemeye “mbagire inkoni imwe…nzabagira ubwoko
bumwe mu gihugu . . . Umugaragu wanjye Dawidi, azaba umwami wabo; bose bazaba bafite
umwungeri umwe: . . . Maze kandi nzasezerana na bo isezerano ry’amahoro, ribabere
isezerano ry’iteka ryose, . . . kandi nzaba Imana yabo na bo babe ubwoko bwanjye” (Ezek
37:19, 22, 24, 26-27). N’ubwo Isirayeli yamaze imyaka 70 mu bunyage i Babuloni mbere yo
gusubira mu gihugu cyayo, ubuhanuzi bw’ “amagufwa yumye” bwerekeza ku isohozwa ryo mu
buryo bw’umwuka aho kuba iry’umubiri, kubera yuko igihe Ezekiyeli yaronkaga iryo yerekwa,
mu buryo bufatika, ishyanga ntiryari ryarapfuye, ahubwo ryariho, n’ubwo ryari “ryaratabwe” i
Babuloni. Abefeso 2 hahura neza na Ezekiyeli 37 Robert Suh (2007: 723-24) arabisobanura: Ezekiyeli 37
37:1-10—Kugarura mu buzima amagufwa yapfuye
37:11-14—Ibisobanuro
37:15-23—Guteranirizwa hamwe kwa Isirayeli na Yuda
37:24-28—Gutegereza kwubakwa kw’ubuturo bushya
bw’Imana munsi y’ubutware bumwe bwa Dawidi
Abefeso 2
2:1-7—Kuzura abapfuye bazize ibyaha byabo
2:8-10—Ibisobanuro
2:11-18—Uguteranirizwa hamwe kw’Abayuda
n’Abanyamahanga
2:19-22—Gutegereza kwubakwa kwa nyuma kw’ubuturo
bw’Imana bushya munsi y’ubutware bwa Kristo
Uburyo Paulo ahindura ubu buhanuzi bufite ihuriro rinini n’ibindi bice by’Isezerano Rishya,
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
69
aho amasezerano yahawe Isirayeli na Yuda yahawe Itorero rigizwe n’Abayuda
n’Abanyamahanga (reba Abar 9:22-33; Abaheb 8:8-13). Ibi byashimangiwe mu gitabo
cy’Ibyahishuwe. Ibyah 7:15 havuga abantu benshi umuntu atabasha kubara “mu Rusengero
rwayo” aho Iyicaye ku ntebe “izababambaho ihema ryayo.” Iyo mirongo n’ “ishusho
isobanutse y’ubuhanuzi bwavugaga ku uguhembuka kwa Isirayeli muri Ezek. 37:26-28. . . .
Ihuriro na Ezekiyeli yemezwa uhereye ku byanditswe mu Ibyah 21:3, aho Ezek. 37:27
hakoreshwa mu buryo bwuzuye kurushiriza kandi igahita ikurikizwa muri 21:4, 6b na bya
byanditswe byo mu Isezerano rya Kera byo muri 7:16-17. Na none, umubare utabarika
w’abantu bari mu itorero bacunguwe bafatwa nk’isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi buvuga ku
uguhembuka kwa Isirayeli kwo mu bihe bya nyuma. Uburyo Ezek. 37:27 hakoreshwa ku itorero
bigeraho bigahagarara kuko Ezekiyeli ashimangira icy’uko igihe ubu buhanuzi buzasohorera,
ikizakurikiraho n’uko ‘maze amahanga azamenya yuko ari jye Uwiteka weza Isirayeli, igihe
ubuturo bwanjye bwera buzaba hagati muri bo iteka ryose’ (37:29). Nuko rero, Ezekiyeli 37
bwari ubuhanuzi buvuga kuri Isirayeli iyoborwa n’imiryango cyangwa se Isirayeli iyoborwa
n’Imana, bihabanye n’uburyo amahanga abifata, ibyo Yohana afata nk’uko byasohoreye ku
itorero. . . . Ikoreshwa ry’ubu buhanuzi bwa Isirayeli ku itorero bisobanuka neza igihe usomye
muri Ezek. 37:27 aho Isirayeli ivugwaho nk’ ‘ubwoko bwanjye [bw’Imana]’ ibi na byo bikaba
bihwanye n’insanganyamatisko iri mu magambo yose agize Ezek 37:27 ahura n’ibiri mu Ibyah.
21:3; ibi na byo bikaba bikoreshwa mu gusobanura itorero.” (Beale 1999a: 440-41)
d. Ubuhanuzi bwa Hoseya buvuga ku uguhembuka kwa Isirayeli (Hos 2:23). Mu gitabo
cy’umuhanuzi Hoseya, Imana iravuga iti, “Nzabwira abatāri ubwoko bwanjye nti, ‘muri
ubwoko bwanjye!’” (Hos 2:23) Ibiri muri aya magambo byavugaga kuri Isirayeli. Paulo (Abar
9:25-26) kimwe na Petero (1 Pet 2:10) bombi basubiramo uwo murongo kandi bawerekeza ku
itorero, na cyane-cyane ihamagarwa ry’Abanyamahanga mu itorero.
e. Ubuhanuzi bwa Yoweli bwo gusuka Umwuka Wera (Yoweli 2:28-32). Mu buhanuzi bwa
Yoweli, Imana yasezeranije “nzasuka umuwka wanjye ku bantu bose” (Yoweli 2:28).
Hakurikijwe uburyo ubu buhanuzi buhagaze, Imana yarimo ivuga kuri Isirayeli gusa (Yoweli
2:27; 3:1-2). N’ubwo bimeze bityo, ku Munsi wa Pentekoti, Petero yasubiye mu magambo
y’ubwo buhanuzi, avuga cyane-cyane yuko busohoreye mu gusuka Umwuka Wera ku bizera
Yesu Kristo, yatumye bavuga mu zindi ndimi (Ibyak 2:14-21). Yoweli 2:32 havuga yuko
bariya “i Siyoni n’i Yerusalemu” bazambaza izina ry’Uwiteka” bazakira urubanza rw’Imana.
Abaheb 12:22 havuga yuko abari muri Kristo “ahubwo mwegereye umusozi wa Siyoni
n’ururembo rw’Imana ihoraho, Yerusalemu yo mu ijuru” (reba na none Abagal 4:21-31). Abar
10:13 hasubira mu magambo yo muri Yoweli 2:32 kandi hakavuga kuri Yesu no ku ukubwiriza
ubutumwa bwiza.
f. Ubuhanuzi bwa Amosi buvuga ku “nzegura ihema rya Dawidi ryaguye” (Amosi 9:11-12).
Ubuhanuzi bwa Amosi bujyanye n’ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli nyuma y’iteka Imana
yayiciriyeho n’uburyo Isirayeli yajyanywe mu bunyage (Amosi 9:7-10, 13-15). Igihe Inama
Nkuru y’Itorero i Yerusalemu yateranaga mu Ibyakozwe 15, ikibazo cyizweho cyari icyo
kumenya nimba byari ngombwa yuko Abanyamahanga bahindukiriye Yesu binyuze mu
ukwizera bakebwa mu buryo bwo gukurikiza Amategeko ya Mose. Mu gushyigikira yuko
badahatwa kubikora, mu Ibyak 15:13-19, Intumwa Yakobo yasubiye mu magambo yo muri
Amosi 9:11-12 avuga yuko ubwo buhanuzi butari bwerekeye ugucungurwa kwa Isirayeli
cyangwa se ukwubaka bushya intebe y’ubwami ya Dawidi cyangwa se ihema rya Isirayeli,
ahubwo ryasohoreye mu bijyanye n’uko Abanyamahanga babaye bamwe mu bagize itorero.
“Ishusho ry’ukwegura ihema rya Dawidi ryaguye rihuye n’ibihe bya Mesiya bivugwa muri Yes
11:1. Igitsina cya Yesayi kizashibuka. Kizaba ikimenyetso ku mahanga. Amahanga azifuza
kubona icyo kimenyetso. [Na none kandi] ihema rya Dawidi rizunamurwa kugira ngo abandi
bantu na bo bashake Uwiteka.” (Robertson 1988: 105) Kubera ibyo, “Abanyamahanga barimo
babona izina ry’Imana ryandikwa kuri bo, bisobanura yuko ihema rya Dawidi ribwirizwa
kuzaba ryarunamuwe” (Ibid.: 107).
4. Yesu ashinga itorero rye ku rufatizo rw’abigishwa be 12/intumwa ze 12 n’ikimenyetso cy’uko yarimo
ashyiraho Isirayeli nshya yo mu buryo bw’umwuka. Yesu atoranya abigishwa 12/intumwa 12 (Mat
10:1-2; Mariko 3:13-19; Luka 6:12-26) ni ikimenyetso cy’imiryango cumi n’ibiri ya Isirayeli. “Ni bo
babaye urufatizo rwo gushyiraho imiryango cumi n’ibiri mishya, baba na none abayiserukira” (Goppelt
1982: 108). Yakobo arabyemeza igihe atangira urwandiko rwe n’aya magambo, “Ndabandikiye
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
70
mwebwe abo mu miryango cumi n’ibiri y’abatatanye” (Yak 1:1). Bigaragara neza yuko urwo rwandiko
yarwandikiye Abakristu (reba Yak 2:1). “Mu gukoresha amagambo [ai dōdeka phulai: “imiryango
cumi n’ibiri”], umwanditsi areba ku bagenewe uru rwandiko nka Isirayeli y’ukuri. Itorero ni ryo
ryabaye mwene iki cyubahiro, kuko cyari igikorwa cya Mesiya cyo kurema bushya ya miryango cumi
n’ibiri (Yer 3:18; Ezek 37:19-24; Zab 17:28); Abakristu na bo bakibona nka bo ba samuragwa
b’agakiza kagenewe Abayuda (Abaroma 4; 1 Abakor. 10:18; Abagal. 4:21-31; Abafil. 3:3).” (Davids
1982: 63) Yesu ntiyivugaho nk’umwe muri abo cumi na babiri, ahubwo avuga yuko ari We mutwe
wabo.35
a. Muri Mat 19:27-28 Yesu avuga ati, “Mu gihe cyo guhindura byose ngo [bibe bishya] ubwo
umwana w’umuntu azicara ku ntebe y’icyubahiro cye, namwe muzicara ku ntebe cumi n’ebyiri
mucire imanza imiryango cumi n’ibiri y’Abisirayeli” (reba na none Luka 22:29-30). Ikijyanye
n’ “Umwana w’Umuntu” gikomoza kuri Dan 7:13. “Muri Daniyeli 7, Isirayeli ‘abera
b’Isumbabyose’ [Dan 7:22, 27] ni yo yakira ubwami kandi igategeka amahanga, mu gihe Yesu
We ashimangira yuko ba bigishwa cumi na babiri ari bo bazacira imanza ya miryango cumi
n’ibiri ya Isirayeli”. Iri hererekanya-bubasha rivuga muri make umurimo w’abigishwa ku
bijyanye n’uburyo iby’umwuka bihagaze no ku bizasohora ku Bisirayeli mu bihe bya nyuma.”
(Schnabel 2002: 45) Hejuru y’ibyo, igihe agaruka kuri bamwe Cumi na Babiri bazacira imanza
Isirayeli “bishobora kuba bivuga ku kuri bamwe Cumi na Babiri bazagira uruhare mu ugucira
imanza abatizera bo muri Isirayeli bayobowe na Yesu aho kuba ubutegetsi bwo mu buryo
runaka hejuru y’ubwoko bwa Isirayeli buzaba buhari icyo gihe. Iyi mvugo n’iyo mu buryo
bw’amashusho, ariko icyo kimenyetso cyerekeza ku muryango w’abantu uhuye na ya miryango
cumi n’ibiri ya Isirayeli. Yesu arimo avuga mu magambo akarishye yuko Isirayeli ya kera irimo
isātira ku ugucirwa imanza, kandi yuko ukwo guca imanza kuzashyirwa mu maboko ya bariya
bahamagawe na We kuba abigihswa be ba bugufi. Ibisobanuro by’ibi n’uko hazabaho icyo
tuzashobora kwita Isirayeli nshya.” (Marshall 1992: 123)
b. Ku marembo cumi n’abiri ya Yerusalemu Nshya handitswe “amazina y’imiryango cumi
n’ibiri ya Isirayeli” (Ibyah 21:12), ariko imfatizo z’urwo rurembo (Yerusalemu) zifite imfatiro
“cumi n’ebyiri zanditsweho amazina y’intumwa cumi n’ebyiri y’intumwa z’Umwana w’Intama”
(Ibyah 21:14). “Muri aba bizera uwo Yesu ni mo hakomerezwa ‘ubwoko bw’Imana’.
Amarembo cumi n’abiri ya Yerusalemu Nshya yahawe amazina y’imiryango cumi n’ibiri ya
Isirayeli’, ariko imfatizo cumi n’ebyiri y’urwo rurembo yahawe amazina y’ ‘intumwa cumi
n’ebyiri z’Umwana w’Intama’ (21:12-14). Yohana arimo ashimangira ubumwe bukenewe
hagati ya Isirayeli yo mu Isezerano rya Kera n’abigihswa ba Yesu n’intumwa ze. Aho kubaho
ugusenywa kwa ‘Isirayeli’ nk’uko byabaye kera, mu buryo bw’ubushizi bw’amanga, hariho
ukugezwa ku byo yagenewe.” (Walker 1996: 239)
c. Intumwa na zo ubwazo bamenye neza insobanuro y’umubare “12”:
• Mu Ibyak 1:12-26 banzuye bavuga yuko ari ngombwa ko icyuho cyatewe na Yuda
Isikariyoti nk’intumwa kizibwa.
• N’ubwo Paulo yari intumwa (reba, urugero, Abar 1:1; 1 Abakor 1:1; 9:1), IR (na
Paulo ubwe) ryemeza itandukaniro riri hagati y’icyo kuba intumwa cya Paulo na bamwe
“Cumi na Babiri” (reba Ibyak 6:2; 1 Abakor 15:5, 8). Ibi bishobora kuba bihuye
n’icy’uko, ubwa mbere na mbere, umurimo wa Paulo wari uwo ku Banyamahanga (reba
Ibyak 19:15; 13:46; 18:6; Abagal 1:16; 2:7), mu gihe, mu buryo bugaragara na none,
Petero we, wari umuyobozi n’umuvugizi wa bamwe Cumi na Babiri, ubwa mbere na mbere
yari intumwa ku Bayuda (reba Abagal 2:7-8).
E. Kimwe na Isirayeli Nshya, Nyakuri, kandi yo mu buryo bw’Umwuka, Itorero rihura n’ibigeragezo
bihwanye n’ibyo Isirayeli yo mu IK yahuye na byo mu buryo bufatika ku bijyanye no guhora ari abizerwa 1. Kimwe na Isirayeli nshya, nyakuri, kandi yo mu buryo bw’umwuka, itorero rihamagarirwa kurinda
ugutungana kwaryo imbere y’Uwiteka. “Mu guhanga amaso kuri Yesu nka We sohozwa
35
Mu mibanire yabo yo mu buryo bw’amashusho, Itorero riri hejuru ya Isirayeli. Ibi bigaragarira muri iki kijyanye n’uko
Itorero rizacira imanza imiryango cumi n’ibiri ya Isirayeli (Mat 19:27-28; Luka 22:29-30) kandi rigizwe n’abantu bo mu
moko yose, b’indimi zose, bo mu mahanga yose n’amoko yose yo mu isi (Ibyah 5:9; 7:9). Bigaragarira no mu mvuggo
yakoreshejwe muri Mariko 3:14 igihe Kristo “yatoranya” bamwe cumi na babiri. Inkomōko y’ijambo “atoranya”
n’ijmabo ry’Ikigiriki ryitwa “epoiēsen,” rihuye n’inkomoko y’ijambo “yaremye” mu Itang 1:1, LXX. Mu yandi
magambo, Kristo yarimo arema ubwoko bw’Imana bushya kandi bwo ku urwego rw’isi.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
71
ry’imigenderanire ishingiye ku isezerano, IR rifite ubushobozi bwo gutorera igisubizo impaka iri mu IK
hagati y’ ‘ubugwaneza bw’Imana n’uburyo ari Imana ikara’, nk’uko Paulo abivuga mu Abaroma 11:22.
Isirayeli yabonye izi mpande zombi: Ubugwaneza bw’Imana bwatumye bahinduka ‘Isirayeli’, n’uburyo
Imana ikara kubera yuko bakomeje bari ‘Yakobo’ utacunguwe. Ubu na ho, aho kuba Itorero, Yesu
akaba ari We usohoza imibanire ishingiye ku isezerano, itorero rihura n’ibisabwa bimwe n’ibyo Isirayeli
yasabwaga ku bijyane no kugendera mu ngeso nziza, ‘kwica ikijyanye na kamere y’isi kiri muri wowe,
ingeso mbi zishingiye ku busambanyi, ukudatungana, ukwifuza, ukurigira, n’ukurarikira ari byo
gusenga ibigirwamana’ (Abakol 3:5). Paulo azi neza yuko itorero na ryo rihura n’icyaha cyo gusenga
ibigirwamana nk’uko byajya bigendera Isirayeli igihe bajya bakora mu buryo bwihishe ibigengwa
n’irari mu mwanya w’ugukora ibirangwa n’urukumbuzi n’urukundo ku Mana. Mu mitima yabo,
Abakristu babayeho batekereza ku mpaka hagati ya Isirayeli na Yakobo kugeza igihe ugucungurwa
kuzazira (Abar. 8:23, etc.).” (Motyer 2000: 596)
2. Imibabaro n’ugutotezwa s’ibimenyetso bigaragaza yuko Imana yahannye itorero, ahubwo
n’ibimenyetso by’uko Imana irimo yeza urusengero rwayo rushya. Nk’uko Petero abivuga, muri 1 Pet
4:12-19, abizera ‘bari bakwiye kumenya yuko imibabaro bahura na yo muri iki gihe—aho kuba
ikimenyetso cy’uko Imana yahebye itorero ryayo cyangwa se ko ibyiringiro byubatse ku ukuzuka kwa
Kristo—n’ikindi kimenyetso cy’uko Abakristu ari urusengero rushya rw’Imana, aho Umwuka Wera aba
kandi ko aho ni mo ubwiza bwayo bukaze burimo bweza kandi bukomeza ubuturo bwayo. . . . Ibibazo
abantu bahura na byo none n’uburyo bwo gutaha ku mugaragaro umubatizo wa Mesiya wo mu buryo
bw’Umwuka n’umuriro (Luka 3:16-17), iki na cyo ni cyo cyeza abo bose bitirirwa izina rya Mesiya
kugira ngo bazishime igihe cy’ihishurwa ry’icyubahiro; icyo na cyo kandi kikazakongora abanzi be (2
Abates 1:7-8—aha na ho, kimwe no kuri 1 Pet 4:17, abanzi na bo bavugwaho nka bariya batubaha
ubutumwa). Uhereye kuri iyi nzira nyene, ukubabazwa kubera izina rya Kristo byahinduye inzira
y’ibyishimo, impamvu yo gushima uburyo Umwuka w’icyubahiro n’Umwuka w’Imana hagati mu ahera
h’urusengero hashya kandi hafite ubugingo.” (Johnson 1986: 291, 293)
V. Kristo n’Itorero Basohoza kandi Batsimbura Urusengero
Mu nyigisho ze zihambaye ziri mu Ibyakozwe 7, Sitefano avuga yuko ihema ry’ibonaniro n’urusengero
byari ingero cyangwa se ibicucu by’iby’ukuri byari gukurikiraho kuko “Isumbabyose itaba mu mazu yubatswe
n’amaboko y’abana b’abantu” (Ibyakozwe 7:44-50). Ubu none muri Kristo, ibyo by’ukuri byaje kugaragara;
bityo ingero cyangwa se ibicucu byahise bikurwaho. Bityo, Abaheb 9:1-2, 11-12, 24 havuga ibitandukanye
cyane n’ihema ry’ibonaniro/urusengero kuko byari “kopi” isanzwe y’iby’ukuri (Kristo n’ijuru): “Isezerano rya
mbere na ryo rifite imihango y’ubutambyi, rifite n’ahera h’iyi si. 2 kuko hariho ihema ribanzirizwamo . . .
11Ariko
Kristo amaze kuza, ahinduka umutambyi mukuru w’ibyiza bizaza, anyura mu ihema rirusha rya rindi gukomera
no gutungana rwose, ritaremwe n’intoki; ibyo n’ukuvuga ngo: ritari iryo muri iri remwa. 12
Kandi ntiyinjijwe
Ahera cyane n’amaraso y’ihene cyangwa se n’ay’ibimasa, ahubwo yahinjijwe rimwe n’amaraso ye, amaze
kutubonera gucungurwa kw’iteka . . .24
Kuko atinjiye ahera haremwe n’intoki, hāsuraga ha handi h’ukuri,
ahubwo yinjiye mu ijuru ubwaho, kugira ngo none ahagarare imbere y’Imana ku ubwacu.” Nuko Yesu aravuga,
ati, “Igihe kizaza ubwo batazaba bagisengera Data kuri uyu musozi cyangwa se i Yerusalemu . . . [ariko] igihe
kirashitse ndetse kirasohoye, ubwo abasenga by’ukuri basengera Data mu ukuri no mu umwuka” (Yoh 4:21-
23).
A. Yesu ni We Rusengero Nyakuri “Ihema ry’Ibonaniro ryo ku isi ryari ishusho cyangwa se igicucu cy’ubuturo bw’Imana nyakuri bwo mu
ijuru (Abaheburayo 8:5; 9:24). Ryerekanaga icyo Imana iri n’icyakorwa mu kurwanya icyaha. Bityo, ryerekana
icyo Mesiya yari gukora kugira ngo tubone agakiza. . . . Igicucu cyagumye ari gito ugereranyije n’umwimerere
nyakuri w’ibintu. Ihema ry’ibonaniro ryo ku isi ryari ryubatswe mu bikoresho by’isi kandi ntabwo ubwiza
bwaryo bwigera bungana n’ubwiza cyangwa se ukwera kw Imana yo mu ijuru. Ibitambo byo ku isi by’amapfizi
n’ihene nta bwo byigera bingana n’amaraso ya Kristo, yatwejejeho ibyaha byacu iteka ryose. . . . Ibi bivuga
yuko ihema ry’ibonaniro ryari igicucu cy’uburyo Kristo azahinduka umuntu akaza agatura hagati muri twe.
‘Jambo yahindutse umuntu abana natwe kumara igihe [ihema ry’ibonaniro]’ [Yohana 1:14]. . . . [Harimo
n’uguha icyubahiro inyubako ya Salomo, urusengero rwari rufite ubuturo buhoraho bw’Imana i Yerusalemu]
Mbese Salomo yari ahagarariye igicucu kimeze gite? Ni kubera iki, igikorwa cya Kristo cyari ngombwa?
Salomo yari umwana wo mu rubyaro rwa Dawidi, urwo rubyaro rwerekeje kuri Mesiya. Yubatse ubuturo
bw’Imana, ibyo byari igicucu cya Kristo yubaka itorero rye (Matayo 16:18), ni na We Buye ry’imfuruka
(Abefeso 2:20) cyangwa se urufatizo (1 Abakorinto 3:11). Kristo ntiyubaka ku musozi Siyoni wo ku isi ahubwo
yubaka ku musozi wo mu ijuru: ‘Ariko mwebwe ho [Abakristu] mwageze ku Musozi Siyoni, kuri Yerusalemu
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
72
yo mu ijuru, ururembo rw’Imana ihoraho’ (Abaheburayo 12:22).” (Poythress 1991: 12-14)
1. Yesu, atari Urusengero, yabaye ubuturo bumwe gusa bw’Imana ngaha ku isi.
• Yesu yiswe “Imanweli” risobanura ngo “Imana kumwe natwe” (Mat 1:23).
• Yoh 1:14 avuga ati, “Jambo yahindutse umuntu abana natwe.” Ijambo “abana” n’uburyo bw’
izina “ihema” cyangwa se “ihema ry’ibonaniro” (mu magambo y’umwimerere bisobanura
“yahemye” [ihema] hagati muri twe).
• Nk’uko Imana yuzuye Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusengero (Kuva 40:34-38; Kub 9:15-23; 1
Abami 8:10-11; 2 Ingoma 5:11-14; 7:1-2), ni na ko Umwuka Wera yamanukiye kuri Yesu ku
mugaragaro, akamwuzura (Mat 3:16-17; Mariko 1:10-11; Luka 3:21-22; Yoh 1:32-34). Yesu
yayoborwaga n’Umwuka kandi yari yuzuye Umwuka (Mat 4:1; Mariko 1:12; Luka 1:15; 4:1).
Bitandukanye n’uko Imana yageze aho ikava mu Rusengero, Umwuka Wera we yagumanye na
Yesu (Yoh 1:32-33) kugeza igihe yamurekuriye ku musaraba (Luka 23:46). Umwuka yubahisha
Yesu (Yohana 16:14). Yesu afite ububasha bwo kwohereza Umwuka Wera kuza gutura mu
bigishwa be (Yoh 14:16, 26; 15:26; 16:7).
2. Yesu yasohoje umurimo w’Urusengero mu buryo bugari cyane kuruta uko byaba byarigeze gukorwa
igihe cy’imihango yo mu Rusengero.
a. Yesu yari afite ububasha bumwe gusa bwo guharira ibyaha by’abantu ubwabyo, bidakeneye
kunyura mu gutanga igitambo icyo ari cyo cyose, cyangwa se ngo bagire uruhare mu mihango
iyo ari yo yose yakorerwa mu Urusengero rwo mu Isezerano rya Kera (reba Mat 9:2-6; Mariko
2:1-12; Luka 5:17-25; 7:40-50; Yoh 8:1-11). “Urugero, ikirema cyamanuwe mu gisenge
n’inshuti ze zine, hejuru yo gukira, yababariwe ibyaha. Ibi byarakaje abayobozi kuko ibi byari
gukorerwa mu Rusengero honyine; bityo yarimo yerekana ko ari We Rusengero rw’ukuri (Yoh
2:18-22).” (Gentry 2010: 39) “Mu uburyo busa n’ubwo, akoresheje ubutware bwe bwite
n’inzira ye, Yesu yahaye abahindutse ibyaremwe bishya kuba abana b’Imana kubera Isezerano
Rikuru akoresheje ubutware bwe n’inzira ye. . . . Mu bubasha bwe bwite, Yesu yatangaje yuko
Zakayo ari we mwana w’Aburahamu w’ukuri, kandi ko ‘uyu munsi’ agakiza kageze mu nzu ye
[Luka 19:1-10]. Mu yandi magambo, icyo Zakayo yari kuba yararonse kubera yabaye mu
mihango y’idini yo gutanga ibitambo, Yesu yabimuhaye ako kanya. . . . Icyatumye icyo kintu
kibonwa nk’igiteye isoni s’uko Abayuda bo mu gihe cya Yesu barwanyaga ibjyanye no guharira
ibyaha, urukundo, ubuntu, n’ibindi, ahubwo n’uko batari biteze yuko impano be n’izi zashobora
kuboneka ahandi hantu keretse hagati mu Rusengero no mu mihango y’idini… Guharirwa
ibyaha wari umugisha wari witezwe mu bihe bizaza; nimba Isirayeli ijyanywe mu bunyage
kubera ibyaha byayo, bityo guharirwa ibyaha kwayo kuzagaragarira mu kugarurwa mu gihugu
kwayo: Kugaruka ku Mana, kugaruka bava mu bunyage. Igikorwa n’ikimenyetso bya Yesu
byerekanaga yuko iki kimenyetso cyo kugaruka ubu noneho cyabaye impamo. . . . Kandi,
uhereye igihe Yesu yavugaga yuko atanga umutima mushya [nk’uko byasezeranywe mu
Isezerano Rikuru Rishya (reba haruguru, KRISTO N’ITORERO NK’ISOHOZWA RY’IK,
igice cya II.C. Isezerano Rikuru Rishya risohorera muri Kristo n’Itorero)], umugisha
w’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya aho abantu bazaho bagakomeza Shema [Guteg 6:4-9] binyuze mu
gukunda Imana na mugenzi wabo . . . bivuga yuko, kuri Yesu, igice cy’ubwami yavuga yuko
yarimo ataha ku mugaragaro cyari kuza kizananye ibyo Urusengero rwashobora gutanga, bityo
bigatuma ikimenyetso cya Isirayeli gihambaye gitakaza imbaraga.” (Wright 1996: 257, 434-35)
Bityo, binyuze mu gitambo cye Ubwe, Yesu ahora atwikira ibyaha by’abantu bakomoka mu
“ugacungurira Imana abo mu miryango yose no mu ndimi zose no mu moko yose no mu
mahanga yose” (Ibyah 5:9; reba Abaheb 9-10). Icyo ibitambo n’imihango byakorerwaga mu
Rusengero kwari uguhisha ibyaha bya Isirayeli gusa kandi byari iby’igihe gito.
b. Mu Abar 9:4-5 Paulo atangaza yuko Yesu ari hejuru y’indi migisha n’amahirwe yose ya
Isirayeli harimo n’ibijyanye no kuramya byakorerwaga mu rusengero. Mu Abar 9:4
“Gukora” (hē latreia) “bisa n’imirimo yakorerwaga mu Rusengero’ (so NASB, NASB update)
cyangwa se ‘Ukuramya kwabera mu Rusengero’ (NEB, NIV), ibi biruta insimuro idasobanutse
‘Ukuramya’ RSV, NAB, na NRSV” (Sweeney 2003: 608n.16). Bityo, hejuru y’uko Yesu yari
igitambo gitunganye cyatambiwe ibyaha, ariko na none n’umutambyi mukuru utunganye mu
Rusengero nyakuri (Abaheb 2:17; 4:14-5:10; 7:1-8:6; 10:11-22).
c. Intebe y’Ihongerero. LXX (Insimuro ya Bibiliya y’Igiheburayo mu Kigiriki, izwi ku izina
rya Septuagint, yakoreshwaga ku isi mu bihe bya Yesu; kandi amagambo yayo akunze
gukoreshwa mu IR) isobanura ijambo “intebe y’ihongerero” (umufundikizo w’Isandugu
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73
y’Isezerano mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusenegro, wamijagiweho amaraso y’igitambo
cyatangiwe icyaha ku Munsi w’Ihongerero), nka “hilastērion” (Kuva 25:17; LXX reba na none
Abaheb 9:5 iki kivuga intebe y’ihongerero nka hilastērion). Mu Abar 3:25, izina ry’igitambo
cya Yesu ku musaraba ni “umufundikizo’ (cyangwa se “igitambo cyo gutwikira”—NIV).
Ijambo rikoreshwa mu kuvuga “ugupfundikira” ni hilastērion.
3. Yesu ashimangira ububasha bwe n’uburyo ari hejuru y’Urusengero.
a. Muri Mat 12:6 Yesu yavuze ati, “Ndababwira yuko ūruta urusengero ari hano.” Yesu “aruta
urusenegro” kuko urusengero rwari inyubako yubatswe n’abantu, yerekeza ku Mana n’isi
n’amajuru byaremwe na Yo. Ku rundi ruhande, Yesu n’Imana Ubwayo, ni na We waremye isi
n’amajuru kandi akaba ari na We ubishyigikira (Abaheb 1:1-3). “Urusengero rwa Isirayeli rwa
mbere, rwo mu buryo bufatika rwari igicucu cyo mu buryo bugaragara cya Kristo n’ubwoko
bwe nk’urusengero. Mwibuke yuko icya mbere urusengero rwari rwerekejeho hari ahantu
icyubahiro cy’ubwiza bw’Imana cyari cyerekewe ubwoko bwe ku isi. Ubu rero, uwo Yesu,
wahageze nk’Imana, yahindutse umuntu, kandi yabaye ahantu ubwiza bw’Imana
bwagaragarizwaga ku isi.” (Beale 2004:276)
b. Muri Yoh 1:51 Yesu yavuze ati, “N’ukuri n’ukuri ndababwira yuko muzabona ijuru
rikingutse, abamarayika b’Imana bazamuka, bavuye ku Umwana w’Umuntu
bakamumanukiraho.” Ibi birimo byerekeza ku byanditswe mu Itang 28:12 aho inzu
y’agateganyo ya Yakobo yabaye urwibutso rw’ihuriro hagati y’ijuru n’isi. Iki cyari ikimenyetso
cyaje kibanziriza Urusengero, aho ubwiza bw’Imana mu ijuru bwahuzwa n’isi. Yesu yivugaho
nka rwa rwego rwo mu Itangiriro 28 n’uburyo bundi bwo kuvuga yuko We, aho kuba
Urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu, ni We wa mbere uhuza ijuru n’isi.
c. Muri Yoh 4:21-26, Yesu yongeye kwemeza yuko ari We ukomeza ukuramya Imana kw’ukuri,
aho kuba Urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu. Umugore w’Umusamariya yari yabajije nimba
urusengero rukwiriye gusengerwamo ari urw’i Yerusalemu cyangwa se urwo ku musozi wa
Gerizimu (Yoh 4:20). Muri Yoh 4:22, Yesu yavuze ati, “Musenga icyo mutazi, ariko twebwe
dusenga icyo tuzi, kuko agakiza gakomoka mu Bayuda.” Mu yandi magambo, ubu, hakurikijwe
amategeko ya Mose, urusengero nyarwo n’urw’i Yerusalemu. Ariko muri Yoh 4:21, 23, Yesu
yavuze ati, “Ariko igihe kiraje ndetse kirasohoye, ubwo abasenga by’ukuri basengera Data mu
Umwuka no mu ukuri.” Iyo arimo avuga ku “gihe” cye mu butumwa nk’uko bwanditswe na
Yohana, yarimo yerekeza ku igihe cy’urupfu rwe ku musaraba (reba Yoh 2:4; 4:21, 23; 5:25,
28; 12:23, 27; 13:1; 16:32; 17:1; reba na none 7:30; 8:20; 16:21). Yarimo avuga yuko, n’ubwo
hari urusengero i Yerusalemu aho abatambyi batambira ibitambo, barimo berekeza byose kuri
We—kandi hari hasigaye akanya gato ngo abe ari We uba igitambo cy’ukuri kizatwikira ibyaha
byose; amaze kubikora, insengero ntizizaba zigikenewe ukundi (kuko ari We rusengero
nyakuri), cyangwa se abatambyi (kuko ari we mutambyi hejuru y’abandi batambyi bose),
cyangwa se ibitambo (kuko ari We gitambo kimwe kizima). Igihe avuga ati, “igihe kizaza ubwo
batazaba bagisengera Data kuri uyu musozi cyangwa se i Yerusalemu” (Yoh 4:21), Yesu
yavugaga yuko uburyo bwose bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera bwo gutamba ibitambo bwarimo
bukurwaho. Uhereye ubu, ukuramya nyakuri gushobora gukorerwa aho ari ho hose ku isi igihe
umuntu azaba afite Yesu.
d. Amagambo ya Yesu ku bijyanye n’uko abigishwa be batiyirizaga n’ibijyanye no gushyira vino
y’umutobe mu mifuka y’impu mishya (Mat 9:14-17; Mariko 2:18-22; Luka 5:33-39) atangaza
ibizaba kandi avuga yuko muri We Urusengero rushya rwongeye kwubakwa bushya. “Ku
Bayuda, kwiyiriza muri ibi bihe ntibyari ibyo kwirinda gusa, ahubwo byari kimwe mu
byakorwaga mu buryo bwo kugaragaza urukundo bafitiye Imana. Byari bijyanye n’ibihe
Isirayeli yarimo icyo gihe: Bari bakiri mu bunyage. Mu by’umwihariko, byari bijyanye no
kwibuka isenywa ry’Urusengero rwabo. Isezerano ryahawe Zakariya yuko kwiyiriza ubusa
bizahinduka iminsi y’umunezero n’ibyishimo, n’ibirori byinshi [Zak 8:19] rigiye guhinduka
ukuri igihe UWITEKA (YHWH) azagarura ubutunzi bw’abantu be. Ibi ni byo byari ibisobanuro
ku magambo [Yesu yavugaga ajyanye n’uburyo abigishwa be batiyirizaga ubusa n’ay’imifuka
mishya y’impu]. Mu yandi magambo, umunsi mukuru urageze kandi nta wanezezwa no kubona
abaje mu bukwe babuze ibyishimo. Ibi s’igice cy’ ‘inyigisho’ ku bijyanye n’ ‘idini’ cyangwa se
‘ingeso nziza’; si n’ugukwirakwiza ukuri kw’igihe kitazwi. Ibi bijyanye n’ibizaba mu bihe bya
nyuma. Ibihe byarasohoye; ubunyage bwararangiye; umukwe ari bugufi. Iki kimenyetso Yesu
yakozeho, kwishima mu mwanya wo kwiyiriza ubusa, gishyira ku mugaragaro amagambo ye
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74
ahabanye avuga yuko mu gikorwa cye ni mo ibyiringiro bya Isirayeli byarimo bisohorezwa; na
cyane-cyane ko mu gikorwa cye, Urusengero rurimo rwubakwa bushya. Bariya bari
baramenyereye kuba mu bunyage mu buryo batari bagishobora kwumva ubutumwa bwo
kubaturwa; icyo na cyo n’icyagaragaza yuko batari bafite amatwi yo kwumva.” (Wright 1996:
433-34)
4. Yesu yaciriye Urusengero ho iteka.
a. Yesu yirukana abaguriraga mu Rusengero (Mat 21:12-13; Mariko 11:15-18; Luka 19:45-
46; Yoh 2:13-16). Akora ibi, Yesu yifashishije amagambo ari muri Yes 56:7 (“inzu yanjye
izitwa inzu yo gusengerwamo”), ibi na byo n’igice cy’ubuhanuzi (Yes 56:3-8) yuko Imana
izihamagarira Abanyamahanga mu “Rusengero” rwayo (“Umusozi Wera”). Na none,
yasubiyemo amagambo yo muri Yer 7:11 (“isenga ry’abambuzi”) , iri na ryo ni kimwe mu
bigize ijambo riturutse ku Uwiteka (Yer 7:1-11) avuga yuko Imana yabonye uburyo Isirayeli
itigeze ica imanza zitabera, yatoteje abanyamahanga n’abatishoboye, ko yamenye amaraso
atagiraho urubanza, kandi ko yakurikiye izindi mana. Icyo Yesu ashingiyeho n’uko, nk’uko
Imana yanze Urusengero rwa mbere muri 586 MKY (Mbere yo Kuvuka kwa Yesu), kubera
yuko rwari rwarahumanye, bityo byari ngombwa yuko Urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu
rusimburwa n’urundi Rusengero rururuta ubunini kubera yuko urwa mbere rwahumanye,
rukaba rutagishoboye kurangura umurimo rwagenewe. “Ku bya Yesaya na Yeremiya, ikibazo
kirasakuza mu buryo bw’uko gishyirwa ku mugaragaro, kuko muri iyi minsi ishize abanditsi
batandukanye bagiye impaka, ku bijyanye n’ugukoresha bushya igitabo cya Zakariya. Icy’uko
Umwami yinjira mu murwa, n’ubutware bwa Yesu hejuru y’Urusengero . . . byibutsa Zakariya
9:9 na 6:12; ukugabishwa kubera igishyitsi gikomeye n’igicucu cy’ibyanditswe muri 14:1-5.
Ikindi, ibi byose bivuga ku bikorwa bikomeye aho UWITEKA (YHWH) azubaka ubwami bwe
rimwe rizima (14:19), icyo gihe Abanyamahanga bazinjira bazanywe no gusenga (14:16-19).
Ku bijyanye n’ibi, byashoboka yuko igikorwa cyavuzwe na Mariko 11:16, aho Yesu yanze
kwemerera uwo ari we wese kujyana ibikoresho byo mu Rusengero (iki na cyo cyari ikintu
kibujijwe mu nzandiko z’abigisha); kandi cyari kimwe mu bigize uruhande rw’inkuru ivuga ku
‘ukweza’ urusengero, kandi, ikiruta ibyo byose n’ikindi kimenyetso kivuga mu buryo
budafututse kuri Zakariya 14:20 (ugakomeza), noneho ‘umunsi’ wageze ku gihe cyawo cyo
gusohora.” (Wright 1996: 422)
b. Mu Mategeko y’IK, uwo wese wari ufite ubumuga ubwo ari bwo bwose ntiyari yemerewe
kwinjira mu Rusengero (Abal 21:16-24). Igihe Yesu yirukanaga abaguraga, “impumyi
n’ibimuga baje ahw ari mu rusengero, arabakiza” (Mat 21:14). Ibi na none bivuga yuko Yesu
yarimo asohoza ubuhanuzi bwa Yes 56:3-8 bwavuga yuko “hazaba ubwoko bushya bw’Imana
“Mu nzu yanjye” mu gihe ubwo buhanuzi bwavugaga yuko inkone zizashobora gusengera
hamwe n’Abanyamahanga. Turabona na none ubwoko bushya bw’Imana nk’uko byahanuwe na
Yesaya muri Yes 56:3-8 bwasohoreye mu Ibyak 8:26-38 igihe inkone y’Umwetiyopiya
yahindutse akakira Kristo akabatizwa, hamwe n’igihe Abanyamahanga bizeraga Yesu Kristo,
igihe abizera Kristo bose, hatarebwe ubumuga cyangwa se indi nenge y’umubiri cyanwa se
ubwoko akomokamo, ubu bakaba ari “abatambyi” muri yo nzu nshya Y’Imana kandi nyakuri
(Abef 2:19-22; 1 Pet 2:5, 9; Ibyah 1:6; 5:10).
c. Kwirukana abaguraga bishobora kuba byabaye bihagaritse ugutangwa kw’ibitambo kubera
ko inzira yo kugura ibikōko no kubitamba yabaye ihagaritswe. Nimba ibi ari ukuri, byavuga
yuko intego y’Urusengero mu gutanga ibitambo by’uguharirwa ibyaha yari irangiye.
“Hatabonetse impiya nyazo, nta buryo bundi bwari busigaye bwatuma abaje gusenga ku giti
cyabo bagura ibikōko byabo byo gutangaho ibitambo. Mu gihe ata bikōko bihari, nta bitambo
biba bikibonetse. Nta bitambo, Urusengero rwamaze gutakaza impamvu yarwo yo kubaho.
Icy’uko Yesu yakoze igikorwa cy’akanya gato cyo guhagarika gutamba ibitambo bijyanye neza
n’igitekerezo cy’igikorwa kigaragaza ishusho. Ntiyarimo agerageza gushyiraho ibishya; yarimo
atanga ishusho y’urubanza. . . . Igikorwa cya Yesu cyari ishusho y’icyo yizera yuko, mu
gusubira i Siyoni, UWITEKA ntazatura mu Rusengero, avuga ibijyanye n’ubuyobozi
bw’urusenegro bwa none, aho rubarizwa n’umurimo warwo mu isi y’Abayuda yo mu buryo
bw’ikimenyetso. . . . Icy’uko Yesu yahagaritse imirimo yo mu rusengero akanya gato byari
ishusho y’uburyo ruzasenywa mu minsi yari imbere.” (Wright 1996: 423-24)
5. Yesu ahanura ibyo gusenywa kw’Urusengero.
a. Muri Mat 21:18-22 (Mariko 11:12-14, 20-24) Yesu avuma igiti cy’umutini. Igiti cy’umutini
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cyari ikimenyetso cy’uko Imana yanze Isirayeli (nk’uko byagenze muri Yer 8:11-13; iki
cyanditswe ni cyo yerekezaho). Uguhebwa kw’Urusengero ni mo guhebwa kwa Isirayeli
bikomoka. Ibi bihura na kimwe Yesu yavugaga ku bijyanye no guterera “uyu musozi” mu
nyanja. Byashoboka yuko “umusozi” waba ari ishusho y’umusozi w’urusengero, mu gihe uwo
wari wo musozi muremure hejuru y’indi yose yari muri Yerusalemu, kandi insobanuro
y’Urusengero n’iy’umusozi rwabaga rwubatseho yari imwe. “Iyi mvugo s’amagambo asobanura
uburyo amasengesho n’ukwizera byashobora gukora ibintu bisa nk’ibyo nko kuvuma ibiti
by’imitini. Iri n’ijambo ryo mu buryo bwihariye rivuga ku urubanza: Umusozi w’Urusengero,
mu buryo bw’ishusho, ugiye guterurwa no kujugunywa mu nyanja.” (Wright 1996: 422)
b. Muri Mat 21:33-46 (Mariko 12:1-12; Luka 20:9-19) Yesu yihakanye Isirayeli n’Urusengero
mu mugani w’Uruzabibu na Nyirarwo. Uwo mugani werekeza kuri Yes 5:1-7. Inzandiko za
mbere zo mu Kiarameya n’Igiheburayo zivuga yuko ubwiza bw’umuzabibu, bwa vino nziza
kuruta izindi zose, cyangwa se bw’umunara buhwanye n’ubw’Urusengero (Beale 2004:183).
Ishusho y’Urusenegro n’ihuriro y’imvugo ijyanye n’ubuhinzi n’ubukorikori bw’abubatsi nk’uko
bivugwa muri uwo mugani. Amagambo Yesu yakoresheje “ibuye abubatsi banze ni ryo
ryahindutse irikomeza imfuruka” (Mat 21:42, ayakura muri Zaburi 118:22) asobanura yuko
“ukwangwa kwa Yesu nk’ ‘ibuye ry’imfuruka’ ry’Urusengero . . . bihwanye n’ukwangwa kwa
Yesu nka We rusengero nyakuri” (Ibid.: 184). Abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya bakurikiyeho
bavuga ko Yesu ari We “buye ry’imfuruka” ryubatsweho Urusengero Rushya, Nyakuri (itorero)
(Ibyak 4:10-11; Abef 2:20-22; 1 Pet 2:4-8 [hasubiramo amagambo yo muri Zab 118:22]).
c. N’ubwo Yesu yemeje ko urusengero ari ubuturo bw’Imana ku isi (Mat 23:21), muri iryo
jambo nyene arwita “inzu yanyu”, yongeraho avuga ati, “muyisigiwe ari umusaka” (Mat
23:38). Ayo magambo avuga yuko, kubera icyaha n’ukutubaha Imana kwa Isirayeli—
byagaragariye mu ukwanga Yesu nka Mesiya wabo—Urusengero nta mumaro rwari rugifite.
Bityo, ntirwari rukiri Urusengero “rw’Imana” kandi igikwiriye n’uko rwasenywa.
d. Yesu yavuze mu buryo bwihariye yuko Yerusalemu n’Urusengero bizasenywa (Mat 24:1-2;
Mariko 13:1-2; Luka 21:20-24; reba na none Mat 26:61; Mariko 14:58; Ibyak 6:13-14). Muri
buri kimwe muri ibi bice, Yesu yavuze yuko ugusenywa kw’urusengero ntaho bihuriye
n’ubwami bwe bwite n’ukuza kwe.
6. Umubiri wa Yesu, na cyane-cyane igihe yazukaga, uhwanye n’Urusengero rushya, nyakuri.
a. Mu buryo bwihariye, Yesu yise umubiri we “urusengero.” Yerekanye itandukaniro riri hagati
y’ugusenywa kw’Urusengero rwo ku isi rw’i Yeruslemu n’ukuzuka kw’umubiri we bwite
(Mariko 14:58; Yoh 2:18-22; reba na none Mat 26:60-61; 27:40; Mariko 14:57-58; 15:29).
b. Inkuru muri Mariko 14:57-58 ivuga ku bigeragezo Yesu yahuye na byo. Iyo nkuru ivuga
yuko bamwe “babeshyeye” Yesu bavuga bati, “Twumvise avuga ati, ‘Nzasemya uru rusengero
rwubatswe n’intoke, nubake urundi mu minsi itatu rutubatswe n’intoke.’” Iki kinyoma kiri muri
iki kirego “gishingiye cyanye-cyane ku kirego cy’uko Yesu ubwe azasenya urusengero rw’i
Yerusalemu” (Walker 1996: 10). Aya magambo ngo, “rwubatswe n’intoke . . . rutubatswe
n’intoke” ashyiraho itandukaniro hagati y’Urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu na Yesu: “Ibisobanuro
ku Urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu nk’ ‘urwubatswe n’intoke’ (cheiropoiētos) n’inzira ikomeye yo
gufobya agaciro karwo. Ibi byahoze ari uburyo bwo gusuzuguza ibigirwamana by’abapagani
(urugero Zab. 15:4; bijyanye na Yes. 46:6); gusobanura urusengero muri aka kagene byari
ubushotoranyi bukomeye. Muri aya magambo nyene, igishingiweho cyane n’uburyo asobanura
mu buryo butandukanye Urusengero ruzasimbura urwo rwa mbere ruzaba ‘rutubatswe n’intoke
z’umuntu’ (acheiropoiētos). Urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu rwari rwashyizweho n’Imana, ariko
Yesu ahanura Urusengero rukozwe mu bundi buryo, rukomoka ku Mana—urwo agereranya
n’Urusengero rwo mu buryo bugaragara rufite ishusho y’urwakozwe n’abantu koko,
‘rwubatswe n’intoke’.” (Ibid.)
c. Abaheb 8:1-2 hahuza mu buryo bwa hafi ukuzuka kwa Yesu n’ihema ry’Ibonaniro. Iki gice
kivuga kuri Yesu “ukorera . . . mu ihema ry’ukuri, iryo abantu batabambye, ahubwo
ryabambwe n’Umwami Imana” (reba na none Abaheb 9:11). Bityo, Urusengero rw’i
Yerusalemu rwari igikorwa kidatunganye cyakozwe n’umwana w’umuntu nk’uko byari
byarahanuwe [2 Sam 7:11-13] yuko uwo mu rubyaro rwa Dawidi azubaka urusengero, ibi na
byo bikaba byasohoreye, mu buryo bwo mu urwego rwo hejuru cyane, mu ukuzuka kwa Yesu”
(Beale 2004: 237).
7. Igihe Yesu yabambwaga “Umwenda ukingiriza Ahera cyane h’urusengero utabukamo kabiri,
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76
utangirira hejuru ugeza hasi” (Mat 27:51; Mariko 15:38; Luka 23:45). Ugutabuka kw’umwenda
ukingiriza ahera cyane h’urusengero cyari ikimenyetso cy’ugusenywa kw’Urusengero, n’uburyo abantu
babonye umudendezo wo kugera ku Mana banyuze kuri Yesu. Kubera igitambo Yesu yitambye, “ubu
dufite ubushizi bw’ubwoba bwo kwinjizwa Ahera . . . binyuze mu nzira yaduciriye nshya kandi
y’ubugingo inyura mu umwenda ukinze” (Abaheb 10:19-20). Muri Kristo, nta n’umwe ubwirizwa
(cyangwa se ushobora) kugera ku Mana binyuze mu nzira ya Mose y’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera, iryo
Yesu yatsimbuye.
8. Yesu ni We kuri kw’igicucu cyerekaniwe mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro no mu Urusengero rw’i
Yerusalemu (Abaheb 4:14-5:10; 7:1-10:22). Mu buryo busobanutse, urwandiko rwandikiwe
Abaheburayo ntirwigeze rusubiza amaso inyuma ku “urusengero”, ahubwo rwahoze ruyasubiza ku
“ihema ry’ibonaniro.” Walker avuga impamvu: “Nta ntego na nto umwanditsi w’urwandiko rwandikiwe
Abaheburayo yari afite yo kujugunya ibinengwa ku Urusengero nk’uko rukora ubu ngubu, ahubwo
yarimo ashaka kwumvisha intego nyayo y’Urusengero. Igihe ashyira imbaraga nyinshi ku ‘ihema
ry’ibonaniro’ mu butayu, yavuze yuko, uburyo bwakoreshwaga mu ugusenga, no mu gihe byareberwa
mu buryo bwuzuye kandi butunganye bwo mu gihe cya Mose (mbere yuko icyaha cy’umwana
w’umuntu kigira icyo gihungabanya ku mugambi w’Imana), Imana yavuze yuko muri Kristo ubwo
buryo bwo gusenga butagikenewe. Icyo uwo mwanditsi anenga Urusengero rwa none nta huriro
gifitanye n’impamvu za politike izo ari zo zose cyangwa se ngo bibe bifite isano n’uburyo yaba
atabyishimiye, ahubwo bifite isano n’intego z’Imana zo mu buryo bw’iteka ryose.” (Walker 1996: 207-
08) Yesu ni we kuri kwa nyuma kwo mu buryo bw’umwuka. Nta mumaro Imikorere y’Urusengero rwo
mu IK rigifite.
a. Abaheb 4:14-5:10; 7:1-10:22 hatanga ishusho ya Kristo nka We Mutambyi Mukuru, Ihema
ry’Ibonaniro/Urusengero. Ibi bifite insobanuro ikurikira: “Kristo n’Umutambyi-Mwami,
ukuzuka kwe kwabaye intangiriro y’urusengero rw’iminsi ya nyuma, kandi yuko ukuzamuka
kwe mu ijuru byasobanuye yuko umutima w’urusengero wimutse ukava mu isi ukajya mu ijuru,
kandi yuko uzaguma iyo kumara ibi bihe turimo byose. Kristo nk’Umutambyi-Mwami akomeza
gutegeka no gukorera abantu ari mu rusengero rwo mu ijuru.” (Beale 2004: 299)
b. Abaheb 8:1-10:22 hemeza yuko ubuturo bwera nyakuri ari ubwo mu ijuru, ubuturo bwera
bwo mu buryo bw’ishusho na bwo bukaba ari ubwo mu isi. “Abaheburayo 9:8-9 havuga ku
‘ihema ry’ibonaniro’ (bisobanura ahera) nk’ ‘ikimenyetso’ cyangwa se ‘umugani’ w’ihema
ry’ibonaniro ryo mu bihe bya nyuma (urugero muri 9:11) kugira ngo ashimangire yuko ihema
ry’ibonaniro rya mbere ritāri iry’ukuri” (Beale 2004:295).
c. Abaheb 9:11 havuga yuko Kristo “anyura mu ihema rirusha rya rindi gukomera no
gutungana rwose, ritaremwe n’intoki; ibyo n’ukuvuga ngo: ritari iryo mu byaremwe.” 9:12
hongeraho havuga hati yinjiye ahera “n’amaraso ye.” Bityo, “ihema ry’ibonaniro” nyakuri,
ryo mu ijuru rihwanishwa na Yesu Ubwe (bisobanura, n’ amaraso ye”).
d. Abaheb 10:19-20 havuga mu buryo bwihariye yuko “umwenda ukingiriza ahera cyane” [mu
Rusengero] ni “Umubiri we.” IK ryahoze ryerekeza kuri Kristo. “Ni muri Kristo byose
bisohorezwa. Aho kwumva yuko Kristo ari insobanuro y’urusengero, ahubwo Kristo ni we
nsobanuro y’impamvu urusengero rwabayeho. . . . Kristo ni we rusengero nyakuri, ni we mucyo
w’ubwiza, manu nyakuri, vino nyakuri. Igihe ibiri ukuri bisohoye, iby’ishusho bivaho.
Umwenda w’urusengero ukingiriza ahera cyane wakozwe n’intoke warashenywe, kubera yuko
ukuri kw’ishusho kwasohojwe.” (Clowney 1972-73: 177, 183)
B. Nk’userukira Kristo ku isi mu buryo bufatika, Itorero n’ “Urusengero” rw’Imana ku isi “Ibijyanye na Koroneliyo [Ibyakozwe 10] bigize igice kinini cy’imenyekanishamana rya misiyo
idushoboza gusobanukirwa impinduka yo mu buryo bugaragara yitezwe uhereye igihe Abanyamahanga bo mu
Isezerano rya Kera batangiraga kwikusanya bakinjira mu rusengero i Yerusalemu ukageza igihe Isezerano
Rishya ryashyize imbaraga mu murimo wo kujyana ubutumwa bwiza mu mahanga. Umutima w’iyi mpinduka
ivugwa na Sitefano ubwo asobanura uburyo ari ngombwa kwimuka bakava mu rusengero rwakozwe n’intoke
(Ibyakozwe 7:47-51). Ubu rero, Yesu n’urusengero ruri mu ijuru, aho yicaye i buryo bwa Data, no ku isi
binyuze mu Umwuka n’Ubutumwa Bwiza. Abanyamahanga bakomeza kwinjira mu rusengero nk’uko Yesaya
yabyeretswe, ariko noneho ubu urusengero ruri aho hose Umwuka wa Yesu ateraniriza hamwe abantu be
binyuze mu kubwiriza ubutumwa bwiza.” (Goldsworthy 2000: 241) Itorero rya mbere basobanukiwe impamvu
y’isenywa ry’urusengero rwo mu buryo bugaragara rw’i Yerusalemu muri 70 NKY, n’ikijyanye n’uko Imana
yashyizeho Itorero ryayo kugira ngo ribe urusengero nyakuri, rushya rwo mu buryo bw’umwuka. Urwandiko
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
77
rwa Barinaba (c.70-131), 16:1-10, ruvuga ruti: “Nyuma y’ibyo, nzabaganirira ibijyanye n’urusengero, n’uburyo
bariya bantu b’indushyi bayobye bagashyira ibyiringiro byabo mu nyubako yabo, nk’uko yaba ari inyubako
y’Imana, mu umwanya wo gushyira ibyiringiro byabo mu Mana yabaremye….Ubu muzi yuko ibyiringiro be
n’ibyo byari iby’ubusa. . . . Kubera yuko bagiye mu ntambara, bakaneshwa n’abanzi, ubu na ho abagaragu
b’abanzi babo bazarwubaka bushya. . . . Ariko reka turebere hamwe nimba koko urusengero rw’Imana ruhari.
Rurahari koko—aho we ubwe avuga yuko arimo arwubaka kandi arurangiza! . . . None se ni gute ruzubakwa mu
izina ry’Uwiteka? Nimwige! Mbere y’uko twizera Imana, ubuturo bw’umutima wacu bwari bwarononekaye
kandi bufite intege nke, urusengero rwubatswe n’intoke z’umuntu koko, kuko rwari rwuzuye ukuramya
ibigirwamana kandi rwari inzu y’abadayimoni, kuko twakoze ibirwanya Imana. . . . Mu ukwakira ukubabarirwa
ibyaha no kwubaka ibyiringiro byacu ku Izina, duhinduka bashya, twaremwe bushya uhereye ku ntangiriro.
Kubera ibyo, Imana ituye mu buturo bwacu, bisobanura muri twe. . . . Uru ni rwo rusengero rwo mu umwuka
rurimo rwubakirwa Uwiteka.”
1. Itorero nk’ihuriro ry’ikintu kimwe, n’abizera ku giti cya buri wese, bitwa “Urusengero rw’Imana.”
a. Itorero ryitwa “umubiri umwe wa Kristo,” abizera na bo ku giti cya buri wese bagize uwo
mubiri (Abar 12:4-5; 1 Abakor 10:17; 12:12-27; Abef 1:22-23; 2:16; 4:4, 12; 5:30; Abakol
1:18; 3:15). Bityo, nk’uko Kristo umubiri we ari Urusengero, bityo itorero na We
n’Urusengero. Muri 2 Abakor 5:1, Paulo akoresha imvugo y’ “urusengero” na “ihema
ry’ibonaniro” igihe yita imibiri yacu, “inzu y’ingando yacu.”
b. Itorero nk’umubumbe umwe ryitwa Urusengero rw’Imana (1 Abakor 3:9, 16-17; 2 Abakor
6:16-7:1; Abef 2:21; 1 Pet 2:5; Ibyah 3:12; reba na none Ibyah 13:6 aho itorero ryitwa
“Ihema ry’Ibonaniro rye”). “Aya magambo ‘urusengero rw’Imana’ asangwa mu Isezerano
Rishya izindi nshuro icumi ukuyemo 2 Abatesalonika [Mat 26:61; 1 Abakor 3:16, 17a, 17b; 2
Abakor 6:16a, 16b; Ibyah 3:12; 7:15; 11:1, 19], kandi ukuyemo inshuro imwe, ayo magambo
avuga ku itorero. Inshuro imwe yonyine ni mo ayo magambo yerekeye ku urusengero rwa
Isirayeli rwo muri kahise n’urw’ejo hazaza. Muri Matayo 26:61 hasubiramo amagambo ya Yesu
ngo, ‘yabasha gusenya urusengero rw’Imana akarwubaka mu minsi itatu.’ . . . rusengero rwo
mu buryo bugaragara ruravugwa kugira ngo habeho irangiza ry’amateka y’urusengero ashingiye
ku ugucungurwa. Matayo abona uburyo urusengero rwo mu buryo bufatika rusenywa
rukubakwa binyuze mu ukuzuka kw’umubiri wa Yesu. . . . Urusengero rwo mu buryo bufatika,
rwa Isirayeli rwari igicucu cyo mu buryo bufatika kivuga Kristo n’abantu be nk’urusengero.
Mwibuke, ingingo ya mbere y’urusengero yari uko rwari ahantu ubwiza bw’Imana burangwamo
icyubahiro bwerekanirwaga ku bantu bayo hano ku isi. Noneho, ubwo Yesu yamaze kugera ku
isi nk’Imana, ubu ni We wabaye ahantu ubwiza bw’Imana bwerekanirwa ku isi.” (Beale 2004:
275-76) Mu buryo busobanutse, muri 1-2 Abakorinto “Paulo yavuze ku bizera bo muri za 50
NKY, igihe urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu rwari rugihagaze, no ku urusengero rw’Imana
rutuwemo n’Umwuka” (Sweeney 2003:629).36 Bityo, mu maso y’Imana, Urusengero rw’i
Yerusalemu rwari rwarangije gusimburwa na mbere y’uko rusenywa n’Abaroma muri 70 NKY.
Muri 2 Abakor 6:16-7:1, nyuma yo gukora ikigereranyo hagati y’itorero n’urusengero, Paulo
yanzura avuga ati, “Ubwo dufite ibyo byasezeranyijwe.” Mu masezerano Paulo akuramo aya
magambo muri 2 Abakor 6:16-18 harimo Abal 26:11-12, 2 Sam 7:14, na Ezek 37:27, aho
Imana isezeranya kwubaka inzu ya Dawidi no gukomeza ingoma ye iteka ryose no kumubera se
no gukomeza ubuturo bwayo bwera bw’iteka hagati mu ubwoko bwayo. Igihe avuga kuri ayo
masezerano yita itorero “urusengero rw’Imana ihoraho” (2 Abakor 6:16), Paulo aba arimo
avuga, “Isohozwa ryo mu buryo bwuzuye ry’isezerano rikuru ry’Imana, ubwiza bw’Imana bwo
mu buryo bw’iteka, bibohera abantu b’Imana kuri Yo iteka ryose: Aya n’amasezerano
asohorezwa mu itorero—Turi urusengero rw’Imana ihoraho” (Clowney 1972-73: 186).
c. Kubera yuko itorero ari Urusengero ruhoraho rutakozwe n’intoke, nk’uko twagiye tubibona,
buri wese ku giti cye, n’ “urugingo” rw’ “umubiri” wa Kristo, bityo twitwa “amabuye
mazima” kugira ngo “mube inzu y’umwuka” (1 Pet 2:5). Muri ubwo buryo nyene, Abef 2:21-
22 havuga ku itorero nk’urusengero rurimo ruteranirizwa hamwe,” “rurakura,” “kugira ngo
mube inzu yo guturwamo n’Imana mu Umwuka.”
d. Buri wese mu bizera yitwa Urusenegro (1 Abakor 6:19). Mu uguhuzwa na Kristo ni mo
honyine umuntu yakwitwa Urusengero mu buryo bukwiye.
36
“Icy’uko Urwandiko rwa 1 Abakorinto rwanditswe muri za 50 yo mu kinjana cya mbere ntibigirwaho impaka cyane”
(Sweeney 2003: 629n.116).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
78
2. Itorero ni bwo buturo bwonyine mu isi Imana ishobora guturamo. Kimwe n’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro
n’Urusengero mu buryo bwarwo bw’umwimerere, itorero ryuzuyemo ubwiza bw’Imana (Mat 18:20;
28:20; Yoh 14:17, 23; 20:22; Ibyak 1:8; 2:1-11, 38-39; 4:31; 8:14-17; 10:44-47; Abef 3:19; 5:18; 1 Abakor 3:16; 6:19). Mose yasenze, “Icyampa ab’ubwoko bw’Uwiteka bose bakaba abahanuzi,
Uwiteka akabashyiraho Umwuka We!” (Kub 11:29). Uhereye ku umunsi wa Pentekoti, Uwiteka
yarabikoze. Ubu noneho, Umwuka cyangwa se impano ze ntizikigenewe itsinda ry’abantu bakeya,
ahubwo mu itorero, Imana yasutse Umwuka Wayo ku bantu bayo bose, ata kurobanura gushingiye ku
myaka, igitsina, cyangwa se ibara ry’uruhu (Ibyak 2:14-18). Petero akoresha imvugo y’ubwiza
bw’Imana bwo mu buryo bwa Shekinah bwaje ku Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusenegro byo mu Isezerano
rya Kera igihe avuga ati, “Kuko Umwuka w’ubwiza aba kuri mwe, ni We mwuka w’Imana” (1 Pet
4:14). Uyu murongo n’ishusho ya Yes 11:2 havuga hati, “Umwuka w’Uwiteka azaba kuri We.” Hari na
none urundi rwego rw’amateka ajyanye n’Isezerano rya Kera ahwanye n’icyo gice: “intego y’ubuturo
bwera bw’urusengero nk’ ‘ubuturo bwera bw’UWITEKA (1 Ngoma 6:31; 28:2; 2 Ngoma 6:41; Zab
132:7-8, 14; Yes 66:1-2). . . . Ibindi bisobanuro byemeza ibijyanye n’ishusho y’urusengero bishyigikiye
iki gitekerezo cy’uburyo Umwuka azaba hejuru y’abizera kandi biri mu nsobanuro Petero aha Itorero
nk’ ‘inzu yo mu buryo bw’umwuka’ itangirwamo ibitambo byo mu buryo bw’umwuka bitambwa
n’ubutambyi bwera (2:5).” (Johnson 1986: 289-90) Mu rusengero rushya, nyakuri, Imana ntitura hagati
mu bantu bayo byonyine, ahubwo noneho ubu iba imbere mu bantu bayo. Ikindi, Umwuka “ashyira
igikumwe” ku ubwoko bwe, bihabanye n’Urusengero rwa kera rwo mu buryo byagendaga mu isezerano
rya Kera (Abef 1:13-14). Bityo, Imana ntizigera iva mu Rusengero rushya kandi rw’ukuri rw’Itorero,
bihabanye n’uburyo byagendaga mu gihe cy’Urusengero rwa kera rwo mu buryo bufatika (Mat 18: 20;
28:20; Abar 8:33-39).
3. Itorero ryaronse “umuriro” w’Imana igihe ryatangiraga, nk’uko byagenze igihe cy’Ihema
ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusengero rwa Salomo.
a. Igihe Aroni yarobanurirwaga umwanya w’umutambyi mukuru, yatambye ibitambo ku
gicaniro mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro, “umuriro waje uturutse imbere y’ubwiza bw’Imana ukongora
ibitambo byo kwoswa n’ibice by’ibinure ku ihema” (Abal 9:24). Igihe Salomo yatahaga
Urusengero rw’umwimerere rwa mbere, “Umuriro umanuka uva mu ijuru, wosa igitambo cyo
koswa n’ibindi bitambo, icyubahiro cy’Uwiteka cyuzura inzu.” (2 Ngoma 7:1). Ubwiza
bw’Uwiteka bwo mu buryo bwa Shekinah bwarasohotse buva mu Rusengero mbere yo
kujyanwa mu bunyage i Babuloni (Ezek 9:3; 10:1-19; 11:22-23). Nta na hamwe havuga yuko
icyubahiro cyo mu urwego rwa Shekinah cyagarutse cyangwa se ngo umuriro uturutse mu ijuru
umanuke igihe Urusengero Rushya rwubakwaga na Zerubabeli nyuma y’ubunyage (reba Ezira
3-6; Hagayi 1-2; Zakariya 2-4).
b. Ahandi havugwa “umuriro” n’igihe Yohana Umubatiza yavuga yuko Yesu “azababatiza mu
Umwuka Wera n’umuriro” (Mat 3:11; Luka 3:16). Iri jambo ‘n’umuriro’ ryabyaye impaka. . . .
Hari ikibazo nimba ‘Umwuka-Muriro’ waba ujyanye n’umuriro w’urubanza rw’iteka cyangwa
se nimba ari umuriro w’Umwuka Wera uboneza. Ariko uku kudahuza ntigukenewe. Ni byiza
kurebera hamwe izo nsobanuro zombi: Abemera ubutumwa bw’ubwami bezwa n’Umwuka mu
gihe ababuhakana bo bagibwaho n’urubanza.” (Osborne 2010: 116) Ku munsi wa Pentekote
“Nuko umuriri ubatungura uvuye mu ijuru, umeze nk’uw’umuyaga uhuha cyane, ukwira inzu
bicayemo. Haboneka indimi zigabanije zisa n’umuriro, ururimi rujya ku muntu wese wo muri
bo. Bose buzuzwa n’Umwuka Wera, batangira kuvuga izindi ndimi, nk’uko Umwuka yabahaye
kuzivuga.” (Ibyak 2:2-4) Izo “ndimi zisa n’umuriro” cyari ikimenyetso cy’inyuma, kigaragara
cy’uko ubuhanuzi bwa Yohana bwamaze gusohora. Ibi bisobanura yuko mu gihe ibitambo
byoswa mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro no mu Rusengero byakongorwaga n’umuriro, umuriro
ntiwakongoye abigishwa ku munsi wa Pentekoti, kuko twagenewe kuba “igitambo kizima kandi
cyera” (Abar 12:1). Ku Bakristu, ibi bisobanura yuko “ibihe bishya” byatangiranye na [Yesu]
bisaba yuko imyanda y’ubuzima bwacu ikongorwa. Uwo muriro, umuriro w’Umwuka Wera,
n’umuriro w’urukundo ukomeye mu buryo bw’uko dutinya kuwegera. Kandi n’urukundo
rubohotse mu bugingo bwa Yesu—ubugingo twabatirijwemo—ubwo ni bwo, nk’uko Paulo
abivuga mu Abar. 6, butubatura ku cyaha cyahanuriwe mu matageko ariko ayo matageko akaba
adashobora kukitubaturamo.” (Hauerwas 2006: 48)
4. Nk’uko icyubahiro cy’Umwami cyuzuye Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusengero, ni na kwo cyuzuye
itorero. Ihema ry’ibonaniro rimaze kwubakwa, “icyubahiro cy’Uwiteka cyuzura Ihema ry’Ibonaniro.
Mose ntiyashoboye kwinjira mu ihema ry’ihuriro kuko igicu gitwikira ihema ry’ibonaniro, ubwiza
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
79
bw’Uwiteka burabagirana bwuzura ubwo buturo. Mose ananirwa no kwinjira mu ihema ry’ibonaniro,
kuko icyo gicu cyari kikiriho, ubwiza bw’Uwiteka bukuzura ubwo buturo.” (Kuva 40:34-35) No mu
gihe urusengero rwatahwaga, “Nuko muri uwo mwanya inzu iherako yuzura igicu, ni yo nzu y’Uwiteka.
Bituma abatambyi batakibasha guhagarara ngo bakore ku bw’igicu; kuko icyubahiro cy’Uwiteka
cyuzuye inzu y’Imana.” (2 Ngoma 5:13-14) Ku munsi wa Pentekote, ibisa n’ibyo byongera kuba, ariko,
kubera umuriro waje uturutse mu ijuru, habayeho itandukaniro. Icyubahiro cy’uwiteka cyuzuye inzu aho
abigishwa basengeraga, “umeze nk’uw’umuyaga uhuha cyane ukwira inzu bari bicayemo. . . . Bose
buzuzwa Umwuka Wera, batangira kuvuga izindi ndimi, nk’uko Umwuka yabahaye kuzivuga” (Ibyak
2:2, 4). Mu Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera, igihe icyubahiro cy’Imana cyuzuraga ihema ry’ibonaniro
n’urusengero, abatambyi bananiwe gukora umurimo wabo; mu gihe cy’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya, itorero
riri muri Kristo; bityo, icyubahiro cy’Imana, kwuzuzwa Umwuka, biha imbaraga itorero kugira ngo
rikore umurimo!
5. N’ubwo Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusengero bigengwa n’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera, byakozwe
n’abantu, Urusengero nyakuri, rushya rw’itorero, abizera buri wese ku giti cye na bo, mu by’ukuri,
bagize ikintu cyo mu ijuru kandi cyo mu buryo bwo mu umwuka—“inzu yaturutse ku Mana, itakozwe
n’intoke” (2 Abakor 5:1-5; reba na none Ibyak 7:44-50). Ibyah 11 hasobanura itorero nk’ukuri
n’Urusengero rwo mu ijuru, n’ubwo ubu ruriho kandi rugahura n’ibibazo byinshi ngaha ku isi. Ibyah
11:1-2 havuga ugupima “Urusengero rw’Imana.” Iki gisobanura ishusho yo mu Ibyah 3:12 aho Yesu
avuga ati, “Uzanesha nzamugira inkingi yo mu rusengero rw’Imana yanjye, kandi ntazasohoka
ukundi.” Ibyah 11:4 havuga ku “bitereko by’amatabaza,” yari yarigeze kuvugwaho mu Ibyah 1:20
nk’amatorero. Ibyah 11:4, havuga “ibitereko by’amatabaza bibiri,” n’ “ibiti bya elayo bibiri” kandi
havoma mu ishusho yo muri Zakariya 4. Muri icyo gice, “igitereko cy’itabaza” cyasobanuwe
nk’igihagararira Urusengero rwari rwaratangiye kwubakwa (reba Zak 4:2, 4-10) mu gihe “ibiti bya
elayo bibiri” byo bivugwaho nka bamwe babiri “batoranywaga” (Kumbure ni Yosuwa unutambyi
mukuru na Zerubabeli umwami, aba bakaba ari bo bayoboye igikorwa cyo kwubaka urusengero nyuma
y’ubunyage i Babuloni) (reba Zak 4:3, 11-14). Uyu murimo wo mu buryo bubiri w’itorero
nk’abatambyi n’abami wemezwa mu Ibyah 1:6; 5:10 na 20:6. Ibyah 13:6 havuga yuko, nk’uko bimeze
mu Ibyah 11:7-10 aho abizera bashobora kwicirwa ku isi mu buryo bw’umubiri, n’ubwo bimeze bityo,
ubuturo bwabo nyakuri, ihema ry’ibonaniro nyakuri, buri mu ijuru. Ibyah 11:9 havuga yuko
“Urusengero rw’Imana” “ruri mu ijuru.” Kubera ibyo nyene, Abef 2:6 havuga yuko Kristo “nuko
ituzurana na we, itwicarikana na we mu ijuru mu buryo bw’umwuka turi muri Kristo Yesu.”
6. Nubwo mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro no mu Urusengero byo mu IK, abatambyi ari bo bonyine bashoboraga
kwinjira izo nyubako, ariko mu Rusengero rushya kandi nyakuri rw’itorero, abizera bose baba
abatambyi bakorera i bwami (1 Pet 2:5, 9; Ibyah 1:6; 5:10). Mu Isezerano rya Kera, umutambyi
yabwirizwaga kunyura mu igeragezwa ryo mu nzego ebyiri: Kuba akomoka mu Umuryango
w’Abalewi no kuba atagaragarwaho inenge y’umubiri n’imwe (Abal 21:16-24; Kub 4:1-4; 8:23-26; 1
Ngoma 23:24-32). “Uwashobora kurengana iryo geragezwa ryo mu nzego ebyiri yahita yambikwa
umwenda w’umweru, n’amazina yabo yaba yanditswe mu buryo busobanutse” (Edersheim 1988: 95).
Ibi bihuzwa n’abizera nk’uko byanditswe mu Ibyah 3:5: “Unesha ni we uzambikwa imyenda yera;
kandi sinzahanagura izina rye na hato mu gitabo cy’ubugingo.” Hejuru y’ibyo, imyambaro
y’abatambyi “yari igizwe n’ ‘imyenda y’ibitare,’ cyangwa cyane-cyane, ibyitwa ‘byssus,’ ipamba
ry’igitare rya Egiputa” (Ibid.: 97). Bityo, Ibyah 19:8 havuga yuko umugeni wa Kristo (itorero)
yambitswe “umwenda w’igitare [Ikigiriki = bussinos], urabagirana kandi usukuye; kuko wa mwenda
w’igitare [bussinos] ari imirimo ikiranutse y’abera.”
• Umutambyi wacu Mukuru ni Yesu Kristo ufite uburenganzira buhoraho bwo kugera ku
urusengero rw’Imana rwo mu ijuru (Abaheb 4:14-5:10; 7:1-10:25).
• Bitandukanye n’uko bimeze ku ihema ry’ibonaniro n’urusengero byo mu bubryo bugaragara,
dufite uburengazira bwo kugera ku Mana Data wa Twese binyuze kuri Yesu Kristo (Mat 27:51;
Abaheb 10:19-22).
• “Ibitambo” dutamba mu Rusengero rushya, nyakuri n’imibiri yacu n’ubuzima bwacu (Abar
12:1), uguhimbaza n’amashimwe yacu (Abaheb 13:15), ugutanga amafaranga yacu mu
ukwamamaza ubutumwa bwiza no gufasha abakene n’abatishoboye (2 Abakor 9:1, 12-13; Abafil
4:18), n’ “ibitambo byo mu buryo bw’umwuka” by’ubuzima bwacu nk’abizerwa mu ugukorera
Kristo na ba kiremwamuntu nkatwe, mu izina rye (Abar 15:16; Abaheb 13:16; Yak 1:27; 1 Pet
2:5).
• Kubera yuko abizera bose ari “abatambyi” mu Rusengero rushya kandi nyakuri rw’Imana,
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
80
dusabwa kuba abera mu mpande zose z’ubuzima bwacu, nk’uko abatambyi bo mu Isezerano rya
Kera basabwa kuba abera (1 Abakor 3:17; 6:12-20; 2 Abakor 6:14-7:1; Yak 1:27).
7. Kimwe n’Urusengero rwo mu IK, itorero nk’Urusengero rushya, nyakuri rw’Imana, rurangwa
n’izahabu, ifeza n’amabuye y’agaciro. Mu 1 Abakor 3:10-12 Paulo, avuga ibijyanye na Kristo
n’ibikorwa byo kwizera, avuga ku “urufatizo” rwubatsweho “izahabu, ifeza, amabuye y’agaciro.”
Ahandi hantu hamwe gusa havugwamo aho “umusingi” w’inyubako ushyirwaho, nyuma “izahabu,”
“ifeza” n’ “amabuye y’agaciro” yubatsweho Urusengero rwa Salomo (1 Abami 5:17-6:36; 1 Ngoma
29:1-9). Mu gihe Urusengero rushya kandi rw’ukuri ari Urusengero ruzima, izahabu, ifeza n’amabuye
y’agaciro n’ibikorwa dukora muri ubu bugingo igihe twubaka Ubwami, tunafasha abakene
n’abatishoboye (1 Abakor 3:9-17).
8. Itorero n’igikoresho cy’Imana cyo gukora umugambi w’Imana kugira ngo isi nk’ubuturo bwayo ibe
yuzuye ubwoko bwera (Mat 28:18-20; Ibyak 1:8; Ibyah 5:9; 7:9). Uwo ni wo wari umugambi wayo
mu Ngobyi ya Edeni, ikimenyetso cyawo cyari igishushanyo cy’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusengero
muriYerusalemu. Mu gihe itorero ribaye rikoranye umurava misiyo yaryo “Nuko mugende muhindure
abantu bo mu mahanga yose abigishwa” (Mat 28:19), uwo mugambi ugenda werekanwa ku isi uko
bukeye uko bwije. Icy’uko misiyo ya Yesu ar’iyo mu urwego rw’isi yose kibonwa mu nzira ebyiri:
a. Nta tandukaniro rishingiye ku mipaka riri mu Ubwami bwa Kristo. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro
n’Insengero z’i Yerusalemu zagarukiraga ku hantu ho mu buryo bugaragara aho zari zubatswe.
N’ubwo bimeze bityo, muri Yoh 4:21, 23, Yesu yavuze ati, “igihe kizaza ubwo bazaba
batagisengera Data kuri uyu musozi cyangwa i Yerusalemu. . . . Ariko igihe kiraje ndetse
kirasohoye, ubwo abasenga by’ukuri basengera Data mu Mwuka no mu Ukuri.” Kristo ni yo
nzira Imana yanyuzemo kugira ngo igere ku bantu bayo; nta yindi nzira ihari. Nuko rero,Yesu
avuga ati, “Kuko aho babiri cyangwa se batatu bakoraniye nanjye mba ndi hagati muri bo”
(Mat 18:20).
b. Mu Ubwami bwa Kristo, nta mipaka ishingiye ku ibara ry’uruhu, ubwoko cyangwa se
imiryango ihari. Mu Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera, Isirayeli bwari “ubwoko bwatoranijwe
n’Imana” (Guteg 7:6). Mu gihe cy’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera, hariho amacakubiri hagati
y’Abayuda n’Abanyamahanga. Mu Rusengero rwo mu buryo bugaragara, hariho urukuta
rutandukanya Abayuda n’Abanyamahanga. Hariho na none ahantu hari hagenewe abagabo
n’ahari hagenewe abagore, abatambyi n’abandi bagize itorero. Mu rusengero rushya kandi
nyakuri rw’itorero, itandukaniro hagati y’Abayuda n’Abanyamahanga rwakuweho. Bose
hamwe nk’ “umuntu umwe mushya”, itorero rigenda rikurira mu rusengero rwera mu
Umwami” (Abef 2:11-22; reba na none Abar 3:22; Abagal 2:11-14). Muri Kristo bose
barareshya, ata gushingira ku gitsina, ibijyanye n’imiryango, urwego rw’ubukungu, ururimi,
cyangwa se ibindi byo mu buryo bugaragara (1 Abakor 12:13; Abagal 3:28; Abakol 3:11;
Ibyah 5:9; 7:9).
9. Imibabaro ku itorero ni kimwe mu bigize iteka Imana yaciriyeho “Urusengero” rwayo bwite (1 Pet
4:12-17). Muri 1 Pet 4:14, Petero yakoresheje imvugo yibutsa abantu icyubahiro cy’Imana cyo mu
buryo bwa Shekinah kiza hejuru y’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusenegro rwo mu Isezerano rya Kera igihe
yasobanura “Umwuka w’ubwiza aba kuri mwe, ni we Mwuka w’Imana” uba hejuru y’urusengero. Aya
magambo yavuzwe mu gusobanura ibijyanye n’ “ibigeragezo,” “gupimwa,” no “gutukwa” (1 Pet 4:
12-16). Petero yanzura avuga ati, “kuko igihe kigiye gusohora, urubanza rukazabanzirizwa mu b’inzu
y’Imana” (1 Pet 4:17). Ijambo ry’Ikigiriki akoresha ni oikos rishobora kuba ryasimurwa ngo “urugo”
cyangwa se “inzu.” Muri 1 Pet 2:5, iryo jambo nyene rivuga ku itorero nk’ “inzu yo mu buryo
bw’umwuka nshya” (urusengero) y’Imana. N’ubwo ubwinshi mu buryo bwo gusimura bubisobanura
ngo n’ ‘urugo,’ kimwe no mu “rusengero.” Iyi shusho ikomoka mu byanditswe bibiri byo mu Isezerano
rya Kera bisobanura igikorwa cy’Imana cyo guciraho iteka bahereye mu Rusengero rw’i Yerusalemu
(Ezek. 9: Mal. 3:1-5). Petero afata inyigihso yo muri iki cyanditswe akayikoresha ku itorero ata no
kubisabira imbabazi. Bityo, Abakristu bahita baba ba samuragwa b’inshingano z’Urusengero rw’i
Yerusalemu (aha ni ho habereye ugucirwaho iteka n’Imana ubwa mbere). Ibi byabaye urugero rwo mu
buryo busobanutse bw’ukuntu Itorero ryari rikwiye kwirinda kwirata no gukoresha buri gihe
insanganyamatsiko ya Bibiliya ku bijyanye no gucirwaho iteka, bakabanza kubyiyerekezaho. Ibi
byagaragaje neza yuko Itorero ryari rifite uburenganzira bwo kwibona yuko ari ryo samuragwa w’’ibi
byagiye biba mu gihe cy’Isezerano rya Kera. Abakristo ni bo bahindutse Urusengero rushya.” (Walker
1996: 311; reba na none Johnson 1986: 285-94)
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
81
VI. Yesu Yasohoje kandi Yatsimbuye Iminsi Mikuru y’Abayuda Abakol 2:16-17 havuga ngo, “ntihakagire ubacira urubanza ku bw’ibyo murya, cyangwa
se ibyo munywa cyangwa ku by’iminsi mikuru, cyangwa ku byo kuziririza iby’imboneko z’ukwezi cyangwa
amasabato: Kuko ibyo ari igicucu cy’ibizaza, na ho umubiri wabyo ufitwe na Kristo” (reba na none Abagal 4:9-
11). Ibitambo byari igice cya ngombwa muri iyo minsi mikuru yose. Kubera yuko Kristo yari We gitambo
kimwe cyo mu buryo buhoraho cyasohorewemo uburyo bwose bwo gutamba ibitambo, bityo yasohoje byose mu
bijyanye n’iminsi mikuru. Nimba Kristo atasohoje ibijyanye n’iminsi mikuru n’indi mihango yo mu Isezerano
rya Kera, noneho twari dukwiye gukomeza kuyubahiriza, kuko iyo minsi yari izwi nk’ “amabwiriza yo mu
buryo buhoraho” (n’ukuvuga, yari ikwiye kwubahirizwa “iteka ryose”; reba Kuva 12:14; Abal 23:14, 21, 31,
41). Icy’uko itorero ritigeze ryubahiriza iyo migenzo yo mu Isezerano rya Kera kigaragaza yuko ryamenye ko
iyo minsi mikuru yose yerekezaga kuri Kristo kandi yuko umutima wayo wasohoreye muri Kristo. “Muri
Kristo” ni mo iyo minsi mikuru yose yubahiririzwa iteka ryose, bityo ntidusabwa kugendera ku mashusho yayo
yo mu buryo bugaragara nk’uko Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Mose ribitegeka. Uburyo Yesu yasohoje buri munsi
mukuru bivugwaho mu bisobanuro bikurikira.
A. Ikirangaminsi cya Isirayeli yo mu IK 1. Isirayeli yo mu IK yakoreshaga ukwezi nk’ingengabihe yayo, buri munsi mushya waratangiraga,
ukarangira izuba rirenze (reba Itang 1:1, 8, 19, 23, 31). Kubera yuko ikirangaminsi gishingiye ku mezi
cyari iminsi 360 (12x30), byari ngombwa yuko “ukwezi kwasimbutswe kwongerwaho.” Isirayeli yo mu
IK yari ifite na none ingengabihe yo mu buryo bwa Leta n’ingengabihe yo mu buryo bwubashywe.
Ukwezi kwa mbere kwo mu buryo bwa Leta (Tishri, guhuye na Nzeri-Ukwakira [ukwezi kwa cyenda-
n’ukwa cumi]), ukwo kwezi kwaba guhwanye n’ukwezi kwa karindwi kw’ingengabihe yo mu buryo
bwubashywe (Abib [cyangwa se, Nisan nk’uko kwitwaga nyuma y’ubunyage], guhuye na Werurwe-Ma
ta – ukwa Gatatu n’ukwa Kane), na none igihe wabihinduranya bikajya gusa37. Buri kwezi
kwatangiranaga n’igihe ukwezi kubonetse bushya (Kub 10:10, 28:11; 1 Sam 20:5; Zab 81:3; Yes
66:23; Ezek 46:3; Am. 8:5; Abakol 2:16). Umunsi wa mbere w’umwaka mushya (1 Tishri) kwitwa
Rosh Ha-Shanah (“umutwe w’umwaka”) kandi wamamarizwaga mu Umunsi Mukuru w’Impanda. Buri
cyumweru cyarangiranaga n’umunsi w’Isabato aho byari byitezwe yuko Abisirayeli bafata akaruhuko,
no kutagira umurimo bawukoraho (Itang 2:2-3; Kuva 16:22-23; 20:9-11; 23:12; 31:13-17; 34:21).
Igihe Isabato irangiriye izuba rirenze, icyumweru cyabaga gitangiye. Amezi y’Abayuda yahuraga
n’amezi yacu mu buryo bukurikira:
Ukwezi kw’Abayuda Gutangirana n’Ukwezi
gushya kwa
Aho byanditswe muri
Bibiliya
1. Abib* / Nisan
2. Zif* / Iyyar
3. Sivan
4. Tammuz
5. Ab / Av
6. Elul
7. Ethanim* / Tishri
8. Bul* / Marheshvan / Heshvan
9. Chisleu / Chislev / Kislev
10. Tebeth / Tevet
11. Shebat / Shevat
12. Adar
13. Adar ya kabiri (inshuro 7 buri myaka 19)
* Amazina y’imbere y’ubunyage
Werurwe-Mata
Mata--Gicurasi
Gicurasi-Kamena
Kamena-Nyakanga
Nyakanga-Kanama
Kanama-Nzeri
Nzeri-Ukwakira
Ukwakira-Ugushyingo
Ugushyingo-Ukuboza
Ukuboza-Mutarama
Mutarama-Gashyantare
Gashyantare-Werurwe
Werurwe 14,15
Kuva 13:4; 23:15; Neh 2:1
1 Abami 6:1, 37
Esit 8:9
---
--- Neh 6:15
1 Abami 8:2
1 Abami 6:38
Neh 1:1
Esit 2:16
Zak 1:7
Esit 3:7
---
37
Igihe Isirayeli yari ikiri muri Egiputa, Imana yari yarangije guhindura ingengabihe kubera wa Munsi Mukuru wa Pasika
(Kuva 12:2). John Sittema yavuze yuko yarimo “atangariza abantu bamaze kwubaka mu ubwenge bwabo ingengabihe
y’ubuhinzi yo muri Egiputa yuko ubuzima bugiye gutangira bushya kubera ukubohorwa kwabo. . . . Isirayeli
yategerezwaga kwibuka—ubwo babwirizwaga kwizihiza buri mwaka Umunsi Mukuru wa Pasika—yuko ukubaho kwabo
nk’ubwoko bw’Imana kwatangiranye n’ugucungurwa kw’Imana kwo mu buryo buhambaye bavanwa mu bucakara.”
(Sittema 2013: 45)
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
82
2. Isirayeli yari ifite “umwaka w’Isabato” n’ “umwaka wa Yubile.” Umwaka w’Isabato wabaga nyuma
ya buri myaka irindwi. Muri uwo mwaka, byari byitezwe yuko ubutaka buruhuka (Kuva 23:10-11;
Abal 25:1-7); imyenda yose (keretse iy’abanyamahanga) igaharirwa (Guteg 15:1-11); n’imbata
z’Abaheburayo zigahabwa umudendezo (Kuva 21:1-6; Guteg 15:12-18). Umwaka wa Yubile wabaga
buri nyuma y’imyaka 50. Muri icyo gihe: imyenda yaraharirwaga; imbata z’Abaheburayo zahabwaga
umudendezo; kandi buri gice cy’ubutaka cyasubizwaga nyiracyo wa mbere (Abal 25:8-55). Bibiliya
ivuga yuko imwe mu mpamvu yatumye Isirayeli ijyanwa mu bunyage yari uko bari barananiwe
kwubahiriza itegeko ryagengaga Isabato y’ubutaka (reba Abal 26:34-35; 2 Ngoma 36:20-21; Yer
25:11-12; 29:10).
B. Uburyo iminsi mikuru yizihizwaga muri Isirayeli yo mu IK Isirayeli yo mu IK yari ifite iminsi mikuru y’ingenzi irindwi, imihango, cyangwa se iminsi yera,
igabanyije mu matsinda abiri: Iminsi mikuru Yo mu gihe cy’Imvura (Itumba) n’iminsi mikuru yo mu gihe
cy’Irangira ry’Icyi. Abaheburayo b’igitsina gabo bajyaga baseruka imbere y’Uwiteka, bagahurira ahantu
bumvikanyeho (n’ukuvuga i Yerusalemu, nyuma yo guhindūra igihugu no kwubaka urusengero) inshuro eshatu
buri mwaka, ku Munsi Mukuru w’Imitsima Idasembuye (Pasika); Umunsi Mukuru w’Ibyumweru; n’Iminsi
Mikuru y’Ingando (Kuva 23:14-17; 34:23-24; Guteg 16:16; ariko reba Guteg 16:10-11 havuga yuko abo bose
babishoboye bajya bagenda ahantu habiteguriwe kugira ngo bakore Umunsi Mukuru w’Ibyumweru).
1. Iminsi Mikuru yo mu Gihe cy’Imvura (Itumba) yatangiraga mu ukwezi kwa mbere kw’ingengabihe
yejejwe (Abi/Nisan [Werurwe-Mata]).
a. Pasika (14 Abib/Nisan [Werurwe-Mata]). Wizihizaga ukubaturwa bavanwa mu bubata muri
Egiputa (n’ukuvuga Umumarayika w’urupfu w’Uwiteka yagiye “asimbuka” amazu
y’Abisirayeli). Umwana w’intama warabagwaga, amaraso yawo agasigwa ku nkomanizo zombi
no ku ruhamo rw’umuryango w’inzu, nyuma ukotswa. Abagize umuryango bakawurya (Kuva
12:1-13, 21-27; Abal 23:5; Kub 28:16; Guteg 16:1-8).38
b. Imitsima Idasembuwe (15-22 Abib/Nisan [Werurwe/Mata]).Uwu munsi mukuru wahuzwaga
na Pasika (reba Mat 26:17; Mariko 14:12; Luka 22:1),39 wizihizaga uburyo bahunze bava
muri Egiputa bihuta. Amateraniro yera yabaga tariki 15 na 22 Werurwe kandi yafatwaga
nk’Isabato. Ibitambo byoswa n’ibitambo by’ibyaha byaratambwaga. Icyitwa umusemburo cyose
cyabwirizwa gukurwa mu nzu ya buri mu muntu mu ntango y’icyumweru, kandi muri icyo
cyumweru haribwaga umutisma utasembuwe (Kuva 12:14-20; 34:18; Abal 23:6-8; Kub
28:17-25).
c. Umuganura w’ibibanje kwera (16 Abib/Nisan [Werurwe/Mata]). Wizihizaga umuganura
w’umusaruro wa mbere w’ingano. Umutambyi yazunguzaga umuganda w’ingano w’umusaruro
kandi igitambo cyoswa cyaratambwaga (Kuva 34:26; Abal 23:10-14).
d. Umunsi Mukuru w’Ibyumweru (witwaga na none Umunsi Mukuru w’Isarura; Umunsi
w’ibyeze mu murima bya mbere; cyangwa se Pentekoti) (6 Sivan [Gicurasi-Kamena]).
Wizihizaga ibisarurwa bya mbere by’impeke n’uburyo Uwiteka yakuye Isirayeli muri Egiputa.
Wasohoraga iminsi 50 nyuma y’Ibisarurwa bya Mbere (aha ni ho izina Pentekoti rikomaka
[“umunsi ugira uwa mirongo itanu”], Ibyak 2:1; 20:16; 1 Abakor 16:8). Habaho iteraniro
ryera ryafatwaga nk’Isabato, ibitambo byo kuzunguza, ibyoswa, iby’icyaha n’icy’uko bari
amahoro bigatambwa (Kuva 23:16; 34:21-24; Abal 23:15-21; Kub 28:26-31; Guteg 16:9-12).
2. Iminsi Mikuru y’Impera y’Icyi yatangiraga mu ukwezi kwa mbere kw’Ingengabihe ya Leta (Tishri
[Nzeri Ukwakira]).
a. Umunsi Mukuru wo Kuvuza Amahembe (Rosh ha-Shanah) (1 Tishri – 1 Nzeri-Ukwakira).
Wizihizwaga ku ntango y’ukwezi kwa karindwi (Umwaka Mushya w’Igihugu) kandi
ugatangaza Umunsi Mukuru w’Ihongerero wabaga iminsi icyenda nyuma y’uwo. Habagaho
38
Isirayeli imaze kuva muri Egiputa ikinjira mu gihugu cy’isezerano, habayeho impinduka y’uburyo Pasika yizihizwaga
muri Egiputa, harimo n’uguhagarika gusiga amaraso ku nkomanizo no ku ruhamo by’inzu (Edersheim 1988: 212-18). 39
“Uhereye ku uburyo iyi minsi mikuru yegeranye kandi ifitanye amasano menshi, iyi minsi mikuru yombi [Pasika
n’Umunsi Mukuru w’Imitisma Idasembuwe] ikunzwe gufatwa nk’uko ari umunsi mukuru umwe, haba mu Isezerano rya
Kera cyangwa se Isezerano Rishya” (Edersheim 1988: 208). Mu buryo bwo kuvanga ibintu, “Umunsi Mukuru” wa
“Pasika” n’uw’Imitsima Idasembuye ikunze gukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe mu gusobanura uguhuza 14 Werurwe (Pasika)
n’iminsi mikuru miremire imara icyumweru y’Imitsima Idasembuye. Igihe bikozwe gurtya, “umunsi wa mbere w’Imitsima
Idasembuye” uzafatwa nka 14 Werurwe, atari 15 Werurwe (reba Mat 26:17; Mariko 14:12; Luka 22:2, 7-8).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
83
Iteraniro ryera no kuvuza amahembe, ibitambo byoswa, ibitambo by’impeke n’ibitambo
by’ibyaha na byo byaratambwaga (Abal 23:23-25; Kub 29:1-6).
b. Umunsi Mukuru w’Ihongerero (Yom Kippur) (10 Tishri – 10 Nzeri). Uyu wari umunsi wera
kuruta indi yose y’umwaka. Ibyaha by’abantu bose byaratwikirwaga, bigakurwaho kumara uwo
mwaka wose. Habagaho iteraniro ryera, gutanga ibitambo bikongorwa n’umuriro, iby’impeke
n’iby’ibyaha. Nyuma yo kwitambirira ibyaha, umutambyi mukuru yaba yemerewe kwinjira
ahera h’ahera mu rusengero no kumijagira amaraso ku ntebe y’ihongerero nk’igikorwa cyo
guhongerera ibyaha by’abantu bose. Ibijyanye n’iryo hongererwa byasabaga ihene ebyiri: imwe
yarabagwaga, amaraso yayo akamijagirwa ku ntebe y’ihongerero; indi na yo (“ihene yo
koherwa”) ikaturirwaho ibyaha by’Abisirayeli nyuma ikoherezwa mu butayu koherwa (Abal
16:1-34; 23:27-32; Kub 29:7-11).
c. Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando (Witwa na none Umunsi Mukuru w’Ibirēre –Umunsi Mukuru wo
Guterana) (15-22 Tishri [Nzeri]). Uwo munsi mukuru wibutsaga uburyo Abisirayeli bagumye
bazerera mu butayu; wamenyeshaga kandi yuko isarura ryose rirangiye. Ayo materaniro yo ku
wa 15 na 22 Tishri [Nzeri] yabarwaga nk’Amasabato. Ibitambo bikongorwa n’umuriro,
iby’impeke n’ibyo gutambira ibyaha byaratambwaga. Abitabiriye uwo munsi mukuru babaga
mu mazu y’ibirere kumara igihe, bakawizihizanya amashami y’imikindo n’amashami y’ibiti
bisagambye binini (Kuva 23:16; 34:22; Abal 23:33-43; Kub 29:12-38; Guteg 16:13-15).
3. Isirayeli yizihije na none indi minsi mikuru mito-mito: Umunsi Mukuru wa Purimu na Hanukahi. Iyi
minsi mikuru ibiri ntibarwa mu bigize iminsi mikuru, imyaka y’Isabato n’imyaka ya Yubile ishyirwa
muri Tora (Amategeko ya Mose). Bagiye kuyishyiramo nyuma. N’ubwo ari iminsi mikuru mu Kiyuda,
yitwa ngo n’iminsi mikuru “mito” kubera ko, muri yo, abantu bemerewe gukora (Lehrman 1958: 70).
a. Purimu (14-15 Gashyantare-Werurwe (Adar); nyuma y’imyaka 19, 14-15 habaho Adar igira
kabiri). Kuri uwo munsi mukuru, hibukwaga uburyo Abayuda barokowe bagakurwa mu
maboko ya Hamani wari wateguye kubarimbura, nk’uko byanditswe muri Esit 7:1-9:32.
Kwiyiriza bikorwa ku wa 13 Adar mu buryo bwo kwibuka iminsi itatu y’ukwiyiriza byakozwe
mu gihe cya Esiteri (Esit 4:15-17). Ku ya 14-15 Adar, ni ho Ibyanditswe bisomwa, abantu
bagahana impano “ ikintu cy’ingenzi gikorwa kuri uwo munsi mukuru,” kandi “n’itegeko
gusangira ifunguro, ibyo kunywa, no kwīshīma kuri uwo munsi wa Purimu” (Lehrman 1958:
60, 65).
b. Hanukkah (witwa na none Umunsi Mukuru w’Amatabaza n’Umunsi Mukuru wo Gutaha) (25
Ugushyingo-Ukuboza [Kislev]- cyangwa se 3 Ukuboza-Mutarama [Tevet]). Byibutsa uburyo
batashye urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu igihe aba Makabe bigomekaga ku ubutegetsi (167-160
MKY [Mbere yo Kuvuka kwa Yesu]). Hakurikjwe ibyanditswe muri Talmud, urusengero
rwarejejwe, amavuta yari yerejwe kwatsa amatabaza kumara umunsi umwe gusa yashoboye
kwatsa amatabaza kumara iminsi umunani yose. Ukwo kweza ususengero bushya bivugwa mu
bitabo byitwa Apokrifa (Apocrypha) bya 1 Maccaabee 4:36-59 na 2 Maccabee 1:18-36.
C. Yesu yasohoje Umunsi Mukuru wa Pasika n’uw’Imitsima Idasembuwe 1. IR ko Yesu ari Umwana w’Intama wa Pasika. Igihe Yesu yatangizaga umurimo we ku mugaragaro,
Yohana Umubatiza yamenye uwo Yesu ari We, avuga ati ng’ “Uyu Umwagazi w’Intama w’Imana
ukuraho ibyaha by’abari mu isi” (Yoh 1: 29, 36). Muri ibi bisobanuro, Yohana yahuzaga Pasika yo
yasabaga igitambo cy’umwana w’intama) n’Umunsi w’Ihongerero (aho ibyaha by’Abisirayeli
byatwikirwaga). Uguhuzwa kwa Yesu n’Umwana w’Intama bihamywa na none muri 1 Pet 1:19; Ibyah
5:6, 8. Kristo yabambwe mu gihe cya Pasika igihe Umwana w’Intama yabagwaga (Luka 22:1; Yoh 19:
14, 31). 40 IR rivuga yuko Pasika yahanuraga igitambo cya Kristo. Yoh 19:36 hasubiramo Kuva 12:46
40
Ubukristu bw’aba Orthodox bwemera yuko Yesu yabambwe ku munsi wa Gatanu, azuka ku munsi w’Icyumweru mu
gatondo. Ariko na none, hariho ukudahuza ku bijyanye n’umunsi w’Abayuda ifunguro rya nyuma rya Pasika ryabereyeho
(umugenzo ugenga ifunguro rya Pasika ivuga yuko “ritangira mbere y’uko izuba rirenga ku munsi wa 14 Werurwe,
rigakomeza kugeza itariki ya 15 Werurwe” [Parsons 2016b: “Pasika mu Rusengero”]). Ku bijyanye n’uko Yesu yabambwe
ku itariki ya 14 Werurwe cyangwa se 15 Werurwe (Wibuke yuko mu minsi ya Giheburayo habamo iminsi ibiri y’Abaroma
kubera yuko iminsi y’Igiheburayo yatangiraga izuba rirenze, mu umwanya wo gutangira saa sita zo mu ijoro nk’uko
bimenyerewe, igakomeza kugeza izuba rirenze by’umunsi ukurikira). Michael Scheiffer ashyingira kuri 13-14 Werurwe
ifunguro rya nyuma na 14 Werurwe ijyanye n’ukubambwa (Scheiffer n.d.: n.p.); Alfred Edersheim ajyana urufatizo yuko
ifunguro rya nyuma ku munsi wa 14-15 Werurwe nk’umunsi w’Ifunguro rya nyuma na 15 Werurwe nk’umunsi
w’ukubambwa (Edersheim 1988:244-59, 389-401).
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no Kub 9:12 (asobanura neza yuko ata gufwa ry’abana b’intama ba Pasika ryavunwaga); havuga kandi
ngo, “Ibi bintu [n’ukuvuga, icy’uko abasirikare batavunye igufwa na rimwe mu magufa ya Yesu nk’uko
babikoze ku bandi bari babambanywe na We] byagenze bityo kugira ngo Ibyanditswe bisohore, ‘Nta na
rimwe mu magufwa ye rizavunwa.’” 1 Abakor 5:7 na ho havuga hati, “Pasika yacu yaratambwe, iyo na
yo ni Kristo.”
2. Ku ugusangira ibya Pasika kwa nyuma, Yesu yatangije ku mugaragaro Pasika nshya—Ameza
y’Umwami (Mat 26:20-29; Mariko 14:12-25; Luka 22:1-22; Yoh 13:1-2; 1 Abakor 11:23-32).
Ifunguro ubwaryo ryari ifunguro rya Pasika (Luka 22:15), kandi byinshi mu bigize iryo funguro nk’uko
byanditswe mu bitabo bine bigize Ubutumwa Bwiza birabyerekana, urugero, vino, kuba iryo funguro
ryafatwa ni mugoroba, ibisobanuro bijyanye na ryo biva mu nkuru yo gucungurwa (Behm 1965: 734;
Goppelt 1982: 110-12). Bretscher (1954: 199-209) atanga ibigereranyo 11 hagati ya Pasika ya
mbere/Umutsima Utasembuwe n’Ameza y’Umwami:
a. Buri munsi mukuru wakorwaga ari uko Imana yabitegetse (Kuva 12:1; 1 Abakor 11:23).
b. Buri munsi mukuru waba urimo igitambo cy’umwana w’intama (Kuva 12:3; 1 Cor 5:7).
c. Buri munsi mukuru wabaga urimo umwana w’intama utagira inenge (Kuva 12:5; 1 Pet
1:19).
d. Muri buri munsi mukuru, nta gufwa ry’umwana w’intama watambwe ryavunwaga (Kuva
12:46; Yoh 19:31-36).
e. Muri buri munsi mukuru, igihe buri wese yaba ariye inyama y’umwana w’intama watambwe,
ni ho yaba agize uruhare mu gitambo, akabona ku giti cye inyungu zo muri cyo (Kuva 12:47;
Yoh 6:52-57; 1 Abakor 10:18; Mat 26:26; Mariko 14:22; Luka 22:17-19; 1 Abakor 11:24).
f. Kuri buri munsi mukuru, amaraso yamenwaga ni yo yari agize igice kinini cy’umunsi
mukuru. Muri Pasika, amaraso y’umwana w’intama yasigwaga ku nkomanizo zombi no ku mu
ruhamo rw’umuryango (Kuva 12:7, 22); igihe cy’ameza y’Umwami, amaraso aba kimwe mu
bice binini by’umunsi mukuru ubwawo (Mat 26:27-29; Mariko 14:23-25; Luka 22:17-20; 1
Abakor 11:25-26).
g. Kuri buri munsi mukuru, Imana yongeraho isezerano ryayo. Mu gihe cya Pasika, Imana
yatanze isezerano ryo kurinda ubwoko bwayo icyago cy’urupfu rw’umwana w’imfura (Kuva
12:13, 23). Ku meza y’Umwami, Kristo yasezeranyije uguharirwa ibyaha (Mat 26:28; reba
Mariko 14:24; Luka 22:20). Ameza y’Umwami n’umunsi mukuru w’imbaraga kandi ugera ku
ntego hejuru y’indi, kuko utahagararira ku ukurinda umubiri wo mu buryo bw’isi w’uwatashye
uwo munsi mukuru gusa, ahubwo ugera no ku ugukiza umubiri w’uwo muntu hamwe
n’ubugingo bwe kumara iteka ryose (reba Mat 10:28).
h. Iyo minsi mikuru yombi yatangiwe guhora yizihizwa iteka ryose uko urunganwe rukurikira
urundi. Pasika n’urwibutso rw’ukurokorwa kw’Abisirayeli bavanwa mu maboko
y’Abanyegiputa (Kuva 12:14, 24-27). Ameza y’Umwami n’urwibutso rwa Kristo, We, mu
rupfu rwe, “ukuraho icyaha cy’ab’isi bose” (1 Abakor 11:25-26).
i. Iyo minsi mikuru yombi isaba ukwizera. Ukwubaha Abisirayeli bagaragarije Imana igihe cya
Pasika kwabaye ikimenyetso cy’uko bizeye kandi bashyize ibyiringiro byabo mu magambo ye
(Kuva 12:27-28), bityo abarinda urupfu. Mu gihe cy’ameza y’Umwami, abaje kuri uwo
muhango na bo basabwa kwisuzuma no gufata iryo Funguro mu buryo bukwiriye; kunanirwa
kubikora gurtyo bizanira ubikoze urubanza, rugera no ku urupfu (1 Abakor 11:27-32).
j. Amaraso nyakuri agendana n’iyo minsi mikuru yombi, ariko amaraso agendana n’ Ameza
y’Umwami afite agaciro n’imbaraga biri muri yo mu buryo bw’iteka ryose; ibyo amaraso
agendana na Pasika adafite. Amaraso y’umwana w’intama wa Pasika yari “ikimenyetso” cyo
gufasha umumarayika w’urupfu igihe yari arimo agendagenda muri Egiputa; ariko nta
bushobozi yari afite imbere muri yo bwo gukiza ubugingo bw’abantu (Kuva 12:13). Ku rundi
ruhande, amaraso ya Kristo agendana n’Ameza y’Umwami. Amaraso ubwayo y’Umwana
w’Imana, yonyine ni yo afite muri yo ububasha bwo “gukuraho icyaha cy’abisi bose” (Mat
26:28). Bityo, Yesu yavuze ati, “iri . . . ni ryo sezerano rikuru rishya ryo mu maraso yanjye”
(Luka 22:20), bidasobanura yuko amaraso ye ari “ikimenyetso” cy’isezerano rikuru rishya.
k. Iyo minsi mikuru yombi yashyiragaho urugabano. Pasika yari iy’Abaheburayo gusa, abatari
Abisirayeli babanza kunyura mu muhango wo gukebwa kugira ngo bemererwe kurya kuri iyo
Pasika (Kuva 12:43-45). Ameza y’Umwami n’ay’umubiri wa Kristo (1 Abakor 10:16-17, 20-
21).
3. Insobanuro ijyanye n’icy’uko Yesu yashyizeho Pasika “nshya” i Yerusalemu. “Ibi bisobanura neza
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
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yuko n’i Yerusalemu na ho, Abisirayeli bari bakiri muri Egiputa no mu ‘bucakara’. Mu gihe ibi byaba
bisa n’ibyo gukabya, na none hariho ihuriro hagati yabyo, mu cy’uko [Mariko] akoresha ijambo
ry’Ikigiriki [eksagō] mu kuvuga iby’uko Yesu yasohokanywe inyuma y’umurwa kubambirwayo
(15:20)—ijambo ryagiye rikoreshwa ahandi hose mu Isezerano Rishya mu gusobanura ‘gusohokanwa’
kw’Abisirayeli bavanwa muri Egiputa igihe cya Mose [reba Ibyak 7:36, 40; 13:17; Abaheb 8:9].”
(Walker 1996: 14) Ni mu gitambo cy’urupfu rwa Yesu honyine Isirayeli, n’undi wese, “urya ku mubiri
we, ukanywa no ku maraso ye,” abohorwa akavanwa mu bucakara— ibi ni byo Yesu n’ibindi bice
byose by’Isezerano Rishya byigisha (reba Yoh 8:31-36; Abar 6:1-23; Abaheb 2:14-15).
4. Imyemerere ijyanye n’ikimenyetso kiri mu Ifunguro ry’Umwami ubwaryo. “Ifunguro ry’Umwami
ryashyizweho n’Umwami mu buryo bwo gutangaza yuko ibyo Itorero ririmo rinyuramo mu mateka y’isi
si byo shusho yaryo nyakuri. Iryo Funguro rya Nyuma ubwaryo n’ishusho y’ubuhanuzi bwo mu bundi
buryo, ishusho yerekeza ku Ifunguro rikomeye rizaba ryuzuyemo ibyishimo, iryo Kristo azakorana
n’abigishwa be mu ubwami bw’Imana (Luka 22:15-18; Mariko 14:25; Mat 26:29; 1 Abakor 11:26).
Nuko rero, buri Gaburo Ryera rikozwe n’Itorero riba ryerekeza ku ishusho nyayo (Ibyah 21:2 no
gukomeza).” (Goppelt 1982: 116)
5. Uguhambwa kwa Yesu n’Umunsi Mukuru w’Imitsima Idasembuwe. John Sittema asobanura uburyo
Yesu yasohoje Umunsi Mukuru w’Imitsima Idasembuwe: “Muri Isirayeli yo mu Kinjana cya mbere,
Ikirengazuba cyerekanaga intango y’umunsi mushya. Ibi bisobanura yuko Yesu atahambwe kuri Pasika
ahubwo ko yahambwe igihe Umunsi Mukuru w’Imitsima Idasembuwe watangiraga, na cyane-cyane mu
buryo bwo gusohoza ibisabwa: ‘ku munsi wa mbere, mukure mu mazu yanyu icyitwa umusemburo
cyose [Kuva 12:15].’ Insobanuro y’ibi yajyanaga n’ibihe byari gukurikiraho. Yesu ntiyizihizaga
Umunsi Mukuru w’Imitsima Idasembuye nk’Umuyuda wo mu kinjana cya mbere. Yesu yahindutse
umusemburo, uguhambwa kwe ni kwo kwabaye ugutunganywa kw’ubugingo bwacu. Uguhambwa kwe
kwatangaje yuko tudakura umusemburo w’icyaha n’ikibi mu buzima bwacu; ariko we arabikora [reba 2
Abakor 5:21]. Mu magambo akoreshwa mu nyigisho nzima z’Ijambo ry’Imana, nk’Umwagazi
w’Intama wa Pasika, Yesu yarapfuye nk’umusimbura wacu kugira ngo bitangazwe ko twatsindishirijwe
n’ubuntu kubera kwizera. Ikindi, Yesu yahambwe mu cyimbo cyacu, ajyana mu gituro umusemburo
w’icyaha cyacu kugira ngo bitangazwe yuko twerejwe muri We.” (Sittema 2013:61)41
6. Ibisobanuro byo mu buryo bufatika bijyana na Pasika n’Imitsima Idasembuwe. Mu 1 Abakor 5:6-8
Paulo ahuza Pasika n’Imitsima Idasembuwe mu buryo bwo gusobanura ingene tubwirizwa kwitwara
mu buzima bwacu. Aravuga yuko, kubera yuko Kristo, “Pasika yacu” yejejwe ku ubwacu, bityo, twari
dukwiye “gukuraho umusemburo wacu wa kera kugira ngo muhinduke urutare rushya, nk’uko
mwamaze guhinduka abatagira umusemburo.” Sittema yanzura avuga ati, “Bariya bifatanyije na Kristo
kubera kwizera urupfu rwe nk’Umwagazi bifatanya na We mu uguhambwa kwe nk’umusemburo. Muri
We, icyaha cyabo cyakuweho, umusemburo wabo warahanaguwe. . . . Nuko rero mu guhuriza hamwe
izo mpande zombi zo kwezwa, arerekana ibifatika [ibyo Yesu yarangije kudukorera] n’ibyo natwe
dusabwa [uburyo dukwiye kwitwara mu buzima bwacu]: twamaze kwerezwa muri Kristo rwose, kandi
tubwirizwa kwama imbuto zijyanye na kwo.” (Sittema 2013: 62-63)
D. Yesu yasohoje Umunsi Mukuru w’Umuganura n’uw’Ibyumweru “Umuganura w’Ibibanje Kwera” wizihizaga ibibanje kwera by’umusaruro w’ingano kandi wari kimwe
mu bigize icyumweru kirekire cya Pasika/Umutsima - Udasembuye (Kuva 34:26; Abal 23:10-14). Na none
wari umunsi wa mbere w’igihe cy’iminsi 50 cyarangirira ku Umunsi Mukuru w’Ibyumweru (witwaga na none
“Pentekote”) (Abal 23:15-16). Ibyumweru byizihizaga Ibibanje kwera by’umusaruro w’impeke. Bityo,
Ibyumweru witwaga Umunsi Mukuru w’Isarura (Kuva 23:16; 34:22), umunsi wa mbere w’Uwo Munsi Mukuru
witwaga “umunsi w’umuganura” (Kub 28:26). Iyo minsi mikuru yombi yizihizaga umwero Imana yahaye
41
Bigaragara yuko Yesu, uwo munsi yabambwaga ni na wo yahambiweho, urugero, mbere y’uko izuba rirenga, ari na cyo
kimenyetso cy’ugutangira umunsi mushya. Impamvu n’uko umunsi wakurikiragaho wari Isabato, aho ata gikorwa na
kimwe (urugero guhamba umuntu) cyari cyemewe gukorwa (Mat 27:57-62; Mariko 15:42-47; Luka 23:50-56; Yoh
19:14, 30-42). Nimba ibyo Sittema avuga ari byo, ukubambwa n’uguhambwa kwa Yesu, byombi byabaye ku munsi wa 15
Werurwe, bityo rero, mu bifatika, n’uko Sittema nta kuri afite igihe yemeza yuko Yesu yashyizwe mu gituro ku wa 15
Werurwe. Ariko na none, ikimenyetso cyerekana yuko 15 Werurwe ari wo munsi umwe wonyine wuzuye; uwo Yesu
yamaze mu gituro; icyakurikiyeyo, Abayuda bakuye mu mazu yabo icyo cyose kijyanye n’umusemburo “mu buryo
bw’imigenzo, ‘agafuka kabaga karimo umusemburo’ karatwitswe igihe cy’amasengesho yo mu gatondo ku wa 14 Werurwe
. . . umunsi nyakuri uwo Mashiach Yeshua yabambwaga, akuraho mu buryo bw’iteka ryose icyaha cyacu n’umusemburo
wo mu buryo bw’umwuka” (Parsons 2016a: “Leaven and the Sacrifice of Yeshua”).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
86
igihugu, umuganura na wo ukaba wari ikimenyetso cyawo.
1. Nk’uko mu rupfu rwa Yesu ari mo habereye Pasika yacu, mu kuzuka kwe na ho ni mo Ibibanje
Kwera byacu biri. “Pasika yizihizwaga ku wa 14 Nizani (Werurwe), uw’imitsima idasembuwe na wo
ukizihizwa ku wa 15. Kristo yabambwe kimwe n’uko umwagazi wa Pasika watambwaga, mu ijoro
rimwe, ahambwa mu gitondo gikurikira—ku wa cumi na gatandatu w’ukwezi kwa Werurwe (Nizani)—
atangiza Umunsi Mukuru w’Umuganura w’Ibibanje Kwera. Uyu ni wo munsi twita Pasika, umunsi
Yesu yazukiyeho ava mu gituro. . . . Ukuzuka kwa Yesu ari we Mesiya kubona insobanuro yakwo
hakurikijwe impamvu yatumye Imana igushyira ku munsi usanzwe mu ingengabihe y’iminsi mikuru ya
Isirayeli. Imana ntiyabigennye irtyo ari ukugira ngo azagume mu gituro iminsi itatu (nk’uko byagenze
ku ‘kimenyetso cya Yona’ muri Matayo 12:39-41), ariko cyane-cyane kugira ngo umunsi we wo
gufungūra igituro uhwane n’Umunsi Mukuru w’Umuganura w’Ibibanje Kwera. Uwo munsi mukuru uba
utanze ibisobanuro ku ukuzuka: nticyabaye igitangaza cyo mu urwego rw’ubuzima busanzwe gusa
nyuma y’urupfu, ahubwo kwabaye umuseso w’isi nshya nyuma y’urupfu rw’iya kera.” (Sittema 2013:
70-71) Muri 1 Abakor 15:20, 23, Kristo yitwa mu buryo bwihariye “Umwero wa mbere” kuri bariya
bose bari muri Kristo. Bityo, tuzazuka nk’uko na We yazutse mu bapfuye (1 Abakor 15:20-28).
2. Ukwoherezwa kw’Umwuka Wera ku munsi wa Pentekote (“umunsi w’umwero wa mbere”)
byasohoje Umunsi Mukuru w’Ibyumweru. Kristo yazutse ava mu bapfuye mu gitondo cy’Icyumweru
nyuma y’Isabato ya Pasika (n’ukuvuga ku Munsi Mukuru w’Umwero wa mbere” Abal 23:15-16; Mat
28:1-6; Mariko 16:1-6; Luka 24:1-6; Yoh 20:1-2). Yiyeretse amatsinda atandukanye y’abantu kumara
iminsi 40 (Ibyak 1:3). Nyuma azamuka mu ijuru nyuma yo kubarira abigihswa be ngo bategerereze i
Yerusalemu isezerano rya Data ryo kubatizwa mu Umwuka Wera (Ibyak 1:4-5). Nyuma y’iminsi cumi
(n’ukuvuga, iminsi 50 nyuma yo kuzuka kwe) “umunsi wa Pentekote wari usohoye” Umwuka Wera
aramanuka yuzura abigishwa ba Yesu (Ibyak 2:1-4). Kristo yasohoje insobanuro nyayo yo mu buryo
bw’umwuka hamwe n’intego nyamukuru y’Umunsi Mukuru w’Ibyumweru. Ibibanje by’umwero
by’isarura byari bihagarariye umusaruro wose (reba Kub 18:29-30). Mu yandi magambo, guha Imana
iby’umwero wa mbere kuri uwo munsi mukuru byerekanaga “ko ari Yo nyir’ubutaka kandi yuko ari We
batezeho n’ibisigaye mu ndimiro” (Litvin 1987:4). Mu Abar 8:23, Paulo avuga yuko dufite “Umwero
wa mbere w’iby’Umwuka.” Muri 2 Abakor 1:22; 5:5; Abef 5:5 Paulo avuga yuko—kimwe n’umwero
wa mbere w’umusaruro w’ingano watangwaga ku munsi wa Pentekote—twahawe Umwuka Wera nk’
“ingwate” cyangwa se “icyemeza” ukuzuka kwacu, ukwezwa kwacu kwuzuye, n’ubwiza bw’Umwami
buhorana natwe iteka ryose.
Icyongeyeho n’uko, ubwo ibihe byagenda bitambuka, ni na ko insobanuro y’Umunsi Mukuru
w’Ibyumweru yagiye ihinduka. Yahindutse ukwibuka Ugutangwa kw’Amategeko ya Mose (Torah) ku
Musozi wa Sinayi (Rich 1995-2011c:n.p.; Malabuyo 2013: “Ugutegereza Impano”).42 Nk’uko Imana
“yamanukiye mu muriro ku [Musozi wa Sinayi] (Kuva 19:18), ni ko no ku munsi wa Pentekote
“haboneka indimi zigabanije zisa n’umuriro, ururimi rujya ku muntu wese muri bo” (Ibyak 2:3).
Hejuru y’ibi, Umwanditsi w’Umuyuda Tracey Rich avuga yuko, kubara iminsi 50 mbere y’Umunsi
Mukuru w’Ibyumweru (Abal 23:15-16) biba bigamije kutwibutsa ihuriro riri hagati ya Pasika, yibutsa
Kuva, na Shavu’ot [Ibyumweru], byibutsa Ugutangwa kw’Amatageko. Bitwibutsa yuko ugucungurwa
tuvanwa mu bucakara ntikwari bwakuzure kugeza ubwo twaherewe Amategeko.” (Rich 1995-2011a:
n.p.) Iyi ntego iri mu Munsi Mukuru w’Ibyumweru yasohoye mu bundi buryo bwimbitse igihe
hatangwaga Umwuka Wera ku munsi wa Penetkote. Amategeko (Torah)—kimwe n’Umwuka Wera
(reba Yoh 14:26; 16:8, 13)—atubwira uburyo dukwiye kwifata mu buzima bwacu, ariko Amategeko
ntaduha ubushobozi bwo gukora icyo dusabwa gukora. Nk’uko Paulo abivuga mu Abagal 3:21-25,
Amategeko ntiyigeze ashobora gutanga ubugingo; ikindi yari umurinzi w’igihe gito kugeza ku ukuza
kwa Yesu azanywe no kuduha ugukiranuka kwe. Twakira Yesu—n’ugukiranuka aduha—kubera
ukwizera. Ariko Kristo yari azi neza yuko, n’ukwizera ubwakwo ntikuduha ubushobozi dukeneye bwo
guhinduka kugira ngo tubeho turi abera. Nuko abwira abigishwa ati, mutegereze kugeza ubwo
muzahabwa “imbaraga Umwuka Wera nazabazaho” (Ibyak 1:8). Igihe Umwuka yasutswe ku bantu ku
munsi wa Pentekote, “ugucungurwa mu bubata kwacu” kwahise kwuzura. Amategeko yo mu Isezerano
rya Kera yari ayo mu buryo bugaragara, yanditswe ku bisate by’amabuye. Ubu na ho, Umwuka Wera
aba hagati muri twe (Ezek 36:26-27; Yoh 14:16-17), amategeko ya Kristo yanditswe mu mutima wacu
(Yer 31:33; Abaheb 8:10) na twe ubwacu, turi “urwandiko rwa Kristo . . . rutandikishijwe wino, kandi
42
Byashoboka yuko urufatizo rw’uyu mugenzo wo mu bihe byakurikiyeho rwaba rushingiye ku byanditswe byo muri
Kuva 19:1-11 (reba Cassuto 1967: 229).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
87
rutanditswe ku bisate by’amabuye, ahubwo byanditswe ku by’inyama, ari byo mitima yanyu” (2
Abakor 3:3). Linda Beleville abivuga mu nshamake ati, “Ukwizera Kristo kumaze kuza, umumaro
w’Amategeko nk’umurinzi n’umucunga wahise uhagarara, Umwuka Wera aba abaye ihame riri imbere
muri twe rituyobora” (Belleville 1986: 70).
E. Yesu yasohoje Umunsi Mukuru wo Kuvuza Amahembe Umunsi Mukuru wo Kuvuza Amahembe n’umwe mu Minsi Mikuru itatu y’Icyi (harimo n’Umunsi
Mukuru w’Impongano n’Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando). Washyizweho mu Abal 23:23-25; Kub 29: 1-6
nk’icyibutsa [cyangwa se urwibutso]” (Abal 23:24), ariko Ibyanditswe nta cyo bivuga ku bijyanye n’intego
yawo cyangwa se icyo wizihizaga. N’ubwo Abal 2:24 na Kub 29:1 hombi havuga yuko Umunsi Mukuru wo
kuvuza Amahembe wabaga ku munsi wa mbere w’ukwezi kwa karindwi, amoko yandi ya kera “batekerezaga
yuko umwaka watangiraga mu gihe cy’icyi, igihe cy’isarura rya nyuma. Byashoboka neza yuko umunsi Mukuru
wa Bibiliya nk’Umunsi w’Isarura, warangaga intangiriro y’umwaka w’ubuhinzi.” Jacobs 1959:4). Bityo,
Amahembe yaje kumenyekana nka Rosh Ha-Shanah (“umutwe w’umwaka”) kandi yatangazaga umwaka
mushya w’igihugu kandi agatangaza Umunsi wakurikiragaho w’Ihongerero. Iminsi yari hagati ya Rosh ha-
Shanah na Yom Kippur (Umunsi w’Ihongerero) “ikunze kumenyekana nk’Iminsi ya Awe (Yamim Noraim)
cyangwa se Iminsi yo Kwihana. Iki n’igihe cy’uko buri wese yirebaga mu mutima we, igihe cyo kureba ibyaha
byakozwe mu mwaka utambutse no kwihana mbere yuko uwo munsi Mukuru witwa Yom Kippur ugera.” (Rich
1995-2011b: n.p.) Umunsi Mukuru wo Kuvuza Amahembe wasohoye igihe Yesu yaza ku isi ubwa mbere.43
1. Umurimo mukuru w’Umunsi Mukuru w’Amahembe wari ugutangariza ku gihe umuzo w’ibihe
bishya—intangiriro y’umwaka mushya. Ukuza kw’isi kwa Yesu ubwa mbere kwarabikoze.
a. Yesu ubwe yamamaje mu buryo buziguye yuko Luka 4:18-19 igihe yakoreshaga amagambo
yo muri Yes 61:1-2 yuko yatumwe “umwaka w’imbabazi z’Uwiteka.” Muri Luka 4:21 yavuze
ati, “uyu munsi ibyo byanditswe bisohoreye mu matwi yanyu.”
b. Icy’uko ukuza ku isi kwa mbere kwa Kristo kwatangaje intango y’ “iminsi ya nyuma” iyo
tubamo ubu ngubu kandi bizakomeza kugeza igihe azagarukira (Ibyak 2:16-17; Abaheb 1:2;
Yak 5:1-3; 1 Pet 1:20; 1 Yoh 2:18). 2 Abakor 5:17 na ho hemeza “ibishya” Kristo azana,
“Nuko rero, iyo umutu ari muri Kristo, aba ari icyaremwe gishya [cyangwa se, “ukuremwa”];
ibya kera biba bishize; dore byose biba bihindutse bishya.”
c. Ukuza ku isi kwa mbere kwa Kristo kwahinduye ibihe kubikura muri Mbere ya Kristo (BC =
Before Christ) kukabiganisha kuri “Mu Mwaka w’Umwami wacu”) [AD = “anno domini” =
“In the year of the Lord”). Na bariya badakoresha MKY = BC [Mbere yo Kuvuka kwa Yesu] –
NKY= AD [Nyuma yo Kuvuka kwa Yesu]—ariko bagakoresha indome nka [“CE” = “Common
Era” = Ibihe Bihuriweho na Bose na “BCE” = “Before Common Era” = Mbere y’Ibihe
Bihuriweho na Bose]—ariko na none bemera neza yuko habayeho impinduka y’ibihe kubera
ukuza kwa mbere ku isi kwa Kristo. Amatariki avugwa yoyo n’amwe ariko mu by’ukuri, bariya
bakoresha BCE na CE n’abadashaka kwemera ko Kristo ari Umwami.
2. Yesu yasohoje impamvu z’imigenzo y’Abayuda nk’ukuvuza Shofar (“ihembe ry’impfizi y’intama) ku
Munsi Mukuru w’Amahembe. Muri 942 Nyuma yo Kuvuka kwa Yesu (NKY), umwigisha uhambaye
w’Umunyababuloni, Saadi Gaon, yatanze impamvu icumi zatumaga Abayuda bavuza shofar igihe
cy’Umunsi Mukuru w’Amahembe (Jacobs 1959:44-48). Izo mpamvu zose zerekeza kuri Kristo mu
buryo buziguye cyangwa se butaziguye:
a. Imana ikomerwa amashyi nk’Umwami igihe cyo gutaha Umwaka Mushya. Kristo n’Umwami
w’Abami, Umutware w’Abatware kandi afite ubutware bwose (Mat 28:18; Ibyak 2:36; Abef
1:20-22; Abafil 2:9-11; Abakol 2:9-10; 1 Pet 3:22; Ibyah 17:14; 19:16). Igihe yabambwaga,
ikimenyetso cyashyizwe hejuru y’umutwe wa Yesu ni “Umwami w’Abayuda” (Mat 27:37;
Mariko 15:26; Luka 23:28; Yoh 19:19).
b. Rosh Ha-Shanah n’umunsi utangiza Iminsi Icumi y’Igihano. Kristo yasohoje Umunsi Mukuru
w’Ihongerwa, uwo iyo minsi icumi yari yerekejweho.
c. Amategeko (Torah) yatangiwe ku musozi Sinai aherekejwe n’impanda ya Shofar (ihembe
ry’impfizi y’intama). Kristo ni We Muntu mushya utanga amategeko, uruta Mose (Mat 5:1-48).
43
Abantu benshi batanga ibitekerezo yuko Amahembe afitanye isano n’ukugaruka kwa Kristo kubera yuko ibice
bitandukanye bya Bibiliya bivuga yuko ukugaruka kwa kabiri n’ukuzuka kw’abapfuye bizatangazwa n’ “impanda”
z’abamalayika (reba Mat 24:31; 1 Abakor 15:52; 1 Abates 4:16). Abandi bantu bavuga yuko Amahembe asa n’afite isano
n’ “impanda z’ugucirwaho iteka” nk’uko bivugwa mu Ibyah 8:1-9:21; 11:15-19. Ibyo bitekerezo byombi byirengagiza
ingingo eshatu zizweho muri iki gice.
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88
d. Abahanuzi bagereranya inama bajya baha abantu n’impanda ya Shofar. Yesu n’umuhanuzi
kimwe na Mose, uwo Imana yari yaratanzeho isezerano (reba Gut 18:15, 18-19; Yoh 1:45;
6:14; Ibyak 3:20-23).
e. Urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu rwasenywe impanda zivuga, kandi igihe baba barimo bizihiza
umwaka mushya, Abayuda baba barimo berekeza amaso yabo ku ukugarura ubwiza bw’Imana
nk’uko byajya bigenda kera. Yesu yasohoje kandi yasimbuye urusengero n’igihugu ubwacyo.
f. Mu Itang 22 umwana w’intama wapfuye mu umwanya wa Isaka. Inkuru yose ya Aburahamu
na Isaka yavugaga ku ukubambwa kwa Kristo. Nk’uko Isaka yari “umwana umwe” w’ [ikinege]
(Itang 22:2) ni na ko Yesu yari “umwana w’ikinege” w’Imana (Yoh 3:16). Nk’uko Isaka ari we
wikoreye inkwi zo kumutwika, ni na kwo Yesu ari We wikoreye umusaraba we (Yoh 19:17).
Nk’uko Aburahamu yavuze yuko “Imana iribwibonere umwana w’intama” (Itang 22:8)
w’igitambo, ni na kwo Imana yiboneye Yesu Kristo, “umwagazi w’intama w’Imana ukuraho
ibyaha by’ab’isi” (Yoh 1:29; reba na none Ibyah 5:6). Nk’uko Isaka yubashye ubushake bwa
se, kugeza ku ntambwe y’ugupfa, ni ko na Yesu yubashye ubushake bwa Se kugeza ku ugupfa
(Mat 26:39; Abafil 2:8). Nk’uko imbere ya Aburahamu, Isaka yasa n’ “uwapfuye” kumara irya
minsi itatu yose y’urugendo rwabo (Itang 22:4), ni na ko Yesu yabaye mu mva kumara iminsi
itatu (Mat 12:40; Luka 24:21). Nkuko Aburahamu yizeye yuko Imana izazura Isaka imukura
mu bapfuye (Abaheb 11:19), ni na ko Yesu na We yazuwe mu bapfuye (Mat 28:1-6; Mariko
16:1-13; Luka 24:1-6; Yoh 20:1-28). Abaheb 11:19 (NASB) havuga yuko Aburahamu
yahawe Isaka ubugira kabiri nk’ “urugero”. Augustine yavuze ati, “Mbese ni nde wundi yari a
[umwana w’intama] hagarariye keretse Yesu, We, mbere yuko abambwa, yambitswe ikamba
ry’amahwa?” (Augustine 1950: 16.32)
g. Amosi 3:6 arabaza ati, “Mbese impanda yavugirizwa mu mudugudu abantu ntibagire
ubwoba?” Amarangamutima y’umurava n’icyubahiro, n’ukwubahwa duha ubuzima na Nyene
kubutanga bikangurwa n’impanda. Yesu arinda ubuzima bwacu kandi “ni We Kurabagirana
kw’ubwiza bwayo, n’ishusho ya kamere yayo, kandi akaba ari we uramiza byose ijambo
ry’imbaraga ze” (Abaheb 1:3).
h. Zef 1:16 havuga ku Umunsi w’Imanza nk’umusi w’impanda n’induru.” Kristo ni We uzacira
imanza abakiriho n’abapfuye (Mat 7:22-23; Yoh 5:22; Ibyak 10:42; 17:31; Abar 14:10; 2
Abakor 5:10; 2 Tim 4:1; Juda 14-15; Ibyah 19:11). Mu nsobanuro nyayo, urwo rubanza
rwaramaze gusohora nk’ingaruka y’uburyo abantu bakiriye Yesu (Yoh 3:17-19), n’ubwo ukwo
guca imanza bizarangirira ku ukugaruka kwa kabiri (Mat 13:24-30, 36-43, 47-50; 16:27;
25:31-46; Yoh 12:48; Abar 2:1-16; 1 Abakor 4:5; 2 Abates 1:6-10; Ibyah 22:12).
i. Yes 27:13 havuga ku ihembe ry’impfizi y’intama rizatangaza ukuza kwa Mesiya uzagarura
abatatanye ba Isirayeli mu gihugu cyabo. Yesu ni We Mesiya (Yoh 4:25-26). Yagaruye
Isirayeli nshya, nyakuri mu “gihugu” cy’agakiza kabo n’uburuhukiro bwabo.
j. Ihembe ry’intama [shofar] rizavuzwa ku munsi w’Ukuzuka. Yesu ni we kuzuka n’ubugingo
(Yoh 11:25). Ukuzuka kwa Yesu ubwe kwamaze gusohora. Ni we “buriza” bw’ukuzuka kwo
mu buryo rusange (1 Abakor 15:22) kuzasohora “ku gihe cy’impanda ya nyuma” (1 Abakor
15:51-52).
3. Umunsi Mukuru wo kuvuza Amahembe ushobora kuba warimo werekeza ku Isezerano Rikuru
Rishya n’Itorero. Bibiliya ntitanga impamvu isobanutse ijyana n’Umunsi Mukuru wo Kuvuza
Amahembe cyangwa se impamvu wiswe Rosh Ha-Shamah. Impamvu ebyiri ni zo zavuzwe mu
gusobanura Amahembe zerekezaga kuri Kristo n’Itorero:
a. Isezerano Rikuru Rishya. Lev Leigh atwibutsa yuko Abal 23:24 bavuze yuko Umunsi
Mukuru w’Amahembe wari kuba “urwibutso” cyangwa se “ikimenyetso.” Ibi bisobanura yuko
icyari gikwiye kwibukwa cyari cyarangije kubaho mbere y’iri tegeko” (Leigh 2016: n.p.).
Akomeza avuga yuko “icyabayeho cy’intashyikirwa—cyahujwe n’ukuvuza amahembe [Kuva
19:13, 16-19]—urwo rwibutso rwa ngombwa [rwari] Imana yahamagariraga abana ba Isirayeli
kwinjira mu isezerano rikuru: Isezerano ryahawe Mose [Kuva 19:5]. Mu iyerekwa ryo mu
buryo butangaje, Imana yagaragaje ubwiza bwayo mu umwotsi n’umuriro ku musozi Sinayi—
ubwo yari izanywe n’ukwinjira mu isezerano n’ubwoko bwayo hagati mu ijwi ry’impanda
ryatumye abantu bahinda umushyitsi. Bemera gukora icyo ari cyose Uwiteka ari bubategeke
gukora. Iki kintu cyari gikwiye kwiyandika mu ubwenge bw’Abisirayeli mu buryo
butazimangana. Buri mwaka, igihe cy’Umunsi Mukuru w’Amahembe, urwo rusaku
rw’amahembe rwibutsaga Isirayeli yuko ari ubwoko bugendera munsi y’isezerano ry’Imana,
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89
ubwoko bwemeye inshingano zo kuba ubwoko bw’Imana.” (Ibid.) Yanzura avuga yuko
ibijyanye n’Amahembe bisohorera mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya (Mat 26:28; Luka 22:20):
“Twebwe abemeye kuyoborwa n’iri Sezerano Rikuru Rishya, tubwirizwa kujya twibuka ibi
igihe cyose tuzaba turi ku Meza y’Umwami. Umutsima n’Igikombe bitwibutsa ibyasohoye
bitangaje wa munsi w’urupfu rw’Umwami n’igihe cy’ukuzuka kwe. Bitwibutsa inshingano
zacu zijyanye n’uko turi Ubwoko bugendera munsi y”Isezerano Rikuru Rishya. Turihana,
tukagaragaza ukwicuza icyaha cyacu cy’uko twananiwe no kugendera muri uyu muhamagaro
uhambaye kandi wera. Kubera ukwizera amaraso ya Yesu yamenywe, tubona ugutwikirirwa
ibyaha kwacu bivuye mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya.” (Ibid.)
b. Umuhamya w’Itorero. Mu IK, Amahembe yakoreshwaga ku mpamvu nyinshi, harimo
gukangura abantu, kwishimira intsinzi nyuma y’intambara, gutangaza inkuru nziza, kuramya
Uwiteka, no kuvuza ikondera (reba, urugero, Kub 10:1-10; Yos 6:4-20; Abac 6:34; 7:16-22; 1
Sam 13:3; 2 Sam 6:15; 15:10; 20:22; 1 Abami 1:34-39; 2 Ngoma 5:13; 7:6; 29:27-28; Neh 4:20; Zab 98:6; 150:3; Yer 4:5; Ezek 33:1-9; Amosi 3:6). Amahembe ntiyijyanaga ahubwo
yagendanaga n’ukwamamaza itangazo, ukugabisha, cyangwa se agakoreshwa n’abaramyaga
(reba Yos 6:5, 20; Abac 6:34; 7:16-20; 1 Sam 13:3; 2 Sam 6:15; 15:10; 1 Abami 1:34, 39; 2
Ngoma 5:13; 7:6; 29:27-28; Zab 98:6; Yer 4:5; Ezek 33:3, 7). John Sittema avuga yuko
Amahembe cyari Ikigereranyo cyasohorezwaga mu cyo “Iryo hembe ryahamagariraga abantu
gukora”, ubuhamya n’ukubwiriza bikorwa n’Itorero: “Bahawe imbaraga n’Ubushizi
bw’amanga n’Umwuka wa Penetekote, uyobowe n’intumwa n’ababwirizabutumwa, ariko na
none, buri muyoboke akabigiramo uruhare, [itorero] rigatangaza icyo Umwami waryo asaba:
‘Imana yacu iraganje! Mumwakire! Mwihane ibyaha byanyu, mwizere Umwana wayo,
Muramye Umwami!’” (Sittema 2013:99)
F. Yesu yasohoje Umunsi w’Impongano Umunsi w’Impongano n’ “urugero” rwari rwerekeje ku urupfu kwa Kristo ku musaraba. Iby’ingenzi mu
mihango yakorwaga ku Munsi w’Impongano byari “ibigereranyo” byerekezaga kuri Kristo: imihango
yakorerwaga mu rusengero (Abal 16:23, 20, 33)—Kristo ni we rusengero nyakuri (Yoh 1:14; 2:18-22);
umutambyi mukuru ni we ukora iyo mihango (Abal 16:2-3, 32-33)—Kristo ni We mutambyi mukuru wacu
(Abaheb 4:14-15; 5:5-10; 8:1-6; 9:11; 10:21); ikimasa n’ihene byaratambwaga nk’igitambo cyo guhongera
ibyaha; nyuma amaraso yabyo akamenwa (Abal 16:8-9, 15)—Kristo yabambiwe ibyaha byacu, amaraso ye
aramenwa (Abaheb 7:27; 9:12, 14, 26, 28); umutambyi mukuru yinjiraga ahera cyane inyuma y’umwenda
wakingiraga ahera (Abal 16:12-15)—Umubiri wa Kristo ni wo mwenda ukingira ahera (Abaheb 10:19-20)
kandi yinjiye ahera cyane h’ukuri (Abaheb 8:1-2; 9:11-12, 24); amaraso y’ihene yamijagirwaga ku ntebe
y’ihongerero (Abal 16:14-15)—Kristo ni We ntebe y’Ihongerero (Abar 3:25, Kuva 25:17 LXX); ibyaha
by’igihugu byagerekwaga ku ihene y’igitambo (Abal 16:20-21)—Kristo yikoreye ibyaha byacu (Yes 53:4-5;
Abaheb 9:28; 1 Pet 2:24) ahinduka icyaha kubera twe (2 Abakor 5:21); ihene y’igitambo yajyanwaga mu
butayu (Abal 16:21-22)—Kristo yajyanywe mu butayu bukomeye bwo gutandukanywa n’Imana (Yes 53:8;
Mat 27:46); intumbi z’ibikoko byatanzweho ibitambo yatwikirwaga inyuma y’urugo (Abaheb 13:11; reba
Edersheim 1988: 324)—“Ni cyo cyatumye na Yesu ababarizwa inyuma y’irembo, kugira ngo yejeshe abantu
amaraso ye” (Abaheb 13:12).
1. Itandukaniro riri hagati y’amaraso y’inyamaswa n’amaraso ya Kristo. Abalewi 16-17 havuga ku
umumaro w’igitambo cy’amaraso kugira ngo habeho ihongererwa ry’icyaha. Ukuvisha amaraso
y’igikoko agenewe gutangwaho igitambo byari ngombwa ku umutambyi mukuru kugira ngo abone
amaraso yari akeneye guserukana ahera h’ahera n’ayo kumijagira ku ntebe y’ihongerero. Abaheburayo
7-10 herekana yuko igitambo cya Kristo ku musaraba cyari icyo Umunsi w’Ihongerero wasobanuraga
yuko hari ‘ikintu cyo gutanga’ kugira ngo Kristo ashobore kuba yakora nk’umutambyi (8:3)” (Nelson
2003: 254). Amaraso bwite ya Kristo yari afite agaciro ko hejuru cyane karenze ak’amaraso
y’inyamaswa. “Imihango ya kera nta mumaro yari ifite kuko yakoreshaga amaraso y’inyamaswa kandi
yuko icyo gikorwa cyo kuyatamba cyagenda kigaruka uko ibihe byacyo byagenda bigaruka (10:1-4);
igikorwa cy’ubutambyi cya Kristo cyakozwe rimwe gusa kandi cyasabye amaraso ye bwite
nk’ishikanwa rye ubwe (7:27; 9:25-26). Icyo Kristo yakoze n’urugero nyarwo rw’itegeko riri mu
Ibyanditswe yuko kwezwa cyangwa se guhumanuka bishoboka ari uko habayeho gukoresha amaraso
mu buryo bw’umuhango (9:13-14, 21-23). Ariko amaraso ye afite umumaro kurushiriza kuko yari aye
bwite, imbuto iva mu ukwitanga kuvuye ku ukwubaha bikorwa mu buryo bw’ ‘umwuka w’iteka ryose’,
bityo ikinyuranyo cyo mu buryo bwuzuye kiri hagati y’ikintu cyo mu buryo bugaragara cyangwa se
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90
bw’igihe gito (9:12). Imbuto yo gucungura n’ukweza by’amaraso ye iri imbere kandi n’iy’iteka ryose
kuruta icyo mu buryo bugaragara kandi kidahoraho (9:12-14; bihuze na 10:1-4).” (Ibid.: 256)
2. Itandukaniro hagati y’ahera aho umutambyi mukuru yinjiraga n’ahera Kristo yinjiraga. Icy’ingenzi ku
Munsi w’Ihongerero cyari icy’uko umutambyi mukuru yinjiraga imbere mu ubwiza bw’Imana ahera
h’ahera, inyuma y’igitambaro, agashyira amaraso y’igitambo ku ntebe y’ihongerero kugira ngo yeze
ibintu byera n’igihugu ngo bivemo umwanda n’icyaha (Abal 16:2-19). Itandukaniro rihari, kubera
ukuzuka kwe n’ukujya mu ijuru kwe, Kristo yinjiye mu “ijuru ubwaryo” (Abaheb 9:24; reba na none
Abaheb 4:14; 8:1-2), ahera h’imbere inyuma y’igitambaro” (Abaheb 6:19-20, RSV). Bityo, Kristo
akora nk’uhohoterwa, akongera agakora nk’umutambyi mukuru: nk’uhohoterwa, amaraso ye nta nenge
yagiraga kubera yuko nta cyaha yakoze mu buzima bwe kandi yuko nta cyaha yabarwagaho (9:12-14;
Abaheb 10:4-10); nk’umutambyi mukuru, yari intungane kuko amaraso yatambye atari ay’ugutwikira
ibyaha bye (Abaheb 7:26-27; 9:7). Ikigeretseho, umutambyi mukuru yamijagiraga amaraso ahera cyane
inyuma y’umwenda wakingiraga Ahera. Yesu yapfiriye imbere ya rubanda, kandi igihe yapfaga,
“umwenda ukingiriza Ahera cyane h’urusengero utabukamo kabiri, utangirira hejuru, ugeza hasi”
(Mat 27:51). Ibi bintu bibiri bisobanura uburyo Yesu yasohoje ihongererwa ry’ibyaha kuri buri wese
umwizera, bitandukanye n’uko ibyaha by’igihugu kimwe byatwikirwaga kumara igihe cy’umwaka
umwe.
3. Itandukaniro hagati y’ubutayu aho ihene yoherwaga n’uburyo Kristo yatandukanyijwe na Data. “Ku
munsi w’Ihongererwa umumaro wa ya hene yagenewe kwoherwa n’umwe gusa: Yari ishusho
y’ugukurwaho (ahantu hatagenewe ikintu na kimwe) kw’icyaha cya Isirayeli. Bityo, amaraso y’ihene
imwe ajyanwa Ahera Kuruta ahandi Hose, mu gihe ihene yagenewe koherwa ijyanwa kure cyane
y’Imana (mu butayu).” (Williamson 2007: 110) Kubera yuko iteka ryose Yesu yari yagendanye na Data
mu buryo butunganye, burangwamo urukundo. N’ubwo bimeze bityo, ku musaraba, Yesu yikoreye
ibyaha byacu (Yes 53:4-5), na “Guhemurwa no gucirwaho iteka, ni byo byamukujeho; mu bo mu gihe
cye, ni nde yitayeho ko yakuwe mu isi y’abazima?” (Yes 53:8). “Muri Matayo 10:28, Yesu avuga yuko
nta gusenywa kwo mu buryo bufatika kuriho kwashobora kugereranywa n’ugusenywa kwo mu buryo
bw’umwuka kwa gihenomu, bwo kuva imbere y’ubwiza bw’Imana. Ariko ibi ni byo byashikiye Yesu
ku musaraba—yahebwe na Data (Matayo 27:46). . . . Igihe yatakaga avuga yuko Imana ye yamuhebye,
yarimo ahura na gihenomu ubwayo. Ariko, reba neza—nimba umwenda wacu kubera icyaha ari munini
mu buryo bw’uko utashobora kurangirizwa aho hantu, ariko gihenomu yacu ikaba iriho kugeza iteka
ryose, none n’iki twavuga duhereye ku cyo Yesu yavuze yuko ikiguzi ‘birarangiye’ (Yohana 19:30)
nyuma y’amasaha atatu yonyine? Tubwirwa yuko ibyo yahuye na byo ku musaraba byari bibi kandi byo
mu buryo bwimbitse hejuru ya za gihenomu zacu twese hamwe.” (Keller n.d.: n.p.) Icy’uko ihene
yagenewe koherwa mu butayu ni gito ugereranyije n’uburyo Yesu yajyanywe kure yo mu maso ya Data.
4. Itandukaniro hagati y’ibyo ibitambo byakoraga ku bantu. Abaheb 9:9 havuga yuko impano
n’ibitambo byatingirwaga ku rusengero—harimo n’ibitambo byatambwaga ku Munsi w’Ihongerero—
“ntibishobora kweza umutima w’ubitambiwe.” Ku rundi ruhande, Abaheb 9:14 havuga hati, “nkanswe
amaraso ya Kristo, witambiye Imana atagira inenge, ku bw’Umwuka w’iteka; ntazarushaho
guhumanura imitima yanyu, akayezaho imirimo ipfuye, kugira ngo mubone uko mukorera Imana
ihoraho?” Mu yandi magambo, ibitambo byatambwaga ku Munsi w’Impongano ntibyashoboraga
gutunganya umuntu imbere muri we. Kristo wenyine ni we ushobora gusohoza uguhinduka kw’imbere.
G. Yesu yasohoje Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando (Ibirere) wari uwa nyuma ugereranyije n’indi yo mu gihe cy’icyi.
Wamaraga icyumweru kandi wibutsaga ukuzerera kwo mu butayu. Wizihiza na none irangiza ry’igikorwa
cy’ugusarura cy’icyi. Ukwizihiza igikorwa cy’ukuzerera mu butayu, abantu babwirizwa kumara iminsi barara
mu ngando, barara mu nzu zikozwe mu birere (ingando) muri icyo gihe cyose cy’icyumweru uwo munsi
mukuru wamaraga (Kuva 23:16-17; 34:22-23; Abal 23:33-43; Kub 29:12-38; Guteg 16:13-15). Umunsi
Mukuru w’Ingando wasohojwe igihe Yesu yazaga ku isi inshuro ya mbere.
1. Yoh 1:14 avuga ati, “Jambo [n’ukuvuga, Yesu] yabaye umuntu, abana natwe.” Ijambo “abana”
n’ishusho y’inshinga (skēnoō) y’ijambo “ingando” (skēnē). Bityo, Bibiliya NASB hafite insobanuro kuri
Yoh 1:14 havuga, “cyangwa se batujwe mu mahema; n’ukuvuga, yabayeho igihe gito.” Kimwe
n’ibirere byakozwe n’abantu bitari bifite ishusho nziza, nta na kimwe kivuga ibijyanye n’ukugaragara
kwa Yesu ku isi byadukururira kuri We (Yes 53:2).
2. Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando wizihiza uburyo Imana yabohoje Isirayeli bakurwa mu bucakara muri
Egiputa n’ukuzerera kwabo mu butayu mu rugendo rwabo rwabaganisha mu gihugu cy’isezerano (Abal
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
91
23:42-43). Yesu ni we Mose mushya kandi mukuru kuruta Mose wa mbere, hejuru yo kubohora abantu
abakura mu bucakara bwo mu buryo bugaragara, anabohora abantu abakura mu bucakara bwo mu buryo
bw’umwuka ari bwo cyaha n’urupfu kugira ngo “turangwe n’imyitwarire mishya” (Yoh 1:29; Abar
6:3-23). Yesu yageragejwe na Satani mu butayu nk’uko Isirayeli na yo yageragejwe (Mat 4:1-11; Luka
4:1-13). N’ubwo bimeze bityo, bitandukanye n’ibijyanye na Isirayeli, Yesu ntiyaheranywe n’ibyo
bigeragezo. Igihe yageragezwaga, Yesu yifashishije amagambo ya Mose ku bijyanye n’amateka ya
Isirayeli mu butayu igihe yasubizaga ku bibazo bya Satani (Guteg 8:3; 6:13, 16). Bityo, mu buzima
bwe, Yesu yasohoje buri kintu cyose kijyanye n’uburyo Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando wari “ishusho.”
3. Igihe Yesu yari akiri ku isi, igice cy’ingenzi cy’ukwizihiza Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando i Yerusalemu
cyari umuhango wo “kumijagira amazi” aho abatambyi bamijagiraga amazi na vino ku Uwiteka ku
Rusengero (Carson 1991: 321-22; Hillyer 1970: 46-48). Igihe cyo gutegura igitambo cyoswa, imihango
yakorwaga n’abatambyi ijyanye n’uko bagenda bavuzaga umwironge, bakaririmba uhereye mu
rusengero ukageza ku Kidendezi cya Silowamu aho umutambyi yuzuzaga amazi agacuma gakoze mu
izahabu igihe abaririmbyi babaga barimo baririmba Yes. 12:3: ‘Ni cyo gituma muzavomana ibyishimo
mu mariba y’agakiza’ (reba Mishnah Sukkah 4:9; 5:1; Talmud Sukkah 48b). Ikidendezi cya Silowamu
cyari ihuriro ry’amazi kubera igisima cyitwaga Gihon; aho abantu b’i Yerusalemu bakuraga amazi.
Abayuda bafataga ayo masōko yatangaga amazi akwiriye kunyobwa nk’amasōko y’ ‘amazi
y’ubugingo.’ Amazi y’ubugingo yafatwaga nk’amazi yo mu urwego rwo hejuru kuruta andi yose
akwiriye gukoreshwa mu gihe cy’imihango yo guhumanura.” (Satterfield 1998: 5) “Mu bitekerezo
by’Abayuda, iyi mihango y’Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando yari ifitanye isano n’Uburyo Uwiteka yahaye
Abisirayeli amazi igihe bari mu butayu hamwe n’uburyo Umwami azasuka Umwuka we ku baremwe
mu bihe bya nyuma. Muri uyu Munsi Mukuru w’Ingando n’ikimenyetso cy’ibihe bya Mesiya aho isōko
izaturika iva mu rutare ruhezagiye ikageza amazi ku isi yose.” (Carson 1991: 322)
Ni muri uwo murongo nyene—ku Rusengero, mu gihe cy’Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando ubwawo
(Yoh 7:2, 37)—ko Yesu “yahagaze avuga cyane ati, ‘Umuntu nagira inyota aze aho ndi anywe.
Unyizera, imigezi y’amazi y’ubugingo izatemba iva mu nda ye, nk’uko Ibyanditswe bivuga.’”
Ibisobanuro by’ “amagambo Yesu yavuze birumvikana neza cyane: Ni we ugusohozwa kw’ibyavuzwe
ku bijyanye n’Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando byose. Nimba Yesaya yashoboye gutumira abanyotewe kuza
kunywa ku mazi (Yes. 55:1), Yesu yatangazaga yuko ari We utanga ayo mazi.” (Carson 1991: 322-23)
Amagambo ya Yesu muri Yoh 7:37-38 ku bijyanye n’ “amazi y’ubugingo” akomoza ku umubare
w’ibyanditswe byo mu Isezerano rya Kera. Muri byo harimo: amazi yavuye mu rutare mu butayu,
Kuva 17:1-6; uruzi rutembamo amazi y’ubugingo mu rusengero rwa Ezekiyeli, Ezek 47:1-11; amazi
atemba mu bihe bishya ava i Yerusalemu yerekeza ku nyanja z’i burasirazuba n’i buregerazuba, Zak
14:8 (reba na none Zab 78:15-16; 105:40-41) (Balfour 1995: 368-78). Yivugaho nka We rutare,
urusengero rushya, Yerusalemu nshya, n’amazi y’ubugingo, Yesu yarimo avuga yuko ibyo byanditswe
byo mu Isezerano rya Kera birimo bisohora none: umutwenzi w’ibihe bishya bya nyuma urageze.
4. Igihe Yesu yari akiri ku isi, ibindi birori bibera mu Rusengero byo kwizihiza Umunsi Mukuru
w’Ingando: Amatabaza ane manini cyane yarakijwe, kandi mu ijoro, abantu bizihiza uwo munsi mukuru
bafite mu maboko yabo amatara yakije; umucyo uturutse mu Rusengero umurikira Yerusalemu yose
(Carson 1991: 337; Hillyer 1970:49-50). Yesu yahereye kuri ibyo avuga ati, “Ni jye mucyo w’isi:
Unkurikira ntazagenda mu mwijima na hato, ahubwo azaba afite umucyo w’ubugingo.” (Yoh 8:12).44
Na none, Yesu yongera kuvuga yuko Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando wasohoreye muri We (reba na none
Yoh 3: 19-21; 1 Yoh 1:5-7).
5. Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando n’irangiza ry’isarura (“Umunsi Mukuru wo Guhurira hamwe”). Ihuriro
hagati y’Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando n’Isarura hamwe n’uburyo Isirayeli yarangije inshingano yahawe
yo kuzana amoko yose ku Mana (Zak 14:16-21) ryasohoreye muri Yesu.
a. Yesu ni we Umunsi Mukuru w’Isarura werekezaho. Ihuriro ry’Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando ku
isarura hamwe n’irangizwa rya misiyo ya Isirayeli yo gukoraniriza hamwe amahanga yose no
kuyageza ku Umwami (Zak 14:16-21) risanga isohozwa ryayo muri Yesu. Nk’uko twabibonye
haruguru, Yesu ni We Isirayeli nshya kandi nyakuri. Yoh 11:52 havuga neza yuko Yesu arimo
atororokanya abantu be kandi ibi birimo bisohora none (reba na none Yoh 10:16; Ibyah 5:9;
7:9). Isarura rye ntirishingira ku hantu Isirayeli cyangwa se Yerusalemu bibarizwa none.
Ahubwo, Yesu yavuze yuko ukumanikwa kwe ku mpamvu y’urupfu rwe ku musaraba ni byo
44
Ibyanditswe bya mbere byo mu Kigiriki ntibirimo Yoh 7:53-8:11. Ahubwo, Yoh 8:12 ni ho hahita hakurikira Yoh 7:52.
Bityo, ibijyanye na 8:12 bisa n’ibihuye n’Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando (Carson 1991: 333-37).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
92
bizatuma “nzirehereza abantu bose” (Yoh 12:32). “Yesu, aho kuba ‘igihugu cy’isezerano’ ni
We amaso yerekezaho muri iryo ‘sarura’ ritegerezanijwe amatsiko” (Walker 1996: 189). Bityo,
Zak 14:16 ntarimo agaragaza ibyishimo bye byo kujya gusengera Uwiteka mu umurwa wo kuri
iyi si (reba Yoh 4:21-24). N’ubwo ubuhanuzi bwa Zakariya (kimwe n’ubundi buhanuzi bwo mu
Isezerano rya Kera) bukoresha imvugo n’ibimenyetso bya Isirayeli yo mu buryo bufatika yo mu
Isezerano rya Kera (ibyo abantu b’icyo gihe berekezaho ibitekerezo byabo), mu by’ukuri
bwerekeza kuri Kristo ubwe, Yerusalemu yo mu ijuru, umurwa utubakishijwe intoke, “uwo
Imana yubatse, ikawurema” (Abaheb 11:8-10; 12:18-24).45
b. Imiterere y’ibisarurwa. Ibisarurwa n’abantu bo mu isi “bo mu miryango yose, no mu ndimi
zose, no mu moko yose, no mu mahanga yose” (Mat 9:36; Luka 10:1; Ibyah 5:9; 7:9). Ubu,
Yesu yarangije gutaha umunsi mukuru w’isarura ku mugaragaro. Yavuze ati, “imirima imaze
kwera ngo isarurwe”. Yongeraho ati, “ibisarurwa ni byinshi, ariko abasuruzi ni bake. Nuko
rero mwinginge nyir’ibisarurwa, yohereze abasaruzi mu bisarurwa bye” (Mat 9:37-38; Luka
10:2). Mu “Nshingano Nkuru” (Mat 28:18-20), Yesu yohereje abigishwa be ngo bagende mu
isi yose bahindure abantu bose abigishwa. Ubu rero abantu barimo binjira mu ubwami bwe
cyangwa se barimo babwanga. “Icy’uko intangiriro y’ibihe bya Mesiya izagaragarira i
Yerusalemu mbere y’ahandi hose aho inkuru nziza yo kwihana no guharirwa ibyaha
yatangarijwe mbere y’ahandi hose [Luka 24:47; reba na none Ibyak 1:8], bivuga kugarura
ibyavuzwe mu masezerano akubiye mu Isezerano rya Kera avuga ku uguhinduka
kw’Abanyamahanga mu bihe bya nyuma (Yes. 2:2-5 [Mika 4:1-4]; 14:2; 45:14; 49:22-23; 55:5;
66:20; Yer. 16:19-21; Zef. 3:9-10; Zak. 8:20-23; 14:16-19). Mu gihe Abayuda bari biteze yuko
amahanga azava ‘hanze’ akinjira i Yerusalemu nka ho huriro ryayo, Yesu ategeka abigishwa be
kujyana ubutumwa mu mahanga yose bahereye i Yerusalemu.” (Pao na Schnabel 2007: 401).
Nuko rero, abizera ni bo bakozi mu bisarurwa, kandi ni bo “bisarurwa bya mbere” (Yak 1:18;
Ibyah 14:4).
6. Kubera yuko byari bihwanye n’irangizwa ry’igikorwa cy’isarura, Umunsi Mukuru w’Ingando na wo
watanze insobanuro ijyanye n’ibyo mu bihe bya nyuma. Kumbure, hashingiwe ku ihuriro riri hagati
y’amazi n’ibisarurwa, Zakariya 14 hasomwaga ku munsi wa mbere ubanziriza iminsi igize uwo munsi
mukuru (Carson 1991: 322; Balfour 1995: 376). Ingando “zerekezaga ku munsi w’isarura uzarangwamo
ibyishimo, igihe misiyo ya Isirayeli ku isi izarangirizwa ku ukuzana ku Uwiteka amoko yose yo ku isi,
nk’uko byahanuwe na Zakariya (14:16)” (Hillyer 1970: 40). Mu mugani yaciye ku masaka n’urukungu,
Yesu yavuze yuko “isaruro n’imperuka y’ibihe” (Mat 13: 24-30, 36-43). Abizera batuye mu ngando
z’akanya gato, bategereje imibiri itazahinduka, y’ubwiza kandi y’iteka ryose (reba 2 Abakor 5:1-4; 2
Pet 1:14). Igihe Yesu azagarukira, igihe cy’imibiri y’akanya gato kizaba gishize, isarura rizaba rigeze,
kandi urubanza ruzatandukanya amasaka n’urukungu.
H. Yesu yasohoje umwaka w’Isabato Mu gihe cy’umwaka w’Isabato, byari ngombwa ko ubutaka buhabwa akaruhuko “kugira ngo abakene
bo mu ubwoko bwanyu barye cyimeza” (Kuva 23:11). Abagurano bararekurwa (Kuva 21:2) n’imyenda yabo
igaharirwa (Guteg 15:1-2). Imana yagabishije abantu kugira ngo badakomeza imitima igihe umwaka
w’ukurekurira wegereje ahubwo bagatanga impano ku bakene n’umutima ukunze (Guteg 15:7-11).
45
Umunsi Mukuru w’ingando wari ngombwa mu Amategeko y’Isezerano rya Mose (Kuva 23:16-17; 34:22-23; Abal
23:33-43; Kub 29:12-38; Guteg 16:13-15). Igihe Imana yajyaga ibuza imvura kugwa byari umuvumo wateganywaga mu
Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera wakurikiraga ukutubaha Isezerano Rikuru ry’Imana (Guteg 11:17; 28:22-24; 1 Abami 8:35).
Muri Zak 14:16-19, Zakariya asobanura ibijyanye n’ejo hazaza h’ibihe bya nyuma akoresheje amagambo yakoreshejwe
mu Isezerano rya Kera: amahanga aza i Yerusalemu kwizihiza umunsi mukuru w’ingando; Imana ihagarika imvura kubera
abantu bananiwe kwizihiza uwo munsi mukuru. Nk’uko ibindi bimenyetso Zakariya akoresha bisobanura, ibi
ntibyashobora gufatwa nk’uko biri ijambo ku rindi: iminsi mikuru iteganywa mu Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera yose
yatsimburiwe muri Kristo (Yoh 7:2, 37-38; 8:12; Abagal 3:10-5:4; Abakol 2:16-17; Abaheb 8:6-13; 10:9). Gufata Zak
14: 16-19 nko kuvuga yuko umunsi mukuru w’ingando n’ibyasabwaga kuri wo mu Isezerano rya Kera ku bijyanye no
gusenga bizasubizwaho mu gihe cy’ingoma y’imyaka igihumbi byaba bishubije inyuma iby’ukuri bibonerwa muri Kristo,
byaba kandi bigaruye ibya kera by’ “amashusho” bo n’ “ibimenyetso” byo mu Isezerano rya Kera (reba Mat 5:17; 1
Abakor 10:1-6; 2 Abakor 3:12-16; Abagal 3:23-4:7, 21-31; Abakol 2:16-17; Abaheb 1:1-2; 8:1-10:22). Nuko rero,
igihe Kristo azagarukira, ntazasubizaho uburyo bwo gutamba ibitambo bw’Abisirayeli n’iminsi mikuru yabo, harimo
n’uwu Munsi Mukuru w’Ingando, mu Murwa wo mu buryo bufatika wa Yerusalemu. Ikindi, nta mivumo nk’uko iteganywa
mu isezerano rikuru izaba muri Yerusalemu nshya, kuko, dushingiye ku Ibyah 20:15; 21:27, nta n’umwe utanditswe mu
gitabo cy’ubugingo uzinjira muri Yerusalemu Nshya, ahubwo bazajugunywa mu Nyanja yaka umuriro.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
93
Yesu yasohoje ibyasabwaga byose ku umwaka w’Isabato. Kubera ukwo kuntu ubutaka bwaruhukaga
kugira ngo abakene barye cyimeza, Imana na Yo ikaba yari yaremeye guhezagira umusaruro w’umwaka ugira
gatandatu mu buryo bw’uko waba uhagije muri iyo myaka itatu yose yakurikiragaho (Abal 25:20-22), bihwanye
n’uburyo Yesu yatubuye udufi duke n’imitsima kugira abantu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi barye bahage (Mat 14:13-
21; 15:32-38; Mariko 6:30-44; 8:1-10; Luka 9:10-17; Yoh 6:1-14). Yesu n’ “umutsima w’ubugingo” (Yoh
6:35, 48), abamuryaho ntibazigera basonza ukundi, cyangwa se ngo banyoterwe, cyangwa se ngo bapfe (Yoh
4:13-14; 6:41-58; 7:37-38). Ku bijyanye n’abagurano bahabwaga umudendezo, twese “twari imbata z’icyaha”
kandi “imbata z’uguhumana” n’iz’ “ukutumvira amategeko” (Abar 6:17-20). Ariko, kubera igitambo cya
Kristo ubwo yitangaga ku ubwacu, “twabohowe ku cyaha, duhinduka imbata z’Imana . . . ibyo bitugeza ku
ukwezwa, ukwezwa na kwo kukatugeza ku ubugingo buhoraho” (Abar 6:22; reba na none Yoh 8:31-32). Yesu
abwira abigishwa be ati, “Ubu sinkibita abagaragu, kuko umugaragu atamenya ibyo shebuja akora, ahubwo
mbise inshuti kuko ibyo numvise kuri Data byose mbibamenyesheje” (Yoh 15:15; reba na none Abaheb 2:11-12
[na We atwita “abavandimwe be”]). Ku bijyanye n’imyenda yakuweho, Yesu yakuyeho umwenda ukomeye
kuruta indi yose umuntu yashobora gufita—umwenda wacu w’icyaha wari kutuganisha ku urupfu: “Kandi ubwo
mwari mupfuye muzize ibicumuro byanyu no kudakebwa kw’imibiri yanyu, yabahinduranye bazima na We
imaze kutubabarira ibicumuro byacu byose, igahanagura urwandiko rw’imihango rwaturegaga, ikarudukuzaho
kurubamba ku musaraba” (Abakol 2:13-14).
Icy’umwihariko cyari cyitaweho ku Umwaka w’Isabato cyari abakene n’abatifashije. Ku bijyanye
n’Umwaka w’Isabato, Guteg 15:11 havuga hati, “Kuko ari nta bwo abakene bazashira mu gihugu, ni cyo
gitumye ngutegeka nti ‘Ntuzabure kuramburira iminwe mwene wanyu w’umukene w’umworo uri mu gihugu
cyawe.’” Yesu “yigereranya nka We Mwaka w’Isabato w’ukuri ” igihe arimo yivugaho: “Abakene muri kumwe
na bo iteka; ariko jyeweho ntituri kumwe iteka” (Mat 26:11; reba na none Mariko 14:7; Yoh 12:8). Yesu
“ntiyaramburiye ukuboko kwe ku ubusa” umuvandimwe we, ahubwo ku musaraba yaharamburiye amaboko ye
yombi, atanga ibyo yari afite byose uhereye ku bugingo bwe abiha bariya bari bakene kandi ata cyo bifashije
mu buryo bw’uko ata cyo bari bashoboye gukora kugira ngo bikize, kandi ntiyayaramburiye “abavandimwe” be
bonyine, ahubwo n’abanzi be!
I. Yesu yasohoje umwaka wa Yubile Umwaka w’Isabato n’Umwaka wa Yubile ifitanye isano. Bivugwaho ahantu hamwe mu Abalewi 25.
Insanganyamatsiko y’Umwaka wa Yubile yari umudendezo: “Mujye mweza umwaka wa mirongo itanu mu
gihugu cyose, murangire abo muri cyo bose umudendezo” (Abal 25:10, ESV). Imyenda yakurwagaho,
abagurano bagahabwa umudendezo, kandi buri gice cy’isambu cyose kigasubizwa nyiracyo wa mbere (Abal
25:8-55). “Ikintu kimwe ni cyo cyagena ibijyanye n’umudendezo Yubile yatangaga: Umutima w’Imana.
Icyahaye imbaraga umwaka wa Yubile n’ububasha bwayo ku ubutaka bwose n’umutungo wose. “Ubutaka
ntibukagurwe ngo bukunguranywe, kuko ari jye nyirabwo namwe mukaba abasuhuke bansukuhukiyeho’
(Abalewi 25:23). Igitera imbaraga Yubile cyari urukundo rw’Imana. Urukundo rwayo rugera kuri bose, atari
abanyembaraga bonyine, ari bo bagera ku byo bifuza bonyine, ahubwo—na cyane-cyane—abakene, impfubyi
n’abasuhuke.” (Sittema 2013:139) Isirayeli yo mu IK ntiyigeze yizihiza Umwaka wa Yubile—ariko Yesu
yatashye Yubile nyayo.
1. Yesu yatangaje yuko yarimo ataha ku mugaragaro umwaka wa Yubile igihe yatangiraga umurimo we
ku mugaragaro. Muri Luka 4:16-21, mu gisagara avukamo cy’i Nazareti, Yesu yavugiye mu isinagogi,
asoma ibyanditswe muri Yes 61:1-2, icyanditswe gikomoza ku umwaka wa Yubile. Yavuze ati,
“Umwuka w’Uwiteka ari kuri jye, ni cyo cyatumye ansīgira, kugira ngo mbwirize abakene ubutumwa
bwiza: Yantumye kumenyesha imbohe ko zibohorwa, n’impumyi ko zihumuka, no kubohora
ibisenzegeri; no kumunyesha abantu iby’umwaka Umwami agiriyemo imbabazi” (Luka 4:18-19).
Yongeyeho ati, “Uyu munsi ibyo byanditswe bisohoye mu matwi yanyu” (Luka 4:21). Ijambo
“kubohora” muri Yes 61:1 (Luka 4:18) rifite insobanuro imwe n’ijambo riri mu Abal 25:10 risobanura
“umudendezo” (ESV=English Standard Version – Insobanuro ya Bibiliya) cyangwa se “kubohora”
(NASB=New American Standard Bible = Insobanuro ya Bibiliya mu Cyongereza cy’Ikinyamerika).
Inshinga ziri muri ibi byanditswe (“mbwirize ubutumwa bwiza ku bakene,” “kumneyesha imbohe ko
zibohorwa,” “kubohora ibisenzegeri”) zerekeza ku byakorwaga mu gihe cy’umwaka wa Yubile wari
wemewe mu Abalewi 25, abari baratswe uburenganzira ku masambu yabo kubera amasezerano runaka
yakozwe hakoreshejwe ayo masambu barayasubizwaga kugira ngo abantu babane mu mahoro kandi
bakore ibikorwa byabo neza. Bityo, rurya rutonde rw’inshinga rwakoreshejwe mu kwamaza yubile.”
(Brueggemann 1998: 214) “Umwaka Umwami agiriyemo imbabazi” bikomoza ku “umwaka wa
Yubile” “umenyekanishwa n’ibikorwa bye [Yesu] byo gukiza” (Marshall 1978: 184; reba na none
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
94
Motyer 1999: 426; Bock 1994: 410; Lenski 1946: 252). Muri Luka 4:14-21 igihe Yesu yakoreshaga
amagambo yo muri Yes 61:1-2 avuga ati, “Uyu munsi, ibyo byanditswe bisohoreye mu matwi yanyu,”
mu by’ukuri yarimo avuga ati, “Ni Jye gusohozwa kw’ibyo byose ayo magambo yavugaho; ni muri Jye
Yubile irimo igaragariramo.”
Ibi bisobanura yuko, Yesu amaze kuva i Nazareti no kumara igihe yari asigaje cyo
gukora umurimo we wo ku isi, haba mu magambo cyangwa se mu bikorwa, yahise agaragaza
ukuri kw’ibyo yari yarabariye abari bateraniye mu Isinagogi anyujije mu ukubwiriza ubutumwa
abakene, kumenyesha imbohe ko zibohowe no gukingurira abari mu nzu y’imbohe” (reba Luka 4:31-
44; 5:12-26; 6:6-10, 17-26; 7:1-15, 36-50; 8:1-2, 22-56; 9:12-17; 10:17-24; 13:10-17; 14:1-6; 17:11-
19; 18:35-43). Igihe Yesaya yahanuraga uwasizwe uzamamaza agakiza, Yesu azana ukwo kubohoka
mu buryo bwimbitse kandi buhoraho kuruta uburyo Yesaya ashobora kuba yarabyerekwaga: Abohora
abantu abakura mu buhumyi bwabo bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka no mu busenzegeri bwo mu cyaha no
gutotezwa na cyo. Icy’ukuri, muri Luka n’ahandi, “abakene n’impumyi, aya magambo yombi afite
insobanuro zo mu buryo bw’ibimenyetso. Urugero, igihe Luka 18:35-43 havuga inkuru ya ya mpumyi
yasegerezaga yahumutse, Luka na none ahuza kwakira agakiza nk’ ‘uguhumuka’ (Luka 1:78-79; 2:9,
29-32; 3:6). Ikindi, igihe Luka 18:22 na 19:8 herekeza ku bakene bo mu buryo bufatika cyangwa se
abakene mu mibanire yabo, byashoboka yuko Luka 6:20 na 7:22 ho havuga ku bakene bo mu buryo
bwo mu umwuka. Kuri ibi twashobora kwongeraho yuko abababazwa hamwe n’imbohe byasobanuraga
ikintu kimwe.” (Bruno 2010:97) Mu yandi magambo, ugukira kwo mu buryo bw’umubiri n’ukubohoka
byari ibimenyetso bikomeye kurushiriza, bigaragara kandi byo mu buryo bufatika by’ugukira kwo mu
buryo bw’umwuka hamwe n’ukubohoka Yesu atanga.
Nuko rero, Gordon Wenham yanzura avuga yuko umwaka wa Yubile “watashywe igihe Yesu
yazaga ku isi ku nshuro ya mbere (Luka 4:21). Uzasozwa igihe cyo kugaruka kwe (Yak 5:1-8; huza ibi
na Luka 16:19-31). Yubile, hejuru y’uko iduha gusubiza amaso inyuma tukareba ku ugucungurwa kwa
mbere Imana yakoreye ubwoko bwayo igihe yabakuraga muri Egiputa (Abal. 25:38, 55), inatwerekeza
na none ku ‘ugutunganywa kw’ibintu byose,’ ‘kubera ijuru rishya n’isi nshya, aho gukiranuka kuzatura’
(Ibyak. 3:21; 2 Pet. 3:13).” (Wenham 1979:324)
2. Nk’uko Yesu asohoza Umwaka w’Isabato, ni na kwo asohoza umwaka wa Yubile. Mu gihe
abagurano bari guhabwa umudendezo n’imyenda yabo igahanagurwa igihe cy’Umwaka wa Yubile
n’igihe cy’Umwaka w’Isabato, ku mpamvu zimwe (zavuzwe haruguru) zatumye asohoza Umwaka
w’Isabato, izo mpamvu nyene ni zo zatumye asohoza Umwaka wa Yubile. Icy’umwihariko cy’Umwaka
wa Yubile n’uko buri kibanza cy’ubutaka cyasubizwaga nyiracyo wa kera. “Ukubohoka kw’ubutaka”
mu umwaka wa Yubile (Abal 25:24) yari ishusho icy’uko “ari Jye nyirabwo, [na] mwe mukaba
abasuhuke bansuhukiyeho” (Abal 25:23). Izi mpamvu zitumenyesha yuko atari twe twaremye ubutaka,
si na twe tububungabunga, kandi si twe ba nyirabwo—keretse Imana Yonyine. Ikindi ibi bisobanuro
bitwerekezaho n’ukutumenyesha yuko ubuzima bwacu ari ubw’akanya gato, turapfa, kandi yuko ubu
buzima butumariye bike. Na none, ibi bitubwira yuko Yesu, Uwo yaremesheje isi (Abaheb 1:2),
“akaba ari we uramiza byose [isi na yo irimo] ijambo ry’imbaraga ze”(Abaheb 1:3), ufite . . .
“ubutware bwose . . . mu ijuru no mu isi” (Mat 28:18; reba na none Abef 1:18-23), uwo ni na we uri
“inzira, n’ukuri n’ubugingo” (Yoh 14:6).
Ugucungurwa kw’ubutaka n’ikimenyetso cyangwa se igicucu cy’uko “ibyaremwe byose
byashyizwe mu bubata by’ibitagira umumaro . . . tuzi yuko ibyaremwe byose binihira hamwe
bikaramukirwa hamwe kugeza ubu” (Abar 8:20, 22). Ibitangaza Yesu yakoze n’ububasha bwe hejuru
y’ibyaremwe (urugero, guhindura amazi vino [Yoh 2:1-11]; gucecekesha umuhengeri [Mariko 4:35-
41]; kugendera hejuru y’amazi [Mat 14:22-23]; kunesha urupfu [Mat 28:1-10; Yoh 11:1-46])
bisobanura gutaha ku mugaragaro irema ryagizwe rishya. Kuba muri Yubile, igihe “ibyaremwe na byo
bizabaturwa kuri ubwo bubata bwo kubora” (Abar 8:21), bizasohora igihe Kristo azagarukira (reba
Ibyak 3:19-21; 2 Pet 3:3-15; Ibyah 21:1-5).
3. Yesu asohoza umwaka wa Yubile bibonekera mu buryo asohoza Dan 9:24-27.46 Ubuhanuzi bwa
Daniyeli bw’ “ibyumweru mirongo irindwi” (Dan 9:24-27) “bwumvikana neza kurushiriza iyo buhujwe
n’imyaka y’Isabato y’Abayuda, na cyane-cyane umwaka wa Yubile” (Williamson 2007: 174; reba Abal
24:8; 25:1–4; 26:43; 2 Ngoma 36:21). Hejuru y’ibyo, “Intego y’ibyumweru mirongo indwi nk’uko
46
Dan 9:24-27 ibisobanuro birambuye by’iki gice biri mu Umugereka wa 5—Daniel 9:24-27 (“Ibyumweru 70”) wa Menn,
Biblical Eschatology (2010-2016), ibi na byo ushobora kubibona ku ubuntu kuri “ECLEA Courses & Resources”
urupapuro rwa ECLEA website
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95
byasobanuwe muri Daniel 9:24 bigaragaza ibihe by’isohozwa n’umwuzuro. Uburyo bisohozwa biri
ahandi havugwa ubuhanuzi bw’isezerano rikuru kandi rihoraho ry’Imana n’ubwa Yubile yo mu bihe
by’imperuka.” (Kline 1974: 462n.25; reba Yes 60:21; 61:1-3; Yer 31:34; 32:40; Ezek 16:60-63;
20:37-38; 37:26). Dan 9:24 hatanga urutonde rw’intego esheshatu z’ “ibyumweru mirongo irindwi”:
“Ibyumweru mirongo indwi bitegekewe ubwoko bwawe n’umurwa wera, kugira ngo ibicumuro bicibwe
n’ibyaha bishire, no gukiranirwa gutangirwe impongano haze gukiranuka kw’iteka, ibyerekanywe
n’ibyahanuwe bifatanishwe ikimenyetso, ahera cyane hasigwe amavuta.” Kristo wenyine ni we usohoza
intego esheshatu zo muri izo ntego zose: Zatashywe ku mugaragaro igihe yaza ku isi ubwa mbere kandi
zizizihizwa igihe azagarukira. Mu nshamake, Iain Duguid aravuga: “Icyumweru kigira mirongo indwi
n’uburyo bumwe bw’icyumweru cya “yubile”, aho Uwiteka asubiza ibintu byose mu mwanya wabyo. . .
. Ukuza kwa Yesu mu isi, na cyane-cyane ugupfa kwe n’ukuzuka kwe, umuseke w’icyumweru kigira
icya mirongo indwi wamaze gusohora. Muri Kristo, Impanda ya Yubile yacu yamaze kuvuga, intsinzi
hejuru y’icyaha n’ibicumuro yamaze kuboneka. Ikindi, kubera urupfu rwa Yesu ku musaraba, ibitambo
byo mu Isezerano rya Kera byataye agaciro. Umwana w’Umuntu yatanze ubugingo bwe nk’incungu
kubwa benshi, azana abo Imana yari yarahisemo kubera imibanire mishya myiza n’Umwami (Mariko
10:45).” (Duguid 2008: 171-72)
Kugaruka ku “umudendezo” wa Yubile no gukora umwanzuro ku nsanganyamatsiko ijyanye na wo, Kristo
yabivuzeho atya: “Nuko Umwana n’ababatura, muzaba mubatuwe by’ukuri” (Yoh 8:36).
J. Yesu yasohoje iminsi mikuru ya Purimu na Hamukkah N’ubwo itari mu yigize iminsi mikuru yo mu Mategeko ya Mose, Purimu na Hanukkah yombi n’iminsi
mikuru y’ingenzi mu buzima bw’Abayuda kandi ifite ibisobanuro byo mu buryo bw’umwuka Yesu asohoza.
1. Purimu. Purimu yizihiza intsinzi Abayuda bagize hejuru ya Hamani nyuma y’uko Esiteri yafashe
icyemezo cyo kujya imbere mu bikari by’umwami ahaze ubuzima bwe, atumira Umwami na Hamani ku
munsi mukuru. Aho ni ho yashyiriye ahagaragara umugambi mubi wari wateguriwe Abayuda; ibi
bituma umwami abamba Hamani ku giti, yongera aha Abayuda uruhushya rwo kwirwanaho (Esit 4:1-
9:17). Timothy Keller avuga yuko “Yesu ni we Esiteri w’ukuri kandi ukomeye kuruta uwa mbere, kuko
we atahaze ingoro yo ku isi byonyine, ahubwo yemera guhomba iyo mu ijuru, we utahaze ubuzima bwe
byonyine ahubwo yabutanze—kugira ngo akize ubwoko bwe” (Keller 2015: 78).
2. Hanukkah. Hanukkah yizihiza ugutaha ku mugaragaro urusengero igihe cy’umwivumbagatanyo
w’aba Makabe (Maccabees) kandi wizihizwa kumara iminsi umunani bashingiye (kumbure n’inkuru
y’amateka) yuko, n’ubwo nta mavuta yejejwe ahagije yari ahari yo kwatsa itabaza ryo mu rusengero
kumara umunsi umwe wonyine, habaye igitangaza kuko ayo mavuta yakongeje itabaza kumara iminsi
umunani kugeza ubwo andi mavuta yo kwongeramo yabonetse. Nk’uko byavuzweho haruguru, Yesu ni
we rusengero nyakuri. Ikigeretseho, Rabbi S. M. Lehrman avuga ati, “Ukwizihiza Hanukkah
bidukangurira ku ukumenya umwanya ukomeye amatabaza afite mu gakiza kacu. . . . Mu bihe bya
Mesiya, Uwiteka ni We uzatubera itara rihoraho [Yes 60:19-20]. (Lehrman 1958: 19) Yesu yavuze ati,
“Ndi umucyo w’isi” (Yoh 8:12). Ikindi, ubuhanuzi bwa Yesaya bwakomojweho n’Umwigisha
w’Ibyanditswe Lehrman usohorezwa ku isi nshya n’Imana na Kristo mu buryo bw’umwihariko igihe
cy’isi nshya. Ibyah 21:23 havuga ngo, “Kandi urwo rurembo ntirugomba kuvirwa n’izuba cyangwa
n’ukwezi kuko ubwiza bw’Imana ari bwo buruvira kandi Umwana w’Intama ari We tabaza ryarwo”
(reba na none Ibyah 22:5). Icya nyuma, “umunsi wagenywe w’Umunsi Mukuru wa [Hanukkah]—ku
wa 25 Chislev—usa n’uko wemejwe n’Itorero rya Mbere nk’uhwanye n’umunsi w’ukuvuka
kw’Umwami wacu Nyaguhezagirwa—Noweli—Ugutaha Urusengero nyakuri, ari rwo Mubiri wa Yesu”
(Edersheim 1988:334).
VII. Yesu Yasohoje kandi Yatsimbuye uburyo bwose bw’Ibitambo n’ubw’Ubutambyi
bw’Abisirayeli bo mu IK
Abaheb 8:4-6 havuga mu magambo atomoye yuko abatambyi n’ibitambo n’amaturo yashyizweho
hakurikijwe Amategeko byari “igishushanyo n’igicucu cy’ibyo mu ijuru” bisohorezwa muri Kristo. Abaheb
10:11-12, 14 hongeraho hati, “Kandi umutambyi wese ahagarara iminsi yose akora umurimo we, atamba kenshi
ibitambo bidahinduka bitabasha iteka kugira ubwo bikuraho ibyaha. Ariko wa wundi amaze gutamba igitambo
kimwe cy’iteka cy’ibyaha, yicara i buryo bw’Imana, . . . kuko abezwa bose yabatunganishije rwose igitambo
kimwe kugeza iteka ryose.”
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A. Uburyo Abisirayeli bo mu IK batambaga ibitambo Isirayeli yo mu Isezerano rya Kera yari ifite inzego eshatu z’ibitambo cyangwa amaturo. Byose byaba
birimo gutamba ibikoko keretse ibitambo by’intete n’ibinyobwa (ibi byaherekezaga ibitambo by’uko bari
amahoro n’ibitambo bikongorwa n’umuriro).
1. Ibitambo byo gukuraho icyaha (urugero, bicogoza uburakari bw’Imana).
a. Ibitambo byatambirwaga ibyaha (Abal 4:1-5:13; 6:24-30; 8:14-17; 16:3-22): Guhongerera ibyaha
igihe kwishyura bitashobotse.
b. Igitambo gikuraho urubanza/Kuriganya (Abal 5:14-6:7; 7:1-8; Kub 5:5-10): Iki cyari igitambo
cy’ibyaha cyo mu buryo bwihariye cyo guhongerera ibyaha aho gusubiza ibyibwe uruhande
rwahohotewe (uruhande rwahohoteye rwabwirizwaga gusubiza uruhande rwahohotewe mu mwanya
rwahozemo kera rutarahohoterwa, hakongerwaho 20%).
2. Amaturo y’igihango (n’ukuvuga, gushyira mu mwanya cyangwa se kwatura ukutazahemukira Imana).
a. Igitambo cyakongowe n’umuriro (Abal 1:1-17; 6:8-13; 8:18-21; 16:24): Kwitanga cyangwa se
gutanga inyubako ku Mana cyangwa se kwerekana ubudahemuka ku bindi bitambo.
b. Amaturo y’ifu (Abal 2:1-16; 6:14-23; 7:9-10): Gushima no gushaka Imana ho ubufasha.
c. Amaturo y’ibyokunywa (Abal 23:37; Kub 15:1-10): Cyo kwirubura.
3. Ibitambo ko bari amahoro (bisobanura, gukomeza ubushuti bwihariye n’Imana) (Abal 3:1-17; 7:11-34; 19:5-
8; 22:18-30).
a. Ibitambo byo gushima (Abal 7:12-15; 22:29-30): Gushimira Imana cyangwa se ubusabane n’Imana
cyangwa se kuyishimira umugisha uje utari witezwe.
b. Ibitambo byo guhigura umuhigo (Abal 7:16-18; 22:18-25): Umugisha cyangwa se ukurengerwa
byabonetse igihe umuhigo wakorwaga ushyigikira ugusenga.
c. Ibitambo biva ku umutima ukunze (Abal 7:16-18; 22:18-26): Kugaragaza ugushima kwo mu urwego
rusange hamwe n’urukundo dukunda Imana, hadashingiwe ku migisha runaka yabonetse.
4. Uburyo bwo gutanga ituro nk’uko biri mu Gitabo cy’Abalewi si bwo buryo bwonyine kandi bwuzuye icyaha
cyavanwagaho. Uburyo bwo gutamba bwari bwerekeye cyane-cyane ibyaha umuntu akora mu bujiji,
uburangare, nk’impanuka hamwe n’ibyo kudakora icyo umuntu yasabwaga gukora; muri ibi harimo gukora
imihango uburyo butari bwo hamwe n’icyaha gihanwa n’amategeko byishe uburenganzira ku ubutunzi
bw’umuntu. “Ibyaha byo mu urwego rwo hejuru,” harimo na biriya bijyana n’igihano cy’urupfu, ntibyashobora
guhongerwa hakurikijwe imihango y’ibitambo isanzwe (reba Kub 15:30-31). Be n’ibyo byaha bikozwe mu
ukwigomeka ku Mana n’amategeko yayo, n’Imana Yo ubwayo yabibabariraga hashingiwe ku ubuntu
hakurikijwe ukwizera no kwihana (reba Zaburi 32, 51), cyangwa se bigategereza ukwezwa byakorwa ku Munsi
w’Impangano.
B. Yesu yasohoje uburyo bwose Abisirayeli bo mu IK batambagamo ibitambo 1. Urupfu rwa Yesu ku musaraba rwasohoje n’ibyihishe munsi y’urufatizo rw’ibitambo nk’uko biri mu
Gitabo cy’Abalewi. “Igitekerezo cy’ibanze ku bijyanye n’ibitambo byo mu Isezerano rya Kera ni kirya
cy’ugusimbura, muri iki hakaba hakubiyemo buri kindi kintu cyose—guhongera n’ugucungura, guhana
no kubabarira byatangiwe uruhushya” (Edersheim 1988: 107). Bityo, munsi y’ibitambo by’amaraso
byose hariho gutanga ubuzima bw’inzirakarengane ho igitambo (igikoko cyatanzwe nk’igitambo) kuri
ruriya ruhande rwahamwe n’icyaha. Ibijyanye n’uburyo bw’ikimenyetso cy’ihema ry’ibonaniro,
urusengero n’uburyo bwose bwo gutamba ibitambo “byerekanye uburyo igitambo ari ngombwa,
ugusubiza ibyangijwe, ikimenyetso cy’ubutambyi, n’ukwoza kujyanye n’ugukuraho icyangijwe
n’icyaha” (Poythress 1991: 107). “Ibisobanuro biri muri birya bitabo bitanu bya Mose ku bijyanye
n’ibikoko byatangirwa mu ihema ry’ibonaniro nk’ibitambo byerekeye uburyo bw’uyu muhango.
Ibyanditswe nyuma byagiye gukosora uburyo Isirayeli yananiwe no kwemera mu buryo bwimbitse
icyerekezo cy’ibikōko byabagwaga (Zab. 40:6-8; 50:7-15; 51:16-17), abahanuzi na bo berekezaga ku
Umugaragu uzatsindanishiriza benshi mu ukwikorera icyaha n’intege nke byabo nk’umwagazi w’intama
ucecetse (Yes. 53)” (Johnson 2007: 236). Kristo yasohoje urufatizo ruhagije rw’uburyo bw’ugutamba
kubera ko ni Wenyine wari ufite ubushobozi bwo gukora nk’umusimbura w’ibitambo kubera ko ari we
wenyine utabarwaho icyaha na kimwe (Yes 53:4-12; Luka 23:41, 47; Ibyak 3:14-15; 2 Abakor 5:21;
Abaheb 4:15; 7:26; 1 Pet 2:21-24; 1 Yoh 3:5).
a. Kristo yasohoje igitekerezo cy’ibitambo cyo guhanagura ibyaha: reba Yes 53:4-8, 10; Abar
8:1-4; 2 Abakor 5:18-21; Abaheb 9:11-28; 10:11-12; 13:10-15.
b. Kristo yasohoje ibijyanye n’ibitambo byo kwitanga: reba Mat 26:39; Mariko 14:36; Luka
22:42; Yoh 4:34; 5:17-20, 30; 6:38; 8:28-29; 10:18; 12:49-50; 14:10, 24, 31; 17:1-26.
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97
c. Kristo yasohoje igitekerezo cy’ibitambo by’uko bari amahoro: reba Yoh 14:27; 16:33; Abar
5:1-11; Abakol 2:13-18; Abakol 1:18-20.
Poythress avuga mu nshamake ati: “Kristo yikoreye igihano cy’ibyaha byacu (1 Petero 2:24; Yesaya
53:5). Bityo, ni We gitambo cya nyuma cyo [guhanagura] icyaha. Kristo yari yariyeguriye Imana mu
buryo bwuzuye. Yihanganiye urupfu no kurimbuka kubera icyaha (6:2-7). Nuko rero, ni We gitambo
cya nyuma cyitanze gikongorwa n’umuriro. Mu ukwubaha kwe kwuzuye, Kristo yahaye Imana
icyubahiro n’ishimwe biyikwiriye. Ni We gitambo cy’ifu. Kristo aduha umubiri we ngo tuwurye
(Yohana 6:54-58). Mu kurya ku mubiri we no kunywa ku maraso ye, turonka ubugingo buhoraho, tugira
ubusabane na Data, kandi duhinduka ishusho ya Kristo (2 Abakorinto 3:18). Bityo, ni We gitambo cya
nyuma cy’ubusabane [amahoro].” (Poythress 1991: 49)
2. IR rihuza Pasika, Umunsi w’Ihongerwa n’uburyo bwose bwo gutamba ibitambo, kandi rivuga yuko
urupfu rwa Yesu ku musaraba rwasohoje kandi rwatsimbuye byose hamwe. Mu Abar 3:25 urupfu rwa
Yesu rwasobanuwe nk’ “igitambo gihuza” cyangwa “igitambo cyo guhongera.” Aha n’ijambo rimwe
ry’Ikigiriki (hilastērion) rikoreshwa ku “intebe y’ihongerero” yari iri hejuru y’isandugu y’isezerano
ahera h’ahera (Kuva 25:17 LXX; reba na none Abaheb 9:5 herekeza ku ntebe y’ihongerero nka
hilastērion) kandi yari ihujwe n’Umunsi w’Ihongerero. “Igihe ibi bihujwe n’amagambo ya Paulo avuga
ku ‘maraso’ ya Kristo [reba Abar 3:25; 5:9; 1 Abakor 11:25; Abef 1:7; 2:13; Abakol 1:14, 20]
hamwe n’ibisobanuro atanga kuri Kristo nka We ‘Umwana w’Intama wacu wa Pasika’ (1 Abakor 5:7),
n’ukuri yuko Paulo yabonye igikorwa cya Kristo nk’igihuye na ya minsi mikuru ibiri y’ingenzi ihuye
n’Urusengero: Pasika na Yom Kipur [“Umunsi w’Ihongerero”]. Hashingiwe ku uburyo ugera ku ntego,
Paulo asanga Umusaraba ari isohozwa ry’imihango y’urusenegro—bitavuga yuko ari igikorwa
cy’ukubigereranya byonyine. Urupfu rwa Yesu ruvugwa mu magambo ajyanye n’imihango y’idini,
kandi biragaragara yuko rusimbura icyari kuba cyarabaye umurimo w’Urusengero n’ibitambo byarwo.”
(Walker 1996:123)
C. Yesu yasohoje kandi atsimbura ubutambyi bwose bwo mu IK “Abatambyi bo mu Isezerano rya Kera bakora nk’abahuza hagati y’Imana n’ibiremwa muntu. Kubera
icyaha cy’umuntu, abantu ntibashobora kwegera ubwiza bw’Imana n’ukwera kwayo. Ahubwo, abatambyi
baserukira abantu imbere y’Imana, bakayegera mu izina ryabo. Urugero, ku munsi w’Ihongerero, Aroni yahawe
amabwiriza y’uko mbere ya byose yo kwitambira igitambo cy’ibyaha (Abalewi 16:6, 11). Nyuma agakurikizaho
imihango y’ibijyanye n’ibyaha bya bagenzi be b’Abisirayeli (Abalewi 16:15-16, 19-22). Nyuma umutambyi
ahongerera ibyaha bye nyuma agahongerera ibyaha by’abandi bantu (Abalewi 9:7; 16:24).” (Poythress 1991:
51) Ariko na none, ushingiye ku Abaheburayo 7:1-8:6, ubutambyi bwa Aroni kubera uburyo bwabwo butujuje
ibisabwa, bwagaragaje yuko hakenewe ubundi butambyi bushya kandi bukuru kuruta ubwa mbere, ari bwo
buriya bukurikije itegeko rya Melikizedeki. Ni cyo gituma Abaheb 7:28 havuga hati, “Amategeko ashyiriraho
abanyantege nke kuba ari bo baba abatambyi bakuru, naho ijambo rya ya ndahiro ryaje nyuma y’amategeko,
rishyirahoo Umwana w’Imana watunganijwe rwose kugeza iteka ryose.” Mu gihe Umwana “yatunganijwe
iteka” ubutambyi bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera “bw’intege nke” bwaratsimbuwe iteka ryose. Ikindi, Yesu
“yakomotse kuri Yuda, ari nta cyo Mose yavuze kuri uwo muryango cyerekeye ubutambyi” (Abaheb 7:14).
Hakurikijwe amategeko yo mu IK, Aroni n’Abalewi ni bo bari kuba abatambyi b’Imana kugeza iteka “ryose”
(Kub 18:1-8, 11, 19-23; 1 Ngoma 15:2; 23:13). N’ubwo bimeze bityo, mu gihe cy’Isezerano Rishya Rikuru, ibi
byose byarahindutse. Kristo ni We mutambyi, “mu buryo bwa Melkizedeki atari mu buryo bwa Aroni” (Abaheb
7:11, reba na none 5:6). Abaheb 7:12 havuga yuko, ubwo kuza kwa Yesu kwazananye n’ubutambyi bushya,
“igihe ubutambyi buhindutse, ni ngombwa yuko habaho n’ihinduka ry’amategeko.” Mu nshamake, T. D.
Alexander avuga yuko “ikivugwa aha ngaha ku bijyanye n’ ‘impinduka mu mategeko’ bisobanura yuko
amabwiriza ajyanye n’ubutambyi bw’Abalewi nta gaciro yari agifite mu gihe itorero ryahindutse urusengero
rw’Imana rushya, kandi rw’ukuri” (Alexander 2008: 150; reba haruguru ibijyanye na Kristo n’itorero
nk’urusengero rw’ukuri kandi rushya rw’Imana).
Mu gitambo cya Kristo n’igikorwa yakoze harimo “itegeko rya mbere ryakuweho ku bw’intege nke
zaryo n’umumaro muke waryo” [bisobanura ubutambyi bw’Abalewi] na “byari iby’ibanze by’ibyiringiro
biyaruta, biduhesha kwegera Imana” (Abaheb 7:18-19). Icy’uko Kristo yitwa “umutambyi” n’ “umutambyi
mukuru” (Abaheb 2:17; 3:1; 4:14-15; 7:11, 15-17, 24, 26, 28; 8:1-2; 9:11) bisobanura yuko uburyo bwose
bwo gutamba ibitambo n’ubwo gukora umurimo w’ubutambyi byo mu IK byaratsimbuwe kubera yuko,
hashingiwe ku Mategeko yo mu IK, Yesu ntiyari yemerewe kuba umutambyi na gato mu gihe atakomoka kuri
Aroni cyangwa se ku muryango wa Lewi ahubwo akaba yakomokaga ku muryango wa Yuda (Abaheb 8:4; reba
Mat 1:2-3; Luka 3:33-34). Mu mwanya w’ubutambyi bwose bwakoraga nk’abahuza hagati y’Imana n’abantu,
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ubu hari “Imana imwe, n’umuhuza umwe hagati y’Imana n’abantu, uwo na we n’umuntu, ni Kristo Yesu” (1
Tim 2:5). Bitandukanye n’ubutambyi bwo mu gihe cyo mu IK bwagarukiraga ku bakomoka ku muryango wa
Lewi (Kub 18:1-24; Yer 33:19-22), mu maso y’Imana, kubera Kristo yitanze nk’igitambo, abamwizera bose
bakaba abatambyi mu maso y’Imana (1 Pet 2:5, 9; Ibyah 1:6; 5:10).
D. Abaheburayo bashyiraho ikinyuranyo hagati y’uburyo Abisirayeli batambamo ibitambo n’umurimo
w’ubutambyi wa Kristo 1. Ibitambo byo mu IK nta ho bihuriye na Kristo. Umwanditsi [w’Abaheburayo] anenga imihango
y’ubutambyi bw’Abisirayeli nk’ifite umumaro muri bike (7:11, 18-19; 10:4), kandi iguma isubirwamo
igihe cyose (7:23; 10:1), s’iyo mu buryo buhoraho (8:13; 9:9-10), yandujwe n’icyaha cy’abatambyi
babitambaga (5:3; 7:27; 9:3). . . . Urwandiko rw’Abaheburayo runenga uburyo ibitambo byatambwaga
kera kubera kugaragaza uburyo ubutambyi bwabanje kubaho buvuga ingingo nkuru-nkuru zigize uburyo
igitambo ‘cyiza kuruta icya mbere’ (9:23) kubera ko ‘giha imbaraga’ isezerano rikuru ‘ryiza kuruta’ irya
mbere (7:22) rishingiye ku ‘masezerano meza kuruta aya mbere’ (8:26) yakozwe na Kristo umutambyi
uruta aba mbere (7:1, 15, 26-27).” (Nelson 2003: 251)
2. Ikinyuranyo mu Abaheburayo ntigihagararira ku Munsi w’Ihongerero gusa uza rimwe mu umwaka,
ahubwo kizanamo n’uburyo bwose bw’ibitambo n’ubutambyi bya Isirayeli. “Amaraso yamijagirwa na
yo n’ishusho mu mihango y’ubutambyi, iyo ni yo Mose yakoresheje mu guha imbaraga isezerano riri
mu Kuva 24:3-8. Amaraso Mose yamijagiye ku bantu no ku gicaniro yahuje Imana na Isirayeli mu
buryo bw’isezerano. Igisa n’iki, Yesu yahuje isezerano rishya binyuze mu rupfu rwe n’amaraso
yamijagiwe (9:15; 12:24). Abahebrayo 9: 18-22 bivuga mu magambo arambuye icyo ibyanditswe
bivuga kuri Mose—Mose amijagira amaraso ku gitabo cy’amategeko, ihema ry’ibonaniro n’ibikoresho
byaryo—akomatanyiriza hamwe imihango n’ibindi bintu byo mu buryo butandukanye biva mu
muhango w’iriza y’igaju (Kub 19:9, 18, 20) kugera ku gatambaro k’umuhemba (Abal 14:2-6). Ubu
buryo bwo gusobanura buvuga yuko igikorwa cy’ubutambyi cya Yesu kirangiza kandi kiri hejuru
y’uburyo bwa kera bwo gutambira Imana bwose.” (Nelson 2003: 256-57)
3. Abaheb 13:10-14 herekana yuko gukomeza kuramya hakurikijwe uburyo bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera
mu Rusengero rwo mu buryo bugaragara no kuramya Yesu bigenda bihezanya. “Yesu yari yaratashye
ku mugaragaro uburyo bushya bw’Urusengero (rimenyekanishwa n’ijambo ‘igicaniro’) bwahagarariye
mu budasa bugaragara ku uburyo bw’Urusengero buhujwe n’ ‘ihema’. Ubwo buryo bwombi bwagenda
buhezanya: ibyari mu uburyo bwa mbere byarahejwe muri ubu buryo bushya (‘bariya bayobora
imihango mu ihema nta burenganzira bari bafite bwo kugira icyo baharira’: v.10); bisobanura yuko
bariya bizeye Yesu muri ubu buryo bushya na bo bibona nk’abahezwa muri burya buryo bwa mbere
(‘nuko dusohoke, tumusange inyuma y’urugo’: v.13). . . . Ibi na byo bituma habaho ubundi buryo
bushya bw’igihushane. Urupfu rwa Yesu rwaza rwararangiye kuba ‘inyuma y’irembo’: (v. 12), aho
kuba inyuma y’ ‘Ahera’ (ibitambo by’ibikoko) (v.11). Byabaye ngombwa ko habaho amahitamo—haba
kujya kuri Yesu ‘inyuma y’urugo’ (v.13) cyangwa se kuguma, nk’uko byari bisanzwe, imbere mu
murwa bakaguma bahanze amaso ku Urusengero. Gukoresha imvugo ishingiye ku ‘karere umuntu
aherereyemo’ byari ukuyoboka umusozi w’Urusengero cyangwa se ‘kuyoboka ikiri mu bitekerezo
byawe’? Itandukaniro hagati y’ibyo bintu bibiri ryaragaragaraga. Uburyo bushya bwo kwegera Imana
bwashyizwe ahagaragara; habwirizwa gukorwa amahitamo.” (Walker 1996: 206-07)
4. Iherezo n’ukunoza Ihongerero rya Kristo—n’inzira yo gukuraho mu buryo buhoraho uburyo bwo
gutamba ibitambo n’ubutambyi byo mu Isezerano rya Kera—bugaragarira mu cy’uko “yicaye i buryo
bw’Imana” mu hera h’ahera h’ukuri ho mu ijuru (Abaheb 1:3; 10:12, 14, reba na none Zab 110:1;
Mariko 16:19; Luka 22:69; Abar 8:34; Abef 1:20-21; Abakol 3:1; 1 Pet 3:21-22). “Kubera yuko
igikorwa cy’ubutambyi cyarimo guhagarara imbere y’Imana cyangwa se ku gicaniro (10:11; Guteg
10:8; 18:7), igikorwa gitandukanye n’icya mbere cy’ukwicara hasi kivuga irangiza ry’igikorwa
cy’ubutambyi cya Kristo (10:12). Na none, ukwimikwa kwe i buryo bw’Imana bimuha umwanya mwiza
wo kwegera no guhora yingingira abantu.”
5. Igitambo cya Kristo ku musaraba, kuzuka kwe no kuzamuka mu ijuru kwe, biri hejuru y’ibyo
abatambyi bose n’ibitambo bya Isirayeli byose, harimo n’umutambyi mukuru ku Munsi w’Ihongerero
bashobora gutekereza kugeraho.
a. Uburyo bwa kera bwo gutamba bwasabaga ibitambo byinshi n’abatambyi benshi (Abaheb
7:23; 9:25; 10:1, 11). Abatambyi ba kera babarwaga ku mubare munini “kubera yuko urupfu
rwababuzaga gukomeza uwo murimo” (Abaheb 7:23). “Na ho uwo, kuko ahoraho iteka ryose,
afite ubutambyi budakuka” (Abaheb 7:24), kandi yabwirizwaga gushyiraho buri gihe igitambo
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
99
kimwe gusa ku bantu bose (Abaheb 7:24, 27; 9:12, 25-28; 10:10-14).
b. Uburyo bwa kera bw’ubutambyi ntibwashoboye guhindura abantu imbere muri bo cyangwa
se kubahindura intungane. Kubera igitambo cye, Kristo ni we ukora ibyo (Abaheb 7:11; 9:9-
10; 10:1-2, 14-16).
c. Umunsi wa kera w’Ihongerero wakoraga nk’ “icyibutsa” ibyaha buri mwaka. Kubera
igitambo cya Kristo, Imana Data “ntazibuka ukundi ibyaha byabo n’ibikorwa byabo
bidashingiye ku mategeko” (Abaheb 10:3, 16-18).
d. Kristo yakoze icyo nta mutambyi n’umwe yashoboye gukora. Yazamutse mu ijuru ubwaryo,
aho akomeza kwingingira ubwoko bwa Data imbere ye (Abaheb 7:24-25) ntabikora
nk’umutambyi byonyine ahubwo abikora nk’umutambyi mukuru (Abaheb 4:14-15; 7:26; 8:1-
2).
e. Kubera urupfu rwe, ukuzuka kwe no kuzamuka kwe mu ijuru, Kristo aha ubushobozi buri
mwizera gukora icyo abatambyi bo mu Isezerano rya Kera bakoraga. Mu Isezerano rya Kera,
abatambyi ni bo bonyine bari bafite uburenganzira bwo kwinjira ahera h’Urusengero. Yesu
yahaye ubwo bubasha abantu be bose binyuze mu “icyizere cyo kwinjira ahera kubera amaraso
ya Yesu” ibihe byose (Abaheb 10:19-22; 4:16).
VIII. Yesu yasohoje kandi Yasimbuye Amategeko yo mu IK Abaheb 10:1-2 havuga yuko Amategeko yari “igicucu cy’ibyiza byari kuza atari ibintu byo mu buryo
bw’ukuri” (reba na none Abar 13:8-10). Itandukaniro hagati y’Amategeko ya Mose n’ubutware bukomeye bwa
Kristo rigaragarira muri Yoh 1:17: “kuko amategeko yatanzwe na Mose, ariko ubuntu n’ukuri byo byazanywe
na Yesu Kristo.” Mu buryo bwo gusobanukirwa neza ibijyanye n’ihinduka ry’ibihe bijyanye n’ukuza kwa Yesu,
icy’ingenzi muri ibi n’ihuriro riri hagati ya Yesu ubwe, inyigisho ze ku bijyanye n’ihuriro hagati y’ubwami
atangaza n’amategeko yo mu Isezerano rya Kera (Torah). Igihe Yesu yiyereka abantu, yatumye ababayeho igihe
cye bakora amahitamo: “Ukwubaha Imana y’Abisirayeli bisobanura iki ku Umuyuda w’Umunyapalestina arimo
yumva ukwamamaza yuko ubwami bwari butegerejwe uhereye kera kwose bwahageze? Abariho icyo gihe cya
Yesu buzuye umwete bavuze bati: Torah (Ibitabo bitanu bya Mose by’amategeko) itanga igipimo cy’ukwubaha
Imana y’Abisirayeli n’isezerano rikuru ryayo. Yesu yavuze ati: Icy’ingenzi kirimo kinkurikirana.” (Wright
1996: 381) Ikibazo gisa n’icyo—uburyo dusobanukirwa ingaruka y’Isezerano Rishya ku Isezerano rya Kera—
biracyatugiraho ingaruka uyu munsi.
A. Amategeko yo mu IK yari kimwe mu bice bigize Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose (rya Kera) Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose n’Amategeko ye (harimo n’Isabato) yashyizweho kugira ngo Abisirayeli
bayagendereho igihe bazaba bageze mu gihugu cyabo. Nuko rero, imigisha n’imivumo yari ibohewe hamwe mu
buryo bugaragara ishingiye ku uburyo Isirayeli izubaha cyangwa se izigomeka ku Mategeko ya Mose (reba
Abalewi 26; Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 4; 6-9; 11; 27-29). N’ubwo Amategeko ubwayo yari ayera, yo mu ubryo
bw’umwuka kandi meza (Abar 7:12, 14, 16), ntiyateguwe mu buryo yashoboraga gutanga ubugingo (Abagal
3:21). Ntiyashobora gutsindanishiriza abantu (Abar 3:21; Abagal 3:11). Ntiyari urufatiro ku ugukiranuka
(Abagal 3:21). Iyaba Amategeko yari kuba ashobora kuba uburyo bwo kugera ku ubugingo, ntibyari bikenewe
yuko Kristo aza (reba Abagal 3:11-13, 19-24; 4:4-5). Amategeko ya Mose yashyizweho kubera icyaha
cy’abantu (Abagal 3:19). Yashyize ahagaragara uburyo abantu ari abanyabyaha (Abar 3:19-20; 7:7-12).
Icyongeyeho n’uko gukora ibyaha byiyongereye (Abar 4:15; 5:13-14, 20; 7:5; 1 Abakor 15:56). Yafungiye
abantu munsi y’icyaha (Abar 7:6, 23; 8:2-3; Abagal 3:23; 5:1; Abakol 2:14). Yazanye urupfu, atuma abantu
bahamwa n’imyifatire yabo irangwa n’icyaha (Abar 7:5, 9-11; 2 Abakor 3:7-9). Yagaragaje yuko ari
“imitwaro ba sogokuruza batashoboye kwikorera, ndetse natwe ni uko” (Ibyak 15:10).
B. Amategeko yo mu IK yari afite igihe yagenewe Amategeko yo mu IK yari yateguriwe kugira umurimo w’umwanya muto wo gutegura abantu kwakira
Kristo (Abagal 3:15-4:31; reba na none Abarom 7:24-25). Amategeko yagaragarije abantu yuko, nimba bifuza
kugira imibanire myiza n’Imana, ntibyari bikwiye gushingira ku ukwubaha Amategako (mu gihe batashoboye
gukurikiza Amategeko mu buryo bwuzuye) ahubwo byari bikwiye kunyura mu yindi nzira (n’ukuvuga binyuze
muri Yesu Kristo washoboye kwubahiriza Amategeko mu buryo butunganye hamwe no mu ubuntu bw’Imana
Yo yanditse ubukiranutsi bwuzuye ku ruhande rwa Kristo kuri bariya bahujwe na We binyuze mu ukwizera).
Nuko rero, Amategeko yateguriye abantu kwakira Kristo.
Hashingiwe ku Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu, Amategeko yo mu IK yari ay’igihe cyagenywe
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
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n’ukuvuga kugeza ku ukuza kwa Kristo.47 Mu Abagal 3:1-19 Paulo avuga ku ihuriro riri hagati y’Isezerano
Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu, Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Mose n’Amategeko, na Kristo. Paulo avuga yuko atari
ibikorwa by’Amategeko byatsindishirije Aburahamu ahubwo yuko yatsindishirijwe n’ukwizera (Abagal 3:6,
akoresha amagambo yo muri Itang 15:6). Ikindi, Isezerano Rikuru n’amasezerano arikubiyemo Imana yahaye
Aburahamu byakozwe imyaka magana ane na mirongo itatu (430) mbere yuko Mose ahabwa Amategeko,
bivuga yuko “ridakuraho isezerano rikuru ryarangije gushyirwaho n’Imana cyangwa se ngo rifute isezerano
ririkubiyemo” (Abagal 3:17). Amategeko yongeweho “kubera ibyaha” (Abagal 3:19a). Amategeko yo mu IK
yakoze nk’ “umushorera” (umurezi) (Abagal 3:24-25; 4:2) hejuru y’ “abana bato” (Abagal 4:1-3) kugeza ubwo
bageze ku gihe cyo gukora nk’abana b’abaragwa bizanywe na Kristo (Abagal 3:26; 4:4-7). Umushorera
(Ikigiriki = paidagōgos) “yari imbata yo mu rugo yari ifite umurimo wo kugenzura ibikorwa by’abana mu
muryango runaka uhereye mu ubwana ukageza mu gihe cy’ubugimbi… Kubera ibyo, ubuzima bw’umwana
muto ugendera munsi y’ubugenzuzi bw’umushorera (paidagōgos) bwarakurikiranwaga neza cyane. Nta
mudendezo na muke uwo mwana yari afite. Ishusho y’iki gitekerezo muri iyi mirongo yerekeza ku murimo
umwe gusa w’Amategeko. Uwo murimo n’uw’umucungagereza ushyiraho amategeko, ugacungera ubuzima
bw’ubwoko bw’Imana kumara igihe cyose bazaba bakiri abana mu buryo bw’umwuka. Kimwe n’amahame
y’ibanze agenga isi [Abagal 4:3, 9], Amategeko atanga amabwiriza y’ibikorwa bya buri munsi kugeza aho igihe
cy’ubwana kizaba kirangiye. Yashyiriweho kuba ay’igihe cyagenywe hashingiwe ku ihame ry’icyaha rikora
umurimo usa n’uwo ‘kugenzura’ abantu bagendera munsi yacyo, bashyira ahagaragara ubushake bw’Imana
nk’urufatizo ku itegeko rishingiye ku isezerano rikuru. Iby’ukwizera Kristu bimaze kuza, umurimo
w’Amategeko nk’umuzamu n’umucungagereza wahise uhagarara. Umwuka ahinduka ihame riyoborera umuntu
imbere muri we.” (Belleville 1986: 59, 60, 70)48 Abagal 3:23 na 3:25 hagaragaza itandukaniro: “Mbere y’uko
ukwizera kuza, twari muri gereza munsi y’amategeko,” ariko “Ubu ukwizera kwamaze kuza, ntitukiri munsi
y’umushorera.” Ukwo “kwizera” kubonerwa muri Kristo Yesu (3:24).
C. Amategeko yo mu IK yari Ishusho Amategeko ya Mose yari afite intego zo gukora nk’amashusho yerekezaga kuri Kristo n’Itorero kandi
zisohorera muri Kristo n’Itorero. Ingero zimwe na zimwe z’ibi n’amategeko ajyanye n’ibiribwa, ayajyanye
n’uguhumanura, amategeko ajyanye n’ibyo kuzirika ibikoko n’ukubifunga iminwa, hamwe n’amategeko
mpanabyaha.
1. Amategeko ajyanye n’Ibiribwa. Nyuma y’Umwuzure, Imana yabariye Nowa yuko abantu bashobora
kurya ibikoko by’ubwoko bwose, ata kurobanura (Itang 9:3-4). Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Mose
ryazananye ibyo kubuza kurya ibikōko bimwe na bimwe “bihumanye” (Abal 11:1-23, 41-47; Guteg
14:1-21). Ibi bivuga yuko amategeko yakora nk’ikimenyetso. Poythress aravuga ati, “Mu Isezerano rya
Kera, amahame agenga ukwera n’ukwitandukanya yasobanuwe mu gihe gito mu urwego rw’ishusho,
rwo mu buryo bufatika igihe hashyirwaho itandukaniro hagati y’ibiribwa byejejwe n’ibitejejwe. Iryo
tandukaniro ryo mu buryo bw’ikimenyetso ryari rihwanye n’igihe agakiza, nk’ikintu cyibumbiye
hamwe, kavuzwe mu buryo bw’ikimenyetso n’igicucu. Agakiza ntikari bwahagere mu ishusho yako ya
nyuma kandi idasubirwaho, n’ukuvuga, Kristo Ubwe n’igitambo cye ku musaraba.” (Poythress 1991:
85-86)
Kubera yuko ayo mategeko yari ikimenyetso—“ikigereranyo” n’ “igicucu” cyerekeza kuri
Kristo n’iby’ukuri byo mu ijuru (Abaheb 10:1-2)—byasohojwe igihe ukuri byerekezagaho kwaje
ahagaragara. Icy’uko amategeko agenga ibiribwa cyari ikimenyetso cy’umutima cyangwa se uburyo
umuntu ahagaze imbere muri we cyasobanuwe neza na Kristo muri Mariko 7:14-23 aho avuga yuko
icyinjira mu muntu (urugero ibiribwa bimwe na bimwe) atari cyo kimuhumanya, ahubwo yuko
ahumanywa n’ikiva mu mutima we. Icy’uko amategeko agenga ibiribwa cyari ikimenyetso cy’abantu
cyasobanuwe neza mu iyerekwa Imana yahaye Petero mu Ibyak 10:9-20. Inshuro eshatu, Petero
yabonye umwenda w’umukomahasi cyuzuyeho inyamaswa “zihumanye”, ariko Imana iramubwira iti,
“baga uzirye”. Ariko Petero we yumva yuko ari izo nyamaswa zirimo zivugwaho, ariko Imana
47
Mu buryo busobanutse, n’ubwo amasezerano makuru Imana yahaye Nowa (Itang 9:16, Yes 24:5), Aburahamu (Itang
17:7, 19; Zab 105:10; 1 Ngoma 16:17), Dawidi (2 Sam 23:5; 2 Ngoma 13:5), n’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya (Yes 55:3;
61:8; Yer 32:40; 50:5; Ezek 16:60; 37:26), yose yitwa amasezerano “ahoraho”, isezerano rikuru ryahawe Mose ryo
ntiryigera ryitwa “irihoraho” cyangwa se “iridakuka.” 48
Mu ikoreshwa rya “tu-twa” muri 4:3, Paulo yarimo yishyira mu mubare w’Abakristu b’Abagalatiya, kandi yavuga yuko
Amategeko ya Mose yari kimwe cyagira abantu imbāta. Abagalatiya b’imbere y’Ubukristu, bari Abapagani,
Abanyamahanga bari “barabaswe no gusenga ibigirwamana bya gipagani, kimwe n’uko Abayuda bari barabaswe
n’Amategeko,” kandi abo bombi bari bakeneye agakiza (Burke 2006: 86-87).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
101
iramubarira iti, “ibyo Imana ihumanuye, wibyita ibizira” (Ibyak 10:15). Nyuma Petero aza
gusobanukirwa yuko Imana yarimo ivuga yuko kiremwa muntu, ubwoko yaba akomokamo bwose, bose
“bejejwe” ku urwego rumwe (Ibyak 10:28, 34-35; 11:1-18; 15:7-9). Icya nyuma, ishusho y’amategeko
agenga ibiribwa byo mu Isezerano rya Kera yasohoreye muri iki yuko aba Kristo bose basangiriye
hamwe ku biribwa nyabyo, bitanga ubugingo: umubiri n’amaraso bya Kristo ubwe (Yoh 6:51-58).
Nuko rero, muri Kristo, ni mo ibimenyetso byose byasohoreye. Noneho, ubwo Kristo yamaze kuza,
agasohoza Amategeko, kubwira umuntu ngo ntakarye ku biribwa bimwe na bimwe kubera yuko
“bihumanye n’uburyo bumwe bwo kuva mu ukwizera kuko Imana ari Yo yaremye ibiribwa byose
“kugira ngo abizera bakamenya ukuri, babirye bashima: 4 Kuko ibyo Imana yaremye byose ari byiza,
ntiharimo icyo gutabwa iyo cyakiranywe ishimwe; 5 kuko cyezwa n’ijambo ry’Imana no gusenga.” (1
Tim 4:3-5)
2. Amategeko agenga imihango yo kweza icyahumanye. Abisirayeli ntibakoraga ku ntumbi z’abantu
(Kub 19:11-22) cyangwa se ku ntumbi z’inyamaswa zimwe na zimwe (Abal 11:24-40) kuko bahita
“bahumana” kumara igihe kandi babwirizwa gukora imihango yo kwezwa. Ukwo kuziririza gushingiye
ku icy’uko ‘mwebwe [Abisirayeli muri ubwoko bwerejwe Uwiteka Imana yanyu’ (Gutegeka kwa Kabiri
14:21). Isi yaranduye kubera umuvumo n’uguhumana gukomoka ku ukugwa. Amahanga na yo afite
uruhare muri uku guhumana kubera uburyo bajya bakora ku bikoko bihumanye. Ariko ukwo guhumana
ubwakwo si icyaha. Ahubwo n’ishusho y’icyaha. Kuvavanura n’uguhumana na byo bigendana
n’ishusho y’ukwera. Isirayeli yonyine ni yo isabwa kwubahiriza umuhango wihariye w’ukweza, kuko
ari ubwoko bwera.” (Poythress 1991: 84-85) Ikindi, uku gutandukanya icyera n’ikitera byerekanaga
imbaraga z’icyaha zari zihari: igihumanye cyanduza icyera, kandi icyera ntigishobora kuboneza
igihumanye (Hag 2:10-14).
Kristo ni we sohozwa w’ishusho amategeko agenga uguhumanura yerekezagaho kubera yuko
ari we kinyabuzima gitunganye kandi cyera rwose hejuru y’ibindi byose byigeze kubaho; kandi
yanesheje icyaha n’urupfu (reba Mariko 1:24; Luka 4:34; Ibyak 3:14; 4:27, 30; Abar 5:19; 6:6; 1
Abakor 15:21-22; 1 Pet 3:18; 1 Yoh 2:20). Nuko rero, ubushobozi bwo kunesha bwa Kristo
bubirindura ihame ry’amategeko agenga ibijyanye no guhumanura. Igihe Yesu yakoraga ku umubembe,
ntiyahumanye, ahubwo umubembe ni we wahumanutse (Mat 8:1-4; Mariko 1:40-44; Luka 5:12-14).
Mu gitambo cye ku musaraba, ni ho Yesu yereje abifatanya na we bose binyuze mu ukwizera (Abaheb
10:10). Iri “hame ryo kubirindura” ni na ryo rikoreshwa mu nzira zifatika mu buzima bwacu: N’ubwo
Abisirayeli bo mu Isezerno rya Kera bashatse abatizera basabwaga gutandukana n’abagore babo
b’abapagani (Ezra 9:1-10:14), nta tegeko rihata Abakristo gutandukana n’abagore babo batizera (1
Abakor 7:10-13). Ahubwo, abo bagore batizera n’abana bakomoka muri urwo rushako bahita babarwa
mu “bejejwe” kubera iryo huriro ryabo n’Umukristu (1 Abakor 7:14).49
3. Amategeko agenga kuboha no gufunga akanwa k’ibikoko. Guteg 22:10 havuga, “Ntuzahingishe
icyuma gikururwa n’inka n’indogobe zifatanije hamwe” (reba na none Abal 19:19; Guteg 22:9, 11 ku
bijyanye n’ubundi buryo bwo gufatanya bubujijwe). Paulo akoresha iki gitekerezo ku bantu muri 1 na 2
Abakorinto: “Ntukifatanye n’uwitwa mwene Data nimba ari umusambanyi” (1 Abakor 5:11); ushake
“uri mu Umwami wenyine” (1 Abakor 7:39); Ntimukifatanye [bisobanura ‘ibidahwanye’] n’abatizera”
(2 Abakor 6:14). Igisa n’ibi, Guteg 25:4 havuga ngo, “Ntugahambire umunwa w’inka ihonyōra.” Mu
1 Abakor 9:9-10, Paulo asubiramo iri tegeko asobanura atya ati,“Mbese inka ni zo Imana yitaho gusa?
Cyangwa se yabivuze ku ubwacu? Yee, s’ugushidikanya, byanditswe ku ubwacu.” Yongera kandi
gusubiramo iri tegeko kandi muri 1 Tim 5:17-18 nk’impamvu ituma itorero ryari rikwiriye guhemba
umupasitori waryo. James Jordan yanzura avuga ati, “Mu yandi magambo, amategeko agenga
inyamaswa yose yita ku ubugingo bw’umuntu. . . . Ikintu kimwe kiragaragara: Intego ya mbere
y’amategeko agenga inyamaswa mu Mategeko ya Mose n’urwego rwerekeza ku kimenyetso no ku
umuntu.” (Jordan 1988: 98)
4. Amategeko asobanura icyaha cyo kwica umuntu. Nimba umuntu yishe mugenzi we mu buryo
bw’impanuka, yahungiraga mu mudugudgu w’ubuhungiro kugira ngo yihishe umuryango w’uwapfuye
batamwica mu buryo bw’ukwihorera (reba Kub 35:1-34; Guteg 19:1-10). Uwo muntu yagumaga muri
49
Igitekerezo cya Paulo muri 1 Abakor 7:14 kivuga yuko ugushakana n’utizera byabaye mbere y’uko uwo utizera
ahinduka Umukristu, ariko noneho ni ngombwa yuko abizera bo bashaka “mu Umwami” (1 Abakor 7:39). Bityo, mu 2
Abakor 6:15-17, Paul arabaza ati, “uwizera n’utizera bafitanye umugabane ki?” asubiramo amagambo yo muri Yes 52:11
(“Ntimukore ku kintu cyose gihumanye”) ashimangira yuko ihame ry’ukwitandukanya n’icyaha nk’uko byari ku mutima
w’amategeko yo mu Isezerano rya Kera ku bijyanye n’isuku’ rigikora n’ubu ku Bakristu mu bijyanye n’urushako hamwe
n’indi mibanire.
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102
uwo mudugudu w’ubuhungiro kugeza ubwo umutambyi mukuru apfa (Kub 35: 25-27). Impamvu y’uku
gufungwa; n’ubwo umuntu yaba yishwe nta kugambira kurimo, amaraso y’umuntu “yanduza igihugu”
(Kub 35:32-34; reba na none Itang 4:10-11 [“ijwi ry’amaraso ya murumunawe [Abel] rirantakira mu
butaka”]). “Igihe Yesu Kristo yapfaga, yapfuye nk’Umutambyi w’Abatambyi Mukuru [Abaheb 2:17;
4:14-5:10; 7:1-8:6; 10:11-22]. Yapfuye rimwe rizima, kugira ngo amaraso ye ahongere amaraso
yamenywe ku butaka. . . . Ahantu hamwe gusa hahumanijwe ubutagisubirwaho mu haremwe n’Imana ni
gihenomu, kandi muri gihenomu Uhorera Amaraso ahora amena umujinya w’iteka ryose kuri ho bariya
banze guhungira kuri Yesu Kristo, we Mudugudu w’Ubuhungiro wacu (Heb. 6:18).” (Jordan 1984: 101-
102).
5. Amategeko avuga ku gihano cy’urupfu. Imana ntishobora gutura ahantu ibona icyaha (reba Yes 59:1-
2; Habak 1:13). Icyo itegeko ryasabaga n’uko abakoze icyaha cy’ubusambanyi bicwa, kimwe
n’abasemgaga ibigirwamana, n’ibindi; mu uburyo bwo kugaragaza ukwera kw’Imana n’urwego
rw’ukwera isaba ku ubwoko bwayo, urug. “Mube abera nk’uko na njye ndi Uwera” (Abal 11:44-45;
19:2; 20:26). IR riha agaciro iryo hame ry’ukwera n’ugutungana ariko rikaryerekeza ku itorero, iri na
ryo rikerekana yuko Amategeko yo mu IK yatsimbuwe igihe ukuri kw’icyo yerekezagaho cyasohoraga:
“Abalewi 20:11 havuga itegeko yuko Abisirayeli bica uwo muntu wese ufashwe asambana n’umugore
wa se. Intumwa Paulo, igihe yarimo avuga ku bisa n’ibyo muri 1 Abakor 5:1-13, aha itorero amabwiriza
yuko be n’uwo muntu afatirwa icyemezo cyo kwirukanwa mu rusengero, atari ukwicwa mu buryo
bw’umubiri. Uku kwirukanwa kw’umunyabyaha wanze kwihana n’igihano kibabaza kandi gikomeye,
mu gihe ibi byasobanuraga yuko ari ‘guha uwo muntu Satani.’ Na none kwirukanwa mu rusengero
byerekeza ku gitekerezo yuko uwo munyabyaha yazagera aho yoroshya umutima we wari warinangiye
kubera ukwo gushyirwa ku murongo kwe byakozwe n’itorero, hagamijwe yuko byashoboka yuko
‘umutima we uzakira ku munsi w’Umwami Yesu’ (v.5). Mu kurangiza igitekerezo cye akoresha undi
murongo wo mu Mategeko ya Mose wavugaga ibihano byateganyijwe ku byaha by’ubusambanyi (‘uko
abe ari ko mukura ikibi hagati muri mwe.’ Guteg 22:22, 24), Paulo ahuza itorero ari ryo sohozwa rya
Isirayeli n’uguhanwa kwo mu buryo bw’umwuka, kugira ngo itorero ririnde ugutungana kwaryo
nk’isohozwa ry’ibihano biteganywa n’amategeko yari yagenewe kurinda ukwera kwa Isirayeli kwo mu
urwego rusange. Mu bitabo bya Mose, amagambo ngo, ‘Mukure ikibi hagati muri mwe,’ akoreshwa mu
ukwica Abisirayeli basengaga ibigirwamana (Guteg 17:7), umutangabuhamya w’ibinyoma (19:19),
abana batumvira ababyeyi babo kandi b’abagome (21:18-21), n’abandi bose bazahamywa ibyhaba
by’ubusambanyi byo mu buryo butandukanye. Muri buri kimwe muri ibi, kuba ibihano bifatwa ari ibyo
mu urwego rwo hejuru cyane si uburyo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko nk’uko bisanzwe bikorwa
no mu bindi bihugu muri rusange, ahubwo bwari uburyo bwo kurinda ukwera n’ugutungana kwa
Isirayeli nk’ubwoko bufitanye isezerano n’Imana. Inzira itorero rikoresha mu uguhana nk’uko
byasobanuwe na Yesu (Mat. 18:15-20) n’intumwa ze (1 Abakor. 5:1-13; 1 Tim. 5:20-25; etc.) n’uburyo
Imana ikoresha mu uguhamagarira abantu bayo bo mu gihe cy’isezerano rikuru rishya kugira ngo
barinde ugutungana kwabo.” (Johnson 2007: 281-82)
D. Amategeko yo mu IK yari ubuhanuzi Muri Luka 16:16 (“Amategeko n’Abahanuzi byabayeho kugeza igihe cya Yohana: Uhereye icyo gihe ni
ho ubutumwa bwiza bw’Ubwami bw’Imana bwigishirijwe”) Yesu yatangaje impinduka ikomeye mu Mategeko
yo mu IK (reba na none Mat 11:13 havuga yuko Amategeko yari afite umurimo w’ubuhanuzi warangiriye kuri
Yohana Umubatiza). Yesu yarimo avuga yuko “igihe cyagenywe cy’uko abantu bahuzwa n’Imana binyuze mu
magambo ahwanye na cyo [urug., amagambo y’IK] cyarangiriye kuri Yohana . . . IK ryose ririmo rirebwa
nk’igice cya mbere ‘kiduha gusobanukirwa neza amateka ajyanye n’ ‘isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi’” (Moo 1984:23).
Kubera Amategeko ya Mose (n’IK muri rusange) yari afite umurimo w’ubuhanuzi werekezaga kuri Yesu
n’inyigisho ze, yuko igitanga ubutumwa bw’ubuhanuzi kubera imiterere yacyo n’icy’igihe gito kandi gifatwa
kikanagendera munsi y’ububasha bw’isohozwa ry’ubwo buhanuzi” (Carson 1984:146).
E. Yesu yazanywe no gusohoza Amategeko Yesu yavuze ati, “Mwitekereza yuko naje gukuraho amategeko cyangwa se ibyahanuwe. Sinaje
kubikuraho, ahubwo naje kubisohoza. Kandi ndababwira ukuri yuko ijuru n’isi kugeza aho bizashirira,
amategeko atazavaho inyuguti imwe cyangwa se agace kayo gato, kugeza aho byose bizarangirira” (Mat 5:17-
18).
1. “Amategeko cyangwa se Abahanuzi” bihwanye n’IK ryose. “Yesu yashyizemo umuhate mu
kwerekana ihuriro riri hagati y’inyigisho ze n’ahantu ziboneka mu mateka y’ugucungurwa; akabihuza
n’Ibyanditswe byo mu Isezerano rya Kera. Kuko iyi ari yo nsobanuro y’amagambo, “Amategeko
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103
cyangwa se Abahanuzi’: Ibyanditswe. Iri jambo ‘cyangwa se’ rirabyerekana neza yuko ata na kimwe
muri ibi kibwirizwa gukurwaho. Abayuda bo mu gihe cya Yesu bemeza yuko ‘Amategeko
n’Abahanuzi’ ari byo bigize Ibyanditswe (7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Luka 16:16; Yoh 1:45; Ibyak 13:15;
28:23; Abar 3:21); ‘Amategeko. . . , Abahanuzi, na Zaburi (Luka 24:44); cyangwa se ‘Amategeko’ gusa
(5:18; Yoh 10:34; 12:34; 15:25; 1 Abakor 14:21); icyo gihe Bibiliya ntiyari bwagashyirwe mu bice
byayo nk’uko biri ubu.” (Carson 1984: 142)
2. Yesu yavukiye munsi y’Amategeko kandi arayubahiriza mu buryo bwuzuye. Yesu “yavutse
atwarwa n’amategeko” (Abagal 4:4). Yagendeye mu bisabwa byose byo mu Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera
no mu Mategeko (reba Yes 53:9; Luka 23:40-41; Yoh 8:46; Abaheb 4:15). Mu rukiko, Yesu
ntiyigeze ashinjwa kwica amategeko (reba Mat 26:57-68; Mariko 14:53-65; Luka 22:66-71; Yoh
18:19-24).
3. IK ryerekeza kuri Kristo kandi “ryarabisohoje” (Mat 5:17). Ijambo “gusohoza”mu Kigiriki (Ikigiriki
= plēroō) mu bisanzwe risobanura “Kuganisha ku nsobanuro byagenewe” (Poythress 1991: 368). Mu
Butumwa Bwiza bwa Matayo, bijyanye na 5:17, uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha plēroō “buhwanye
n’isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi mu bugingo n’umuhate wa Kristo” (Meier 1976: 80). Igihe Yesu yavugaga
yuko yazanywe no “gusohoza” Amategeko, yarimo avuga yuko Amategeko n’Abahanuzi byerekezaga
kuri We. Amategeko ubwayo ntiyari yuzuye, ariko yerekezaga ku nyigisho ze. We n’inyigisho ze bujuje
kandi basohoje icyo byari bigamije, byerekezagaho, kandi byatangije. Igikorwa cya Yesu ku musaraba
cyagejeje ku iherezo y’intego n’imiterere iboha y’amategeko yo mu IK (ya Mose). Amategeko yo mu
IK yamamazaga imitegekere y’Imana mu buryo byibura butatu: “Ubwa mbere, Imana itangaza kandi
ishyiraho itegeko, umurongo w’ubuzima, ubukiranutsi, n’inzira inoze. Amatageko avuga neza uburyo
ubuzima bubwirizwa kumera munsi y’ubuyobozi bw’Imana, itandukaniro n’amategeko akwiye
gukomezwa. Icya kabiri, avuga kamere y’Imana kandi agafungurira Isirayeli ku ukwegera hafi y’Imana
nka Yo ivuga. Uburyo Imana yavuganaga na Isirayeli bwagaragaramo ubwiru bwo mu buryo bwihariye
hagati yayo na Isirayeli, kuruta uburyo yavuganaga n’andi mahanga (reba Zaburi 147:19-20). Icya
gatatu, Amategeko yasobanuraga uburyo ibihano n’iteka rizacibwa ku batubaha Imana, n’ingororano ku
bayubaha. . . . Kristo yagejeje izo mpande eshatu z’imitegekere y’Imana ku isohozwa nk’uko twarangije
kubibona. Yashyize ahagaragara umurongo w’ubuzima Imana igenderamo binyuze mu rugero rwe, mu
magambo ye, n’inyigisho z’Intumwa yohereje ubwe. Yafunguye na none inzira igana ku ihuriro
n’ubusabane n’Imana bwo ku giti cy’umuntu byo mu buryo bwimbitse igihe aduhishurira kamere
y’Imana. ‘Ni We kurabagirana kw’ubwiza bwayo n’ishusho ya kamere yayo’ (Abaheburayo 1:3).
Yatanze na none igitambo cya nyuma cy’ibyaha igihe yapfiraga ku musaraba, bityo akaba yarasohoje
amategeko y’igihano cyagenewe ukutubaha. . . . Bityo Yesu Kristo yubashye Amategeko mu buryo
bwuzuye, arayambara mu buryo bwuzuye, yongera na none aba urugero rutunganye kuri yo. . . .
Amategeko ya Mose n’ishusho n’igicucu cy’ugutungana kwuzuye n’ugukiranuka kwa Kristo, ah’uko
Kristo ari We waba ishusho y’Amategeko.” (Poythress 1991: 78-80, 92-93) Reba na none Abar 10:4
(“Kristo ni We herezo [Intego] y’amategeko ku ugukiranuka kuri buri wese wizera”).
4. “Byose byarangiriye” (Mat 5:18) ku musaraba no ku ukuzuka. Urupfu rwa Yesu n’ukuzuka kwe
n’ihuriro ry’ibihe bya mbere n’iby’ubu. Muri Mat 5:18 cyane-cyane kuri 18d [“Kugeza aho byose
bizarangirira”] hasobanura imvugo y’ibizaba ibihe bya nyuma bya 18b [“kugeza ubwo isi n’ijuru
bizashirira”] mu magambo y’uburyo ubuhanuzi bwose buzasohorera muri Kristo (bikarangirira mu
rupfu n’ukuzuka kwe). Mu nshamake, 18d havuga yuko 18b bisohora igihe cy’ugupfa-kuzuka kwa
Yesu, ibi na byo n’isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi bwo mu IK; umurongo wa 18b havuga yuko 18d havuga
ibizasohora mu bihe bishya. Izi nteruro zombi zifitanye ihuriro ryo mu buryo busubizanya.” (Meier
1976: 64-65) Bityo, amagambo ya nyuma Yesu yavugiye ku musaraba mbere y’uko apfa yari
“Birarangiye!” (Yoh 19:30).
5. Mu rupfu rwe n’ukuzuka kwe, Yesu yagiye hejuru y’Amategeko yo mu IK, aranayatsimbura. “Yesu
yapfuye urupfu rwo ku musaraba, bityo, hakurikijwe amategeko, yari yabaye ikivume imbere y’Imana
[reba Guteg 21:23, nk’uko byongeye kuvugwa mu Abagal 3:13]. Ariko, inararibonye iri mu
uguhinduka kwa Paulo byatumye Imana yerekana Yesu nk’umukiranutsi aho kwitwa ikivume, igihe
yamuzura imukuye mu bapfuye. Bityo, Yesu (cyangwa se, mu buryo busobanutse kurushiriza, igikorwa
Imana yakoze inyuze muri Yesu) yagiye hejuru y’Amategeko yo yamuhamya nk’ikivume, nyuma none
akaba arimo akora mu bundi buryo; ubu none ni Yesu, aho kuba Amategeko cyangwa se isezerano
rikuru ryahawe Mose, kuko ubwo buryo ari bwo bwahindutse inzira y’igikorwa cy’Imana cyo gukiza
Abanyamahanga n’Abayuda.” (DeLacey 1982: 161)
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104
F. Yesu yashimangiye kandi yerekanye ubutware bwe hejuru y’Amategeko yose yo mu IK 1. Yesu yavuze yuko ari We “Mwami w’Isabato” (Mat 12:6; Mariko 2:28; Luka 6:5). Abafarisayo
bavuze yuko abigishwa ba Yesu bakoze icyaha cyo kwica Isabato kubera ko bafashe ku mitwe y’ingano
ku munsi w’Isabato. Yesu asubiza ati, “nta cyaha abigishwa bafite kuko [We] nk’Umwana w’Umuntu
ari we Mwami w’Isabato” (Carson 1982: 67). Avuga ibyo, Yesu yarimo ashimangira “uburyo ari hejuru
y’Isabato, n’ububasha afite bwo gukuraho cyangwa se guhindura Amategeko agenga Isabato” (Moo
1984: 17). Muri Yoh 5:17-18 yemeje abantu na none yuko areshya n’Imana igihe yakizaga umuntu ku
munsi w’Isabato, akamubarira ati, “fata inderuzo yawe ugende,” bityo akaba yari yishe amategeko
agenga Isabato. Bityo, ibyo Yesu yavuga yuko ari “Umwami w’Isabato” bijyanye n’ingeso ze ahubwo
bigira n’ingaruka ku ngeso z’abandi (n’ukuvuga, yakoze ibyemewe n’amategeko kubwira umuntu ngo
yikorere inderuzo ye igihe ibyo byari bibujijwe). Kubera yuko itegeko ry’Isabato ryari rimwe mu
Mategeko Icumi, “ubutware bwa Yesu nka We usohoza amategeko buri no hejuru y’ayo Mategeko
Icumi” (Moo 1984: 29).
2. Yesu yigishije ku ubutware bwe bwigenga, butagendera munsi y’amategeko avugwa ku munwa,
cyangwa se imigenzo, cyangwa se Amategeko yanditse yo mu Isezerano rya Kera (Mat 7:28-29; 13:54;
Mariko 1:21-22; Luka 4:31-32; Yoh 7:46). Amagambo ye ngo, “Mwumvise abakera bavuga ngo . . .
ariko jyeho ndababwira” (Mat 5:21-22, 27-28, 31-32, 33-34, 38-39, 43-44), ntiyasobanura amategeko
yo mu Isezerano rya Kera byonyine, cyangwa se ngo yerekane “insobanuro nyayo y’Amatageko,”
cyangwa se ngo abe arimo ayashimangira, cyangwa se ayakomeza. Ahubwo, “ijambo ngo,
‘Ndababwira’ ashimangira ububasha bwo mu urwego rwo hejuru y’isubirwamo ry’amategeko yo mu
IK” (Moo 1988:205). Nuko rero, “ibyo Yesu ubwe asaba bigera hejuru y’ubusobanuro busanzwe y’ibi
byanditswe akoresha; kandi ibyinshi mu byo asaba nta ho bibona ibibishyigikira mu IK” (Ibid). Yongera
kwemeza ububasha bwe kubera ibimenyetso byo mu buryo bw’ibitangaza yakoze (Matt 9:2-8; Mariko
2:1-12; Luke 5:18-26).
3. Yesu yishe kandi ashinja “amategeko-mvugo.” Abayuda bizera yuko “amategeko-mvugo” (Halakah)
yatangiwe ku Musozi Sinayi kimwe n’Amategeko yo mu buryo bwanditswe (Torah). Amategeko-
mvugo yari yemewe nk’afite ubutware, n’ubwo ubwo butware butanganaga n’ubw’amategeko yo mu
buryo bwanditswe (Carson 1982: 76; Moo 1984: 18). Ubuzima bwa Yesu bwerekanye itandukaniro ryo
mu buryo busesuye hagati y’amategeko yo mu buryo bwanditse n’amategeko-mvugo. “Nta rugero
rutagirwaho impaka rw’ingingo yo mu Mategeko yo mu buryo bwanditse yaba yanyuze ku ruhande”
(Carson 1982: 79). Ku rundi ruhande, “Muri rusange, Yesu ahakana Halakah mu buryo buhamye, ata
mpuhwe na nke cyangwa se ugushidikanya, na cyane-cyane igihe bijya impaka n’ uburyo bwe bwite
akoresha Isezerano rya Kera, cyangwa se mu nyigisho ze ku Ubwami” (Ibid.: 1976). Mu ngero z’uburyo
Yesu arwanya, cyangwa se yica itegeko ryo mu buryo bwanditse harimo: “Corban” (amafaranga
agenewe Urusengero) (Mat 15:5-12; Mariko 7:9-13); ugukiza abarwayi kandi bitihutirwaga yakoraga
ku munsi w’Isabato (Mat 12:9-14; Luka 13:10-17; Yoh 5:1-17); kurisha intoke zidakarabye (Mat
15:1-3; Mariko 7:1-9).
G. Yesu yabayeho agendera munsi y’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera ariko akaba ari We wari Intumwa
y’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya N’ubwo Yesu ubwe yabayeho ayoborwa n’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera, inyigisho ze zemeranyaga
n’umutima w’Amategeko ya Mose kandi zikarangiriza mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya.
1. Ubuzima n’inyigisho bya Yesu byabayeho mu bihe by’amateka ya Isirayeli yo mu IK ariko
byerekezaga na none ku bihe by’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya. “Mu murimo we wo mu ruhame, Yesu
yirinze kurenga urugabano rw’ihame ry’igihugu n’ubwoko bwa Isirayeli, n’ubwo harimo ubuhanuzi
bumwe na bumwe bwavugaga ibyari gusohora nyuma yo gupfa-kuzuka. Ibihe n’ibi, n’uko mu murimo
we wo mu ruhame, Yesu yatangaje neza yuko yubaha cyane Amategeko ya Mose. . . . Nyuma y’urupfu
rwe no kuzuka kwe, Umwami Yesu yahise akuraho ibijyanye no kugarukiriza umurimo we ku mbibe
z’igihugu cye n’ubwoko bwe. Nuko rero, igihe yategekaga abigishwa be kujyana ubutumwa mu
mahamga yose no guhindura abantu abigishwa be, no kubabatiza byakuragaho ububasha bw’itegeko ryo
gukebwa no gukurikiza Amategeko ya Mose nk’uko byarangaga kera umurimo we wo mu ruhame. Ibi
bishobora gusobanuka neza. Nta bundi buryo umurimo ugarukira ku ubutaka n’ubwoko bya Isirayeli
byonyine wari gukoreka keretse habayeho kwubaha Amategeko ya Mose, kimwe n’uko umurimo
ugejejwe no ku Abanyamahanga, nta buryo wari gushoboka—tubaye dushyize no ku ruhande ikijyanye
n’imiterere yawo—hatabayeho gushyira ku ruhande icyo kijyanye n’ugukebwa.” (Meier 1976:29-30)
2. Yesu yigishije amahame ahwanye n’umutima w’Amategeko ya Mose. Muri Mariko 7:14-23 Yesu
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105
yashimangiye ihame: “Nta kinjira mu muntu kivuye inyuma ngo kimuhumanye [ahubwo] ibiva mu
muntu ni byo bimuhumanya”) ibi byari “byerekeye ku ugukuraho ibice byinshi by’amategeko ya
Pentateke (Ibitabo bitanu bya Mose) (Moo 1984: 28). Mu buryo bwo gushimangira iryo hame, Yesu
“yatangaje yuko ibyo kurya byose bihumanuwe” (Mariko 7:19; reba na none Ibyak 10:9-16; Abar
14:1-17; [“ubwami bw’Imana ntibushingiye ku byo kurya n’ibyo kunywa”] 1 Abakor 8:1-9:4; 10:23-
30; Abakol 2:16-17 [“Nuko rero, ntihakagire ubacira urubanza ku byo murya cyangwa se ibyo
munywa”]; 1 Tim 4:3-5). Bityo, aba abirinduye ibigize amategeko yo mu IK yagengaga ibyo kurya.
Ikindi, icyaganiriweho kuruta ibindi mu Nama Nkuru y’Itorero yabereye i Yerusalemu
(Ibyakozwe 15) cyari icyo kwemeranya nimba abizera Kristo bashya bategekwa gukebwa no kubaha
Amategeko ya Mose (Ibyak 15:1-2, 5-6). Inama yanzura ivuga yuko ugukebwa no kuboherwa ku
Mategeko ya Mose bitari ngombwa (Ibyak 15:7-11, 19-20, 28-29). Iki ni cyo kibazo Paulo avugaho mu
Abagal 5:1-6. Mu gihe itorero rikurikije amategeko ya Yesu muri Mat 28:19, “rigiye kujya rikoresha
umubatizo kuruta ugukebwa nk’umuhango w’ibanze kuri aba bakomeza idini ari bo bizera bashya, bityo
mu by’ukuri ntawashobora kuvuga yuko . . . hagati ya Kristo n’ . . . Itorero utegeka kwubahiriza
Amategko ya Mose . . . mu bihe by’inyuma y’ ukuzuka. Ushingiye ku bitekerezo bishingiye ku idini
ry’Ikiyuda, ukwubaha amategeko ya Mose na cyane-cyane ku bishingiye ku ugukebwa byari
bihabanye.” (Meier 1976: 29)
Kristo yavuze ati, “Amategeko ntazavaho inyuguti imwe cyangwa agace kayo gato, kugeza aho
byose bizarangirira” (Mat 5:18). Ibyo kurya n’ugukebwa ntibyari ibibazo bito ahubwo byari ku
mutima w’Amategeko kandi ni byo byagaragazaga Umuyuda nyakuri (reba Abal 20:26 [Isirayeli yari
ikeneye kwitandukanya n’andi mahanga]; Abal 11:44-47; Guteg 14:21 (itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibyo
kurya bihumanye n’ibidahumanye byari ikimenyetso cy’ukwera); Itang 17:9-14 [ugukebwa cyari
ikimenyetso cy’Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Aburahamu]; Abal 12:3 [ugukebwa cyari ikintu cya
ngombwa ku Bayuda bose b’igitsina gabo]; Yos 5:2-9 [ugukebwa byari iby’ingenzi kuri Isirayeli kugira
ngo yinjire mu gihugu cy’isezerano]). Kuba bitakiri itegeko gukurikiza amategeko agenga ibyo kurya
cyangwa se ugukebwa byatumye itorero rimenya yuko, mu buzima bwe no mu rupfu rwe ku musaraba,
Kristo “yari yasohoje ibyo byose” Amategeko yari yaratwikiriye. Bityo rero, iyo umuntu yizeye
ubutumwa bwa Kristo bisobanura yuko atakigendera munsi y’Amategeko ya Mose.
3. Inyigisho za Yesu ku bijyanye n’amategeko byatsimbuye urwandiko rw’Amategeko ya Mose. “Ku
musozi wa Kaluvari, Kristo yakira kandi yuzuza amahame ajyanye n’Amategeko ya Mose”
(Goldsworthy 2000: 96). Ariko kubera yuko Kristo yuzuza cyangwa se asohoza amahame akubiye mu
Amategeko yo mu Isezerano rya Kera, ntiyasize urwandiko rw’amategeko yo mu IK mu umwimerere
warwo wa mbere. “Yesu yahinduye mu buryo bwumvikana kandi burangwamo ubutware [ubutane Mat
5:31-32], yongeraho [ukunde umwanzi wawe hejuru yo gukunda mugenzawe, Mat 5:43-44],
amenyekanisha [indahiro, Mat 5:33-37; lex talions (“ijisho ku rindi”), Mat 5: 38-42], cyangwa se
akoresha insobanuro yo mu buryo bwimbitse [mu ukwica habamo urwango Mat 5:21-22; mu
ugusambana habamo ukwifuza, Mat 5:27-28], hamwe n’ibice bitandukanye by’Isezerano rya Kera. . . .
Inyigisho zirangwamo ubutware zari ziteze kuvuga impinduka zidashobora gusohora keretse nyuma
y’Ukuzuka.” (Carson 1982: 79)
H. Abakristo ntibabohewe munsi y’Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose cyangwa se n’itegeko iryo ari ryo ryose ryo
mu Mategeko yo mu IK ahubwo bagendera munsi y’ “Itegeko rya Kristo” 1. Kristo ari hejuru y’Amategeko yo mu Isezerano rya Kera cyangwa se Amategeko yo mu Isezerano
aracyafite imbaraga. Yesu yavuze ati, “Amategeko atazavaho inyuguti imwe cyangwa se agace kayo
gato, kugeza aho byose bizarangirira” (Mat 5:18). Igihe yavuga ibyo, “Yesu ntiyarimo avuga yuko
Amategeko akomeza kuboha iteka ryose abizera bo mu bihe by’Isezerano Rishya. Iyo biba bimeze
bityo, uyu munsi Abakristu bobaye bagisabwa kwubahiriza amategeko agenga ibitambo n’imihango
kimwe n’ariya agenga imyifatire, kandi ibyo byakwica bimwe mu bice by’Isezerano Rishya” (Hays
2001: 29). Mu yandi magambo, Abakristo ntibashobora “gutoranya no guhitamo” amategeko yo mu IK
agikoreshwa muri iki gihe n’andi atagikoreshwa; Amategeko yose afatwa kimwe. Bityo, hamwe no
kubihuza n’ugukebwa, Paulo yavuze yuko, kugira ngo umuntu asubire inyuma, yishyire munsi y’igice
kimwe cy’Amategeko yo mu Isezerano rya Kera, ibi byasobanura yuko yishize munsi y’ubutware
bw’Amategeko yose: “Ubwo Kristo yatubaturiye kuba ab’umudendezo, nuko muhagarare mushikamye,
mutacyongera kubohwa n’ububata. Dore jyewe Paulo, ndababwira yuko nimukebwa, Kristo atazagira
icyo abamarira. Kandi ndabwira umuntu wese ukebwa, ko azaba afite umwenda wo kurangiza
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
106
ibyategetswe n’amategeko byose. Mwebwe abashaka gutsindishirizwa n’amategeko, mutandukanijwe na
Kristo kuko mwaguye, muretse ubuntu bw’Imana.” (Abagal 5:1-4)
2. Ingaruka z’impinduka z’ibihe by’ugucungurwa (n’ukuvuga uhereye igihe cy’Isezerano Rikuru rya
Kera ukageza igihe cy’ukuza kwa Kristo) n’uko nta tegeko rya Mose rikora ku bizera. Kubera yuko
Yesu yavuze ati, “amategeko atazavaho inyuguti imwe cyangwa se agace kayo gato, kugeza aho byose
bizarangirira” (Mat 5:18), igihe itegeko ryaba rikuweho, andi mategeko yose yo mu IK yahita ajyana
na ryo. Bityo, igihe atangaza yuko “ibyo kurya byose byejejwe” (Mariko 7:19), Imana yabariye Petero
“Ibyo Imana ihumanuwe, wibyita ibizira” (Ibyak 10:15), ibi byasobanuraga yuko byose byari
byarangije gusohora: Amategeko yose yo mu IK yari yasohoye kandi yuko atagikoreshwa ku Bakristu.
Na none, itegeko rya kera ryo gukebwa—ryo ryari umutima w’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera—ryakuweho
(1 Abakor 7:18-19; Abagal 5:1-2, 11-12; 6:13-15; Abafil 3:2-3). Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera ryose
“ryarashajishijwe” (reba Abaheb 8:13). Abef 2:13-14 havuga hati, “Amategeko y’iby’imihango”
yashyiraho itandukaniro hagati y’Abayuda n’Abanyamahanga “akuyeho urusika”, rwakuriweho muri
Kristo. Abakol 2:13-14 havuga hati, “igahanagura urwandiko rw’imihango rwaturegaga, ikarukuzaho
kurubamba ku musaraba.” Abaheb 7:11-12 havuga yuko ukuza kwa Kristo kwazananye n’ubutambyi
bushya, kandi, “Nuko rero, ubwo ubutambyi bwahindutse, ni cyo gituma n’amategeko na yo akwiriye
guhinduka.” Abagal 3:13 havuga hati, “Kristo yaducunguriye kugira ngo tuve mu muvumo
w’amategeko.” Abaheb 10:9 hongeraho hati, “Akuriraho ibya mbere [Isezerano Rikuru rya Mose, rya
Kera] , gukomeza ibya kabiri [Isezerano Rikuru Rishya],” Abar 6:14 havuga hati, “Ibyaha
ntibibategeke kuko mudatwarwa n’Amategeko, ahubwo mutwarwa n’ubuntu.” Icyo Paulo ashingiraho
n’uko, “ubuzima bw’umukristu mu mudendezo mushya ku ubushobozi bw’icyaha, kubera ko
atagitwarwa n’iyo ntwaro aho Amategeko ya Mose akomeza ubushobozi bw’icyaha. . . . Kutagendera
munsi y’amategeko birimo kutagendera munsi y’amabwiriza y’Amategeko ya Mose.” (Moo 1988: 212)
Mu Abar 7:1-6, Paulo avuga yuko “Amategeko atwara umuntu gusa akiriho” (7:1). Ariko na none,
“mwapfuye ku mategeko kubw’umubiri wa Kristo” (7:4). Ariko noneho, “ntitugitwarwa n’amategeko
kuko twapfuye ku mategeko yari atuboshye; ni cyo gituma turi imbata mu bubata bushya bw’Umwuka,
butari bwabundi bwa kera bw’inyuguti” (7:6). Ikivugwa mu Abagal 4:21-31 n’uko, nk’isezerano gusa,
“Isezerano Rikuru ryahawe Mose, nk’iserano rikuru, rikora ku Bayuda gusa (‘Yerusalemu ya none,’
4:25); ibishya Imana irimo ikoresha nk’ukuresha Abayuda n’Abanyamahanga, byamaze kugera hejuru
y’ibyo.” (DeLacey 1982: 163).
3. Yesu ni we musobanuzi nyakuri w’IK, ni na We sōko y’inyigisho zirangwa n’ubutware. Igihe Yesu
yavugaga yuko atazanywe no “gukuraho ahubwo ko yazanywe no gusohoza Amategeko cyangwa se
Abahanuzi” (urugero, IK) (Mat 5:17), yarimo avuga yuko “ubutware nyabwo kandi burama bw’IK
bubwirizwa gusobanurwa mu ndorerwamo y’umuntu n’inyigisho za wa wundi ryari ryerekejeho kandi
akaba ari na we ubisohoza” (Carson 1984: 144). Nuko rero, icyo Yesu ari kuri Mose gisa n’icyo
ikinyugunyugu kiri ku kinyabwoya. . . . Mose aronkera ubukure muri Kristo, nyuma akagera ku gikuriro
cyuzuye. Amategeko ya Mose aracyafite umumaro, igihe atugejejweho n’ibiganza by’Umwami Yesu.
Uyu munsi Abakristu baracyasabwa gusoma Mose, kandi ku nyungu nyinshi, ariko igihe bamusoma,
basabwa kwambara indorerwamo z’Abakristu zabo. (Wells and Zaspel 2002: 157) Mu yandi magambo,
Amategeko n’Abahanuzi b’IK “agendera munsi y’uzasohoza Amategeko n’abahanuzi, Yesu ari we na
Mesiya. Mu magambo ye no mu bikorwa bye, Yesu ni We cyitegererezo cy’imyitwarire ku
Bakristu….Umwana w’Imana ni We wenyine ushobora kwigisha mu buryo bwuzuye abana b’abahungu
icyo gukora ubushake bwa Data wo mu ijuru bisobanura (gereranya na [Mat] 5:43-48 na 11: 25-30). Ku
Mukristu, umuntu wa Yesu, ari We Imana-iri kumwe-natwe, afata umwanya wa Torah (Ibitabo bitanu
bya Mose by’Amategeko) ni na We mutima w’ubuzima bw’Abakristu (gereranya na [Mat] 18:20,
ihujwe na 1:23 na 28:20).” (Meier 1976: 88)
4. Aho kugendera munsi y’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera, ubu noneho Abakristu bagendera munsi
y’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya—“Itegeko rya Kristu” (Luka 22:20; 1 Abakor 11:25; 2 Abakor 3:6;
Abaheb 8:8-13; 9:15). “Igihe abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya bahuye n’ibibazo bijyanye n’imyitwarire
mu matorero atandukanye bandikiraga, byari kuba byaraboroheye kwifashisha ya Mategeko Cumi. Ibi
nta byo bakoze. Reka dufate ibi nk’igikorwa cy’icyubahiro n’intsinzi: Urufatizo rw’Isezerano Rishya ku
byemezo bijyanye n’imyitwarire ntirukiri Mose ku musozi Sinayi ahubwo ni Yesu i Kaluvariyo. . . .
Igihe dukemura ibijyanye n’imyitwarire, n’ukuvuga ibijyanye no gufata ibyemezo byose (byaba
ibishingiye ku myitwarire cyangwa se ibindi), ikibazo twari dukwiriye kwibaza ni, “N’iki kijyanye na
Bibiliya muri iki cyakozwe cyangwa se muri iyi myifatire?’” (Goldsworthy 2000: 96) “Itegeko rya
Kristo” s’inyigisho za Yesu gusa ahubwo harimo na rirya tegeko ry’abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya (reba
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107
urugero Yoh 14:24-26; 16:12-15; 17:8, 18-20; 1 Abakor 14:37; Abagal 1:11-12; Abef 2:20; 1 Abates
2:13; 2 Abates 2:15; 3:6, 14; Abaheb 2:3; Ibyah 1:11). Itegeko rya Kristo ririmo “amahame yo mu
urwego rusange n’ibisabwa mu magambo arambuye—hejuru y’ibyo, igisabwa cy’urukundo na cyo
kirimo” (Moo 1984:30). Yesu wenyine ni we uzana “ubugingo” (Yoh 3:36; 4:14; 5:24; 6:40, 68:
10:10; 11:25; 14:6; 20:31). Yavuze yuko ni “twaguma” cyangwa se “tugakomereza mu” ijambo rye,
“tuzamenya ukuri kandi ukuri kuzatubatura” (Yoh 8:31-32). Amagambo ye aduhindura “ahereye
imbere agana inyuma” akaduha ishusho ya Kristo Ubwe (reba Abar 8:29; 12:2). Amategeko yo mu
Isezerano rya Kera ntabwo yigeze akora ibyo Yesu n’Itegeko rya Kristo bashobora gukora (reba na none
Ibyak 15:10-11). N’ubwo amategeko yo mu Isezerano rya Kera yatsimbuwe na Kristo, ashobora na
none gukoreshwa ariko mu buryo bw’ishusho. Urugero, muri 2 Abakor 6:14-17 Paulo yifashisha
itegeko ribuza abantu gukora ku bihumanya mu buryo bwo gukanguria abantu kwitandukanya n’icyo
cyose kijyanye n’icyaha. Uru n’urugero rw’ibyo Wells na Zaspel bavuze haruguru: “Abakristu uyu
munsi baracyasabwa gusoma Mose, ariko bamusoma, basabwa kwambara indorerwamo zabo
z’Abakristu” (Wells na Zaspel 2002: 157).
IX. Yesu yasohoje kandi Yasimbuye Isabato yo mu IK
Mu Abakol 2:13-15, Paulo avuga yuko, ku musaraba, ni ho Kristo yakuriye umwenda wacu w’icyaha,
atugirana bazima na We. Mu Abakol 2:16-17, yanzura avuga ati, “Ntihakagire ubacira urubanza ku bw’ibyo
murya cyangwa se ibyo munywa, cyangwa ku by’iminsi mikuru, cyangwa se ku bwo kuziririza imboneko
z’ukwezi kuziririza imboneko z’ukwezi, cyangwa amasabato, kuko ibyo ari igicucu cy’ibizaba, na ho umubiri
wabyo ufitwe na Kristo” (reba na none Abagal 4:9-11).
A. Yesu yashimangiye kandi yerekana ubutware bwe hejuru y’Isabato Yesu yavuze yuko ari We “Mwami w’Isabato” (Mat 12:6; Mariko 2:28; Luka 6:5). Abafarisayo
bashinje abigishwa ba Yesu icyaha cyo kwica Isabato kubera yuko bafashe ku mpeke z’ingano ku Isabato. Yesu
yasubije avuga yuko nta cyaha abigishwa be bakoze kubera yuko, [We] nk’Umwana w’umuntu, ari we Mwami
w’Isabato” (Carson 1982:67). Avuga ibi, Yesu yashimangiraga “ubutware bwe hejuru y’Isabato, bityo, aravuga
na nnone ku ubutware afite bwo gukuraho cyangwa se guhindura amategeko agenga Isabato” (Moo 1984: 17).
Na none, yavuze yuko areshya n’Imana muri Yoh 5:17-18 igihe yakizaga umuntu ku Isabato, akamubwira ati,
“Ikorere uburiri bwawe ugende,” muri ibi akaba yarishe amabwiriza agenga Isabato. Bityo, icy’uko Yesu avuga
yuko ari we “Mwami w’Isabato”, hejuru y’uko bishingiye ku myitwarire ye bwite, Yesu yasubije yuko “nta
cyaha abigishwa be babarwaho kuko binagira icyo bihindura ku myitwarire y’abandi (bisobanura yuko, kuba
yabwiye wa muntu yakizaga kwikorera uburiri bwe ku munsi w’isabato kandi bitemewe n’amategeko, Yesu we
yabihaye ububasha bw’itegeko). Icy’uko avuga yuko ari We Mwami w’Isabato “hejuru yuko ari ukwiyemera
kwo mu urwego rwo hejuru yuko ari we Mesiya, ahubwo bibyara n’ibyiringiro by’uko bishoboka ko habaho
impinduka yo mu bihe byari gukurikiraho cyangwa se hakabaho gutanga ibisobanuro bishya ku bijyanye
n’Isabato” (Carson 1982: 66).
B. IR rihindura Insobanuro y’Isabato “Urwandiko rw’itegeko rya kane [Kuva 20:8-11; Guteg 5:12-15] bivuga neza umunsi wa karindwi,
atari ihame rishingiye kuri ‘rimwe-mu-ndwi’” (Moo 1984: 48n.204). Isabato ifitanye isano na (reba Kuva
16:22-30; 31:12-17; Neh 9:13-14). Cyari ikimenyetso cy’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera (Kuva 31:16-17).
1. Yesu yuzuza impamvu zibiri z’Isabato yo mu IK. Itegeko rya Kane (ku bijyanye n’Isabato) ryari rifite
impamvu ebyiri: Imana ifata ikiruhuko nyuma yo gukora umurimo wo kurema (Kuva 20:11) no
gusohoka bava muri Egiputa (Guteg 5:15). N’ubwo bitagaragara neza uburyo ukuva bidafatwa
nk’urufatizo kw’Isabato, ibi bigaragara neza igihe umuntu yamenya yuko intego y’ukuva kwari
ukubohora Isirayeli babakura mu bubata bwo muri Egiputa; ariko ikirenze ibyo—ukuva byari ukugera
ku musozo wabyo igihe Isirayeli yashyirwaga mu gihugu cyayo aho yari kubona uburuhukiro hejuru
y’abanzi bayo bose (Guteg 12: 9-10; 25:19; Yos 11:23; Zab 106: 7-12). Ibikorwa byo gukiza Yesu
yakoze ku Isabato byagaragaza isohozwa ry’Isabato. Urugero, igikorwa yakoze cyo gukiza umugore
muri Luka 13:10-17, “Yesu ahabwa ishusho nk’uhindura insanganyamatsiko y’Isabato ayigaragaza
nk’umwanya wo gufata akaruhuko nyuma yo gukora umurimo, agereranya Isabato n’ikiruhuko nyuma
y’imibabaro, nk’ugucungurwa nyuma y’ubucakara. Yesu yarimo avuga yuko, uburyo Isirayeli ifite
inyota yo kubona—umunsi w’Isabato ukomeye aho bazabona uburyo abanzi babo bose bazakozwa
isoni, Isirayeli na yo ikazishimira ukwo kubohorwa n’Imana—uwo munsi warimo usohorera muri We.
Ni yo mpamvu uwo mugore atari akwiye gukira, ariko noneho ubwo bibaye, kandi bikaba ku munsi
w’Isabato, na byo ni neza kandi ni byiza. Icyavugwaga n’uko Isabato wari umunsi udasanzwe hejuru
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108
y’indi yose, kubera yuko kuri uwo munsi habaho kwibuka igihe bavanwaga mu bunyage, mu bucakara
no ku murimo.” (Wright 1996: 394)
2. Abaheb 3:7-4:11 huzuza icyari kibuze ku nsobanuro y’Isabato hakayinganisha n’uburuhukiro
tubona mu gakiza kacu. Igitabo cy’Abaheburayo gihishura yuko umunsi w’Isabato yo mu IK wari
ikigereranyo cyangwa igicucu cy’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya, urug., Isabato y’uburuhukiro nyakuri yacu.”
N’ubwo ukwizihiza nyakwo kw’uburuhukiro bwacu bikiri ibintu by’ejo hazaza (Abaheb 4:11), Abaheb
4:3, 10 havuga yuko bariya bizera Kristo “binjira muri ubwo buruhukiro” cyangwa se “bamaze
kwinjira mu buruhukiro bwe” nk’uko natwe, kubera kwizera, “twamaze kugera ku musozi Siyoni no ku
ururembo rw’Imana ihoraho, ari rwo Yerusalemu yo mu ijuru” (Abaheb 12:22). Mu yandi magambo:
“Uburuhukiro bw’Imana bwinjirwamo kubera ukwizera (4:3). Nuko rero, kubera ukwizera kwabo,
ubwoko bw’Imana bwo mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya bukora inshingano yabo y’ukwubahiriza Isabato,
nk’uko umwanditsi [n’ukuvuga umwanditsi w’Urwandiko rw’Abaheburayo], abivuga. . . . Bahagarika
kwikorera ubwabo, kugira ngo Imana ibone uburyo ikorera muri bo (gereranya na 13:21). . . . Nuko
rero, Isabato nyakuri, yazananye na Kristo s’uburuhukiro nk’uko iryo jambo rivuga, ahubwo n’ishusho
y’agakiza Imana yatanze. . . . Muri make, uburuhukiro bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera bwo mu buryo
bufatika bwahindutse uburuhukiro bw’isabato nyakuri bushingiye ku gakiza. None rero, abizera Kristo
bose bafite uburenganzira bwo kuba mu Isabato y’Imana irimo yegereza gusohora. Uburyo Yesu arimo
akora kugira ngo asohoze ibi byatsimbuye Isabato yo mu Isezerano rya Kera (Yohana 5:17) ni na cyo
gikorwa Imana itegeka abantu gukora, ari cyo—kwizera uwo Imana yatumye (Yohana 6:28, 29). Ibi
bisobanura yuko ukwubahiriza Isabato gusabwa ari uguhagarika kwiringira ibikorwa (Abaheb. 4:9, 10).
. . . Kristo azana iby’ukuri byo mu buryo bw’umwuka; Igikorwa yakoze gisohoza intego y’Isabato,
kandi muri Kristo haziramo icyatumye Isabato ibaho. Ukuri kw’uburuhukiro bw’agakiza gufite agaciro
kari hejuru y’ikimenyetso. Ibyanditswe byo mu Ubutumwa Bwiza bivuga yuko Isabato yo mu Isezerano
rya Kera hamwe n’uburuhukiro bujyana na yo bishobora gukoreshwa mu gusobanura iby’ukuri
byazananye na Kristo, igihe urwandiko rw’Abaheburayo ruvuga yuko bishobora gukoreshwa mu
ugusobanura iby’ukuri kandi biriho by’ijuru, bikavuga na none yuko bizazanana na Kristo.” (Lincoln
1982: 213, 215)
Ikivugwa mu Abaheburayo 3-4 gihwanye n’igitekerezo cya Paulo ku bijyanye n’ukwizera
n’amategeko mu Abagal 3-4. Mu gitabo cy’Abagalatiya, Aburahamu yatsindishirijwe n’ukwizera, atari
kubera amategeko (Abagal 3:6-11), n’imigisha yasezeranyirijwe muri Aburahamu isohorera kuri bariya
bizeye Yesu Kristo bonyine (Abagal 3:14, 16, 18, 22, 29). Amategeko yari yateganyirijwe gukora
kugeza igihe cyo kuza kwa Kristo (Abagal 3:23-25). Kimwe n’ibyo, igitabo cy’Abaheburayo gitanga
igitekerezo yuko, kubera ukutizera, Isirayeli yo mu Isezerano rya Kera ntiyigeze yinjira mu
“uburuhukiro” Imana yari yarabasezeranyije (Abaheb 3:7-12, 16-19; 4:2, 5-6). N’ubwo Isirayeli yageze
aho ikinjira mu gihugu cy’isezerano, ntiyigeze ibona uburuhukiro n’amahoro ahubwo yakomeje guhura
n’intambara, gutotezwa no kujyanwa mu bunyage. Na none, Kristo yatuneshereje abanzi bacu bo mu
buryo buhoraho—icyaha, Satani n’urupfu. Rero, kubera kwizera, twinjiye “mu buruhukiro bwayo”
(Abaheb 4:3, 10). Mu Isezerano rya Kera, kuruhuka umunsi umwe buri cyumweru (n’ukuvuga
“kwubahiriza Isabato”) n’ishusho y’imiterere y’igihe gito kandi ituzuye y’uburuhukiro bwa Isirayeli
imbere y’abanzi bayo. N’ubwo bimeze bityo, mu Isezerano Rikuru Rishya, kubera yuko Kristo
yarangije gukora imirimo yose yari ikenewe kugira ngo atugeze ku gakiza gahoraho, uburuhukiro
bwacu na bwo n’ubw’igihe gihoraho. Nuko rero, umubyeyi w’itorero rya mbere Justin Martyr yabonye
yuko atari ngombwa yuko Ubukristu bwubahiriza Isabato y’umunsi wihariye; ahubwo, tuba mu Isabato
ihoraho” (Justin Martyr c. 155-165: 12; reba na none Urwandiko rwa Barnabas c. 70-131: 15.8-9).
Kuba Umunsi w’Isabato wari “ikigereranyo” kibona isohozwa ryacyo nyaryo mu uguhoraho
kw’uburuhukiro bw’isabato yacu muri Kristo (n’ukuvuga, “Isabato yacu ihoraho”) byakomojweho mu
magambo yavuzwe ubwa mbere n’Imana yuko yaruhutse ku munsi wa karindwi muri Itang 2:1-3.
William Dumbrell asanga yuko ari “ibigaragara kurushiriza” yuko “bitandukanye n’iminsi yindi ya
mbere itandatu, umunsi wa karindwi ntugira itangiriro n’iherezo [cp. Itang 1:5, 8, 13, 19, 23, 31 na 2:2-
3]. Intego muri ayo makuru isa n’uko ari ugushimangira umwanya w’umwihariko kandi udashira
w’umunsi wa karindwi. . . . Umunsi w’Isabato udashira utanga amateka aho ubuzima bwifuzwa bwo mu
murima uzasohora kandi uzagirwa uwamaho hagati mu bantu. . . . Abaheb. 4:9-11 hashyiraho Isabato
ikomeza ariko havuga yuko hariho ibipimo by’insobanuro y’Umunsi w’Isabato byakomeje guhinduka
ubwenge bw’abantu.” (Dumbrell 2001:220-21) Bityo, n’ubwo mu Isezerano rya Kera, umunsi umwe
buri cyumweru washyiriweho kurukiraho imirimo, Isabato yahoze yerekeza ibitekerezo ku uburuhukiro
bwo mu urwego rwimbitse cyane kandi ruhoraho tubona mu gakiza kashyizweho n’ukuza kw’isi kwa
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109
mbere kwa Kristo kuzishimirirwa mu isi nshya izashyirwaho n’ukuza kwe kwa kabiri.50
3. Isezerano Rikuru Rishya ritsimbura Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera kandi rituma tutakibohewe ku
ukwubahiriza Isabato. Isabato cyari ikimenyetso cy’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera ku gihugu cya Isirayeli
(Kuva 31:12-17). Nk’uko Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera ryatsimbuwe n’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya, ni na ko
ikimenyetso cy’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya kiri. Bityo, mu bihe by’Isezerano Rikuru Rishya, Isabato
hamwe n’indi minsi mikuru y’Abayuda ntibikituboshye (Abar 14:5; Abagal 4:8-11; Abakol 2:15-17).
C. Isohozwa ry’Isabato muri Kristo ntibisobanura ikiri hejuru y’umunsi w’ “Isabato y’Abakristo” wo
kuruhukiraho uhwanye n’Umunsi wa Gatandatu ari wo Sabato y’Abayuda Abakristo ba mbere bamenye insobanuro y’iherezo ry’Isezerano Rikuru rya Kera kubera impinduka
yabaye mu myumvire yabo ku Isabato kandi yuko batagitegekwa “kwubaha umunsi wa karindwi” nk’umunsi
w’uburuhukiro n’uw’ugusenga. Mu Nama Nkuru yabereye i Yeruslemu (Ibyakozwe 15), icyari ku mutwe
w’ibyigwa cyari icyo kurebera hamwe nimba ari ngombwa yuko [abizera b’Abanyamahanga bashya] bakebwa,
nyuma bakigishwa uburyo bwo gukurikiza Amategeko ya Mose” (Ibyak 15:5). Igisubizo cyabaye “Oya!” Ku
bijyanye n’ukwubahiriza Isabato (cyangwa se “Umunsi w’Isabato” ku Banyamahanga), imyizere y’intumwa
nk’uko biri mu Ibyakozwe 15 ntiyabigize itegeko ku bizera b’Abanyamahanga. Uhereye kera ukageza ubu,
Abakristu batangiye kujya bahurira hamwe, bagasenga ku munsi w’Icyumweru mu buryo bwo guha icyubahiro
umunsi Yesu yazukiyeho (Ibyak 20:7; 1 Abakor 16:2). Ibi byashimangiwe n’ababyeyi b’itorero rya mbere.
Ignatius w’i Antiyokiya yavuze ati, “Reka buri nshuti ya Kristo ajye yubahiriza umunsi w’Umwami nk’umunsi
mukuru, umunsi wo kuzuka kwe, ni wo mwamikazi n’imfura y’iminsi yose” (Ignatius c. 100-110: 9). Justin
Martyr yabisubiyemo muri aya magambo, “Twese tugumizeho uku guhura kwacu ku Cyumweru, mu gihe ari
umunsi wa mbere, Imana ihindura umwijima n’ibitaka ikarema isi n’ijuru, Yesu Kristo Umukiza wacu na We
yazutse ava mu bapfuye uwo munsi nyene” (Justin Martyr c.151-154: 67). Ibihamya byo mu kinjana cya kabiri
byerekana “nta kimenyetso na kimwe kivuga yuko higeze kubaho impaka zigamije kumenya nimba Abakristo
bakwiye gusenga ku Cyumweru, kandi nta na hamwe byanditse yuko haba harabayeho itsinda ry’Abakristo
ritasengaga ku Cyumweru. Uku guhuza kw’isi yose gusobanuka mu buryo bworoheje nimba uku gusenga kwo
ku Cyumweru byari bisanzwe biri umugenzo wa gikristu mbere y’uko ubutumwa bujyanwa mu Banyamahanga,
no gushinga amatorero mu banyamahanga cya gihe ubutumwa bwabagezwaho i wabo.” (Bauckham 1982: 236)
Abakristu “ntibahatirwa gusenga” ku Cyumweru. Bafite umudendezo wo gusenga umunsi wose
bashatse. Ariko na none, ugusenga ku Cyumweru kwo mu buryo bwa Gikristu (“Umunsi w’Umwami” [reba
Ibyah 1:10]) bishimangira urufatizo rutandukanye rw’Ugusenga kwa Gikristu n’ugusenga kwo ku munsi
w’Isabato y’Abayuda: “Muri ibi, ukuzuka kwa Kristo gusohoza uburuhukiro bwavuzwe n’Isabato y’Isezerano
rya Kera, ihuriro rirashobora kugaragara hagati y’umunsi wa karindwi n’umunsi wa mbere aho Abakristu
bizihije Ukuzuka. Iryo huriro nta cyo rivuga ku bijyanye n’ ‘umunsi w’uburuhukiro bw’Abakristu’ . . . [I]huriro
riri hagati y’uyu munsi wa mbere n’Isabato yo mu Isezerano rya Kera ntiryabonetse mu nsobanuro y’umunsi
w’uburuhukiro bwo mu buryo bufatika, ahubwo byagaragaye nk’ubusobanuro bw’ukwizihiza uburuhukiro
nyakuri bw’Isabato y’agakiza bwazanywe na Kristo, uwo abizera basenze kandi bagiranye ubusabane na we.
Igihamya gishingiye ku icyerekezo abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya bari bafite ku uburuhukiro bw’Isabato kivuga
yuko atari ngombwa gukoresha uburuhukiro bwo mu buryo bufatika bw’Isezerano rya Kera mu bihe by’Umunsi
w’Umwami wo mu Isezerano Rishya.” (Lincoln 1982: 205, 215-16) 51
X. Kristo n’Itorero ni bo bavuzwe mu Buhanuzi ko ari bo “Umugaragu w’Umwami”
A. Yesu ni wa “Mugaragu w’Umwami” wavuzweho mu buhanuzi Ibyanditswe bine byo muri Yesaya bizwi nk’ “Indirimbo z’Umugaragu”: Yes 42:1-9; 49:1-6 [cyangwa
se, 13]; 50:4-9; 52:13-53:12.52 Ikiranga “Umugaragu” mu buryo busesuye ntikivugwa mu magambo atomoye.
50
Iyi mibanire yo mu urwego rw’ikigereranyo ishimangirwa n’icy’uko ijuru rishya n’isi nshya ari ukwishimira
insanganyamatsiko ya Bibiliya ivuga uburyo Imana ibana n’abantu; ibyo na byo bikaba byatangiriye mu ngobyi. Ku bindi
bisobanuro kuri ibi, reba hepfo, igice cya 4.I. Urusengero n’Isi: Ubuturo bw’Imana hagati mu Bantu. 51
Walter Martin mu gitabo cyitwa The Kingdom of the Cults = Ubwami bw’Udutsiko tw’Amadini (1985), 459-73 atanga
ibihamya bishingiye kuri Bibiliya n’Amateka bihakana icy’Abadivantisita b’Umunsi wa Karindwi bavuga yuko gusenga ku
munsi wa karindwi (Isabato) ari itegeko ku Bakristu (reba na none Martin 1999: n.p.). 52
“Hashingiwe ku migenzo, Indirimbo ya mbere y’Umugaragu ivugwaho nka Yes 42:1-4. Ariko na none, imirongo
ikurikira (5-9) isa n’isobanura misiyo y’uwo Mugaragu. Bihujwe na Yes 49:7-13, hasobanura neza umurimo
w’Umuagaragu nyuma y’uburyo Umugaragu yivuzeho mu mirongo 1-6. Abenshi bumva indirimbo ya kabiri nk’irangirira
ku murongo wa 6, ivuga kuri ‘wowe’ mu bibce bya 7-8 nka Isirayeli. Bityo, umuhamagaro w’Umugaragu nka we
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Rimwe na rimwe, aboneka nk’ihuriro (bisobanura, Isirayeli yose ubwayo, Isirayeli “y’intashyikirwa”, cyangwa
se amasigarira y’Abisirayeli b’abizerwa) (reba Yes 41:8-9; 44:1-2; 45:4). Ariko na none, Indirimbo
z’Umugaragu zose zisobanura ibiranga buri gice cyose, haba ikijyanye n’Umugaragu cyangwa se Ishyanga
ubwaryo, na cyane cyane Indirimbo ya gatatu n’iya kane zisobanura ibijyanye n’ “Umugaragu Ubabazwa.”
Nk’uko byasobanuwe na Yesaya: Umugaragu afite Umwuka w’Imana kuri we (42:1); azazanira Isirayeli
n’Abanyamahanga agakiza, kandi n’ “umucyo uvira amahanga” (42: 6; 49:6); yarakubiswe, arababazwa (50:6;
52:14; 53:4-5, 7, 10); yarasuzugurwaga, akangwa n’abantu (53:3); n’ubwo yatotejwe ntiyigeze abumbura
akanwa ke (42:2; 53:7); apfa nk’igitambo cyikoreye ibyaha bya benshi (53:4-6, 8-12). Yesu yabayeho
nk’Umugaragu kandi na We ubwe yivugaho nk’Umugaragu (Mat 20:28; Mariko 10:45; Luka 22:27; Yoh
13:5-16). Abanditsi b’IR bavuga Yesu nk’ “Umugaragu” (Ibyak 3:13, 26; 4:27. 30; Abafil 2:7) kandi
basubiramo kandi bagakoresha amagambo yavuzwe y’Ubugaragu kuri Yesu nk’isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi.
1. Indirimbo ya Mbere y’Umugaragu—Yes 42:1-9.
• Mat 12:17-21 hasubiramo Yes 42:1-4, n’ubwo harimo impinduka ntoya, hakabyerekeza kuri
Yesu nka We sohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi.
• Yes 42:1 havuga yuko Imana “yishimira” Umugaragu wayo kandi “Mushyizeho umwuka
wanjye.” Igihe yabatizwaga n’igihe yarabagiranaga, Data yavuze yuko “nkamwishimira” Yesu
(ukubatizwa kwe—Mat 3:17; Mariko 1:11; Luka 3:22; kurabagirana—Yoh 1:32). Igihe
yabatizwaga, Umwuka yaje “kuri” We (Mat 3:16; Mar 1:10; Luka 3:22; Yoh 1:32)Yesu ubwe
yasubiye mu magambo yo muri Yes 61:1 avuga yuko “Umwuka w’Uwiteka ari kuri Jye”
nk’isohozwa ry’Ibyanditswe (Luka 4:18, 21).
2. Indirimbo ya Kabiri y’Umugaragu—Yes 49:1-6 [cyangwa, 49:1-13].
• Yes 49:1 havuga hati, “Nkiri mu nda ya mama ya[Uwiteka]nyise izina.” Mbere yuko Yesu
avuka, Malaika Gaburiyeli yabwiye Mariya ati, “Kandi dore, uzasama inda, ubyare umuhungu,
uzamwite Yesu” (Luka 1:31; reba na none Mat 1:21-23).
• Yes 49:2 havuga hati, “Akanwa kanjye yagahinduye nk’inkota ityaye.” Ibyah 1:16; 2:12; na
19:15 hose hasobanura inkota ityaye izava mu kanwa ka Yesu wazutse.
• Yes 49:6 havuga hati, “Nzaguha kuba umucyo uvira amahanga.” Igihe bazana Yesu mu
rusengero ku muhango wo gukebwa, Umwuka Wera yaje kuri Simiyoni, wari ukikiye Yesu mu
maboko ye, asubiramo cyangwa se akomoza ku magambo yo muri Yes 9:2; 42:6; 49:6 avuga kuri
Yesu, avuga ati, “Kuba umucyo uvira Amahanga” (Luka 2:32). Yesu ubwe yakomoje kuri icyo
cyanditswe igihe avuga ati, “Ndi Umucyo w’Isi” (Yoh 8:12; 9:5; 12:46). Yes 49:6 na ho
harakoreshejwe na Paulo na Barunaba mu Ibyak 13:47 nk’ibirimo bisohorera mu buryo
Abanyamahanga barimo bakira agakiza igihe bitabiraga Ubutumwa Bwiza.
• Yes 49:5-6 asa n’utanga ibyiciro byo guhembura Isirayeli ubwa mbere kugira ngo agakiza
kagere ku mpera z’isi. Igihe Petero yarimo arabwiriza mu Ibyak 3:11-26, yanzura avuga ati, “Ni
mwebwe Imana yabanje gutumaho umugaragu wayo amaze kumuzura, kugira ngo abahe umugisha,
abahindure, umuntu wese, ngo ave mu byaha” (Ibyak 3:26). “Uburyo ijambo ‘yabanje cg se - ubwa
mbere’ (prōton) rikoreshwa bisobanura ubwoko bw’ibyiciro byavuzweho muri Yesaya 49:5-6, aho
Umugaragu w’Uwiteka akoreshwa mu ‘guhembura imiryango ya Yakobo’ kugira ngo babe
umucyo umurikira Abanyamahanga’ no kugeza agakiza k’Imana ku mpera z’isi’ (bihuze na
Ibyakozwe 1:6; 13:46-48; 26:16-18). Mu yandi magambo, iyi ‘Ndirimbo y’Umugaragu’, ihishura
inzira Imana izasohorezamo isezerano ryayo kuri Aburahamu, isa n’ifite ihuriro n’ikibazo cya
nyuma cy’ikibwirizwa cya Petero.” (Peterson 2009: 185)
• Yes 49:8 havuga hati, “Igihe cyo kwemererwamo ndagushubije, no ku munsi wo gukirizwamo
ndagutabaye.” Paulo yifashisha ayo magambo muri 2 Abakor 6:2, nyuma ayakoresha ku bijyanye
n’ukwakira ubuntu bw’Imana bw’agakiza muri Kristo.
3. Indirimbo ya Gatatu y’Umugaragu—Yes 50:4-9. Yes 50:6 hasobanura uburyo Umugaragu
yakubiswe, yakojejwe isoni, agacirwaho amacandwe. Muri Mariko 10:33-34, Yesu akomoza kuri Yes
50:6 mu gusobanura ibizamubaho igihe yageraga i Yerusalemu. Mbere y’uko abambwa, ibyo bintu
byose (n’ukuvuga gukubitwa, gukozwa isoni, gucirwaho amate) byabaye kuri Yesu (Mat 27:26-31;
Mariko 15:15-20; Luka 22:63-65; 23:11; Yoh 18:22; 19:1-3).
4. Indirimbo igira kane y’Umugaragu—Yes 52:13-53:12.
• Mu Abar 15:18-21 Paulo asubiramo amagambo yo muri Yes 52:15, ayakoresha ,u buryo bwo
‘Isezerano ku ubwoko’ urakomezwa nk’abantu b’isezerano. . . . Na none, imirongo ikurikira 7-13 isa n’isobanura ibijyanye
na Isirayeli, aho kuvuga ku Umugaragu nk’ ‘isezerano ku bantu’ muri Yesaya 49:8.” (Williamson 2007: 159n.44)
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kubwiriza Ubutumwa Bwiza bwa Kristo i Yerusalemu n’ahandi henshi, ku Bayuda no ku
Banyamahanga.
• Muri Yoh 12:37-38 Yohana asubiramo amagambo yo muri Yes 53:1 nk’ibyamaze gusohozwa
igihe abantu batizeye Yesu n’ubwo yari yakoreye ibitangaza byinshi imbere yabo.
• Muri Mat 8:14-17, Yesu amaze gukiza abarwaye no kwirukana abadayimoni mu bantu, Matayo
yakoresheje amagambo yo muri Yes 53:4 nk’ibyamaze gusohora.
• Muri 1 Pet 2:21-24 Petero asubiramo amagambo yo muri Yes 53:9, akomoza kandi no kuri Yes
53:4-7, nk’ibyasohojwe na Yesu (reba na none Abar 4:25).
• Mu Ibyak 8:26-35 Filipo yasobanuriye inkone y’Umwetiyopiya yuko Yes 53:7-8 byanditswe
bivuga kuri Yesu.
• Muri Luka 22:20 Yesu avuga yuko igikombe cy’umuvinyu ari ikimenyetso cy’amaraso ye
“yaviriye” abigishwa be, nk’insobanuro y’ibiri muri Yes 53:12 (“yasutse ubugingo bwe, akageza ku
ugupfa”).
• Muri Luka 22:37 Yesu ubwe asubiramo amagambo yo muri Yes 53:12 nk’ayerekezwa kuri We
kugira ngo ubuhanuzi busohore (reba na none Mariko 15:28).
• Hejuru y’aya magambo yumvikana neza n’uburyo akoreshwa, Isezerano Rishya rikoresha
amagambo akomoza ku Ndirimbo y’Umugaragu igira Kane nk’ayerekeye kuri Yesu. Abafil 2:9
hakomoza kuri Yes 52:13; Mat 26:38, 56, 69-75; Mariko 14:50, 66-72; Luka 22:54-61; Yoh
18:15-18, 25-27 yose akaba akomoza kuri Yes 53:4-6, 8-12; Mat 26:62-63; 27:12-14; Mariko
14:60-61; 15:3-5; Luka 23:9; Yoh 19:9 aya yose akomoza kuri Yes 53:7; Mat 27:57-60 byose
bikomoza kuri Yes 53:3, 12; Yoh 1:29; 1 Abakor 15:3; 2 Abakor 5:21; Abaheb 9:28 byose
bikomoza kuri Yes 53:4-6, 8-12; Mat 26:62-63; 27:12-14; Mariko 14:60-61; 15:3-5; Luka 23:9;
Yoh 19:9 byose bikomoza kuri Yes 53:7; Mat 27:57-60 hakomoza kuri Yes 53:9; Abar 5:18-19
hakomoza kuri Yes 53:10-12. Mu Ibyak 8:32-35, igihe Filipo yahura n’inkone y’Umwetiyopiya,
uwo mu Etiyopiya yarimo asoma Yes 53:7-8; bityo, “ahera kuri ibyo byanditswe” amwigisha
ubutumwa bwiza bwa Yesu.
B. Itorero n’ “Umugaragu w’Umwami” ku urwego rusange nk’uko Yesu na We ari “Umugaragu w’Umwami
ku urwego rw’igiti cy’umuntu” Yesu akoresha ibiranga “Umugaragu” ku itorero.
1. “Mushyizeho umwuka wanjye”(Yes 42:1). Yesu yasezeraniye itorero rye kuryohereza Umuwuka
Wera (Yoh 14:16-17, 26; 15:26; 16:7-14). Muri Yoh 20:22 (mu cyari “umugani washyizwe mu
bikorwa”), “abahumekeraho, ababwira ati, ‘nimwakire Umwuka Wera.’” Mu Ibyak 1:8, Yesu
yasezeranyije yuko “Muzahabwa imbaraga, Umwuka Wera nabamanukira.” Ibi byasohoye ku munsi
wa Pentekoti (Ibyak 2:1-4). Ubu none, “Niba Umwuka w’Iyazuye Yesu Kristo aba muri mwe [Itorero].
. . Abayoborwa n’Umwuka w’Imana bose, ni bo bana b’Imana” (Abar 8:11, 14).
2. “Umugaragu w’Uwiteka” yitwaga “umugaragu” (Yes 42:1; 49:3, 5-6; 52:13). Yesu yabwiye
abigishwa be ati, “Muzi yuko abami b’abanyamahanga babatwaza igitugu, n’abakomeye babo bahawe
kubategeka. Ariko muri mwe si ko biri, Ahubwo ushaka kuba mukuru muri mwe ajye aba umugaragu
wanyu, kandi ushaka kuba uw’imbere muri mwe, ajye aba imbata yanyu: nk’uko Umwana w’Umuntu
ataje gukorerwa ahubwo yaje gukorera abandi no gutangira ubugingo bwe kuba incungu ya benshi.”
(Mat 20:25-28; reba na none Mat 23:11; Mariko 9:35; 10:42-45; Luka 22:25-27). Muri Yoh 13:5-17,
Yesu yakoze umurimo w’imbata igihe yozaga abigishwa be ibirenge. Abwira abigishwa be, “Mbahaye
icyitegererezo, kugira ngo mukore nk’icyo mbakoreye . . . [kuko] umugaragu ataruta shebuja” (Yoh
13:15-16).
3. “Nzaguha kuba umucyo wo kuvira amahanga [Abanyamahanga]” (Yes 49:6). Muri Mat 5:14 Yesu
yabwiye abigishwa be ati, “Muri umucyo w’isi.” Mu Ibyak 1:7-8, Yesu yatumye abigishwa be ngo
bagende “bagere ku mpera z’isi.” Ibi na byo bikomoza kuri Yes 49:6, aho n’Umugaragu na we atumwa
kuba umucyo w’amahanga no kujyana agakiza “ku mpera z’isi.” Mu Kigiriki, ijambo rikomokwamo
“ku mpera z’isi” rihuye na LXX ryo muri Yes 49:6. Mu Ibyak 13:47, Paulo asubiramo amagambo ya
Yes 42:6; 49:6, “Nzaguha kuba umucyo uvira amahanga kugira ngo agakiza kanjye kagere ku mpera
y’isi,” abihuje na misiyo ye yo kugeza Ubutumwa Bwiza bwa Yesu Kristo ku Banyamahanga. Ikindi,
igihe arimo asubiza ku kibazo cya Agripa mu Ibyak 26:16-18, Paulo yongera kuvuga yuko yatumwe
kugera ku Banyamahanga “kugira ngo ubahumurire amaso na bo bahindukire bave mu mwijima bajye
mu mucyo bave no mu butware bwa Satani bajye ku Mana.” Ibi bikomoza kuri Yes 42:6-7, aho
Umugaragu atumwe kuba umucyo ku mahanga “guhumura impumyi” no “kubohora imbohe.”
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4. Umugaragu w’Uwiteka yaranzwe, yarakubiswe, yarababajwe (Yes 50:6; 52:14, 53:1, 4-5, 7, 10).
Yesu yabwiye abigishwa be ati, “Niba bandenganije, namwe bazabarenganya” (Yoh 15:20). Ibi
byagiye kuboneka ko ari ukuri mu mateka yose y’itorero, uhereye igihe gito nyuma y’urupfu rwa Yesu,
nyuma agasubira kwa Data (Ibyak 4:1-22; 5:17-32; 8:3; 11:19; 12:1-5; 14:19-22; 16:19-24; 21:27-36;
2 Abakor 4:8-9; 11:23-33; 2 Tim 3:12). Paulo akoresha “Indirimbo y’Umugaragu” ya Kane ku Itorero
asubiramo amagambo ya Yes 53:1 (“Ni nde wizeye ibyo twumvise?”) mu Abar 10:16, mu kwerekana
yuko atari buri wese yamaze kwumva Ubutumwa Bwiza.
4. INSANGANYAMATSIKO ESHATU ZIVUGA KU MIBANIRE HAGATI Y’IMANA
NA KIREMWA MUNTU
I. Urusengero n’Isi: Ubuturo bw’Imana hagati mu Bantu
Inkuru ya Bibiliya ivuga ku mibanire hagati y’Imana na kiremwamuntu itangirira aho Imana yarema
umuntu ikamushyira mu ngobyi (Itangiriro 1-3). Irangirira ku iyerekwa “ry’ijuru rishya n’isi nshya” (Ibyah
21:1), Ibyah 21:2-3, 10-2:3 igasobanura ibijyanye n’igisagara gisa n’ingobyi, mu ishusho y’urusengero” (Beale
2004:23). Amahuriro akomeye hagati y’Itangiriro 1-3 n’Ibyahishuwe 20-22, avuga yuko ibi bice bitanga isura
y’ishusho y’inkuru ya Bibiliya yose” (Alexander 2008: 10). Hagati y’Itangiriro 1-3 na Ibyahishuwe 21-22
tubonamo Imana iturana n’abantu, ubwa mbere mu ngobyi, nyuma mu ihema ry’ibonaniro, mu rusengero, muri
Yesu Kristo, mu bwoko bwayo (itorero), nyuma ya byose mu ijuru rishya n’isi nshya (Yerusalemu Nshya).
Ubwo buturo bwose bufitanye amasano n’amahuriro akomeye, ahuriza hamwe inkuru ya Bibiliya. Byerekana
yuko Bibiliya isobanura umugambi w’Imana uhuriye hamwe wo kubana n’ubwoko bwayo bwera (abantu)
ahantu hera (isi). Bityo, muri Bibiliya, isi n’ijuru byombi hamwe bishobora guhabwa isura y’ikintu gisa
n’urusengero (reba Walton 2009: 71-91). Ibi bitangwa mu ishusho y’ “amajuru mato n’ amasi mato”
atandukanye y’ukuri kwera kw’Imana: Ingobyi ya Edeni; Ihema ry’Ibonaniro; Urusengero; urusengero
Ezekiyeli yabonye mu iyerekwa rye; Yesu Kristo; Itorero; nyuma ya byose Yerusalemu Nshya.53
“Ishusho” ya nyuma y’ubu buturo aho Imana yaturanye n’abantu n’ishusho y’Imana Ubwayo. Muri Yoh
14:11, Yesu yavuze ati, “Ndi muri Data, na Data akaba muri Jye.” “Iyi mvugo yo muri Yohana aho bavuga
yuko Data hamwe n’Umwana, aho buri wese muri bo atuye mu Undi, bitwereka uburyo bwa nyuma bw’uko
Data n’Umwana, buri wese atura mu undi nk’uko byari bimeze mu itangiriro aho Imana Data, Umwana,
Umwuka Wera, bagize Ubutatu Bweranda, buri wese muri bo yari atuye mu Undi. Ubu buryo butaremwe
bw’uko buri wese atura mu Undi bubwirizwa kuba urugero rw’uburyo Imana itura hagati muri ba
kiremwamuntu baremwe mu ishusho yayo.” (Poythress 1991: 33)
A. Ingobyi yo muri Edeni (Itangiriro 2-3; reba na none Ezek 28:13-16) 1. Ingobyi ya Edeni yari ifite umubare w’amashusho asa n’ibigenga ahantu hatoranyijwe, na cyane-
cyane ahahwanye n’insengero zera z’Imana cyangwa se Ubuturo bwera bw’Imana.
a. Ingobyi yari ahantu hamwe gusa Imana yerekanira ubwiza bwayo (Itang 3:8).
b. Ingobyi hari ahantu hashyizwe hejuru, bishoboke ko hari ku musozi hejuru (reba Ezek 28:14,
16), mu gihe aho ari ho uruzi rwaturukaga (Itang 2:10).
c. Ingobyi yarangwaga n’izahabu zayo n’amabuye y’agaciro yaho, byiyongereye ku bimera
byinshi byaho (Itang 2:11-17; 3:22; reba Ezek 28:13).
d. Bakiremwa ubwa mbere, Adamu na Eva bari abera (urugero, nta cyaha bari bafite).
e. Mu Itang 2:15, Imana ishyira Adamu na Eva muri ya Ngobyi yo muri Edeni, ngo ayihingire,
ayirinde.” Ijambo ry’Igiheburayo rivuga “guhinga” ni abad (risobanura na none “gukora” no
“gukorera”). Ijambo ry’Igiheburayo rivuga “kurinda” ni shamar (risobanura na none “kurinda”
no “gucungera umutekano”). Turongera gusanga ayo magambo mu bitabo bitanu bya Mose mu
bice byonyine bisobanura inshingano z’Abalewi mu buturo bwera (reba Kubara 3:7-8; 8:26;
18:5-6)” (Alexander 2008: 22-23).
f. Ubwinjiriro bwa Edeni bwari i burasirazuba, kandi bwarindwaga n’Abakerubi (Itang 3:24).
“Kubuza” muri 3:24 n’ijambo rihuye (shamar) no “kurinda” muri 2:15. “Mu bigize igikorwa
cyo kurinda cy’Abakerubi ntiharimo n’umurimo wo guhinga ahubwo wari uwo kurinda aho
53
Izi nsanganyamatsiko zivugwaho mu buryo burambuye na G.K. Beale muri “The temple and the Church’s Mission: A
Biblical Theology of the Dwelling Place of God (2004) = Urusengero na Misiyo y’Itorero: Imenyekanishamana rishingiye
kuri Bibiliya ku bijyanye n’Ubuturo bw’Imana (2004) na T. D. Alexander muri From Eden to the New Jerusalem:
Exploring God’s plan for life on earth (2008) = Uhereye kuri Edeni ukageza kuri Yerusalemu Nshya: Ubushakashatsi ku
Umugambi w’Imana ku bijyanye n’Ubuzima bwo ngaha ku isi (2008).
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113
hantu kugira ngo icyaha n’igihumanye bitahinjira; bisobanura yuko umurimo wa Adamu
w’ubwa mbere nk’uko wavuzwe muri 2:15 wari ikirenze uguhinga isi, ahubwo harimo no
‘kurinda’ ha hantu hatoranijwe” (Beale 2004:70).
2. Urundi ruhande rw’umurimo wa Adamu na Eva mu Ngobyi ntiruvugwaho mu magambo atomoye
ariko ruvugwa mu buryo bw’ishusho: Bari kwagura ubuso bwa Edeni kugeza ubwo hagera ku mpera
y’isi. Ibi biza bikurikira umugisha n’itegeko Imana yahaye Adamu na Eva ryo “mwororoke, mugwire,
mwuzure isi, muyitegeke” (Itang 1:26-28). Biremwamuntu byaremwe mu buryo bwihariye, mu
“ishusho y’Imana” (Itang 1:26-27). Kwuzura no gukwira isi yose bizakorwa mu buryo bwo kwubaha
itegeko ry’Imana, muri icyo gihe abantu bazaba barimo bamamaza ubwiza bw’Imana, mu gukwirakwiza
ishusho yayo ku isi yose. “Mu gihe Itangiriro 2 hatanga intangiriro y’uru rugendo, imbuto z’ibi zo mu
gihe kirekire ni ugushyiraho igisagara kigizwe n’urusengero aho Imana na kiremwamuntu bazaturana
mu mahoro asesuye . . . kuko Imana yishimira no guhindura isi yose ubuturo bwayo, iyituzamo abantu
bera” (Alexander 2008: 25-26, 29).
3. Amateka y’inyuma y’uko Adamu na Eva birukanywe bakavanwa mu Ngobyi ya Edeni avuga
k’ukwigomeka kw’umwana w’umuntu kwakomeje imbere y’umugambi w’Imana no k’umugambi
w’Imana wakomeje wo kugira isi yose ahantu izaturana n’abantu bera.
a. Nowa n’Umwuzure (Itang 6-9).Inyokomuntu bari barubashye itegeko ry’Imana ryo
“mwororoke, mugwire, mwuzure isi.” Ariko, ntibasākāzaga ishusho y’Imana ku isi uko
bikwiye, kandi ntibarindaga cyangwa se ngo “bubahe” inzira z’Imana, kuko “Uwiteka abona
yuko ingeso z’abantu zari mbi cyane mu isi, kandi ko kwibwira kose imitima yabo itekereza ari
kubi gusa iteka ryose” (Itang 6:5). Nuko rero, Imana ikoresha umwuzure kugira yeze isi yose
kubera uguhumana kwayo kwazanywe n’icyaha umwana w’umuntu yayizanyeho. Ariko, Imana
iha Nowa umugisha n’inshingano yari yarahaye Adamu ubwa mbere: “Imana iha umugisha
Nowa n’abana be, irababwira iti “Mwororoke, mugwire, mwuzure isi’” (Itang 9:1; reba na
none 9:7).
b. Umunara w’i Babeli (Itang 11:1-9). Ukwigomeka kw’umwana w’umuntu gufata indi shusho.
Abantu banze gusākāza ishusho y’Imana ku isi, ahubwo bashimishwa no kwigumira ahantu
hamwe, no kuzamura izina ryabo, (nk’uko byagenze mu gihe cyo kugwa) hamwe no kwizamura
bakagera mu ijuru (Itang 11:4). Nuko Imana ihita ibashyiraho itegeko ryo gukwirakwira ku isi
(Itang 11:8).
c. Imana yatoranyije umuntu umwe, Aburahamu, imusezeranira kuzagira izina rye rikuru,
kumuhezagira no kubana na we, no guha umugisha imiryango yose yo ku isi iyinyujije muri we
(Itang 12:1-3; 17:1-8; 22:15-18). Imana yakomereje iyo migisha n’ayo masezerano ku bana
b’Aburahamu ari bo Isaka na Yakobo (Isirayeli) (Itang 26:1-5; 28:1-4; 35:9-12).
d. Nowa, Aburahamu, Isaka na Yakobo bubakira Uwiteka ibicaniro n’ibibanza byejejwe (Itang
8:20; 12:7-8; 13:4, 18; 22:9; 26:25; 33:20; 35:1, 3, 7). Bameze nk’abashakashatsi “bashingira
ibendera” Imana “kandi aho hantu bakahita ahabo” aho Imana izashyira ubuturo bwayo mu
buryo buhoraho. Ibyo bicaniro n’ibyo bibanza byera n’ibicucu by’ihema ry’ibonaniro
n’urusengero.
B. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro (Kuva 25-31, 35-40) 1. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro ryari ihema rikozwe mu buryo bwihariye Abisirayeli bakoreshaga nk’ahantu
hihariye hagenewe kuramya Imana mu gihe cy’amateka ya mbere. Imana ni Yo yahaye Mose ishusho
y’iryo Hema ry’Ibonaniro ku Musozi Sinayi igihe yahaga Mose Amategeko 10 n’andi mabwiriza (Kuva
25-30).
a. Ishusho n’ibikoresho byari ikimenyetso cy’uko Imana yari ituranye n’abantu bayo. “Ubwo
umuntu yegeraga Ahera kurusha ahandi [cyangwa se “Ahera h’Ahera”], ubutaka bwagenda
buhinduka ubwera kurushiriza. Ibi bigaragarira mu isano ryari hagati y’uburyo umuntu yagenda
asatira Ahera kurusha ahandi n’uburyo ibikoresho byakoreshwaga mu kwubaka byagenda biba
iby’agaciro kuruta ibindi (urugero, ibitambara byo ku madirishya, ibyuma). Bityo, ibikoresho
by’ubwubatsi ubwabyo byari ikimenyetso cy’uko Imana Yera yari ituye hagati mu bantu bayo.”
(Williamson 2007: 104)
b. Ubusitani inyuma y’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro ryari rifite ubusitani inyuma
yaryo bukikijwe n’igikuta hirya no himo yabwo, ku metero 50 z’uburebure na 25 z’ubugari
(Kuva 27:9-19). Ubusitani bw’inyuma bwarimo ihema ry’ibonaniro rikozwe mu mujumbu
ryagenewe gutangirwaho ibitambo by’ibikōko (Kuva 27:1-8) n’icyogero aho abatambyi
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114
bogeraga mbere yuko binjira mu ihema ubwaryo (Kuva 30:17-21).
c. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro ubwaryo. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro ubwaryo ryari ihema ringana na metero 15
z’uburebure na 5 z’ubugari; ryari rifite ibice bibiri bikuru-bikuru: Icyumba cyerekeza hanze,
kizwi nk’Ahera, n’icyumba cyerekeza imbere, cyari kizwi nka Ahera h’Ahera (Kuva 26:33).
(1) Icyumba cyerekezaga Hanze (“Ahera”). Iki cyari gifite igicaniro aho umubabwe
watwikirwaga (Kuva 30:1-10); igitereko cy’amatabaza cyari kigizwe n’ibice birindwi
(Kuva 25:31-40); imeza y’imitsima, yari ikimenyetso cy’ubwiza bw’Imana (Kuva
25:23-30).
(2) Icyumba cy’Imbere (“Ahera h’Ahera”). N’ubwo Bibiliya idatanga ibipimo nyabyo,
umunyamateka w’Umuyuda wo mu kinjana cya mbere avuga yuko Ahera Cyane hari
hafite isura y’isanduka yapimaga mikono 10 x mikono 10 x mikono 10 (Josephus 1987,
Ant.: 3.122). Hari hatandukanyijwe n’ahandi hantu n’Umwenda Ukingiriza twakwita
nk’igitambaro (Kuva 26:31-37). Ahera h’Ahera hari hafite “isanduku y’isezerano”
(Kuva 25:10-15), ryitwa na none “Isanduku y’Ibihamya” kubera yuko muri ryo hari
hashyizwemo amabuye yanditsweho ya Mategeko Cumi (urugero, “Ibihamya”) (Kuva
25:16, 22; 40:20; Guteg 10:1-5; 1 Abami 8:9; 2 Ngoma 5:10). Hejuru y’isanduku
y’isezerano hari umupfundikizo witwaga “intebe y’ihongerero” ikozwe mu izahabu
n’abakerubi babiri bakozwe mu izahabu barebanaga (Kuva 25:17-22). Imbere
y’isanduku hari inkono ya manu (Kuva 16:31-36), igice cy’umubavu wa Mose (Kuva
30:36), inkoni ya Aroni ipfunditse (Kub 17:8-11), na kopi y’igatabo cy’Amategeko
cyanditswe na Mose igihe yatumaga Yosuwa ngo ajyane abana ba Isirayeli mu gihugu
cy’isezerano (Guteg 31:24-26) (reba na none Abaheb 9:3-4).
2. Igihe Abisirayeli bazereraga mu butayu, bagenda bateruye Ihema ry’Ibonaniro aho bajyaga hose
(Kuva 40:36-38). Igihe Abisirayeli bashingaga amahema yabo mu butayu, Ihema ry’Ibonaniro
ryabwirizwa kuba riri hagati muri bo, imiryango y’Abisirayeli batonze mu buryo bwihariye ku mpande
enye z’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro (Kubara 2). Abalewi bari bashinzwe Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’ibikoresho byose
byari imbere muri ryo, babigotesheje iryo Hema (Kub 1:47-54; 4).
3. Nyuma yo guhindūra Kanani, Ihema ry’ibonaniro ryimuriwe i Shilo aho ryagumye igihe cyose
Abacamamza bategekaga (Yos 5:10-11; 18:1). Nyuma y’aho, Ihema ry’Ibonaniro ryimuriwe i Nobu (1
Sam 21:1-6) na Gibeyoni (1 Abami 3:4). Urusengero rumaze kwuzura, Salomo yimurira Ihema
ry’Ibonaniro i Yerusalemu (1 Abami 8:4) aho ntiryari rigifite umumaro.
4. Nk’uko byagenze mu Ngobyi ya Edeni, Ihema ry’Ibonaniro ryari rifite ibyarirangaga bitari bike
byerekanaga igihagararo cyaryo cy’umwihariko kandi cyera nk’ubuturo bw’Imana.
a. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro ryari ubuturo bw’Imana bwihariye ngaha ku isi. “Ihema ry’Ibonaniro”
ubwaryo risobanura “ubuturo” cyangwa se “ahantu h’ubuturo.” Nyuma yaho, igicu cy’ubwiza
bw’Imana (“Shekina”) cyuzura Ihema ry’ibonaniro kandi kigumana na ryo (Kuva 40:34-38;
Kub 9:15-23). Mose yari afite igihe yajyaga ahura n’Imana mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro, hitwaga
“ihema ry’ihuriro” (Kuva 25:22; 27:21; 28:43; 29:4; 40:2; Abal 1:1; 3:2; Kub 1:1; 2:2).
b. Isandugu ry’Isezerano ryashyizwe Ahera h’Ahera (Kuva 25:33), bisobanura ukuri
kutagaragara kwo mu ijuru. Isanduku y’Isezerano yitwaga “intebe yicarwagaho” n’ Imana (1
Ngoma 28:2; reba na none Zab 99:5; 132:7). Ibi bivuga yuko ubuturo nyakuri bw’Imana buri
mu ijuru kandi ko budafungiraniye mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro, ariko na none byahuzaga ijuru n’isi
cyangwa bigakomereza intebe y’ijuru ku isi.
c. Abakerubi bagaragara ku ntebe y’ihongerero, hejuru y’isanduku y’isezerano (Kuva 25:18-
22). Ibi n’urugero rwerekana ibiremwa byo mu ijuru birinze intebe yo mu ijuru y’ukuri y’Imana
(reba Yes 6:1-6; Ezek 10:1-22; Ibyah 4:5-9).
d. Abatambyi bera barobanuwe bakomoka mu muryango wa Lewi ni bo bonyine bari bemerewe
“gukora imirimo yo mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro no kuririnda” (Kuva 29; Kub 3:5-10; 8:5-6). Mu
byari bigize imyenda y’Umutambyi Mukuru harimo izahabu n’amabuye y’agaciro (Kuva 28:6-
30). Nyuma y’ibi, Umutambyi Mukuru ni we wenyine wari wemerewe kwinjira Ahera h’Ahera
rimwe gusa mu mwaka ku Munsi w’Impongano, hagakorwa imihango yihariye yo guhongerera
ibyaha by’ubwoko bwose imbere y’Imana (Abalewi 16).
5. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro ryari rifite ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe byibutsaga Ingobyi ya Edeni.
a. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’ibikoresho byo muri ryo byaba birimo umubare munini w’izahabu
n’ifeza (intebe y’ihongerero n’igitereko cy’amatabaza buri kintu muri byo cyari kigizwe
n’izahabu y’umwimerere) (Kuva 25:17-18, 31; 38:24-28).
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115
b. Ubwinjiriro bw’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro bwari ku ruhande rw’iburasirazuba (Kuva 38:13-19) 13-
19).
c. Igitereko cy’amatabaza arindwi cyari gikozwe mu ishusho y’igiti, kumbure, igiti cy’ubugingo
(Kuva 25:31-37).
d. Abakerubi bibutsa Abakerubi Imana yashyizeho kugira ngo “babuze inzira igana kuri cya
giti cy’ubugingo” (Itang 3:24).
e. Amabwiriza ajyanye no gukora igishushanyo cy’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’imyenda y’abatambyi
Mose yaherewe ku musozi (Kuva 24:18-25:1, 40).
6. Igishushanyo cy’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro gishobora kuba cyari ikimenyetso cy’isi n’ijuru “kivuga
igitekerezo cy’uko isi yose igiye kuba ubuturo bw’Imana” (Alexander2008:42).
a. Inyubako y’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro yahuzwaga n’Isabato (Kuva 31:12-17; 35:1-3). Inzira
zitandatu z’Imana zahawe Mose (Kuva 25:1; 30:11, 17, 22, 34; 31:1) zihura n’iminsi itandatu
y’irema mu Itang 1:1-2:3. Imvugo ya Bibiliya ku irema ihura n’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro (urugero
Zab 104:2—“Usanzura ijuru nk’umwenda ukinze mu ihema”).
b. Umunyamateka w’Umuyuda wo mu kinjana cya mbere Yosefusi yanditse avuga yuko buri
gice cy’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro “cyakozwe mu buryo bwo kwigāna no gushushanya isi n’ijuru”
(Josephus 1987, Ant.: 3:180). Ibice bikuru-bikuru byari bigize Ihema ry’Ibonaniro byari uburyo
bwo “kwigana uko isi iteye,” n’Umwenda ukingiriza “utatswe n’ubwoko bwose bw’indabyo isi
yama,” n’ibindi bitambara bimeze nk’amarido “byasa n’ibidatandukanye na hato n’ibara
ry’ijuru” (Josephus 1987, Ant.: 3.123, 126, 132). Yongeraho avuga yuko amabara y’imyenda
yakingīraga Ahera h’Ahera yasobanuraga “ibintu bine bigize ubuzima” (umwuka, isi, umuriro,
amazi), nk’uko byari bimeze ku mabara n’ibigize imyenda y’abatambyi (Ibid.: 3.179-87; reba
na none Alexander 2008:37-40 ku bijyanye n’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro nk’isi n’ijuru rito cyangwa se
urugero rw’isi n’ijuru).
c. Ihema ry’Ibonaniro (nyuma ryagiye kuba Urusengero) ryari “igicucu” cyo ku’isi cyangwa se
“kopi” y’ijuru ubwaryo (Abaheb 8:1-5; 9:23-24; Ibyah 15:5). Bityo, isohozwa rya byose rya
nyuma rizaba igihe Yerusalemu Nshya izamanukira ku isi iva mu ijuru kandi Imana izaza
iturane n’abantu bayo (Ibyah 21:1-3, 10-11).
C. Urusengero (2 Sam 7:1-17; 1 Abami 6; 8:1-11; 1 Ngoma 17:1-15; 22:1-16; 28:1-29:9; 2 Ngoma 3-5) 1. Urusengero rwari rugenewe kuba ubuturo buhoraho bw’Imana ku isi kandi mu buryo bwinshi
byahuzwaga n’Ingobyi ya Edeni hamwe n’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro.
a. Urusengero rwahindutse ihuriro ry’Idini ry’Ikiyuda rya kera, rwari inyubako nziza ya mbere
yo muri iriya isi ya kera, kandi ni ho honyine hari hemerewe gutambirwa ibitambo (1 Abami
3:2; 1 Ngoma 28:1-29:22).
b. Igicu cy’ubwiza bw’Imana cyuzuraga urusengero nk’uko cyari cyaruzuye Ihema ry’Ibonaniro
(1 Abami 8:10-11; 2 Ngoma 5:11-14; 7:1-2).
c. Inyubako yose yari iteweho inzahabu kandi yari itakishijwe amabuye y’agaciro (1 Abami
6:20-35; 1 Ngoma 29:1-8; 2 Ngoma 3:4-10).
d. Imbere h’urusengero hari hakozwe nk’uko byari bimeze imbere mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro, aho
wasangaga hari Ahera n’Ahera h’Ahera (1 Abami 6:16-20; 2 Ngoma 3:3-8). Ahera n’Ahera
h’Ahera hari hatandukanijwe n’umwenda muremure (2 Ngoma 3:14).
e. Ahera h’Ahera hari hateguwe mu buryo bw’isanduku, mikono makumiabiri y’uburebure,
imikono makumiabili y’umurambararo n’imikono makumiabiri y’uburebure bw’igihagararo (1
Abami 6:20; 2 Ngoma 3:8). Yari iteweho inzahabu itunganijwe (1 Abami; 2 Ngoma 3:10-13).
Ahari Ahera h’Ahera hariho abakerubi babiri bateweho izahabu bafite amababa yakoraga ku
bihome bagahurira hagati (1 Abami 6:23-28; 2 Ngoma 3:10-13). Isanduku y’isezerano yari
Ahera h’Ahera (1 Abami 8:1-9; 2 Ngoma 5:1-10).
f. Mu rusengero n’ibikoresho byarwo byose hari imirima ifite ishusho nk’iy’abakerubi, imbaho
z’imyerezi n’indabyo (1 Abami 6:18, 29, 32, 35; 7:24-16, 49-50). Imitwe y’inkingi yo hejuru
yari itatswe n’amakomamanga (1 Abami 7:15-22, 42; 2 Ngoma 3:15-16).
g. Urusengero rwubatswe hejuru y’umusozi Moriya (“Siyoni”) aho Imana yari yabwiriye
Aburahamu ngo atange Isaka ho igitambo (Itang 22:2; 2 Ngoma 3:1). Igice cya Yerusalemu
cyigeze kuba ikirindiro cy’Abayebusi (bigeze kuba ari bo batuye Yerusalemu ubwa mbere)
cyari cyiswe Siyoni. Igihe Dawidi yahafata, yahise “Umudugudu wa Dawidi” (2 Sam 5:6-9; 1
Abami 8:1). Ukwimurirwa kw’isanduku y’isezerano mu rusengero byatumye urusengero,
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
116
Umusozi urusengero rwari rwubatsweho, n’umujyi wose wa Yerusalemu witwa Siyoni (reba
Zaburi 2:6; 76:1-2). Bityo, mu buryo bw’umwihariko, urusengero, na cyane-cyane Yerusalemu
n’umusozi Siyoni, byavugwaho yuko ari ubuturo bw’Imana (Zab 48:1-3, 12-14; 78:68; 84:1-7;
87:1-7; 132:13-14).
h. Irembo rikuru ry’urusengero ryari irembo ry’i burasirazuba, ryitwaga “Irembo Ryiza”
(Edersheim 1988: 47; reba Ibyak 3:2, 10).
i. “Nk’ubuturo bw’Imana ku isi, urusengero kandi umudugudu w’i Yerusalemu n’ikimenyetso
cyo mu buryo butoyi cyane cy’icyo Imana iteganya ku isi yose” (Alexander 2008: 45).54
(1) Zab 78:69 havuga, “Yubaka ahera hayo hadatsembwa nk’ijuru, nk’isi
yashimangiye iteka.” Ibi bivuga yuko urusengero rwo mu Isezerano rya Kera rwari
ikimenyetso gito cy’ijuru n’isi byose. Abaheb 8:1-10:1 na ho havuga yuko Ihema
ry’Ibonaniro n’urusengero byari “ibicucu” cyangwa se “kopi” y’ibiriho mu ijuru
by’ukuri.
(2) Bamwe bahuza ubwiza bw’izahabu zo mu rusengero n’ubwiza bw’Imana (reba
Josephus 1987, Ant.: 3.187). Ibi bishobora kuba bihura n’icy’uko Salomo yazanye
inzahabu nyinshi cyane i Yerusalemu (2 Ngoma 1:15). Bishobora kandi kuba
bisobanura yuko umudugudu wose wabaye ubuturo bw’Imana.
(3) Kuba urusengero rwari i Yerusalemu bishobora kuba bifitanye isano n’igihugu cya
Isirayeli kigereranywa n’ingobyi ya Edeni (reba Itang 13:10; Yes 51:3; Ezek 36:35;
Yoweli 2:3).
(4) Josephus, umunyamateka w’Umuyuda wo mu kinjana cya mbere, yabonye
insobanuro y’amayobera ku bijyanye n’igitambaro cyakingirizaga Ahera h’Ahera
h’Urusengero (icyo gihe yarimo yandika ku urusengero rwari ruriho igihe cya Yesu,
ariko kandi rwari rushingiye ku gishushanyo cy’urusengero cyahawe Salomo).
Igitambaro “kinini cyari igisa n’ishusho y’isi n’ijuru . . . ki gitambaro cyari gitatsweho
ibyo byose byari amayobera biri mu majuru, keretse ikijyanye na biriya bimenyetso
[cumi na bibiri], byo shusho y’ibinyabuzima” (Josephus 1987, Wars: 5.212-14; reba
Kuva 26:31; 2 Ngoma 3:14).55
2. Urusengero rwagiye gusenywa n’Abanyababuloni muri 586 MKY (2 Abami 25:1-21; 2 Ngoma
36:11-21; Jer 32:28-44; Amaganya ya Yeremiya; Zaburi 79).
a. Isirayeli (urugero, Yuda nyuma y’uko Isirayeli yari imaze gucikamo ibice igahinduka ubwami
bubiri) ntibabaye abizerwa imbere y’Imana cyangwa se ku isezerano ryayo. Nuko rero, Imana
ituma abahanuzi kugabisha ubwo bwoko, bavuga bati, ubwami butihanye, buzabirindurwa,
Yerusalemu izasenywa, ubwoko bujyanwe mu bunyage i Babuloni aho bazamara imyaka 70
(reba Yes 1:21-5:30; 28:14-30:17; 39:1-8; Yeremiya 2-29; Ezekiyeli 4-16:52; 23; Mika 1-3;
Habakuki 1-2; Zefaniya 1; 3:1-11).
b. Mbere y’uko Abababuloni basenya Urusengero, igicu cy’icyubahiro n’ubwiza bw’Imana
cyavuye mu Rusengero (Ezek 9:3; 10:1-19; 11:22-23).
c. Birasekeje uburyo Imana yakoresheje Abanyababuloni mu gusenya Yerusalemu
n’Urusengero kuko mu Itang 11:1-9 “Babeli” cyari ikinyuranyo cyo mu buryo bwuzuye
cy’umugambi w’Imana (mu Giheburayo, “Babel” na “Babuloni” bisobanura kimwe).
3. Nyuma y’ubu nyage i Babuloni, Urusengero rwarubatswe bushya na Zerubabeli muri 515 MKY
(Ezira 3-6; Hagayi 1-2; Zakariya 2-4); urwo rusengero rwasubiye kwubakwa na Herodi Mukuru mu
ntangiriro zo muri 20 MKY.
a. Urusengero rwubatswe na Herodi ni rwo rusengero rwari ruriho igihe Yesu yari ku isi.
b. Ibipimo by’imbere n’igishushanyo-mbonera cy’urusengero (urugero, Ahera n’Ahera
h’Ahera), n’Ibitambara byari bikingiriye Ahera h’Ahera, byari bihwanye n’urusengero rwa
Salomo. Ariko na none, Herodi yarongereje cyane ibipimo by’Urusengero. Rwari rufite
ubutumburuke bwa metero eshanu. Herodi na none yongereje ibipimo by’ibikāri by’Urusengero
(byari inyuma y’inyubako ubwayo) (Josephus 1987, Wars: 5.184-221).
54
Levenson avuga ati, “Kurebera ibyaremwe mu ishusho y’ubusitani bugose Urusengero ni kimwe no gutegeka ngo habeho
isi yo mu urwego rwo kwifuzwa itandukanye cyane n’ibibaho bidashimishije na gato by’ubuzima busanzwe bugizwe n’ikibi
gihoraho. Iyo si yo kwifuzwa ni yo mbuto y’ibikorwa by’Imana birangwamo kuvumbura.” (Levenson 1988: 99) 55
Levenson aravuga ku yandi masura y’urusengero rwari rufite ishusho y’isi n’ijuru kandi agashimangira yuko
“Urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu rwahanzwe nk’isi n’ijuru bito” (Levenson 1988: 78-99; reba na cyane-cyane 90-99). Reba na
none Alexander 2008: 40-42 ku bijyanye n’urusengero nk’ishusho nto y’isi n’ijuru.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
117
c. N’ubwo Urusengero ubwarwo rwari rwarangije kubakwa ubugira kabiri, rwari rubuze
icy’ibanze: Ubwiza bw’Imana. Nta hantu na hamwe Bibiliya ivuga yuko icyubahiro cy’Imana
cyari cyuzuye inyubako igira kabiri y’Urusengero nk’uko cyari cyuzuye Ihema ry’Ibonaniro
n’Urusengero rwa Salomo. Encyclopediya y’Ikiyuda ivuga iti, “Duhereye kuri Talmud
y’Abanyababuloni (Yoma 22b), Urusengero rugira kabiri [ari rwo rwa Zerubabeli] rwari rubuze
ibintu bitanu byari mu rusengero rwa Salomo, ari byo, Isanduku y’Isezerano, umuriro
uhezagiye, Shekina, Umwuka Wera, hamwe na Urimu na Tumimu” (Jewish Encyclopedia,
“Temple, the Second,” = Encyclopediya y’Abayuda, “Urusengero rwa Kabiri,” 2002: n.p.). Mu
Rusengero rwa Herodi, nta kintu na kimwe cyari kiri Ahera h’Ahera” (Jewish Encyclopedia,
the Temple of Herod = Encyclopediya y’Abayuda, “Urusengero rwa Herodi,” 2002: n.p.).
d. Urusengero rwa Herodi rwasenywe rwose n’Abaroma mu mwaka wa 70 NKY (Nyuma yo
Kuvuka kwa Yesu) nk’uko Yesu yari yaravuze ko ari ko bizagenda (Mat 24:1-2, 15-22;
Mariko 13:1-2, 14-20; Luka 21:20-24).
D. Ezekiyeli yerekwa iby’Urusengero rushya (Ezekiyeli 40-48) Igihe Isirayeli yari mu bunyage i Babuloni, Ezekiyeli yeretswe Urusengero rushya na Yerusalemu
nshya.
1. Urusengero Ezekiyeli yeretswe nta rundi rusengero na rumwe rwo mu buryo bugaragara rwasa na
rwo.
a. Urusengero rwa Ezekiyeli rwari rufite ishusho y’agasanduka gafite impande zingana, metero
igihumbi kimwe na magana atandatu (Ezek 42:15-20; reba Ezek 40:5; reba na none Ezek
48:30-35 havuga metero 225 buri ruhande). Ibi byenda kungana n’ibipimo by’umuzenguruko
wa Yerusalemu ubwayo igihe hubakwa urusengero rugira kabiri (Beale 2004: 341).
Ibisobanuro byatanzwe na Ezekiyeli bitanga ibipimo bijyanye n’umurambararo n’ubwaguke,
ariko nta ho bivuga n’ubutumburuke, keretse inkingi zari zifite mikono mirongo itandatu (Ezek
40:14).
b. Urusengero rwa Ezekiyeli rubura iby’ingenzi ugereranyije n’uko byari bimeze mu Ihema
ry’Ibonaniro no mu Urusengero rwa Salomo. Ntaho bavuga ku bijyanye imbehe y’umulinga,
igitereko cy’itabaza cy’izahabu, imeza y’ihongerero, igicaniro cy’imibavu, igitambaro
gitandukanya ahera h’ahera, isandugu ry’isezerano, abakerubi, amavuta asigwa abakozi
b’Imana, cyangwa se umutambyi mukuru.
c. Nka kimwe mu bigize iyerekwa, Imana yabwiye Ezekiyeli yuko igihugu cya Isirayeli
kizagaburirwa imiryango yose mu buryo bushya. Hari kubaho ibice 13 by’ubutaka bigenda
birebana, bifite ubwaguke bungana, bihera iburasirazuba bikageza iburengerazuba hagati
y’Inyanja ya Mediteraneya n’uruzi rwa Yorodani, ibibanza cumi na bibiri by’imiryango na
kimwe cy’Uwiteka (Ezek 45:1-8; 47:13-48:29).
d. Icyubahiro cy’Uwiteka cyari kwuzura Urusengero kandi Imana yari kuza igatura hagati mu
bantu bayo iteka ryose (Ezek 43:1-9).
2. Urusengero n’Ururembo Ezekiyeli yeretswe ntibyari mu gishushanyo cy’Urusengero n’Umudugudu
nk’uko bimeze mu buryo busanzwe.
a. “Nta ho biri mu gitabo cya Ezekiyeli yuko inyubako y’umudugudu be n’uwo n’Urusengero
be n’urwo byari byemewe n’Imana….Urusengero rushya n’igikorwa cy’Imana. Umurimo
umwe gusa w’umuhanuzi n’ugutanga insobanuro yarwo mu magambo arambuye mu buryo
bushoboka.” (Taylor 2004: 68)
b. “Uburyo iryo yerekwa ridashobora na gato gushyirwa mu bikorwa byatuma umuntu abona
yuko ubutumwa bwabwo ari igishushanyo, aho kuba mu buryo bw’igishushanyo- mbonera
cyarwo nyakuri cyangwa se mu buryo bw’ukugabura igihugu mu bice” (Taylor 2004: 68).
Muri ubwo buryo bw’ “uko bitashoboka ko icyo gishushanyo mbonera gishyirwa mu bikorwa”,
harimo ibi bikurikira:
• Kuvuga ku “musozi muremure cyane” uwo mudugudu wari wubatsweho (Ezek 40:2).56
• Ibipimo byarimo ubwaguke n’uburebure gusa, aho kubamo na none n’ubutumburuke.
56
Ikijyanye n’uko Ezekiel atabonye umudugudu nk’uko uzwi ubu, ahubwo akabona “igishushanyo-mbonera cy’umurwa”
(Ezek 40:2) bisobanura yuko ibi bidakwiye gufatwa nk’uko bivugwa mu magambo. Dennis Johnson avuga ati, “Abahanuzi
basobanura ibyo beretswe mu buryo burangwamo ubwitonzi kandi budasobanutse kugira ngo abasoma batabifata
bashingiye ku magambo yakoreshejwe, kugira ngo tutibagira yuko ubushobozi bw’umwana w’umuntu bufite urugabano
butarenga mu bijyanye n’inararibonye ye n’imvugo ikwiriye mu gusobanura iby’ukuri by’ijuru” (Johnson 2001: 216n.24).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
118
• Kuba ibi bikurikira bitigeze bivugwaho: imbehe y’umuringa ntiyigeze ivugwaho,
igitereko cy’amatabaza cy’izahabu, ameza y’ihongerero, igicaniro cy’imibavu, igitambaro
gitandukanya Ahera n’Ahera h’Ahera, isanduka y’isezerano, ibikoresho byo mu rusengero,
cyangwa se igikuta icy’ari cyo cyose cyari mu bikari by’imbere, cyari guhuza amarembo
atatu manini cyane” (Greenberg 1984: 193).
• “Ibipimo binini cyane by’amarembo bihabwa ishusho itandukanye n’iy’ukuri: Ibipimo
byayo (imikono 25 ku mikono 50); kandi byari hejuru y’iby’umuryango mukuru
w’Urusengero (mikono 20 kuri 40); uburebure bwayo n’igice cy’uburebure bw’ibikari
by’imbere mu rusengero (mikono 100)!” (Greenberg 1984: 193)
3. Byageze ubwo Urusengero rwa Ezekiyeli n’Ubwiza bw’Imana byari gusimbura Urusenegro rwa
Salomo, ibi byari kuba bishingiye ku ukuntu Abisirayeli bari kwihana no kwubaha Imana by’ukuri, ibyo
Abisirayeli batigeze bakora. Mu byo Imana yasabaga ntiharimo ibijyanye n’ukwihana hamwe
n’ukwubaha Imana byonyine (Ezek 43:6-12; 45:9-12), ahubwo harimo n’ibijyanye no kugabanganya
igihugu, igice kimwe kikaba icy’Uwiteka, icy’abatambyi, icy’Abalewi, icy’imiryango
n’icy’Abanyamahanga (Ezek 45:1-8; 47:13-48:29).
Abantu ntibigeze bihana nyuma ngo bubahe Uwiteka (reba Ezira 10; Hag 1:1-11).
Urusengero bageze aho bakubaka bayobowe na Zerubabeli ntirwari rukurikije iyerekwa Ezekiyeli
yahawe kandi ubwiza bwarwo ntaho bwari buhuriye n’ubw’urwo Salomo yari yarubatse (Ezira 3:8-13:
Hag 2:1-3). Ikindi, n’inyuma yuko inyubako yari yarangiye, Isirayeli n’ubutambyi bwayo ntibigeze
bihana inzira z’ibyaha no kutubaha Imana kwabo (Malaki 1-4).
4. Mu miterere yaryo, ibice bimwe na bimwe by’iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli byerekana yuko ryari iryo mu
buryo bw’ishusho kandi rijyanye n’iby’ijuru aho kuba ibyo mu buryo bufatika.
a. Iriburiro muri Ezek 40:1-2 rigizwe n’ibice bitatu: (1) ibijyanye n’umunsi wihariye igihe ibyo
bintu byabaga; (2) ijambo rivuga ngo, “ukuboko kw’Uwiteka kwari hejuru yanjye”; (3)
n’ijambo rivuga yuko yabonye “iyerekwa inshuro nyinshi.” Ahandi hantu muri Ezekiyeli aho
uburyo bw’ubunyabutatu iriburiro rivugwamo ni muri Ezek 1:1-3 na 8:1-3. Mu bindi bice,
iyerekwa Ezekiyeki yaronse ryari ryerekeye ku urusengero rwo mu ijuru (urugero, Ubuturo
bw’Imana mu ijuru), aho kwerekeza ku ubuturo bwo mu isi. Ibisobanuro bitomoye ku
Urusengero rwo mu ijuru bivugwa muri Ezek 1:1-28 aho igishingiweho ari mu ijuru gusa. Muri
Ezekiyeli 8:1-11:23, iyerekwa rivuga ubwiza bw’ijuru buhuzwa n’Ubwiza bw’Imana mu bantu
bayo ku isi. Ezekiyeli yabonye icyubahiro cy’Imana (8:4), cyo cyari mu Rusengero igihe
cy’Urusengero rwa Salomo. N’ubwo bimeze bityo, Ezekiyeli yabonye ibyaha
by’agahomamunwa byakorerwaga mu rusengero rwo mu buryo bufatika (8:5-17). Nuko rero,
icyubahiro cy’Imana gitangira gusohoka kiva mu rusengero rwo mu buryo bufatika (9:3).
Ishusho noneho yerekeye ku urusengero rwo mu ijuru (10:1-22), icyubahiro cy’Imana kirangiza
gisohoka kiva mu rusengero rwo mu buryo bufatika (10:4; 11:22-23). Ubwiza bw’Imana
buracyari kumwe n’abajyanywe mu bunyage bakomeje kuba abizerwa i Babuloni (11:16); aba
na bo ni bo rusengero rwo ku isi n’ubwo inyubako y’urusengero rwo mu buryo bufatika yari
yararangije gusenywa n’Abanyababuloni.
b. Mu iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli, uruzi rubwirizwa kuba ari ikimenyetso kandi rukaba ari urwo mu
buryo budasanzwe, kuko, n’ubwo hatavugwamo inzuzi ntonto zarushoreragamo amazi yazo,
uburebure bw’amajyepfo bw’urwo ruzi bwarushirizaho kwiyongera, uhereye mu
bugombambari ukageza ku mugezi utashobora kwambukishwa amaguru (47:2-5).Ikindi,
bitandukanye n’uko bimeze ku uruzi rwo ku isi, rwo mu buryo busanzwe, uru rworwo rufata
amazi arimo umunyu rukayahindura amazi meza anyobwa meza aho kuba igihushane cy’ibyo
(47:6-12).
c. N’ubwo Ezekiyeli yanditse akoresheje imvugo n’amashusho abasomyi b’icyo gihe bahise
bumva, dushingiye ku ukuza kwa Kristo, urusengero Ezekiyeli yeretswe rushobora kuba
rudahwanye n’inyubako yo mu buryo bufatika izubakwa mu bihe bizaza.
(1) Muri iri yerekwa rye, Ezekiyeli asobanura ibijyanye n’ibitambo by’ibikōko bivugwa
yuko bifite intego n’igikorwa cyo guhongera ibyaha (Ezek 43:13-27; 45:15-25).
Byashoboka yuko be n’ibyo bitambo bitakora umurimo wo guhongera mu buryo
nyakuri kuko byari kuba bihabanye n’amateka yo gucungurwa, byaba kandi bihakanye
igitambo kimwe kizima cya Kristo yitambye ubwe, bitandukanye n’uko bivugwa
Abaheb 9:11-10:22. Ibi na byo byaba bibaye ibicucu aho kuba ibikoresho nyakuri byo
mu buryo bugaragara (reba Abakol 2:16-17; Abaheb 8:1-10:22).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
119
(2) Gufata ishusho ya Yerusalemu mu magambo nk’ayo “yavuzwemo” (urugero, mu
buryo bufatika) bivuga yuko ari ihuriro ry’isi mu bijyanye no kuramya (Ezekiyeli 47-
48), aho abatari Abisirayeli bari bahejwe kwinjira mu rusengero (Ezek 44:6-9), byaba
bisubije inyuma ibyo Kristo yarangije gukora. Yesu yakuyemo itegeko ryavugaga yuko
kuramya bikorerwa ahantu hatoranyijwe gusa (Yoh 4:21, 23); yongera akuraho
ibijyanye no gukumira Abanyamahanga mu ubwoko bw’Imana nk’uko byakorwaga
n’Abayuda (1 Abakor 12:13; Abagal 3:28; Abef 2:11-22; Abakol 3:11; Ibyah 5:9;
7:9).57
(3) Kuvuga yuko ibitambo ari “inzibutso” gusa z’igitambo cya Kristo bivuga yuko
tutashobora gufata urusenegro ubwarwo “mu buryo bw’insobanuro yarwo gusa”
(urugero, nk’inyubako yo mu buryo bufatika). Na none, gufata ibitambo nk’uko
bivugwa na Ezekiyeli nk’inzibutso” na byo byaba bisuzuguje Kristo kuko icyo Kristo
ubwe yadusigiye cyo “gufata ku mutwe” ku bijyanye n’igikorwa cy’ugucungurwa cyari
“Ameza y’Umwami”, aho gusubira mu bitambo byo mu Isezerano rya Kera (Luka
22:14-20; 1 Abakor 11:23-26).
(4) David Holwerda yanzura avuga ati: “Ukuri kw’ingenzi mu rusengero mu bivugwa
ku rusengero Ezekiyeli yeretswe kwamaze gushyirwa ahagaragara keretse inyubako
y’ibuye. Ibi bishobora kuba bifite ishusho y’ibitangaza mu bijyanye n’isohozwa
ry’ubuhanuzi, ariko kuri Sitefano n’umuhanuzi Yesaya, twari dukwiye kumenya yuko
“Isumbabyose ntituye mu mazu yakozwe n’amaboko y’abana b’abantu” (Ibyak 7:48).
Imana ituye muri Yesu no muri twe (Yoh 14:23), kandi ukuri kuri mu Urusengero
Ezekiyeli yeretswe kwasakaye mu isi yose. . . . Umubiri wa Yesu ni rwo rusengero
rushya kuko Yesu ni We hantu h’ihongerero kandi ni muri We ubwiza bw’Imana
bugaragarira. . . . Yesu ntiyaje kugira ngo igishushanyo mbonera cy’urusengero
Ezekiyeli yeretswe gihindurwe urusengero rurusha ubwiza izindi nsengero amaboko
y’umwana w’umuntu yaba yarigeze kwubaka. Iby’uko Mesiya ari we wari witezwe
gukora ibi ng’ibi cyari ukudasobanukirwa kwari mu mitima y’abarwanyaga Yesu,
urujijo rwari no mu bigishwa ba Yesu kugeza ubwo ukuzuka kwa Yesu kwafunguye
ubwenge bwabo. Urusengero rw’icyubahiro Ezekiyeli yeretswe ni Yesu, ukuri
kwagaragaye igihe Imana yambaraga umubiri w’umuntu, kwamamarijwe mu nyigisho
za Yesu, nyuma kuza gusobanuka mu gihe cy’ukuzuka kwe [Yoh 2:21-22].” (Holwerda
1995: 74-75)
5. Yesu yizihije isohozwa ry’ibyo Ezekiyeli yeretswe ku bijyanye n’Urusengero Rushya muri We ubwe
no mu ubwoko bwe (Itorero).
a. Iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli ryerekanye “ubwiza bw’Uwiteka” bwuzura urusenegro kandi ko
azabana n’abantu bayo iteka ryose (Ezek 43:1-9; reba na none Ezek 37:26). Yohana akoresha
imvugo kuri Yesu yibutsa ibyavuzwe na Ezekiyeli: “Jambo uwo yabaye umuntu abana natwe
(tubona ubwiza bwe busa n’ubw’Umwana w’ikinege wa Se), yuzuye ubuntu n’ukuri” (Yoh
1:14; reba na none Luka 9:32; Yoh 2:11; 2 Pet 1:16-18). Yesu yavuze yuko azaba mu bantu
kandi ko azahorana na twe (Mat 28:20; Yoh 14:16-17; Abaheb 13:5). Isohozwa ry’iryo
sezerano ryabaye ku munsi wa Penetekoti igihe abigishwa bari buzuye Umwuka Wera (Ibyak
2:1-21).
57
Imiterere y’ishusho y’iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli isobanurwa mu ngingo y’ikinyamakuru cyo mu buryo budasobanutse cya
Bob Pickle, cyitwa “Umurwa wa Ezekiyeli: Kubara umuzunguko w’Isi” (Pickle 2004: n.p.). Pickle abona yuko umurwa
n’ukugabanganya ubutaka nk’uko Ezekiyeli yabyeretswe, n’urugero rw’isi nshya. Aravuga ati, “Turamutse twaguye ikarita
ya Ezekiyeli [urugero, ibibanza 13 byagenewe Uwiteka hamwe n’Abisirayeli] kugeza ubwo umurwa wa Ezekiyeli ugera ku
gipimo cya Yerusalemu Nshya nk’uko iri mu Byahishuwe, bityo ikarita ya Ezekiyeli izungurutse isi. Ikigereranyo kiri
hagati y’umurwa wa Ezekiyeli na Yerusalemu Nshya yo mu Byahishuwe kingana n’ikigereranyo hagati y’ikarita ya
Ezekiyeli n’umuzunguruko w’isi.” Imibare ye ishingiye ku mibare y’ibitekerezo: (1) Akoresha mikono 4,500 kuri buri
ruhande rw’umurwa wa Ezekiyeli (Ezek 48:30-35); (2) Bya bibanza 13 byose (Ezek 45:1-8; 47:13-48:29) bifite ubwaguke
bureshya bwa mikono 25.000 (igiteranyo cya byose ni mikono 325,000); (3) Ibipimo bya Yerusalemu Nshya (Ibyah 21:16)
ni sitadio 3.000 buri ruhande, byose hamwe bikaba “sitadiyo 12.000, aho kuba sitadiyo 12.000 buri ruhande (Ikigiriki
kivuga yuko ibipimo byari “sitadiyo 12.000” kandi yuko “uburebure bwayo bungana n’ubwaguke bwayo”); (4) Buri
kibuga cy’imikino cy’Abaroma cyari gifite uburebure bwa metero 200. N’ubwo igitekerezo cya Pickle kidahuye n’ibirimo
bisobanurwa muri ibi, kirimo kijijisha, kandi kikemera yuko icyo Ezekiyeli yabonye cyari gikwiye gufatwa nk’ishusho aho
gufatwa nk’ukuri kw’inyubako n’umurwa bizubakwa mu bihe bizaza.
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b. Iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli ryerekanye na none isōko y’amazi atanga ubugingo atemba ava munsi
y’Urusenegro (Ezek 47:1-12). Mu gihe Yesu ari We Rusengero rw’ukuri rw’Imana, bityo, ni We
sōko y’amazi atanga ubugingo. Muri Yoh 4:10-14, yabwiye wa mugore w’Umusamariya yuko
ari We Sōko ihoraho y’ “amazi y’ubugingo.” Muri Yoh 7:37-39, ashingiye ku cy’uko ari We
utanga Umwuka Wera, Yesu yavuze ati, “Umuntu nagira inyota aze aho ndi, anywe. Unyizera,
imigezi y’amazi y’ubugingo izatemba iva mu nda ye, nk’uko ibyanditswe bibivuga.” Mu gihe
mu Isezerano rya Kera nta na hamwe hariho havuga mu magambo atomoye yuko “mu nda ye
hazakomoka amazi y’ubugingo,” “bisa n’ibivuga yuko mu bwenge bwabo hari harimo ibindi
byanditswe byinshi bivuga ibisa n’ibi. Ibyo na byo byaba ari ibice byari bifite insobanuro
ikomeye ku bijyanye n’umunsi mukuru kandi bikaba byarasomwa icyo gihe nyene: Ibikuru
muri byo byari ibyavugaga uguhabwa amazi avuye mu rutare mu gihe cy’ubutayu, Kuva 17:1-6
(reba na none Zab 78:15-16; 105:40-41), uruzi rw’amazi y’ubugingo atemba ava mu rusengero
mu Ubwami bw’Imana (Ezek 47:1-11); muri ibi bihe bishya na ho, n’amazi atemba ava i
Yerusalemu yerekeza mu nyanja z’i burasirazuba n’i burengerazuba (Zak 14:8).” (Beasley-
Murray 1999: 116) Mu yandi magambo, Yesu ahuza urusengero rwo mu bihe bya nyuma rwa
Ezekiyeli na We ubwe nka We rusengero rushya. Bityo, amazi aratemba, atavuye mu rusengero
rwo mu buryo bugaragara i Yerusalemu, ahubwo ava muri Yesu ubwe. Itorero n’umuyoboro
w’amazi atanga ubugingo afite Yesu ho isōko.
6. Yerusalemu Nshya (Ibyah 21:1-22:5), s’inyubako yo mu buryo bugaragara ikwiye kuzubakwa ku isi
mu bihe bizaza, ahubwo ni Yo izaba ukwishimira Urusengero Ezekiyeli yeretswe (Ezek 40-48).
a. Muri Ezek 40:2, Ezekiyeli yajyanywe ku “musozi muremure cyane” aho yabonye igisa
n’umurwa.” Hirya no hino y’i Yerusalemu yo mu buryo bugaragara, nta misozi miremure cyane
ibayo. Ikindi, kuba yarabonye “ibisa” n’umurwa na byo byashakaga gusobanura yuko Ezekiyeli
yarimo yinjira mu “ubutabire bw’ijuru n’isi buvuga ku bizaba mu bihe bya nyuma” (Beale
2004: 336). Ibi byemezwa n’Ibyah 21:10 aho bihuzwa n’imvugo ya Ezekiyeli igihe
yasobanuraga ibijyanye na Yerusalemu Nshya. Iki cyanditswe kivuga ko Malayika “anjyana ku
musozi munini kandi muremure ndi mu Mwuka, anyereka ururembo rwera Yerusalemu
rumanuka ruva mu ijuru ku Mana.”
b. Mu iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli urusengero n’umurwa bisobanurwa mu buryo bw’impande enye
zingana (Ezek 42:15-20; 48:15-20). Uburyo Ezekiyeli ahuza umurwa na Yerusalemu Nshya
bishimangirwa n’Ibyah 21:16 aho bisobanura Yerusalemu Nshya nk’ “iyubatswe mu buryo
bw’impande enye zingana.” Ijambo ry’Ikigiriki ribivuga ni “impande enye-kane” (tetragōnos).
Isezerano rya Kera ry’Ikigiriki kuri Ezek 45:1-5 na 41:21 rikoresha iryo jambo nyene ku
nyubako yose y’urusengero” (Beale 2004: 348n.37).
c. Icy’ingenzi ku iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli n’uko Imana ihari kandi ko izatura hagati mu bantu
bayo iteka ryose. Nyuma, igitabo cya Ezekiyeli kirangizanya aya magambo, kandi uhereye uwo
munsi, umurwa uzitwa, ‘Uwiteka arahari’.” (Ezek 48:35). Ibi bisohoreye muri Yerusalemu
Nshya mu Ibyahishuwe 21-22.
(1) Muri 2 Abakor 6:16-7:1 Paulo ahuza amasezerano yo mu Abal 26:11-12, 2 Sam
7:14, na Ezek 37:27, kandi herekana uburyo isohozwa ry’ayo masezerano byizihirijwe
mu Itorero. Iyerekwa rya nyuma rya Ezekiyeli ryubaka hejuru kandi ryizihiza ibyo
iyerekwa rya mbere ryari ryaravuze muri Ezek 37:26-28. Nk’uko icyo gice cyavuze
inshuro ebyiri yuko Uwiteka Imana “azubaka ubuturo bwera hagati muri bo iteka
ryose,” bityo Ezek 43:7-9 aravuga inshuro ebyiri “nzaba hagati muri bo iteka ryose.”
Mu Isezerano rya Kera ry’Ikigiriki, igitsi cy’ijambo “kuba” muri Ezek 43:7 ni “Ihema
ry’Ibonaniro.” Ibyah 21:3 havuga yuko Yerusalemu Nshya n’isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi
bwose, harimo iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli, Ezek 43:7, 9, hasubiramo inshuro ebyiri havuga
ngo, “intebe y’ubwami bw’Imana iri hagati mu bantu” kandi “izaba hagati mu bantu
bayo.” Ikigeretseho, Ibyah 21:3 havuga yuko Imana “izabana” n’abantu bayo.
(2) Kimwe n’ibyo, Ezek 43:7 havuga ngo, “aha ni ah’intebe y’ubwami yanjye.” Ibyah
22:1, 3 hombi havuga yuko “intebe y’Imana n’iy’Umwana w’Intama” zizaba muri
Yerusalemu Nshya.
(3) Intumwa n’imiryango ya Isirayeli bavugwaho nka bimwe mu bizaba byubatse
Yerusalemu Nshya ubwayo: Intumwa n’umusingi (Ibyah 21:14); imiryango cumi
n’ibiri na yo n’amarembo (Ibyah 21:12-13). Hejuru y’uko Urusengero Ezekiyeli
yeretswe na Yerusalemu Nshya bifite isura imwe, byombi bifite imiryango cumi n’ibiri
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121
ifite ishusho imwe: itatu mu majyaruguru, itatu i burasirazuba; itatu mu majyepfo; itatu
i burengerazuba (gereranya na Ezek 48:31-34 n’Ibyah 21:12-13). “Kuba Intumwa
zashyizwe hamwe n’imiryango ya Isirayeli nka bamwe mu bigize ishusho y’umurwa-
rusengero nk’uko byahanuwe muri Ezekiyeli 40-48 biza byuzuza kurushiriza
ubushakashatsi bwacu . . . yuko itorero rya Gikristu rihuriwemo n’amoko menshi rizaba
itsinda ryacunguwe, ryo hamwe na Kristo basohoze ubuhanuzi bwa Ezekiyeli ku
bijyanye n’urusengero hamwe n’umurwa byo mu bihe bizaza. Ibi bihwanye n’ibindi
bice byo mu Isezerano Rishya aho abahurira mu isezerano rikuru bose bagize
urusengero rwo mu buryo bwo mu mwuka aho ubwiza bw’Imana buba (1 Abakor.3:16-
17; 6:19; 2 Abakor 6:16; Abef. 2:21-22; 1 Pet. 2:5).” (Beale 1999a: 1070)
(4) Urusengero rwa Ezekiyeli ruri mu mutima wa buri kintu. Muri Yerusalemu Nshya,
nta nyubako yo mu buryo bugaragara ihari, “kuko Umwami Imana Ishobora Byose
n’Umwana w’Intama ari bo rusengero rwarwo” (Ibyah 21:22). Bityo, urusengero
nyakuri—Imana n’Umwana w’Intama—ubu ni byo mutima wa byose. “Igishingiweho
cy’Imana n’Umwana w’Intama hamwe n’urusengero bisātira cyane insobanuro
y’iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli, rihwanye n’Ubwiza n’Icyubahiro by’Imana ubwabyo
(urugero 48:35, uwo murwa uzitwa ‘Uwiteka ni ho ari’). Icyo urusengero rwa Isirayeli
rwa mbere rwari rugamije kwari ugusakaza ubwiza bw’Imana, byasohorejwe mu
Ibyahishuwe 21:1-22:5, kandi iryo sohozwa ryari ryaravuzweho muri Ezekiyeli 40-48
ubwaho.” (Beale 2004: 348)
d. Ezek 47:1-12 hatanga ibisobanuro ku uruzi rutemba ruva mu rusengero rugenda rukiza
kandi rutanga ubugingo. Ibyah 22:1-2 hakoresha ishusho isa n’iya mbere kandi hakabihuza na
Yerusalemu Nshya. Ibijyanye n’uruzi mu iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli bihuzwa na Ezek 47:7, 12
havuga yuko hari ibiti ku nkengera zombi z’uruzi. Ibi bigasa n’ibiri mu Ibyah 22:2 havuga mu
buryo buhwanye n’ubwa mbere yuko igiti cy’ubugingo cyari “hakurya no hakuno y’uruzi.”
Muri izo mpande zombi, bivugwa yuko icyo giti cyama imbuto (Ezek 47:12; Ibyah 22:2).
Kandi na none kuri izo mpande zombi, amababi y’ibiti abereyeho gukiza” (Ezek 47:12; Ibyah
22:2).
e. Urusengero rwa Ezekiyeli ruzagirira umumaro abitandukanije n’ibyaha byabo (Ezek 43:6-
9). Ibyah 21:27 havuga yuko “nta na kimwe cyanduye, kandi nta n’umwe ukora ibizira” kizaba
muri Yerusalemu Nshya. Ibi byerekana yuko Urusengero rwa Ezekiyeli rwaba rusobanura
abantu bari “muri Kristo” gusa. Nk’uko Kristo yizihije ubwami bwe, akababaria ibyaha mu
buryo buhoraho igihe yazaga ubwa mbere, bityo Yerusalemu Nshya igize ukwishimira mu
Ubwami bwa Kristo, aho ibyaha byakuweho burundu.
7. Icya nyuma, ikibazo cy’insobanuro y’iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli n’ikibazo kijyanye n’isesengurwa
rya Bibiliya.
a. Imvugo y’ubuhanuzi hamwe n’iyerekwa rikomeza. “Ezekiyeli 40-48 n’iyerekwa ryo mu buryo
bw’ishusho y’urusengero rwo mu ijuru nyarwo ruzamanuka mu minsi ya nyuma rugahagarikwa
mu isi; ariko atari mu buryo bugaragara. . . . Ezekiyeli ashobora kuba yarahanuye neza ku
rusengero rwo mu bihe bya nyuma anyujije mu bimenyetso by’urusengero rwo mu buryo
bufatika ashingiye ku migenzo, urwo Abisirayeli b’icyo gihe bashobora kuba barasobanukiwe.
Ni cyo gituma avuga ku rusengero rwasenyutse mu kuvuga muri make yuko uru ruzaba ari
urusengero rw’ubundi bwoko. Iyerekwa rikomeza ry’Isezerano Rishya ryerekana mu buryo
busobanutse ukuntu urwo rusengero rwo mu bihe bya nyuma ruzaba rutandukanye
n’urusanzwe: Ntirwari kuba inyubako ahubwo iryo yerekwa ryari gusohozwa na Mesiya
w’Imana uzatura hagati mu ubwoko bwe.” (Beale 2004: 353, 359)
b. Uburyo Isezerano Rishya risobanura irya Kera. “Abenshi mu bantu bashobora kubona
iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli ry’Urusengero ryo mu buryo bwagutse (ibice 40-48) rikomeza ukwizera
mu bantu yuko hazabaho Urusengero rwo mu bihe bya nyuma ruhuye n’ibisobanuro Ezekiyeli
yatanze. Ariko, umumenyekanishamana wa Bibiliya ntashobora kwegera ubu buhanuzi
adasobanukiwe uburyo bwumvwa n’abanditsi bo mu Isezerano Rishya. Ishusho Ezekiyeli abona
ry’uruzi rutemba ruva mu Rusengero (Ezek 47:1ff) igaruka inshuro ebyiri mu Isezerano Rishya.
Muri Yohana 7:37-9 ‘inzuzi z’amazi y’ubugingo’ zitemba ziva muri Yesu ubwe; hagati aho mu
Ibyahishuwe ‘uruzi rw’amazi y’ubugingo’ rutemba runyuze hagati muri Yerusalemu Nshya
(Ibyah 22:1ff). Aba banditsi babiri bavomye mu buhanuzi bwa Ezekiyeli babukoresha kuri Yesu
no kuri Yerusalemu yo mu ijuru. Nuko, ntibari biteze yuko ubuhanuzi bwa Ezekiyeli
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122
bwagenewe gusohorezwa mu bihe bizaza nk’uko bwavuzwe mu buryo bw’Urusengero rwo mu
bihe bizaza. Ahubwo, ubu buhanuzi bwahindutse uburyo bwiza bwo kuvuga mu buryo
bw’ishusho ku byo Imana yasohoreye muri Yesu n’ibyo yasohoje binyuze muri Yesu. Nuko,
mu buryo butangaje, nubwo iyerekwa rya Ezekiyeli ryari ryerekeye cyane ku Rusengero,
ryagiye gusohorera muri urwo rurembo ‘rutagiramo Urusengero’, kuko Urusengero rw’uwo
murwa ari Umwami Imana Ishobora Byose n’Umwana w’Intama’ (Ibyah 21:22).” (Walker
1996: 313)
E. Amajuru mashya n’Isi Nshya (Ibyahishuwe 21-22) 1. Yerusalemu Nshya ihwanye n’ukwizihiza umugambi w’Imana w’iteka ryose wo gutura ahantu hera
igaturana n’Ubwoko bwayo bwera nk’uko ishusho y’igicucu cyabyo yari yarerekanywe mu Ngobyi, mu
Ihema ry’Ibonaniro, no mu Rusengero.
a. Umwuzuro wa Yerusalemu Nshya n’Ahera h’Ahera.
(1) Nk’uko biri ku Ahera h’Ahera (1 Abami 6:16-20; 2 Ngoma 3:8), uwo murwa ufite
isura y’isandugu ifunze ifite impande zingana (Ibyah 21:16).
(2) Nk’uko Ahera h’Ahera hari hasizwe n’izahabu itunganyijwe (1 Abami 6:16-20; 2
Ngoma 3:8), “ururembo rwari rwubakishijwe izahabu nziza imeze nk’ibirahuri byiza”
(Ibyah 21:18).
(3) Nk’uko Ahera h’Ahera hari ahantu hihariye hagenewe ubwiza bw’Imana
n’icyubahiro cyayo, ubu rero ururembo ruhindutse ahantu h’ubwiza bw’Imana
n’icyubahiro cyayo (Ibyah 21:22-23; 21:1, 3-5).
(4) Bityo, Ahera h’Ahera honyine, ukuyemo ibindi bice by’urusengero rwa Isirayeli
(urugero, Ahera hamwe n’ubusitani bw’inyuma), handitswe mu Ibyahishuwe 21.
Impamvu n’uko ubwiza bw’Imana bwo mu buryo bwihariye, ubwo kera bwabonekera
Ahera h’Ahera honyine, ariko non’ubu bugose ibyaremwe byayo bishya byose.
b. Yerusalemu Nshya imira Ahera h’Ahera hamwe n’Itorero rya none kandi iri hejuru yabyo ku
bijyanye n’uburyo tugera ku Mana.
(1) Adamu na Eva batarangwaho icyaha ni bo bonyine bari bemerewe kuba muri Edeni,
kandi Umutambyi Mukuru ni we wenyine wari wemerewe kwinjira Ahera h’Ahera.
Muri Yerusalemu Nshya, abantu b’Imana bose nta cyaha bafite, kandi bari Ahera
h’Ahera ha Yerusalemu Nshya, bazakorera Umwami Imana kandi bazaganza iteka
ryose (Ibyah 21:7-8, 27; 22:3-5).
(2) Ku munsi w’ihongerero—umunsi umwe wonyine ni ho umutambyi mukuru
yashoboraga kwinjira Ahera h’Ahera—umutambyi mukuru yabwirizwaga gutamba
umubavu wari ugize igicu kinini cyatwikiraga intebe y’imbabazi kugira ngo atabona
icyubahiro n’ubwiza bw’Imana agahita apfa (Abal 16:13; reba Kuva 33:20). Muri
Yerusalemu Nshya, abantu b’Imana bose bazabona “mu maso hayo” (Ibyak 22:4).
(3) No mu itorero nk’uko ririho ubu, Yesu Kristo, Umutambyi wacu Mukuru, ni We
wenyine uhora mu rusengero rwo mu ijuru rw’ukuri rw’Imana (Abaheb 4:14-5:10;
7:1-10:25). Ubu natwe dufite uburenganzira bwo kugera ku Mana Data wa Twese mu
buryo buhoraho, binyuze muri Yesu Kristo (Mat 27:51; Abaheb 10:19-22). Muri
Yerusalemu Nshya, hejuru y’uko tuzaba dushobora kugera ku Mana ubwacu, tuzahora
imbere y’ubwiza bwayo iteka ryose (Ibyah 21:3-4, 22-23; 22:3-5).
c. Mu Ibyah 3:12, Yesu yatanze isezerano rikurikira,“unesha nzamugira inkingi yo mu
rusengero rw’Imana yanjye.” Iki gice ntikivuga ku nsengero z’abapagani cyangwa se
urusengero rwa Salomo i Yerusalemu (1 Abami 7:15-21; 2 Ngoma 3:15-17) ahubwo kivuga
kuri Yerusalemu Nshya izamanuka iva mu ijuru. Ibi bisobanura yuko abera bubahirwa muri
urwo rusengero rwo mu ijuru, urwo na rwo nta kindi ruri keretse ubwiza bw’Imana gusa….
Muri make, ijambo ‘urusengero’ ribwirizwa guhabwa insobanuro yo mu buryo bw’ishusho.
Imana izubahisha abantu bayo icyubahiro cyayo cyihariye.” (Kistemaker 2000: 434)
2. Ibindi biranga Yerusalemu Nshya bivuga yuko imira ibyo Ingobyi, Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusengero
byerekanye mu buryo bw’igicucu.
a. Nk’uko Imana ubwayo yari “yarateye umurima” muri Edeni (Itang 2:8) itanga igishushanyo
mbonera cy’Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusengero byari bihuye n’iby’ukuri biri mu ijuru, bityo,
Yerusalemu Nshya “imanukira [ku isi yahembuwe kandi yahinduwe nshya] iturutse ku Mana
mu ijuru”(Ibyah 21:10; reba na none Abar 8:18-21).
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123
b. Nk’uko byagenze muri Edeni, Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusengero byarangwaga n’izahabu
n’amabuye y’agaciro, na Yerusalemu Nshya na yo ikarangwa n’izahabu yayo n’amabuye
y’agaciro (Ibyah 21:18-22).
c. Nk’uko byari biri muri Edeni, Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’Urusengero byarangwaga n’ibiterwa
(cyangwa se amashusho y’ibiterwa asa n’umurima), bityo, Yerusalemu Nshya na yo irangwa
n’imbuto z’ibiti byayo (Ibyah 22:2).
d. Nk’uko Edeni yari ifite igiti cy’ubugingo, ni na ko Yerusalemu Nshya na yo ifite igiti
cy’ubugingo (Ibyah 22:2).
e. Nk’uko Edeni n’Urusengero rwa Ezekiyeli byari isōko y’uruzi, na Yerusalemu Nshya na yo
ifite “isōko y’amazi y’ubugingo, rubonerana nk’isarabwayi, ruva ku ntebe y’Imana n’Umwana
w’Intama” (Ibyah 21:6; 22:1).
f. Nk’uko umutambyi mukuru, mu ruhanga rwe yambaraga umwenda wanditsweho “YEREJWE
UWITEKA” igihe yaba ari mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro n’igihe yaba ari mu Rusengero (Kuva 28:36-
38), bityo no muri Yerusalemu Nshya abantu b’Imana bose bazaba bambaye “izina ryayo mu
ruhanga rwabo” (Ibyah 22:4).
g. Nk’uko muri Edeni y’imbere yo kugwa mu cyaha nta rupfu rwari ruhari, nta gahinda, nta
mubabaro, no muri Yerusalemu Nshya nta muvumo uzongera kubaho ukundi, nta rupfu, nta
gahinda nta n’umubabaro (Ibyah 21:4; 22:3).
h. Nk’uko Imana “igendagenda muri ya ngobyi” (Itang 3:8) kandi ikuzuza ubwiza bwe Ahera
h’Ahera mu Ihema ry’Ibonaniro no mu Rusengero, bityo no muri Yerusalemu Nshya “Dore
ihema ry’Imana riri hamwe n’abantu, kandi izaturana na bo, na bo bazaba abantu bayo, kandi
Imana ubwayo izabana na bo ibe Imana yabo” (Ibyah 21:3).
3. Ibyahishuwe 21 havuga yuko “Yerusalemu Nshya” ARI “isi nshya.” Yohana atangira asobanura
“ijuru rishya n’isi nshya” (Ibyah 21:1), ako kanya nyuma yaho asobanura “umurwa wera, Yerusalemu
Nshya” (Ibyah 21:2-3; 10-22:5). Uhereye ku Ibyah 21:2, aho Yohana yari yerekeje ibitekerezo bye ni
ku murwa, nta kindi inyuma y’iki cyangwa se cyiyongera kuri iki. Ibiranga Yerusalemu Nshya n’isi
nshya bigaragazwa n’ibi bikurikira:
a. Ibisobanuro ku kijyanye no “kubona – kwumva” mu Ibyahishuwe, aho icyo Yohana abona
gisobanurwa n’icyo yumva (cyangwa se icyo yumva gisobanurwa n’icyo abona), bivuga yuko
Yerusalemu Nshya ihwanye n’ijuru rishya n’isi nshya.
(1) Mu Ibyah 21:1 Yohana yeretswe “ijuru rishya n’isi nshya.” Ibi byakurikiwe
n’iyerekwa rye ry’ “ururembo rwera, Yerusalemu Nshya, imanuka iva mu ijuru ku
Mana” (21:2). Muri 21:3, Yohana “yumva ijwi rirenga” rivuga riti, “Dore ihema
ry’Imana riri hamwe n’abantu, kandi azabana na bo.” Ibisa n’ibirimo biba n’uko
iyerekwa rigira kabiri (21:2) risobanura irya mbere, kandi ibyumviswe ku bijyanye
n’ihema ry’ibonaniro rishya (21:3) bisobanura neza iyi mirongo yombi—urugero, ijuru
rishya n’isi nshya byo muri 21:1 bihuye na Yerusalemu Nshya yo muri 21:2, kandi
byombi bikaba bihwanye n’ihema ry’ibonaniro rishya ryo muri 21:3.
(2) Ikindi gisa n’ibi cyo gusobanura kiza mu Ibyah 5:1-10. Muri icyo gice, Yohana
yeretswe igitabo kandi yumva umumarayika abaza ngo ni nde ukwiriye kubumbura
icyo gitabo. Yumva umwe muri ba bakuru avuga ati, “intare yo mu muryango wa
Yuda” ni we ukwiriye kubumbura icyo gitabo (5:5). Ikindi Yohana yeretswe ntiyari
intare, ahubwo cyari “Umwana w’Intama uhagaze usa n’uwatambwe” (5:6). Uwo
Mwana w’Intama ni wo wafashe cya gitabo kandi aboneka nk’ukwiriye kukibumbura
(5:7-10). Bityo, Umwana w’Intama wari uhwanye n’Intare (kandi byombi n’amashusho
ya Yesu Kristo).
b. “Intebe y’Imana,” ahandi muri Bibiliya ivugwa nk’iri mu ijuru, ubu na ho ivugwa yuko iri
hagati mu ubwoko bw’Imana muri Yerusalemu Nshya. Muri Bibiliya yose, bivugwa yuko
“intebe” y’Imana iri mu ijuru (reba 1 Abami 22:19; 2 Ngoma 18:18; Zab 103:19; Yes 6:1;
66:1; Mat 5:34; 23:22; Ibyak 7:49; Abaheb 8:1; Ibyak 4:2-10; 5:1-13; 6:16; 7:9-15; 8:3; 12:5; 14:3-5; 16:17; 19:4-5; 20:11). Mu Ibyah 22:1-3, intebe y’Imana ivugwaho nk’iri muri
Yerusalemu Nshya. Bityo, Yerusalemu Nshya ihwanye n’ijuru ubu ryamaze kugera ku isi.
c. Ibyah 21:27 havuga yuko “nta gihumanya cyangwa ukora ibizira akabeshya, bazinjira muri
urwo [rurembo].” Ku bijyanye n’ibyo, Ibyah 22:15 havuga yuko “Hanze [y’ururembo] hazaba
imbwa n’abarozi n’abasambanyi n’abasemga ibishushanyo, n’umuntu wese ukunda kubeshya
akabikora.” Iyi mirongo ishobora kuba isobanura yuko nta wutejejwe cyangwa se ukora ibyaha
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
124
wemererwa kwinjira muri iryo juru rishya n’isi nshya, kuko Ibyah 21:8 hakoresha imvugo
imwe havuga ngo, ariko abanyabwoba, n’abatizera, n’abakora ibizira n’abicanyi,
n’abasambanyi n’abarozi n’abasenga ibishushanyo n’abanyabinyoma bose, umugabane wabo
uzaba mu Nyanja yaka umuriro n’amazuku ari yo rupfu rwa kabiri.”
d. Ibyah 21:27 na ho havuga ngo, “keretse abanditswe mu gitabo cy’ubugingo cy’Umwana
w’Intama” ni bo bazinjira muri rwa rurembo.” Kumbure ibi na byo byaba bisobanura yuko
bariya banditswe mu gitabo cy’ubugingo cy’umwagazi w’intama w’Imana ni bo bonyine
bazashobora kwinjira mu ijuru rishya n’isi nshya, kubera yuko Ibyah 20:15 havuga yuko
“Kandi umuntu wese utabonetse ko yanditswe muri cya gitabo cy’ubugingo, ajugunywa muri
iyo Nyanja yaka umuriro.”
e. Ugufata “ijuru rishya n’isi nshya” ukabihuza na “Yerusalemu Nshya” yo mu Ibyahishuwe
21 bisobanurwa n’ikoreshwa ryo ku rundi ruhande ry’ibyanditswe muri Yesaya 65-66.
“Ibyahishuwe 21:1-2 bikurikira ibiri muri Yesaya 65:17-18. Mu gihe Yesaya 65:17 ihuzwa mu
buryo bw’ishusho n’Ibyahishuwe 21:1, birumvikana yuko Yerusalemu Nshya yo muri 21:2 na
yo ari ishusho ya Yesaya 65:18 kandi igahuzwa n’ ‘ijuru rishya n’isi nshya’ byo mu Ibyah
21:1!...Bityo, iremwa rishya na Yerusalemu Nshya nta kindi bisobanura atari Ihema
ry’Ibonaniro ry’Imana, ari ryo Rusengero nyakuri rw’ubwiza bw’Imana nk’uko bivugwa mu
gice cya 21 cyose.” (Beale 2004: 368; see also Levenson 1988: 89-90, 107) Ahantu honyine mu
Isezerano rya Kera havuga ku “amajuru mashya n’isi nshya” ni muri Yes 65:17 na 66:22. Muri
Yesaya 65-66 “Yerusalemu” hagaragara kuba hahura n’ “ijuru rishya n’isi nshya,” kubera
impamvu zikurikira:
(1) Yes 65:17-18 hasa n’ahareshyeshya “amajuru mashya n’isi nshya” na
“Yerusalemu.” Yes 65:17 havuga ngo, “Dore ndarema ijuru rishya n’isi nshya; ibya
kera ntibizibukwa kandi ntibizatekerezwa.” Ako kanya, Yes 65:18 havuga ngo,
“Ahubwo nimunezerwe mujye mwishimira ibyo ndema, kuko ndema i Yerusalemu ngo
mpagire ibyishimo, nkarema abantu baho bakaba umunezero.” Iyo mvugo kandi ngo,
“kuko ndema” ikoreshwa mu gusobanura “amajuru mashya n’isi nshya,” hamwe na
“Yerusalemu” muri 65:17-18. Igice cya mbere cya 65:18 (“Ahubwo ni munezerwe,
mujye mwishimira ibyo ndema”) kivuga ku byo Imana “irema,” byombi hamwe ariko
65:18 hasobanura icyo Imana “irema”; kandi ibi na byo bikaba byavuzweho muri
65:17 kuba “amajuru mashya n’isi nshya”, ariko 65:18 ho hasobanura icyo Imana
“irema” nka “Yerusalemu.” Muri 65:18 Imana yongera kuvuga ngo, “munezerwe
kandi mujjye mwishimira” ibyo yaremye (bisobanura, ibyo yasobanuye nk’ “ijuru
rishya n’isi nshya”), ariko yongeraho ivuga yuko “Yerusalemu” yaremewe kuba
“ibyishimo”, abantu baho na bo bakaba baremewe kuba “umunezero.”
(2) Yes 65:19-66:24 hasa n’ahahuza “isi n’ijuru” na “Yerusalemu.” Iriburiro rya Yes
65:19-25 rihuzwa na “Yerusalemu,” nyuma havuga ku bisabwa ku “amajuru mashya
n’isi nshya.” Yes 66:1-2 rihura n’ “ijuru” n’ “isi” akoresha ijambo “urusengero”
(urugero, “Ijuru n’intebe yanjye, isi na yo ni intebe y’ibirenge byanjye”) kandi bisa
n’ibihura n’ibyamaze kuvugwa kuri “Yerusalemu,” mu gihe 66:1 hatangiza ijambo
“Nuko rero” 66:2 na ho havuga hati “Kuko ibyo byose ukuboko kwanjye ari kwo
kwabiremye.” Ikindi, 66:3-21 bihuye n’ibyo Imana yamaze kuvuga ku bijyanye n’
“ijuru” n’ “isi”, hakavuga na none ibisabwa ku bijyanye n’ibitambo byo mu rusengero
na Yerusalemu. Yes 66:22 havuga ku bijyanye n’ “ijuru rishya n’isi nshya,” ariko mu
kubihuza n’ibyavuzwe haruguru kuri Yerusalemu atangiza uwo murongo n’ijambo
“Kubera yuko.” Icya nyuma, muri Yes 66:23 Imana ikomeza ikoresha imvugo
y’ijambo “urusengero”, avuga ati “Abantu bose bazajya baza gusenga imbere yanjye.”
Ibi bishaka kuvuga igikorwa gikorerwa ahantu runaka nk’urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu.
Bityo, “amajuru mashya n’isi nshya” bisa n’ibihuzwa na “Yerusalemu” n’urusengero
rw’i Yerusalemu.
f. Uguhuza “ijuru rishya n’isi nshya” na “Yerusalemu Nshya”bivugwaho mu intego y’Imana
mu mateka ya Bibiliya: kugira ngo buri gice cy’ibyaremwe byayo cyuzuremo ubwiza bwayo.
Uhereye ku Ngobyi ya Edeni, Imana yifuje kugira isi yose ubuturo bwayo, ubwo izasangira
ibyiza n’ubwoko bwayo bwera. Kubera icyaha, icyubahiro cy’Imana nticyashoboye kubana
n’ibyaremwe bya kera. Bityo, n’ubwo yari yaragendeye Adamu na Eva mu Ngobyi (Itang 3:8),
kubera icyaha cyabo, Imana yarabirukanye ibakura muri iyo Ngobyi (Itang 3:24). Icyo gihe,
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
125
Imana yerekanye icyubahiro cyayo ku isi buhoro-buhoro mu ihema ry’ibonaniro no mu
rusengero rwa Salomo. Bishoboka yuko ibyo byabaye “indorerwamo y’ijuru n’isi, biba na none
nk’ishusho n’igicucu cy’ibintu byo mu ijuru” (Abaheb 8:5; reba na none Zab 78:69; Abaheb
8:1-10:1; Ibyah 15:5). Yizihije intambwe ya nyuma y’ubwiza bwayo mu umuntu wa Yesu
Kristo. Muri ibi bihe byacu ubwiza bwayo bwasakaye isi yose Binyuze mu Umwuka Wera
utuye hagati mu bantu bayo, ari bo Torero. Igihe cy’ “ibicucu” by’insengero zakozwe
n’umwana w’umuntu cyararangiye. Ubu na ho igihe cy’ibishya, urusengero nyakuri—Ubwiza
bwe bwa none bubonerwa muri Kristo n’itorero—cyarasohoye. Na none, n’ubwo ukuri kwo
mu buryo bw’umwuka Isezerano rya Kera ryerekezaho kwamaze kwizihizwa, ariko igihe cyo
kukwishimiramo ntikiragera. Ukwo kukwishimiramo bizasohora igihe Yesu azagarukira ku isi.
Ibi nibyasohora, ibyaremwe byose bizabona ukwo gucungurwa (Abar 8:15-25). Icyaha kimaze
gukurwa mu byaremwe burundu, isi yose (“isi nshya n’ijuru rishya”) bizaba nka Edeni/ifite
ishusho y’ingobyi/umurwa/urusengero—ahantu hatunganye aho ubwiza bw’Imana buba. Bityo,
ibyaremwe byose bizahinduka Ahera h’Ahera hagari (Ibyak 21:16). Ntibizongera kuba
ngombwa yuko ubwiza bw’Imana bwo mu buryo bw’umwihariko bucumbikirwa mu nyubako
yo mu buryo bugaragara. Ahubwo, Uwiteka Imana Ishobora Byose n’Umwagazi w’Intama
ubwabo, aho kwuzura igice kimwe gusa, bazuzura aho ibyaremwe byose biri (Ibyah 21:22).
II. Imibanire hagati y’Imana n’Abantu Bayo mu ishusho y’Ubukwe
Muri Bibiliya yose, ubusambanyi bugereranywa no guhemukirana bihuzwa n’uguhemukirana kwo mu
buryo bw’umwuka (Gutera Imana umugongo bikurikirwa no gukurikira izindi mana n’ibikorwa byo kutubaha
Imana) n’ibindi bisa n’ibyo (reba, urugero, Yer 3:6-10; Ezek 16:15-22; Hos 2:2; 4:12; Mal 2:13-16; 1 Abakor
6:15-18; Yak 4:4; Ibyah 2:18-22; 14:8; 17:1-5; 18:1-3; 19:1-2).
A. Itang 2:23-24 (umugore yaremewe umugabo mu buryo bw’umwihariko; umugabo na we asabwa kuva
kwa se na nyina akifatanya n’umugore we, nyuma bagahinduka “umubiri umwe” na we) n’ishusho y’uburyo
Imana yifuza kubana n’Abantu bayo 1. Adamu na Eva bagendanye mu bumwe n’ubwumvikane hagati yabo no hagati yabo n’Imana mu
Ngobyi ya Edeni. Icyaha (Itangiriro 3) cyatandukanyije ubumwe bushingiye ku ubwumvikane bwari
hagati y’abantu n’Imana.
2. Umugambi w’Imana wo Gucungura, nk’uko bivugwa mu bindi bice bya Bibiliya byose, wateguriwe
gusubizaho ishusho y’ubukwe bwo mu buryo butunganye kandi bushingiye ku ubwumvikane hagati
y’Imana n’abantu bayo. Nuko rero, Yesu “yasize Se” (Itang 2:24; reba na none Abafil 2:6-8) kugira
ngo asubizeho ubumwe bwuzuye hagati y’Imana n’abantu bayo binyuze mu mibanire hagati ya Kristo
n’umugeni we, ari we Torero.
B. Mu IK, havugwamo ugushakana hagati y’Imana n’abantu bayo kugaragarira mu urukundo rwinshi,
ariko Isirayeli yishe isezerano 1. Imibanire hagati ya Isirayeli n’Imana igizwe cyane-cyane “ugukora ubumalaya n’izindi mana.”
“Gukora ubumalaya” n’izindi mana n’ “ukwubaka imigenderanire na zo, kuzigaragariza icyubahiro no
kuziramya, kugendera mu nzira zazo no gukurikirana ibyifuzo byazo. . . . iyi shusho ihwanye
n’imibonano mpuzabitsina . . . kubera intumbero nini iri hejuru yabyo ijyanye n’ukurongorana” (Ortland
1996: 32).
2. Uhereye igihe Isirayeli yatangiriye kubaho ukageza igihe yari ikiri ubwami bwunze ubumwe,
Isirayeli yamye ihemuka.
a. Mu Kuva 34:11-16, nyuma yuko Isirayeli yakoze icyaha cyo gusenga ibigirwamana igihe
yaramyaga igishushanyo cy’inyana gikozwe mu izahabu igihe Imama yarimo iha Mose
Amategeko Cumi, Imana yagereranyije gusenga imana z’abapagani nk’ “ubusambanyi
bukurura vuba abantu kandi bushobora kugeza ibishuko byabwo ku bandi” (Ortland 1996: 32).
Mu by’ukuri, igihe Mose yarimo yakira Amategeko Cumi mu maboko y’Imana inshuro ya
mbere, abantu baguye mu cyaha gishingiye ku bintu byabuzanyijwe cyane muri ayo Matageko
Cumi ubwayo nyene (Kuva 32: 1-6). Ibi bisa n’ugukora icyaha cy’ubusambanyi iryo joro
ubukwe bubereyemo!
b. Mu Abalewi 17:3-7 na 20:4-6, igihe Imana yahaga Isirayeli amategeko y’Abalewi, yongeye
kuburira abantu ku bijyanye n’ikibi n’akaga biri mu ugukurikira imana z’ibinyoma, ari byo yise
gukora uburaya.” Mu Abal 20:6 ntiyagarukirije iyo mbuzi ku ugusenga imana z’ibinyoma,
ahubwo yayigejeje no gukurikirana iyerekwa ry’ibinyoma binyuze mu buryo bw’ubwenge
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126
bw’umwana w’umuntu. Bityo, “kwegera ibimenyetso n’abayoborwa n’imyuka na byo bisa
n’ubusambanyi, kubera yuko, kimwe no gusenga ibigirwamana, kubasanga muri be n’ubwo
buryo ni kimwe no guhakana “ubushobozi bwuzuye bwa Yehova” (Ortland 1996: 37).
c. Mu Kub 15:38-40 abantu bumvirije ibivuzwe na ba batasi cumi mu mwanya wo kwumviriza
Yosuwa na Kalebu. Imana na none ikomeje kugarura ibijyanye no “gukora uburaya” mu
gushyiramo ibijyanye n’ibyifuzo by’umutima n’ukwifuza kw’amaso . . . bisobanura mu buryo
burambuye ibigeragezo byo mu buryo butandukanye byashobora kuba byashushanywa mu
bitekerezo, byabonwa kandi bigakorakorwa mu buryo bw’ingingo z’umubiri” (Ortland 1996:
39).
d. Mu Guteg 31:14-21 Mose yashyizeho Yosuwa nk’umusubirizi we. Imana igabisha Mose yuko
n’icyo gihe, n’imbere yuko bagera mu gihugu cy’isezerano, abantu bajya baratangiye
gutekereza ibijyanye no gukora icyaha cy’uburaya mu gihugu barimo bagendamo, kandi yuko
ukwo guhemuka byari kubazanira “ibibi n’ibyago byinshi.”
e. Mu Abac 2:16-17; 8:22-35, mu gihe cy’abacamanza, akenshi abantu bagiye bibagira
ibikorwa Imana yakoze byo kubarokora, bityo ntibumviriza ibyo abacamanza Imana
yabahagurukirije babategekaga. Mu mwanya w’ibyo, “ako kanya bahita bararikira imana
z’ababatotezaga, abo Imana yari yaranesheje! Icy’uko bahise batera umugongo Imana
bagasenga ibigirwamana byasobanura urukundo nyarwo bakunda imana z’Abanyakanani
n’uburyo basobanukirwa buke uburyo Imana ari Imana ikwiriye. Na none no kuri Gidiyoni na
we, bakoze ikigirwamana cyo mu buryo bwa Efodi; biganye efodi ya Gidiyoni (Abac 8:27).
Ibyo rero byayoboye ubwenge bw’abantu mu buryo bw’uko, “Gidiyoni amaze gupfa” abantu
bongeye “gukorana uburaya” n’imana z’abanyamahanga (Abac 8:33).
f. Mu Byanditswe by’Ubwenge (urugero, Zab 50:18; Imig 6:26-32; 7:1-27; 30:20)
ubusambanyi n’uburaya bivugwaho nk’inzira y’ubusazi, icyaha n’urupfu. Ibikorwa be n’ibyo
bituma umuntu ava mu mibanire ishingiye ku isezerano ribahuza n’Imana.
3. Mu gihe ubwami bwari bumaze gucikamo ibice bibiri, Imana yashinje Isirayeli na Yuda kuba
barahemutse ku isezerano.
a. Ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru (Isirayeli). Imana yabanje kwohereza umuhanuzi Hoseya (750
MKY). Uwo, hejuru y’uko yashinje Isirayeli icyaha cy’ukurarikira, yanakoze inkinamico y’ibyo
Imana yashinjaga Isirayeli byo gusenga ibigirwamana igihe yarongoraga maraya (Hoseya 1-2).
Imana yashinje igihugu cyose “gukora ubusambanyi, gutera Uwiteka umugongo” (Hos 1:2).
N’ubwo Isirayeli yahemukiye Uwiteka, bagakora ubusambanyi bwakurikiwe n’igihano yari
kubahanisha, yakomeje na none kwibuka ubudahemuka bwayo bunini n’urukundo
yabakundaga, abakangurira kwihana, kandi Uwiteka yagumye afunguye umuryango ku
mahirwe yo kuzahembuka (Hos 2:1-3, 14-23; 11:1-11; 14:1-9). Umuhanuzi Mika (750-686
MKY) yongeye na we gushinja Isirayeli ugusenga ibigirwamana ibyo yahuzaga n’ubusambanyi
buzabayobora ku ukurimbuka kwa burundu (Mika 1:1-7).
(1) Ikibazo cy’ibanze Isirayeli yahuye na cyo. “Ikibazo cyari icy’uko Yehova yihagije,
ikibazo kikabazwa muri ubu buryo: Mbese ubuzima, mu butunzi bwabwo n’umwuzuro
wabwo, bukomoka hehe? Mbese bukomoka kuri Yehova wenyine, cyangwa se kuri
Yehova afashijwe n’abandi? Nimba bukomoka kuri Yehova wenyine, bityo umuntu
azamuha icyubahiro wenyine kubera yuko ari We sōko y’ubwo bugingo wenyine. Ariko
nimba bukomoka kuri Yehova n’abandi, bityo umuntu azajya aha icyubahiro n’abandi
kuko Yehova wenyine adahagije.” (Ortland 1996: 49)
(2) Mu uburyo bw’umwihariko Isirayeli yakoragamo ubusambanyi harimo icyo kumena
amaraso atagiraho urubanza, gukurikiza imigenzo y’amadini y’Abanyakanani,
ukwihaza mu bijyanye n’ubukungu, kutagirira abakene impuhwe, no gushakira
umutekano wabo mu mategeko ashingiye kuri politike yo mu buryo bwuzuye
(amasezerano bakoranaga na Egiputa na Ashuri) mu mwanya wo kwubaha Imana (Hos
4:1-10:15; 1:12-13:16). Politike nyakuri (urugero, amategeko yo mu urwego rwa
politike ashingiye ku mbaraga n’ibyubahiro byo mu buryo bufatika aho gushingira ku
byifuzo byiza) ni “ubusambanyi imbere y’Imana” kuko bigaragaza umwifato ‘ikiguzi
icyo ari cyo cyose wasaba’ wo gusunikira umuntu imbere mu gihe inyungu z’abandi
zihonyanzwe. Ubusambanyi bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka bugendana n’ibyaha
bishingiye ku idini; igihe cyose Imana itahawe icyizere ikwiriye kandi itubashywe
nk’uko bikwiriye, harimo n’ibijyanye na politike, abantu bayo bagahakana ubushobozi
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127
bwayo bwo kubitaho no kubarinda, kugeza ubwo biyitaho cyane, mu buryo bwabo.”
(Ortland 1996:52) Bityo, nkuko Hos 2:4-5, 13 hatubwira yuko, bitandukanye n’uburyo
abenshi mu bamaraya babigenza, bagategereza abagabo babashaka bakaba ari bo
babasanga, Isirayeli yo ni yo yagiye gushaka “abakunzi babo.” Ariko lero, icyo abo
bakunzi babo bashoboye kubaha byari iby’isi gusa [bihuye n’ubutumwa bwa none
bw’iterambere”] aho kubaha ibyo mu urwego rwo hejuru kurushiriza, ibyo na byo
n’Imana Yonyine (ari na Yo nyir’ibyo bintu by’isi byose) ishobora kubitanga.
(3) Nk’ingaruka y’ubumalaya bwa Isirayeli n’uko ibijyanye n’ubutunzi n’amasezerano
ashingiye kuri politike Isirayeli yashakishije, Imana yabihinduye intwaro zo
kubarwanya (Hos 2:6-13), ituma Ashuri isenya Ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru, nyuma
bujyanwa mu bunyage (Hos 6:4-10:15; 12:1-13:16). Ugusenyuka kwa Isirayeli
kwasohojwe muri 721 MKY.
b. Ubwami bw’Amajyepfo (Yuda). Imana yohereje abahanuzi batari bake, na cyanye-cyane
(hakurikijwe ibihe babereyeho): Yesaya (c.740-700 MKY), Yeremiya (c.626-586 MKY), na
Ezekiyeli (c.593-571). Buri wese muri abo bahanuzi yashinje Yuda ubusambanyi bwo mu buryo
bw’umuwka, impamvu nyinshi muri zo zikaba zari zihuye n’izo Ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru
bwashinjwaga.
(1) Yesaya ahwanya Ubumaraya bwa Yuda n’ukubura ubutabera, ruswa, ugukunda
ibintu, no kubura impuhwe ku bakene n’abatagira icyo bifashisha (Yes 1:21-23). Muri
Yes 57:1-13, umuhanuzi aravuga yuko imikorere be n’iyo igaragaza yuko, n’ubwo
bavuga yuko ari “abana b’Aburahamu” bafite nyirakuruza na sekuruza batari
Aburahamu. N’ “abahungu b’umushitsikazi, urubyaro rw’umusambanyi na maraya”
(Yes 57:3). Iyi mvugo ihwanye n’iyo Yesu yakoresheje ku Bafarisayo muri Yoh 8:34-
47.
(2) Yeremiya 2-3 huzuyemo ishusho y’umubano hagati y’umugabo n’umugore
nk’uburyo bwo gusobanura ukuntu Yuda atakomeje isezerano yakoranye n’Imana.
Imana irabasubiriramo uburyo Yo yakomeje isezerano ryayo na Yuda (Yer 2:1-7).
Ariko, nk’uko byagenze ku Ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru ari bwo Isirayeli, Yuda yataye
Uwiteka, bakurikira Egiputa na Ashuri, biza kuvugwaho nk’uko batangije gukurikira
abandi bakunzi benshi (Yer 2:7-3:10).
(3) Nk’uko byagenze ku Ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru, Ubwami bw’Amajyepfo
bwaratewe, Yerusalemu irasenywa, abantu bajyanwa nk’inyagano n’Abanyababuloni
hagati ya 606 na 586 MKY. N’ubwo byagenze gurtyo, no hagati mu gihe cyo
kuburirwa kwa Yuda ku byari bigiye kubabaho, Imana yakomeje kubakangurira
kwihana (Yer 3:11-23).
(4) Mu gihe bari mu bunyage i Babuloni, Ezekiyeli yanditse kugira ngo “amenyeshe
Yerusalemu ibizira byaho” (Ezek 16:2). Muri Ezekiyeli 16, umuhanuzi amenyesha
neza yuko Imana yakuye Yuda mu ubusa, imuha buri kintu cyose yari akeneye, ariko yo
icyo yituye Imana n’ “ubusambanyi bwawe ubuha abahisi bose, uba uwabo” (Ezek
16:15). Mu byari bigize ubwo busambanyi harimo gusenga ibigirwamana, amasezerano
n’abanyamahanga nka Egiputa, Ashuri n’Abanyababuloni, ingeso z’ubusambanyi,
kudafasha abakene n’abatishoboye n’ubwo hari hari ubutunzi bwinshi (Ezek 16:16-59).
Ezekiyeli 23 hatanga ikigereranyo hagati y’Ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru n’Ubwami
bw’Amajyepfo, hakabashinja kuba abasambanyi, ukutizera kwatumye bakorana
amasezerano n’abanyamahanga, no gukunda iby’isi. Kubera ibyo, Imana iravuga iti,
“Uko ni kwo nzaca ubusambanyi mu gihugu, kugira ngo abagore bose bigishwe
kudakurikiza ubusambanyi bwanyu. Kandi bazabitura ubusambanyi bwanyu, mutware
ibyaha by’ibigirwamana byanyu; nuko muzamenya yuko ndi Umwami Uwiteka.” (Ezek
23:48-49).
C. Mu IR, insanganyamatsiko y’ubukwe igezwa ku urwego rw’umwihariko muri Kristo n’Itorero 1. Yohana Umubatiza kimwe na Kristo Ubwe basobanura Yesu mu buryo bw’ umwihariko nk’
“umukwe” (Yoh 3:28-30; Mat 9:14-15 [Mariko 2:18-20; Luka 5:33-35]). Ishusho IK riha uburyo
uwiteka yishingiye ubwoko bwe ikoreshwa mu IR mu kuvuga Yesu Ubwe.
2. N’ubwo Yesu ari umukwe, ubwoko bwe bukaba bwakwishima igihe ari kumwe na bwo, ukwishimira
umunsi mukru w’ubukwe byaba bisubitswe mu gihe azaba abakuwemo (Mat 9:14-15 [Mariko 2:18-20;
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
128
Luka 5:33-35]). Ibi bikomeza igitekerezo ku Ubwami bw’Imana gishingiye ku
“ibyasohoye/ibitarasohora” bwamaze kuhagera igihe cy’ukuza kwa mbere ku isi kwa Yesu, ariko
ntiburishimirwamo kugeza igihe Yesu azazira ubwa Kabiri. Yesu na We yabonye mbere uburyo abantu
bo mu IK, ari bo Isirayeli, bazamwanga. Bityo, akingurira imiryango andi mahanga yose kugira ngo
yinjire muri ubwo bukwe (reba Mat 22:1-14; 25:1-13).
3. Inzandiko zo mu IR zerekana insanganyamatsiko y’ “ubukwe” mu buryo busobanutse neza, kandi
zikabikoresha ku itorero, kandi zigakomeza ihuriro n’Itang 2:24.
a. Muri 2 Abakor 11:1-3 Paulo asobanura umubano hagati y’Itorero na Kristo nk’
“ukurambagirizwa umugabo umwe.” Arongera akavuga yuko, Adamu ari ishusho imwe na
Kristo (Abar 5:14; 1 Abakor 15:22, 45-47), agahuza Eva n’itorero (2 Abakor 11:3). “Kubera
Kristo, abizera bahagarara muri Edeni nshya,” kandi “nk’uko nta bundi bukwe bwari bwakaba
mbere ya Adamu na Eva, [ni na kwo] nta bundi bukwe buzaza buruta ubwa Kristo n’Itorero
rye” (Ortland 1996: 152).
b. Mu Abef 5:29-32 Paulo yerekana umubano hagati ya Kristo n’Itorero rye nk’ishusho
y’umubano hagati y’umugabo n’umugore we. Abef 5:32 hahuza mu buryo bwihariye ubukwe
hagati ya “Kristo n’Itorero.” Abef 5:30-31 hahura na Itang 2:23-24: “Uyu ni igufwa ryo mu
magufwa yanjye, N’akara ko mu mara yanjye” (Itang 2:23); “Turi ingingo z’umubiri we”
(Itang 2:24); “Ni cyo gituma umuntu azasiga . . . bombi bakaba umubiri umwe” (Abef 5:31).
Mu yandi magambo: “Agahimbazamusyi n’umucyo utuyobora ukatugeza mu Urugo rwa
gikristu n’intego ya Kristo n’itorero rye mu rukundo ruri hagati yabo. . . . Ubumwe bwacu na
Kristo, twe nk’umubiri we, budusubiza muri ubwo buntu bwinshi aho ubwo bumwe bushobora
kugerwaho no gushyirwa mu bikorwa, kugera n’aho byoroha yuko Abubakanye b’Abakristu
bagera ku rukundo rwuzuye. Ubukwe bw’Itorero na Kristo bifite ishusho ya Adamu na Eva
kandi bigaha abubakanye b’abakristu ibyangombwa kugira ngo bagere ku ubumwe hagati yabo
ku urwego rwo mu buryo bwimbitse bw’umwana w’umuntu. . . . Ubutumwa nyabwo buri muri
ibyo twasomye n’uko urugo rw’Abakristu rukomeza insobanuro y’umubiri umwe” bubamo
ukuri kw’igitambo cy’urukundo rwo mu buryo bw’Imana muri Kristo bigaragarira mu
ukwitanga mu murimo w’itorero. . . . Umugabo w’umukristu ukunda umugore we amuha ku
mwanya kugira ngo amugezeho ibitambo bya buri munsi, kugira abe umugore uteye ubwuzu
nk’umugore ukunda Imana. Na we, ku ruhande rwe, arashimangira kandi akitabira ibikorwa
umugabo we agerageza gutangiza bisa n’ibya Kristo. Muri ibi byose, ibyari amayobera
y’ubutumwa bwiza byashyizwe ahagaragara.” (Ortland 1996: 155-58)
4. Yesu n’abanditsi b’IR bagereranya ukutakirwa kwa Yesu nk’ “ubusambanyi.”
a. Yesu yagereranyije ukutakirwa kwe n’ubusambanyi (Mat 12:38-39; 16:1-4; Mariko 8:38).
b. Yak 4:4 hashimangira igitekerezo cy’ubusambanyi bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka hejuru
y’ugusenga ibigirwamana mu buryo bwihariye cyangwa se ibikorwa, igihe yita abantu
“abasambanyikazi” bafitanye “ubushuuti n’isi,” cyangwa se “bashaka kuba inshuti n’isi.”
(1) Icyifuzo be n’icyo cyo “kuba inshuti n’iby’isi” s’ukunanirwa kwo mu urwego
rusanzwe, ahubwo bitera “kwangwa n’Imana kandi “aba yihinduye umwanzi
w’Imana.” Icy’uko ubushuti n’iby’iyi si biganisha ku ubusambanyi bwo mu buryo
bw’umwuka birwanya Imana; ibyo Ibyah 17:5 habyita isi n’ibiyuzuye “Babuloni
ikomeye, nyina w’abamaraya, kandi nyina w’ibizira byo mu isi.”
(2) Impamvu ituma ubwo bucuti n’isi buba ubwanzi ku Mana biza bikurikirana n’
ikigereranyo kiri hagati y’ukwizera n’ubukwe: Bisa n’umugore ufite irari ry’abandi
bagabo mu mwanya wo gukunda umugabo we. “Yakobo ntarimo ashakisha ko abarimo
basoma ibi bakwirinda ikijyanye n’umwifato w’iby’isi, ahubwo arimo abahamagarira
kujya kure n’ibijyanye no kwogeza iby’isi, abisobanura mu buryo butomoye neza, yuko
uwo wese wifuza kuba incuti y’Imana abwirizwa kwirinda gukururwa n’isi, haba mu
byo yifuza cyangwa se mu byo agambiriye. . . . N’ubwo inkuru ya Bibiliya idasukumwa
cyane n’iki gisomwa cyo mu Isezerano Rishya, ariko na none umuntu yashobora
kwumva mu buryo bwimbitse uburyo ubumaraya bwo mu mutima ari umuzi
w’imyifatire yo mu buryo bugaragara. Igihe rero iyi ndwara y’imbere mu mutima imaze
kuvurwa igakira, ni ho kwa kurambagizwa nyakuri guhita gushoboka.” (Ortland 1996:
142-43)
b. 1 Abakor 6:15-20 hasobanura mu buryo bwimbitse ibijyanye n’ubusambanyi bwo mu buryo
bw’umubiri, bugaragara. “Uwifatanya na maraya aba abaye umubiri umwe” na we (v. 16) ,
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129
ariko “uwifatanya n’Umwami Yesu aba abaye umwuka umwe” na We (v.17). Mu gukoresha
amagambo amwe muri iyo mirongo yombi, Paulo arimo aduhugura uburyo icyaha
cy’ubusambanyi ari ikizira cyo mu buryo bw’umwuka ku urwego rwo hejuru cyane. Abakristo
bahujwe na Kristo mu buryo bw’ (“umwuka umwe”): urugero, Kristo, binyuze mu Umwuka
Wera, atuye mu mibiri yacu (v. 19), kandi “turi ingingo z’umubiri we” (Abef 5:30). Iyo habaye
icyaha cyo mu buryo bw’ubusambanyi, uwizera aba arimo yubaka ubumwe bufite ishusho
y’ikirūra hagati ya Kristo n’umumaraya. Ahubwo, twari dukwiye “guhesha Imana icyubahiro
imibiri yacu” (v. 20) “mutange imibiri yanyu, ibe ibitambo bizima byera bishimwa n’Imana, ni
ko kuyikorera kwanyu gukwiriye” (Abar 12:1). Ibyo dukoresha imibiri yacu ni byo bigaragaza
ibyo dutekereza by’ukuri kuri Kristo.
D. Mu Ibyahishuwe, ishusho y’ubukwe ishingiye kuri Bibiliya igaragaza imibanire hagati y’Imana
n’Abantu bayo isohorera muri Kristo, Umukwe we (Itorero) n’Isi Nshya 1. Mu Ibyah 19:5-9 “ubukwe bw’Umwana w’Intama” burasohoye. Muri ibi bihe isi igezemo, dufite
“ibyasohoye” by’Ubwami ariko dutegereje “ibitarasohora” by’ukubwishimiramo. Igihe Yesu
azagarukira, tuzaba mu by’Ubwami mu buryo bwuzuye. Umunezero w’ “ubukwe bw’umwana
w’Intama” n’umugeni we bihabanijwe n’ “Ibyokurya byinshi Imana izatanga,” bizagenerwa uwo wese
urwanya Kristo (Ibyah 19:17-21). Abatumiriwe ubwo bukwe “Hahirwa abatorewe gusangira ku
byateguriwe ubukwe bw’Umwana w’Intama.” (Ibyah 19:9). Ku rundi ruhande, ku “Byokurya byinshi
Imana izagabura,” inyoni “zirya intumbi z’abami, n’iz’abatware b’ingabo n’iz’ab’ubushobozi
n’iz’amafarashi, n’iz’abahekwa na zo, n’iz’abantu bose, ab’umudendezo n’ab’imbata, aboroheje
n’abakomeye…[kugeza ubwo] ibisiga byose bihaga intumbi zabo” (Ibyah 19:18, 21).
2. Ibiri mu gitabo cy’Ibyahishuwe bitanga itandukaniro riri hagati y’ubudahemuka bw’umugeni wa
Kristo na maraya w’isi.
a. Uburyo bazaba barimbishijwe. Umugeni azaba yambitswe umwenda w’igitare mwiza
urabagirana, utanduye; kuko uwo mwenda utanduye ni wo mirimo yo gukiranuka y’abera”
(Ibyah 19:8). Umukwe yaramwejeje, “ngo aryeze, anaze kuryogesha amazi n’ijambo rye,
aryishyire rifite ubwiza, ridafite ikizinga cyangwa umunkanyari cyangwa ikintu gisa gityo,
ahubwo ngo ribe iryera ridafite inenge” (Abef 5:26-27). Ku rundi ruhande, Nyina
w’Abamaraya yari yambitswe nk’umumaraya, “Uwo mugore yari yambaye umwenda
w’umuhengeri, n’uw’umuhemba; yari arimbishijwe n’izahabu n’amabuye y’igiciro cyinshi
n’imaragarita, mu intoke ze yari afite igikombe cy’izahabu cyuzuye ibizira n’imyanda
y’ubusambanyi bwe.” (Ibyah 17:4; 18:6).
b. Ibibasohoreraho. Amagambo akoreshwa mu Ibyah 17:1 na 21:9 arasa. Nk’uko imyenda ya
wa Mumaraya Mukuru w’isi n’iy’Umugeni wa Kristo yari ihabanye, bityo muri 17:1, maraya
yaciriwe urubanza, ararimburwa, ariko muri 21:9 umugeni w’Umwana w’Intama ashyizwe
hejuru.
3. Mu Ibyah 21:1-11 Ibisobanuro ku imiterere y’iteka kandi itagira inenge igenga umubano wo mu
buryo bw’ubukwe hagati ya Kristo n’Umugeni we.
a. Mu iyerekwa rye risoza, Yohana abona Umugeni wa Kristo nk’ “ururembo rwera,
Yerusalemu nshya, rumanuka ruva mu ijuru ku Mana, rufite ubwiza bw’Imana. Kurabagirana
kwarwo gusa n’ukw’ibuye ry’agaciro kanini cyane, nk’ibuye ryitwa yasipi, ribonerana
nk’isarabwayi.” (Ibyah 21:10-11). “Ubuturo bw’Imana n’abantu mu buryo bw’ururembo
bushobora . . . kuba busobanura ubumwe buzira inenge hagati y’abacunguwe nk’igisubizo cya
nyuma kandi gihoraho cy’Imana ku bibazo abana b’abantu bagiye bahura na byo mu mateka
yaranze umwana w’umuntu” (Ortland 1996: 166n.73).
b. Yerusalemu Nshya igereranywa n’ “umugeni arimbishirizwa umukwe” (Ibyah 21:2). Mu
Ibyah 19:7-8 umugeni asobanura abera (cyangwa se itorero). Uguhuza umugeni na Yerusalemu
Nshya bisobanurwa neza mu Ibyah 21:9 aho Umumarayika avuga ati, “Ngwino nkwereke
umugeni, umugore w’umwana w’Intama,” ku murongo wa 10 na ho haravuga hati, “Anjyana
ku musozi munini kandi muremure ndi mu Mwuka, anyereka ururembo rwera, Yerusalemu,
rumanuka ruva mu ijuru ku Mana.” Nuko rero, Yerusalemu Nshya hahuzwa mu buryo bwa
bugufi n’ubwoko bw’Imana, mu buryo bw’uko byaba ari ishusho ku ubwoko bw’Imana
n’umubano wayo na bo. Ibyahishuwe n’igitabo cyerekana cyane amashusho. Uburyo
gisobanura ibijyanye na Yerusalemu Nshya “buhwanye n’abantu aho kuba ahantu” (Gundry
1987: 256). Bityo, nk’uko Yesu n’Itorero ari bo Rusengero Nyakuri, Rushya, bityo
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
130
Yerusalemu Nshya ivuga ku ubwoko bw’Imana kurushiriza, n’umubano wayo na bo aho
kuvuga ku misozi mishya izaba ihari igihe Yesu azagarukira.
III. Ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana, Inshingano za Kiremwa Muntu n’Ukubaho kw’Icyaha n’Ikibi
A. Imana ntivugirwamo hejuru ya buri kintu cyose, kandi ntihagarika umurimo wayo wo gusohoza
umugambi wayo Bibiliya yerekana Imana nk’itavugirwamo hejuru ya buri kintu cyose kandi ihora igaragara mu buzima
bw’isi kugira ngo isohoze umugambi wayo (reba 1 Ngoma 29:11-12; Yobu 12:13-25; Zab 103:19; Yes 40:21-
26; 46:9-11; Dan 4:35; Ibyak 4:27-28; Abar 9:14-24; Abef 1:11; Ibyah 17:14-17). Ibi bizwi nk’inyigisho
z’ubufasha bw’Imana, n’ukuvuga, “cya gikorwa cy’imbaraga z’Imana aho Umuremyi urinda ibyo yaremye
byose, ari We ukora mu birimo bibera ku isi byose, kandi ikayobora ibintu byose ku iherezo ryabigenewe”
(Berkhof 1949: 181). Urugero, Uwiteka arema imisozi, akarema umuyaga, ashyiraho umugoroba n’umwijima
(Amosi 4:13); atuma umuyaga uhuha, amazi na yo atemba (Zab 147:18); ategeka izuba, ukwezi n’inyenyeri,
atera inyanja kwihinduriza (Yer 31:35); ayobora imikurire y’ibimera (Yes 41:19-20); ategeka ubuzima
bw’inyamaswa zo mu ishyamba (Yobu 39). Imana itegeka kandi yinjira mu buzima bw’abantu. Urugero, ni Yo
igena ubugingo n’urupfu, harimo n’ibi by’uko inda zivamo, itegeka indwara n’urupfu, harimo n’urupfu rw’
“inzirakarengane” (Itang 20:17-18; Kuva 4:11; 2 Sam 12:15; Neh 9:6; Yobu 12:9-10; Yes 44:24; Ezek
24:15-18); izamura bamwe igacisha bugufi abandi (1 Sam2:7); ni yo itegeka amahanga (2 Ngoma 20:6; Zab
33:10-11; Yes 40:23-25); izamura imyuka iri mu bantu, igashyira ibitekerezo mu bwenge bwabo, igahindukiza
imitima yabo (Ezira 6:22; Neh 2:12; 7:5; Zab 105:25; Hag 1:14). Nuko rero, Bibiliya itubwira ngo, “Uwiteka
akora ikimushimishije cyose, haba ku isi cyangwa se mu ijuru (Zab 136:6). Uwiteka avuga ati, “Mpera mu
itangiriro nkavuga iherezo, mpera no mu bihe bya kera nkavuga ibitarakorwa, nkavuga nti, “imigambi yanjye
izakomera kandi ibyo nzashaka byose nzabikora. . . . Narabivuze, no kubisohoza nzabisohoza.” (Yes 46:10-11)
B. Insobanuro y’amateka mu buryo bubiri buvuguruzanya N’ubwo umugambi, amateka by’Imana ari ibintu byumvikana kandi bidahindurwa n’icy’ari cyo cyose,
hamwe n’ibyo ikora mu gusohoza uwo mugambi, na none Imana yubaha uburenganzira bw’abantu nka bo
kiremwa muntu. Ntībategeka nk’uko baba ari ibikinisho cyangwa se za robot. Abantu bashoboye gutekereza
uburyo bwabo no gukora amahitamo nyayo. Bityo, Bibiliya yerekana buri kanya insobanuro zo mu buryo bubiri
kandi zigendana ku bijyanye n’ibiba ku isi: Imana ntivugirwamo kandi ni Yo yashyizeho ibibaho byose (ibi, mu
ruhande rumwe, ni byo bisobanuro byuzuye ku bintu byose biba ku isi); ariko na none, ibi bijyanye n’uko, kandi
ntibigabanya na hato, ingaruka zigendana n’amahitamo baba bakoze n’ibyo bakora (ibi na byo, mu rundi
ruhande, n’insobanuro y’ibiba ku isi byose). Ibi bizwi nk’inyigisho z’uguhatana, n’ukuvuga, imikoranire hagati
y’ubushobozi bw’Imana n’imbaraga zibwungirije, hakurikijwe amategeko yashyizweho agenga imikorere,
atuma bakora kandi bagakora muri ubwo buryo nyene bakoramo” (Berkhof 1949: 187). Izi nyigisho zisobanura
ibintu bibiri: “(1) imbaraga z’isi ntizīkorana zonyine, bisobanura, zikoresheje imbaraga zazo ubwazo, ahubwo
Imana irakora igira uruhare rusesuye mu gikorwa cy’icyaremwe cyose. Ibi na none bibwirizwa kuguma
bihabanye n’umwanya ubumana buhagazemo. (2) Izo mpamvu z’ubugira kabiri n’iz’ukuri, ariko ntibifatwa
nk’ubushobozi bwo gukora bw’Imana. . . . Ibi bibwirizwa gushyirwa hejuru y’igitekerezo cy’uko Imana ari Yo
mukozi wenyine ukora mu isi.” (Ibid.) Mu yandi magambo, mu buryo bumwe cyangwa se ubundi, Imana
ikorera mu byo yaremye (byaba biremwa muntu cyangwa se imyuka) kugira ngo igere ku mugambi wayo.
Terrence Fretheim arasobanura ibi bikurikira: “Imibanire hagati y’Imana n’isi irumvikana muri
iyi nzira: Imana ituye kandi ikorera aho hose isi igera. Imana ntirema isi nyuma ngo ihite iyisiga aho ngaho
yigendere, ahubwo Imana irarema isi kandi ikayinjiramo, igatura hagati muri yo, nk’Imana. . . . Imana igaragara
muri buri mwanya no muri buri kintu kibera mu isi. Uhereye ku byaremwe binini kuruta ibindi byose ukageza
ku kiremwa gito kuruta ibindi byose, nta na hamwe Imana idashobora kugera. Nta na kimwe cyashobora gukūra
Imana ku ntebe yayo yo kuyobora isi cyangwa se kuyobora ubuzima bw’ikiremwa kindi icyo ari cyo cyose. Na
none, kuba Imana ibera hose icyarimwe ntibisobanura yuko yinjira mu buyobozi bwa buri kantu gato kose mu
buryo ubwo ari bwose; cyangwa se ngo ibe ari Yo itegeka ubushake bw’umuntu mu kantu ako ari ko kose ngo
n’uko ubushake bwayo budahangarwa.58
. . . Isi igumana ubusugire bwayo nk’icyaremwe n’ubwo iba yuzuyemo
ububasha bw’umuremyi wayo. . . . Imana—yo itandukanye n’isi—ikora yibanze ku mibanire yayo n’isi ihereye
imbere mu isi, mu mwanya wo gukorera ku isi iturutse inyuma yayo. . . . Ibi bisobanura yuko, Imana hamwe
58
Hari uburyo butandukanye bwo kwumva insobanuro y’“Ubushake” bw’Imana. Ubushake bwayo bwashyizwe
ahagaragara cyangwa se bwatanzwe nk’itegeko, bushobora, na none, kurwanywa n’abantu; ariko ubushake bwayo bwo mu
buryo bw’ibanga cyangwa se ubwafashwe nk’iteka (décret), ubwo ntibushobora kurwanywa (reba ibikurikira, ibice C.-G.).
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
131
n’ibyaremwe, bombi bafite uruhare rukomeye mu murimo w’uguhanga ibishya, kandi ubusitani bombi
bakoreramo bufitanye isano mu bijyanye n’umurimo n’imbuto ziwukomokamo. . . . Hejuru y’ibyo, Imana iha ba
kiremwa muntu ububasha n’inshingano mu buryo butuma Imana yiha inshingano yo kubagendera hafi mu buryo
bwihariye. Iyi nshingano itanga ububasha bwo mu buryo bw’ubumana butuma umuntu ategeka ibyaremwe,
ikindi gihe ikabumwambura. Urugero, Imana ntizemera yuko irondoka ry’ibikōko cyangwa se uguhinga
n’ugusarura bikorwa mu buryo butatekerejweho. Hejuru y’ibyo, ba kiremwa muntu bahawe n’umudendezo wo
kurimburana hagati yabo, n’ubwo ibi bihabanye n’iby’Imana ibifuriza. Ubu bushake bwo guha ububasha
n’inshingano ibyaremwe buturuka ku uburyo Imana ihora ibikeneye59
kugira ngo ibinyuremo cyangwa se
ibikoreremo mu gihe cy’ubuzima bw’isi.” (Fretheim 2005: 23-24, 26, 27; reba na none Berkhof 1949: 188-90)
Mu urwego rwo gukomezanya n’ubu buryo bubiri bwo gusobanura ibitubaho, Paulo abwira Abakristu ati “mube
ari ko musohoza agakiza kanyu mutinya, muhinda umushyitsi, kuko ari Yo ibatera gukunda no gukora ibyo
yishimira” (Abafil 2:12-13).
N’ubwo umugambi w’Imana, iteka ryayo, n’uburyo ikora kugira ngo umugambi wayo ugere ku musōzo,
na none, ibindi bisobanuro bibiri byari bikwiye gutangwa ku bijyanye n’imibanire ikenewe hagati y’umuntu
n’Imana: (1) “Iyi n’imibanire iri hagati y’ibintu bitareshya; n’imibanire itagira ihuriro. Imana n’Imana; twebwe
ntituri Yo.” (Fretheim 2005: 16); na (2) Iki n’igihushane kirwanya insobanuro cyangwa se ugusobanukirwa.
Ariko na none, mu gihe hariho Imana ishobora byose, izi byose, ibera hose icyarimwe, Imana ifitiye isi
umugambi, ntivugirwamo, kandi igenda ishyira umugambi wayo ku gihe, ikindi, kuba hariho ibyaremwe bifite
ububasha bwo gukora amahitamo mu buryo bukwiriye no gufata ibyemezo byo mu buryo bufatika, bigafata
ibyemezo binafitiye inshingano, iyo mibanire hagati y’Imana n’Ibiremwa byayo nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru,
nta kundi yashobora kumera.
Ingero zishingiye kuri Bibiliya zikurikira zerekana uburyo Imana n’andi masōko y’imbaraga yo mu
urwego rwa kabiri ahurira muri icyo kintu kimwe, harimo n’ibijyanye n’icyaha hamwe n’ikibi:
ICYABAYE MU MATEKA URUHARE RW’IMANA URUHARE RW’UNDI
Iremwa ry’inyamaswa
Aburahamu anesha abami bane
Sara aratwita & abyara Isaka
Abavandimwe ba Yosefu bamugurisha mu
bikorwa by’uburetwa
Yosefu abonera amahirwe mu buretwa
Abavandimwe ba Yosefu basubizwa
amafaranga
Abisirayeli bava muri Egiputa
Farawo akomantazwa umutima
Ikimasa cy’izahabu& Isirayeli isenga
ibigirwama
Isirayeli ishyirwaho & ukwezwa kwabo
Ukuneshwa kwabereye Sihoni
Ukuneshwa kwa Bashani
Ubushobozi bwo kugera ku ubutunzi
Intsinzi za Yosuwa
Isirayeli ihindūra igihugu cy’isezerano
Kuneshwa kwa Yeriko
Kuneshwa kwa Ai
Kuneshwa kwa Makedahi
Kuneshwa kw’abandi bami
Gidiyoni atsinda Abamidiyani
Samusoni arongora umufilisitiyakazi
Itang 42:27-28
Itang 14:20
Itang 21:1
Itang 45:7-8; 50:20
Itang 39:3, 23
Itang 42:27-28
Kuva 3:7-8
Kuva 4:21;7:3;9:12; 10:1, 20,
27
Kuva 32:1-8; Ibyak 7:39-41
Abal 20:8
Guteg 2:30-31, 33, 36
Guteg 3:2-3
Guteg 8:18
Guteg 3:21-22;
Kuva 23:23, 29-30; Guteg
4:37-38; 7:1-2, 22-24; 9:3a
Yos 6:2
Yos 8:1
Yos 10:19b
Yos 11:8a
Abac 7:7, 9, 14-15
Abac 14:4
Itang 42:25
Itang 14:14-16
Itang 21:2, 5
Itang 37:25-28; 45:4-5
Itang 39:3, 23
Itang 42:25
Kuva 3:10; Guteg 6:18-19
Kuva 7:14, 22-23; 8:15; 9:34
Ibyak 7:42
Abal 20:7-8
Guteg 2:32-36
Guteg 3:1, 3-6
Guteg 8:18
Guteg 3:28
Kuva 23:24, 31; Guteg 7:2, 24;
9:3b
Yos 6:3-5
Yos 8:2-22
Yos 10:19a, 20-21
Yos 11:8b-9
Abac 7:16-22
Abac 14:1-3
59
Igihe Fretheim avuga ku uburyo Imana “ikeneye” ibyaremwe, bibwirizwa kwumvikana neza yuko iba irimo ivuga yuko
Imana inyura mu byaremwe byayo kugira ngo ikore, bitari mu buryo bw’ako kanya cyangwa se bwa hafi: “Nta tegeko
rigenga ibinyabuzima na rimwe rivuga yuko icyaremwe cyikoresha, noneho Imana ikabona kuzanamo uruhare rwayo. Buri
gihe, ubushake bwo gukora no kwinyagambura buturuka ku Mana. Habwirizwa kubaho uruhare rw’imbaraga zo mu buryo
bw’ubumana mbere y’uko icyaremwe kigira icyo gikoze. . . . Imana ni Yo ituma buri kintu mu isi gikora cyangwa se
cyinyagambura mu nzira iganisha ku ntego cyihaye. Bityo, Imana ishoboza kandi ihagurutsa ibiremwa yahaye ubwenge,
nka bo sōko (rukozi) ya kabiri bo gukora, s’ukubaha imbaraga zo gukora mu buryo rusange byonyine, ahubwo mu buryo
bw’umwihariko ikabaha ubushobozi ku mirimo imwe n’imwe yo mu buryo bwihariye.” (Berkhof 1949: 189)
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
132
Samusoni yica abafilisitiya 1000
Benyamini aneshwa na Isirayeli
Abana ba Eli banga kumwumvira
Sauli anesha Abamaleki
Abigayili asabira imbabazi Nabali
Inama ya Hushayi yemerwa
Dawidi anesha abanzi be
Dawidi akora icyaha cyo kubara abantu
Urupfu rwa Yowabu
Ugucikamo ibice kwa Isirayeli na Yuda
Ahabu ajya mu ntambara &atsinda Aramu
Ahabu ajya mu ntambara & aricwa
Rabushake asubira mu gihugu cye &
arapfa
Hezekiya akira uburwayi bwe
Urupfu rwa Sawuli
Abafilistiya n’Abarabu batera Yuda
Yuda ineshwa & Urupfu rwa Amaziya
Gutegura urusengero no gusubizaho
ukuramya
Yuda itsindwa & urupfu rwa Yosiya
Imana ivugira mu bahanuzi bayo
Yuda isenywa na Babuloni
Iteka ryemerera Abayuda gusubira i
Yerusalemu no kwubaka urusengero
Ezira agirirwa ubuntu
Nehemiya agirirwa ubuntu
Imigambi y’abanzi b’Abayuda ihindurwa
ubusa
Inkike z’i Yerusalemu zubakwa
Amagorwa ya Yobu
Iremwa ry’abantu
Ugutsindwa kw’abansi ba Dawidi
Imikurire y’ibiterwa
Kwubaka inzu cyangwa se ubuturo bundi
Kurinda umujyi
Imigambi, amagambo n’ibikorwa
by’abantu
Ibyemezo bifatwa n’abantu
Yuda iterwa na Ashuri
Isirayeli isenywa
Babuloni isenywa
Egiputa isenywa
Kuro atera imbere
Urupfu rw’abagabo b’i Anatoti
Baruku & Yeremiya binyegeza umwami
Gogi itera Isirayeli
Isenywa rya Edomu
Yona ajugunywa mu mazi
Imvura ibura mu gihugu
Urusengero rw’i Yerusalemu rwubakwa
Imyandikire n’ubuhamya bwa Bibiliya
Abantu baza kuri Yesu kwakira agakiza
Yesu agurishwa
Yesu abambwa
Abac 15:18
Abac 20:28
1 Sam 2:25
1 Sam 15:2
1 Sam 25:32
2 Sam 17:14
2 Sam 22:18-20, 40-42, 48-49
2 Sam 24:1
1 Abami 2:32-33
1 Abami 12:22-24
1 Abami 20:13, 28
1 Abami 22:19-23
2 Abami 19:6-7
2 Abami 20:5-6
1 Ngoma 10:14
2 Ngoma 21:12-16a
2 Ngoma 25:14-16
2 Ngoma 29:36
2 Ngoma 35:20-21
2 Ngoma 15-16
2 Ngoma 36:15-17; Jer 21:8-
10; Ezek 5:7-11, 13
Yer 16:15; 29:10-14; 2 Ngoma
36:22; Ezira 1:1; 6:14
Ezira 7:6, 9-10, 27-28
Neh 2:8
Neh 4:15
Neh 6:16
Yobu 1:12, 21-22; 2:6
Yobu 10:8; 31:15; Ps 139:13-
16
Zab 18:17-19, 43a, 47-48
Zab 104:14a-b
Zab 127:1a
Zab 127:1c
Imig 16:1b, 9b
Imig 16:33b
Yes 7:17-20; 8:5-8
Yes 9:8-21
Yes 13:1-5
Yes 19:1, 2a, 4a
Yes 45:1-7
Yer 11:22a, 23
Yer 36:26
Ezek 38:1-6, 16
Obad 8-9
Yona 2:3
Hag 1:9, 11
Hag 1:14
Mat 19:4-5; Yoh 5:37-38; 2
Tim 3:16; 2 Pet 1:20-21
Yoh 6:37, 44, 65; Ibyak 13:38
Luka 22:22a
Yes 53:10; Ibyak 2:23; 4:28
Abac 15:14-16
Abac 20:29-48
1 Sam 2:22-25
1 Sam 15:3-6
1 Sam 25:14-31
2 Sam 17:5-14
2 Sam 22:38-39, 43
2 Sam 24:10, 17; 1 Ngoma 21:1-
4
1 Abami 2:31, 34
1 Abami 12:16-20
1 Abami 20:14-21, 29-30
1 Abami 22:29-37
2 Abami 19:7
2 Abami 20:7
1 Ngoma 10:4
2 Ngoma 21:16b-17
2 Ngoma 25:17-28
2 Ngoma 29:5-35
2 Abami 23:29; 2 Ngoma 35:22-
24
2 Ngoma 15-16
2 Abami 25:8-21; 2 Ngoma
36:17-19; Yer 21:8-10; Ezek
5:12
2 Ngoma 36:22-23; Ezira 1:1;
6:14
Ezira 7:6, 9-10, 27-28
Neh 2:7-9
Neh 4:11-14
Neh 3:1-32; 4:6, 21-22; 6:3, 15
Yobu 1:13-19; 2:7
Itang 4:1; 5:3; Yobu 14:1; Zab
51:5
Zab 18:37
Zab 104:14c
Zab 127:1b
Zab 127:1d
Imig 16:1a, 9a
Imig 16:33a
Yes 7:17-20; 8:5-8
Yes 9:8-21
Yes 13:1-5
Yes 19:2b-3, 4b
Yes 45:1-7
Yer 11:22b
Yer 36:19
Ezek 38:7-16
Obadiya 6-7
Yona 1:15
Hag 1:5-6, 10
Hag 1:14
Itang 2:24; Luka 24:27; Yoh
5:46-47; Ibyak 26:22
Yoh 6:37,44,65; Ibyak13:38;
Luka 22:21, 22b; Yoh 13:21-27
Mariko 14:43-15:39; Ibyak
2:23; 4:27
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
133
Agakiza ku bizera
Ibikorwa byiza by’abizera
Agakiza kagera ku bantu i Korinto
Inkuge irengerwa, Paulo n’abasera
barokoka
Ubutumwa bubwirizwa
Itotezwa ry’Abakristu
“Ihwa mu mubiri” wa Paulo
Ukurindwa kw’abera
Abantu bakurikira “abashukanyi”
Aho abantu berekeza & icyo bakora cyose
Ibikorwa bya “maraya,” “abami cumi,”
n’ “inyamaswa” byo mu Byahishuwe
Yoh 1:12-13; Abef 2:8-9
Yoh 3:21; Abef 2:10; Abafil
2:13
Ibyak 18:10b
Ibyak 27: 22-25, 34
1 Abakor 2:4
1 Abakor 4:7-11
2 Abakor 12:7-9
1 Abates 5:23-24
2 Abates 2:11
Yak 4:13-15
Ibyah 17:17
Yoh 3:36; Abar 10:12-17
Yoh 3:21; Abef 2:10; Abafil
2:12
Ibyak 18:9-10a
Ibyak 27:30-32, 38-44
1 Abakor 2:4
Ibyah 6:9-11
2 Abakor 12:7
1 Abates 5:12-22
2 Abates 2:9-10, 12
Yak 4:13-15
Ibyah 17:1-16
C. Imana nziza kandi ishobora byose irakenewe kugira ngo habeho kuganira ku cyiza n’ikibi Abantu basanga bitoroshye guhuza uburyo Imana yaba ari nziza rwose kandi ikaba itavugirwamo mu
buryo bwuzuye, hejuru y’ibyo ikaba itwara isi irimo ikibi n’icyiza. Na none, igitekerezo kirwanya Imana
cyemeza yuko ibintu bimwe na bimwe ari bibi koko: “Kuvuga ngo ikintu ni kibi bigafatwa nk’uko ari uguca
imanza, na none imanza nta cyo zivuze i ruhande rw’igipimo cy’ingeso nziza. . . . Ikibi nticyaba kikibaye ikibi
keretse igihe ingeso nziza zituzuye. N’ubwo bimeze bityo, ikibi kirahari. Ni cyo gituma abantu bakijyaho
impaka. Nuko rero, igipimo cy’ingeso nziza na cyo kirahari.” (Koukl 2013: “The Presence of evil” = “Ukubaho
kw’ikibi”) Tutibagiye ko inkomōko zishoboka zitandukanye z’ibipimo by’ingeso nziza, icyiza n’ikibi, “Imana
ifite ingeso zitunganye rwose ni Yo yonyine ikwiye gufatwaho nk’igipimo . . . iki ni cyo umuntu yaheraho
avuga ku kibi” (Koukl 2009: 138; reba na none Koukl 2013: “One remaining Answer” = “Igisubizo kimwe
gisigaye”; Lewis 1996:45-46; Craig 1997: 9-12; 2007: n.p.). Mu yandi magambo, byari ngombwa ko habaho
igipimo nyacyo kugira ngo umuntu amenye nimba ikintu ari kibi cyangwa se cyiza; ukuri cyangwa se ikinyoma,
ingeso nziza cyangwa se ingeso mbi—kandi icyo kureberaho n’Imana gusa.
N’utemera ko Imana ibaho, existentialist (ubwenge bushingiye ku cy’uko isi ari ubusa, umuntu ari
wenyine muri iy si; ni we ufite inshingano zo kwitunga ubwe), umunyabwenge Jean-Paul Sartre yemeye
ibikurikira: “Uwo mugabo . . . asanga byaba bibabaje igihe Imana yaba itabaho, kuko ukwo kutabaho kwayo
byahita bikuraho n’ukwiringira yuko hariho indangagaciro mu ijuru rigengwa n’ubwenge. Bityo, ntibyaba
bigishobotse yuko habaho icyiza icyo ari cyo cyose [n’ukuvuga, ukuri kwo mu urwego rusange rw’ubwenge
kutagendera munsi y’inama cyangwa se inararibonye], mu gihe hataba hariho umutimanama utunganye kandi
wuzuye wo gutekereza ukwo kuri. Nta ho byanditswe yuko ‘icyiza’ kibaho, yuko umuntu abwirizwa kuba
umwizerwa cyangwa se ko abwirizwa kubeshya, mu gihe twaba tugendera mu ndege irimo abagabo gusa. Igihe
kimwe Dostoevsky yanditse ati, ‘Nimba Imana itabaho, noneho umuntu yaba yemerewe gukora icy’ashaka’. . . .
Buri kintu cyose kiremewe nimba Imana itabaho, noneho umuntu agendera munsi y’ingaruka nyinshi kuko ata
kintu na kimwe yubaha, haba imbere muri we, cyangwa se inyuma. Yagiye kubona yuko nta buryo azashobora
kwiregura. Kuko . . . nta wuzashobora gusobanura igikorwa cy’umuntu afatiye ku rugero rwa kamere y’undi
kiremwa-muntu. . . . Cyangwa se ku rundi ruhande, nimba Imana itabaho, ni hehe twabona indangagaciro
cyangwa se amabwiriza twashingiraho mu ukwemeza imyitwarire yacu. Bityo, haba inyuma cyangwa se imbere,
nta na hamwe twabona urwitwazo cyangwa se ibisobaauro.” (Sartre 1946: n.p.) Richard Taylor, umunyabwenge
kandi impuguke mu bijyanye n’imyatwarire, utari Umukristo, yemeza ibisa n’ibyo avuga ati, “Isi tugezemo,
yaba iha agaciro gake cyangwa se kenshi igitekerezo cy’umucamanza wo mu buryo bw’ubumana, yagerageje na
none kugumizaho ibitekerezo bishingiye ku ngeso nziza cyangwa se mbi, adashingiye ku cy’uko, mu gushyira
Imana ku ruhande, baba bashyize ku ruhande agaciro k’ingeso zishingiye ku ukuri cyangwa se ku kinyoma. . . .
Igitekerezo cy’uko ari ngombwa kugira ingeso nziza ntishobora gushingira ubwenge mu gihe nta Mana ibaho.”
(Taylor 1985: 2-3, 84) Bityo, umunyabwenge uhakana Imana J. L. Mackie yanzura avuga ati, “N’ukuri yuko
ikibazo kivuga ku ikibi ntikigaragaza yuko nta huriro riri hagati y’inyigisho ngenderwaho zigisha ubumana”
(Mackie 1982: 154).
Ingaruka z’ibi n’izo mu nzego ebyiri: (1) Dushyize Imana n’Ijambo ryayo ku ruhande, n’ukuvuga,
urufatizo nyarwo tureberaho ukuri n’ikinyoma n’inshingano zo kugendera mu ngeso nziza, tuba twishyizeho
icyaha n’ikibi, kandi Imana ihita idufata nk’ababibazwa. (2) “Ikibazo gishingiye ku kibi” n’icyo mu urwego rwo
hejuru, cyane cyane ku bahakana Imana n’abandi batizera Imana yo muri Bibiliya kuruta uko byaba bimeze ku
Bakristo. Abatizera ntibagira urufatizo rwo mu buryo busobanutse, bukwiriye kandi bwumvikana [rwo mu
buryo bufatika ubwarwo; rutivuguruza ubwarwo] rwo kuvuga ko itegeko cyangwa se igikorwa cy’abantu, mu
by’ukuri kandi mu buryo bwemewe na bose, kidashingiye ku ukuri, ko ari kibi, ko ari ikinyoma cyangwa—
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
134
hatitawe ku uburyo icyo gikorwa cyangwa se iryo tegeko kibabaza ugikorewe, kimunyunyuza imbaraga,
kirangwamo ukwikunda, cyangwa se kiganisha ku urupfu. Greg Bahnsen abivuga atya: “Ku ruhande rumwe, we
[utizera] yizera kandi avuga nk’uko igikorwa runaka (urugero, gufata abana ku ngufu) s’ukuri ubwabyo, ariko
ku rundi ruhande akizera kandi avuga nk’uko igikorwa be n’icyo cyaba kidakwiriye mu gihe uwo muntu
(cyangwa se umuco) ahitamo indangagaciro zidafite aho zihurira n’ibi (urugero, kwishimisha, umunezero
abenshi bashoboka bahuriraho, umudendezo). Igihe abatizera bo bemeza yuko abantu ari bo bishyiriraho
ubwabo indangagaciro zibagenga, utizera agashimangira yuko abarimo bakora ibibi, ata kibi barimo bakora
by’ukuri, ushingiye ku ndangagaciro bihitiyemo ubwabo. Muri ubu buryo, utizera urimo witotombera ubwo
bukozi bw’ikibi atanga ibimenyetso bishyigikira iyo myitwarire, n’ubwo mu rundi ruhande, uwo utizera yifuza
gushyigikira yuko be n’iyo myitwarire itemewe—ni ‘mibi.’
Bityo, icyo tubona n’uko utizera, mw’ibanga rye, abwirizwa kugendera ku uburyo bwa Gikristu bwo
kubona isi! Kurwanya Imana gukeka yuko kwemera Imana ari ikintu cyihariye.
Ku utizera, ikibazo cy’ikibi gishingiye ku ubwenge kuruta ku uwizera. Jye nk’Umukristu, ndashobora
kwubaka igitekerezo kizima giturutse ku ukuzinukwa n’ukurwanya ifatwa ku ngufu ry’abana. Abatari abakristu
bo nta ntibabishobora. Ibi ntibisobanura yuko nshobora gutanga ibisobanuro ku uburyo Imana ikora icyo ishaka
mu uguteganya amagorwa n’ubukozi bw’ikibi muri iyi si. Uburyo utari umukristu abona isi (mu buryo bwose
bushoboka) ntashobora guha agaciro be n’izo ngeso mbi. Ntibishobora gutanga ibisobanuro ku miterere
ishingiye ku ukuri kandi idahinduka ku bijyanye n’ibigenga ingeso z’umuntu nk’icyiza n’ikibi. Bityo, ikibazo
cy’ikibi n’ikibazo gishingiye ku ngeso kubera ukutizera.” (Bahnsen 1991: Igice cya 2, “Mbese Utizera
Arumva”)
Uburyo Bibiliya isobanura ubwiza bw’Imana n’ubutavugirwamo bwayo ku bijyanye n’uburyo ikibi
kibaho urabisanga mu bice bikurikira.
D. Mu Ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana hejuru y’ibiba byose harimo n’ubutavugirwamo bwayo hejuru y’icyaha
n’ikibi, ariko bikaba mu buryo itabarwaho icyaha cyangwa se ikibi Imana irera, n’inyakuri, irakiranuka kandi ni nziza (Itang 18:25; Kuva 34:6-7; Abal 11:44; Yobu
34:10-12; Zab 5:4; 136:1; 145:17; Habak 1:13; Abar 1:18; Yak 1:13), ariko na none icyaha n’ikibi bibaho.
N’ubwo abantu benshi bagerageza gukingira ikibaba Imana bavuga yuko ata ruhare na rumwe ifite mu cyaha
n’ikibi (baherereza ikibi cyose kuri Satani cyangwa se kuri nyiri kugikora), Bibiliya yerekana ishusho yo mu
buryo busobanutse kandi bunini. Ku ruhande rumwe, “Ikibi s’ikintu cyaremwe igihe Imana yaremaga ibindi
bintu. S’ikintu cyo mu buryo bufatika na gato. Imana yaremye ibintu byo mu buryo bugaragara, harimo n’isi
n’abantu bayituyemo. Umugambi w’Imana wari uwo kugira ngo tujye tugira icyo dukoze kuko yaturemanye
ubushobozi bwo kubikora. Ariko ntiyaremye ibyo dukora, kandi ntibikora mu mwanya wacu. Bityo,
ntidushobora kuvuga yuko Imana yari ifite umugambi wo kuturemera kugira ingeso mbi ngo n’uko ibyo bihari
mu isi yacu. Imana yagize umugambi, kandi yaranawusoshoje, wo kurema abantu cyangwa se ibintu byo gukora
ibyo bikorwa (byaba bibi cyangwa se byiza).” (Feinberg 2001: 788; reba na none Adams 1991: 59 [“Imana
yategetse ngo icyaha kibeho mu buryo bw’uko abantu ubwabo (n’ukuvuga ngo badashyizweho igitugu kandi
bihwanye na kamere zabo) bahamwa n’icyaha cyabo”]; Koukl (2012: n.p.) Ku rundi ruhande, abanditsi ba
Bibiliya nta soni bagira yo kuvuga yuko, mu buryo burimo amayobera, (amayobera atuma Imana itabarwa nka
Yo ishinjwa ikibi) isōko nya yo y’ibibi byinshi. . . . Imana ntihagarara inyuma y’ikibi mu buryo bumwe n’ubwo
ihagarara inyuma y’igikorwa cyiza. . . . Habaho intera hagati y’Imana n’abantu bayo igihe bakora icyaha. . . .
Muri make, n’ubwo twashobora kubura inzego twashyiramo icyo kibazo mu buryo bugaragara, na none,
tubwirizwa gushyigikira yuko hariho igicucu cy’Imana inyuma y’icyiza n’ikibi mu mirongo bigenderamo
itarebana.” (Carson 1994: 28, 36-37)
Iyi Mana nyene ni Yo ikwiye kubazwa ikibi cyose kibaho kubera yuko itavugirwamo hejuru ya buri
kintu cyose, “mpera mu itangiriro nkavuga iherezo” (Yes 46:10), kandi yashyizeho umugambi usobanutse ku
byaremwe byose, harimo n’ikibi, irimo isohoza (Imig 16:4; Yes 46:8-11). Na none, imibanire y’Imana
“igendera ku mirongo itarebana” inyuma y’icyiza n’ikibi bisobanura yuko “Imana igendera inyuma y’ikibi mu
buryo bw’uko ikibi kitabera mu busitani bw’ubutavugirwamo bwayo, kandi icyo kibi ntikiyibarweho: kibarwa
kuri ya sōko yacyo yo mu urwego rwa kabiri, mu mpamvu zo mu urwego rwa kabiri. Mu rundi ruhande, Imana
ihagarara inyuma y’icyiza mu buryo bw’uko, hejuru y’uko kibera mu busitani bw’ubutavugirwamo bwayo,
kibarwa kuri Yo, kikabarwa ku isōko yacyo mu urwego rwa kabiri.” (Carson 1990: 1990: 213). Mu yandi
magambo, Imana ntibarwaho ikibi mu buryo bw’uko yafatwa nka Yo sōko y’ububi bw’ikibi cyangwa se
ubunyabyaha bw’icyaha. Bityo, Dennis Johnson avuga yuko “n’ubwo gucirwaho iteka nk’uko byahishuwe mu
buryo bw’impanda zigenda zikurikirana [mu Ibyahishuwe] biza biva ku gicaniro cyo mu ijuru ku mugambi
w’Imana [Ibyah 8:1-19], intonganya zishingiye ku ukurimburwa kw’isi ntizitura ku umuremyi utagira icyaha,
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
135
ahubwo zigwa kuri bariya bashuka ba kiremwa-muntu bakagomera Imana na Kristo wayo, babiba ukwikubira,
gukekana ibyaha, ishyari, n’ubwanzi bihungabanya isi n’abayituye [Ibyah 8:20-21]” (Johnson 2001: 154n.13;
reba na none Itang 4:1-7; Yes 10:5-16; Habak 1:1-11; Hag 1:5-11; Ibyak 2:22-24).
Berkhof na we arabisobanura muri aya magambo: “Nta mwanya n’umwe icyaremwe gikora ubwacyo
bitanyuze mu bushake no mu bubasha bw’Imana. Kuko ari muri Yo dufite ubugingo bwacu tugenda turiho,
Ibyak 17:28. Iki gikorwa cyo mu buryo bw’ubumana gikurikira igikorwa cy’umuntu kuri buri rwego,
hatabayeho icy’uko Imana yavutsa umuntu umudendezo we. Igikorwa gihora cyakozwe mu mudendezo
w’umuntu, kuko ari we uguma ukibazwa. Ubu buryo bubiri bwo guhatana ntibukomoka mu ukumenya [isōko
rya mbere] ry’igikorwa cyangwa se [isōko rya kabiri]. Mu buryo bugaragara, igikorwa gikomoka muri ayo
masōko yombi. Na none, umuntu kandi akomeza kuba ari we rukozi rwa buri gikorwa. Bavinck abisobanura
anyujije mu rugero rw’uko ishyamba rishya, Imana ikemera ko rishya, ariko mu buryo bwumvikana, uku gushya
ntigushobora kubarwa ku Mana, ahubwo ni ku ishyamba ubwaryo nka ryo rukozi.” (Berkhof 1949: 189)
Ibi turabisanga muri Yakobo 1 hasobanura uburyo icyaha kibaho. Yak 1:2, 12 hashima abantu bahura
n’ “ibigeragezo” bitandukanye bakabyihanganira. Yak 1:13-15 havuga hati, “Umuntu niyoshywa gukora ibyaha
ye kuvuga ati, Imana ni Yo inyoheje”, kuko bidashoboka ko Imana yoshywa n’ikibi, cyangwa ngo na yo igire
uwo ibyohesha. Ahubwo umuntu yoshywa iyo akuruwe n’ibyo ararikiye bimushukashuka. Irari riratwita
rikabyara icyaha, icyaha na cyo kirakura kikabyara urupfu.” Amagambo “ukugeragezwa” n’ “ukwoshywa”
yombi afite ihuriro, n’ukuvuga, izina n’inshinga bifite inkomōko imwe y’ijambo ry’Ikigiriki (peirasmos
[ikigeragezo] na peirazō [gushuka]). Ariko, amateka agendana na yo ni yo atanga itandukaniro hagati y’aya
magambo yombi: Imana idushyira mu bintu kugira ngo idushyire ku gipimo—harimo amateka aho dushukwa
ngo dukore icyaha, n’aho iba izi neza yuko turi bukore icyaha—ariko ntiduhendahendera kwinjira muri icyo
cyaha. Ahubwo, ibishukira umuntu gukora icyaha bituruka imbere muri we: “Ibikorwa bibi bituruka imbere mu
muntu cyangwa se mu isōko ya kabiri, urugero Satani, ariko ugushaka kubikora guturuka mu umuntu:
“Ibikorwa bibi bidudubiza biva mu byifuzo by’umuntu. Ibyifuzo ubwabyo si byo bibi, si na byo bikora ibibi . . .
ariko igihe bizamuka kugera ubwo bitugeza ku ukutubaha amategeko agenga ingeso zacu nk’uko yashyizweho
n’Imana, muri icyo gihe tuba twarangije gukora icyaha. Ibyifuzo si byo nkomōko y’icyaha byonyine, ariko,
kubera ubushake bw’umuntu, amarangamutima ye, ubwenge bwe, bigahita byinjira muri urwo rugendo
ruganisha ku cyaha. Ariko Yakobo avuga yuko ikigeragezo n’igikorwa kiranga icyaha bitangirira ku byifuzo
byacu.” (Feinberg 2001: 789)
Imana yemera kandi itegeka yuko icyaha kibaho, atari kubera ububi n’ubunyabyaha bw’icyaha
ubwacyo, ariko kubera “intego n’impamvu zirangwamo ubwenge, zera, kandi zitunganye hejuru y’izindi zose”
(Edwards 1984, Freedom = Umudendezo, §IX: 76; reba na none Piper 2000: 107-31). Kubera iyo mpamvu,
Randy Alcorn avuga yuko Imana “yateguye uhereye kera kose yuko ikibi kibaho kandi yuko izagihinduramo
icyiza. . . . Birashoboka yuko wategura ikintu uzi neza yuko uzakigeraho udakoresheje agahato. Nta gitugu
Imana yashyize kuri Adamu na Eva ngo bakore icyaha, ahubwo yarabaremye ibaha umudendezo kandi yemera
ko Satani aboneka, izi neza yuko bazahitamo ikibi kandi izi na none yuko icyo yari gukora mu mugambi wayo
wo gucungura kizabyara ikintu kirusha icya mbere ubwiza.” (Alcorn 2009: 226-27)
Nuko rero, abantu bashobora kuba bafite intego runaka igihe bakora ikibi (urugero gukora ikibi), ariko
Imana yo ikaba ifite indi ntego (urugero, kuzana icyiza) mu ukwemera yuko icyo kintu kibaho. Imana ishobora
gukorera mu byo yaremye idakoresheje agahato kugira ngo igere ku bitandukanye n’ubushake bwabo n’ibyifuzo
byabo (n’igihe ibyifuzo byayo cyangwa se intego yayo byaba bitandukanye n’iya bariya) kandi ikaba ata cyaha
yakoze muri ibyo (n’ubwo ibyaremwe byayo byo byaba byabikoreyemo icyaha) (reba Imig 16:2). Kuba Yosefu
yaragurishijwe ngo ajye gukora ibikorwa by’ubucakara (Itang 45:4-8; 50:20; Zab 105:17), kuneshwa kwa
Yuda imbere ya Isirayeli (2 Ngoma 28:1-15), Ashuri itera Isirayeli (2 Abami 19:20-31; Yes 10:5-16), Babuloni
isenya Yuda (Ezek 11:5-12; Habak 1:5-11), Yesu agambanirwa na Yuda (Mat 26:20-24; Yoh 6:64), Kayafa,
abatambyi bakuru, n’abafarisayo bajya inama yo kwica Yesu (Yoh 11:47-53), Herode, Pilato, Abanyamahanga
n’Abisirayeli babamba Yesu (Yes 53:3-10; Ibyak 2:22-23; 4:27-28), ibi byose n’ingero zihamya ibi.
Ibi n’amayobera adashobora kwumvikana ku urwego rwacu, kubera yuko imibanire hagati y’Imana—
nk’Imana itagira iherezo, imenya byose, Umuremyi ushobora byose—n’ibyaremwe bifite iherezo, nta yindi
mibanire ihwanye n’iyi (n’ukuvuga nta kindi gisa na yo) kandi nta ho ihuriye n’imibanrie hagati y’icyaremwe
n’ikindi cyaremwe (Talbot 2005: ubutumwa bwo mu buryo bw’amajwi).60 Ikindi, Imana imenya ibizaba mu
60
Hashingiwe ku ubwenge, ijambo risobanura imibanire hagati y’Imana n’umuntu ni “uburyo ibintu bibiri bishobora
kugendana”: Imana ntivugirwamo na gato, ariko ubutavugirwamo bwayo ntibukora mu buryo bw’uko uruhare rw’umuntu
rugabanywa cyangwa se ngo rukurweho (n’ukuvuga, biremwa muntu ntibifatwa nka za ‘robots’ cyangwa se nk’ibishusho
by’abana); bityo, biremwa muntu n’ibyaremwe bifite ubwenge bwo guhitamo uko bashaka kandi bagakora ibyo bashaka ,
harimo no kwigomeka ku ubushake bw’Imana bwashyizwe ahagaragara, kandi bakaba babazwa buri kintu cyose cyavuye
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136
buryo bwuzuye—harimo n’iherezo ryabyo hamwe n’ibizaba mu gihe kizaza kigufi na kirekire, ingaruka ya hafi
n’iy’igihe kirekire ya buri jambo, igikorwa n’ibindi bishobora gushika. Buri kintu ni kimwe mu bigize
umugambi mugari w’Imana. Ifite ubushobozi bwo kumenya igihe cyo gushyiraho cyangwa se cyo kwemera
ikibi cyangwa se imibabaro, n’igihe cyo kutabyemerera kubaho. Bityo rero, ni Yo yonyine ishobora kubona
yuko kiremwamuntu (utazi Imana mu buryo buhagije) yagerageza guhagarika ikibi n’imibabaro.
E. N’ubwo icyaha n’ikibi biri mu bigize umugambi nyamukuru w’Imana, Yo ihora irwanya icyaha n’ikibi Kumbure, kubera impamvu ikomeye, n’ubwo kuba icyaha n’ikibi bibaho biri mu mugambi w’Imana,
Imana irarwanya icyaha n’ikibi. Ibi biva muri kamere yayo nk’Imana year, itabera, ikiranuka kandi nziza.
Habak 1:13 havuga yuko Imana “Ufite amaso atunganye, adakunda kureba ikibi, haba no kwitegereza
ubugoryi.” Urugero rw’ibi ruri muri Yoh 11:1-44 havuga ku urupfu rwa Lazaro, uwo Yesu yazuye imukuye mu
mva. Urupfu, na none, rwinjiye mu isi nk’ingaruka y’icyaha (Itang 2:17; Abar 5:12-14). 1 Abakor 15:26 hita
urupfu “umwanzi wa nyuma.” Igihe yegeraga imva ya Lazaro, Yoh 11:38 havuga yuko Yesu “yasuhuje
umutima” (cyangwa se yaborogeraga imbere mu mutima,” NKJV). Timothy Keller avuga yuko “ubu buryo bwo
gusimura ntibushyiramo imbaraga mu magambo. Ijambo ry’Ikigiriki rikoreshwa n’umwanditsi w’Ubutumwa
Bwiza Yohana risobanura ‘gutontoma n’uburakari.’ N’ijambo ritangaje.” (Keller 2013: 136, reba Zodhiates
1993: “embrimaomai,” 574 [“gutontoma, guturagara n’umujinya”]) Keller arakomeza, “Nuko Yesu rero
ararakara cyane imbere y’ikibi, urupfu, n’imibabaro, n’ubwo ari Imana, ntarakazwa n’ubusa. Ibi bisobanura
yuko ikibi n’umwanzi w’ibiremwa byiza Imana yaremye, kandi ni n’umwanzi w’Imana ubwayo. Misiyo ya
Yesu ngaha ku isi kwari gufata ikibi akakirangizaho.” (Keller 2013: 137) D.A. Carson yongeraho avuga yuko
Imana “ihagaze hejuru yacyo ikirwanya [icyaha; ikibi; ingeso mbi], mu buryo Jambo ahinduka umwagazi
w’intama w’Imana ukura icyaha cy’isi, umujinya w’Imana na wo ugarahagara mu umwanya wo kukirwanya
cyane ([Yohana] 1:29; 3:36)” (Carson 1994: 160-61).
Aya ni yo mayobera ku bijyanye n’ikibi yo mu urwego rwo hejuru kuruta andi, imibabaro, n’urupfu—
yuko Imana yaje mu isi,na Yo ubwayo igendera munsi y’ikibi, imibabaro n’urupfu mu umuntu Yesu Kristo.
N’ubwo Yesu yari atunganye mu buryo bwuzuye kandi atigeze akora icyaha, yahisemo kwikorera icyaha
n’isoni, no kuriha ikiguzi cyabyo; ikiguzi cyari gihanitse cyane. “Mu rukundo yadukunze, Imana yiciriye
urubanza rwo gupfa ku bwacu. Ikintu kimwe tudakwiye kuzigera na rimwe tuvuga ku Mana—yuko idatahura
ibijyanye n’uguhabwa akato mu buryo bwuzuye, kubabazwa cyane, no gupfa urupfu rurangwamo amagorwa. . .
. Abantu bamwe na bamwe ntibiyumvisha uburyo Imana yaremye isi abantu bazababarizwamo cyane. Mbese
ntibyumvikana kurushiriza uburyo Imana yarema isi ata muntu yigeze kuyibabarizwamo kuruta uko
byayigendekeye?” Alcom 2009: 214-15) (Alcorn 2009: 214-15)61
F. Umuntu ashobora gushyiraho ikigereranyo hagati y’uburyo Imana yemera ko icyaha n’ikibi biba
bifitanye isano risa n’iriri hagati y’izuba n’umwijima hamwe n’ubukonje “Hari itandukaniro rinini hagati y’uko Imana yumva ifite impuhwe, kubera uburyo yemera , mu buryo
bw’igikorwa ubwacyo, yuko ikintu izi neza yuko ari icyaha kibaho (n’ubwo icyo gikorwa ubwacyo kizakurikira
uruhushya rwayo,) no kuba yumva impuhwe yuko icyakozwe ubwacyo kigaragaramo icyaha; cyangwa se hagati
y’uko ari Yo yatanze itegeko ko bibaho, kuba itabihagaritse, mu buryo bumwe cyangwa se ubundi, no kuba ari
Yo yabiteguye kandi ikabikora, inyujije mu mukozi mwiza cyangwa se igatuma bishoboka. . . . Nk’uko hariho
itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y’uko izuba ari ryo ritanga umucyo n’ubushyuhe bw’ibihe, n’ukubengerana
kw’izahabu cyangwa se kwa safiro, kuba rihari bikagira ingaruka nziza; no kuba ari ryo rituma habaho
mu mahitamo yabo n’ibikorwa byabo, ariko ibi ntibikora bityo mu buryo bw’uko Imana yabirēbēra gusa. Mu yandi
magambo, Imana ishobora gutegura ibintu byose uko ibishaka kandi neza; biremwa-muntu bakora icyo bashaka bakurikije
amahitamo yabo (n’ukuvuga, Imana ntibashyiraho igitugu ngo bakore ibinyuranye n’ibyifuzo byabo n’ubushake bwabo),
ariko ntibafite ububasha busesuye bwo gukora ikirwanya ubushake Imana yagennye uhereye kera kwose (reba Carson
1994: 163-67, 201-22; Carson 1990: 199-227; Feinberg 2001: 625-796; Alcom 2009:258-69). 61
Ukubambwa kwa Kristo kwerekana mu buryo bwuzuye yuko ukugendana (compatibilism) kwaba ari ukw’ukuri igihe
Imana ari Yo iyobora kandi ari nziza kandi yuko abantu na bo ari bo begwa n’ibyo bakora. D.A. Carson arasobanura:
“Nimba umugambi wabaye uw’abagambanyi bonyine, nyuma Imana ikabizamo mu munota wa nyuma kurwana kugira ngo
habeho ukunesha, nuko rero Imana si Yo yari yacuze uwo mugambi w’umusaraba kandi ntibyari intego yayo, kandi iyo
yari yo mpamvu yatumye Imana yohereza Umwana wayo mu isi—ibi na byo ntibyoroshye kwumva. Ku rundi ruhande,
nimba Imana yari Yo itekereza imigambi yonyine, noneho umwana w’umuntu akaba ari igikinisho kiri aho gusa ata cyo
cyabazwa, noneho byaba ari ubusazi kuvuga ubugambanyi, cyangwa se icyaha—bityo nta cyaha cyatuma Kristo
agikurishaho urupfu rwe, bityo ni kuki byabaye ngombwa ko apfa? Imana yari mu gikorwa cyayo mu buryo
butavugirwamo igihe cy’urupfu rwa Yesu; biremwamuntu bari babi igihe bicaga Yesu, n’ubwo basohozaga ubushake
bw’Imana; kandi Imana na Yo yari nziza mu buryo bwuzuye.” (Carson 1990: 212)
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137
umwijima n’igikonyozi mu ijoro, n’iki cy’uko rimanuka rikarenga. Igikorwa cy’izuba n’umwanya wo gutanga
akanya ngo habeho ibindi bintu; ariko si ryo riba ritumye ibyo bintu biba, cyorohereje kubaho kwabyo cyangwa
se cyatumye bibaho; n’ubwo byabaye ingaruka y’ukwo kurenga ku izuba: dushingiye kuri ibyo, twashobora
kuvuga yuko, nta na rimwe ubushake bw’umuntu bwakwitirirwa igikorwa yakoze, ahubwo cyakwitirirwa
Imana. Bityo, byaba byemewe yuko ari kubera ububasha bw’Imana ikibi cyakozwe aho byaba kubera ubushake
bw’abantu. Nimba izuba ryari kuba ari ryo mpamvu nyayo ituma habaho ubukonje n’umwijima, ryari kuba ari
ryo sōko y’ibi bintu nk’uko ari ryo sōko y’umucyo n’ubushyuhe: . . . ibi ntibisobanuye yuko izuba ubwaryo riri
umwijima kandi ko rikonje, kandi imirasire yaryo ari umukara. Ariko, kuba ukuzimangana kwaryo ari kwo
gutuma ibyo bintu bibaho, nta huriro ryaba rihari, ahubwo biratandukanye; . . . kuba ibi bijyanye kandi bifatanye
n’ukuzimangana kwaryo, bihita biza bishyigikira icy’uko izuba ari sōko y’umucyo n’ubushyuhe. Nuko rero,
nk’uko icyaha kitajya kigira ihuriro na rito n’ikintu cyiza cyangwa se umukozi mwiza, cyangwa se ngo kibe
kigaragaramo ishusho y’Uwiteka Imana, ahubwo, kikaba cyatewe n’uko Imana yakuyemo igikorwa cyayo
n’ubushobozi bwayo, kandi, mu buryo bumwe cyangwa se bundi, kuba ata cyo yabikozeho ntibisobanura yuko
yakoze icyaha, cyangwa se ko yakoze ikibi, cyangwa se yuko yaba ifite uruhare muri iki kibi cyakozwe;
ahubwo, bitandukanye n’ibyo, ukubaho kw’Imana n’igikorwa cyayo ni byiza kandi birera, kandi ni Yo
nkomōko y’ukwera kwose. Byaba bitangaje kwumva yuko abantu batigera bakora icyaha, keretse igihe Imana
ibatereranye, bityo bagakora icyaha kubera yuko Imana yabigenjeje ityo, yuko icyaha kitabakomotseho, ahubwo
yuko cyakomotse ku Mana; bityo kandi yuko Imana ari kiremwa cy’ikinyabyaha: Ibi bisa n’uko twavuga yuko
buri gihe izuba rirenze umwijima uhita ukurikiraho, umwijima ukaba utashobora kubaho igihe izuba rihari,
bikaba byaba bisobanuye yuko umwijima ukomoka ku zuba, muri icyo gihe imirasire yaryo n’umubumbe waryo
na byo byaba bibaye umwijima gusa.” (Edwards 1984, Freedom, §IX: 77)
G. Kubera yuko mu mwanya umwe Imana ishobora kurebera ikintu kibaye mu “ndorerwamo yo mu buryo
bwaga” hamwe no mu “indorerwamo yo mu buryo bugari”, ishobora gufata icyemezo “cyangwa se
igashyiraho iteka” mu bushake bwayo bwo mu ibanga ariko icyo cyemezo kikaba kibujijwe mu ubushake
bwayo bwahishuwe “cyangwa se bwavuzwe mu mategeko yayo” Guteg 29:29 haravuga hati, “Ibihishe n’iby’Uwiteka Imana yacu, ariko ibyahishuwe n’ibyacu
n’urubyaro rwacu iteka, kugira ngo twumvire amagambo yose y’aya mategeko.” Mu gihe ibyanditswe bimwe
na bimwe bivuga yuko Imana “ishaka ko abantu bose bakizwa” (1 Tim 2:4; reba na none Ezek 18:23, 2 Pet
3:9), hariho n’ibindi bivuga yuko atari abantu bose bazakizwa, ariko Imana yagiye irobanura bamwe na bamwe
idashingiye ku kintu na kimwe (Mat 11:27; Yoh 1:12-13; 6:37-39, 44, 65; 10:25-29; Ibyak 13:48; Abef 1:4-5,
11; 2:8-9). Howard Marshall aravuga ati, “Kuba Imana yifuza yuko abantu bakizwa ntibisobanura yuko bose
bazitabira ubutumwa bwiza, bagakizwa. Tubwirizwa gutandukanya icyo Imana yifuza kubona gishika n’icyo
ishaka ko kibaho, kandi ibi byombi byashobora kwitwa ubushake bw’Imana.” (Marshall 1989: 56,
(icyashingiweho cyongeweho) John Piper yongeraho avuga ati, “Kwemeza ubushake bw’Imana bwo gukiza
abantu bose, “i ruhande rw’ibi hakabaho ukwemeza yuko hariho ukurobanura kwa bamwe , bivuga yuko mu
Mana harimo ‘ubushake bwo mu nzego ebyiri’, cyangwa se yuko mu Mana harimo ‘ubushake bubiri’ cyangwa
se uburyo bubiri bw’ubushake. Bisobanura yuko Imana ishyiraho uburyo bumwe ibintu bimwe bizagenda, mu
gihe na none hazasohora ibitandukanye n’ibyo bya mbere. Iri tandukaniro mu buryo Imana yifuza bwavuzweho
mu buryo butandukanye mu binjana byatambutse. S’ikintu kivuzweho bushya. Urugero, abamenyekanishamana
bavuze yuko hariho ubushake bushingiye ku ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana, n’ubushake bushingiye ku mbabazi,
ubushake bugeza ku ntego n’ubushake bushingiye ku ukugondozwa (ukwingingwa), ubushake bwo mu buryo
bw’ibanga n’ubushake bwashyizwe ahagaragara, ubushake bw’itegeko n’ubushake bw’ugutegeka, ubushake
bushingiye ku iteka (itegeko) hamwe n’ubushake bushingiye ku itegeko ryo mu kibano.” (Piper 2000: 109)
Piper asobanura inzira imwe y’ibi: “Imana ifite ubushobozi bwo kureba isi inyuze mu ndorerwamo
ebyiri. Ishobora kuyirebera mu ndorerwamo yaga (nto), cyangwa se mu ndorerwamo yagutse (nini). Igihe ireba
ikintu kibabaje cyangwa se kibi ikirebeye mu ndorerwamo yayo yaga, ibona akaga cyangwa se icyaha
kigendana na ko, igahita irakara cyangwa se ikumva agahinda. ‘Sinishimira ugiye gupfa ko yapfa, ni ko Uwiteka
Imana avuga’ (Ezekieyeli 18:32). Ariko Imana ireba ikintu kiruhije cyangwa se kibi inyujije mu ndorerwamo
yagutse, ibona akaga cyangwa se icyaha kijyanye na buri kintu kikaganishaho cyangwa se buri kintu cyose
kigikomokamo. Ikirebera muri buri kintu cyangwa se uruvange rw’ibintu byerekeza ku iteka ryose; urwo
ruvange rw’ibintu, mu bice byarwo byose (ibibi n’ibyiza) yishimira (Zab. 115:3)” (Piper 2000: 126)
Jonathan Edwards arabisesengura kandi akongeraho igihwanye na byo, avuga ati, kubera yuko Imana
ishobora kubonera ikintu kimwe mu “ndorerwamo yaga” n’ “indorerwamo yagutse,” ishobora kubuza no guhana
“ikibi nk’ikibi” cyakozwe n’abantu n’ubwo yemeye yuko icyo kibi kibaho ku mpamvu zayo nziza. “Nta
gufatira ibintu hejuru kwaba kurimo tuvuze yuko Imana yaba yanga ikintu kubera uko kimeze ubwacyo, kandi
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138
kubera yuko gifatwa nka kibi, kandi byashobora kuba ari ubushake bwayo ko gisohora, izi n’ingaruka kiri
bubyare. . . . Ni ko abantu bazakora icyaha kubera yuko ar’icyaha, bakaba ari bo bagiteguye, bakaba ari na bo
bari bubishire mu bikorwa: baragikunda nk’icyaha, bazi n’intego n’impamvu zabyo mbi. Imana ntiyemerera
icyaha guka, cyangwa se kubera ikibi cyose; n’ubwo ar’ibyishimo kuri Yo gutegeka ibintu byose, kubera ko
ibyemeye, icyaha kizabaho, kubera icyiza cyo mu urwego runini, icyo ni cyo kizaba ingaruka nziza yacyo.
Ubushake bwayo bwo gutegeka ibintu kugira ngo ikibi kibeho, kugira ngo icyiza gitandukanye na cyo gisohore,
ntibisobanura yuko itanga ikibi, nk’ikibi ubwacyo: Nimba ari uko bimeze, nta mpamvu iriho yasobanura uburyo
itabuza ikibi kubaho, no kugihana nk’uko kiri.” (Edwards 1984, Freedom, §IX: 78-79; reba na none Piper 2000:
107-31; Edwards, Remarks ch. 3: 525-43) Mu ngero z’ibi harimo yuko Imana ikoresha Ashuri guhana Isirayeli
kubera icyaha cyayo; nyuma igahana Ashuri kubera ubwirasi bwayo (Yes 10:5-19); igahagurutsa Babuloni
gusenya Isirayeli nyuma igashinja Babuloni ukutubaha Imana kwayo (Habak 1:5-11); itegeka ukugambanirwa
n’ukubambwa bya Yesu no kwatura amagorwa ategereje uwo muntu wamugambaniye (Mat 26:24; Mariko
14:21; Luka 22:22). Timothy Keller aravuga ati, “N’igipimo gikomeye. Ku ruhande rumwe, ikibi gifatwa mu
mwanya wacyo nk’ikintu kibaho. Kandi hariho ibyirirngiro bidakuka yuko impera n’imperuka ntikizigera
kinesha.” (Keller 2013: 141)
Urundi rugero rw’ingenzi rugaragaza ihuriro ry’ibi n’uko Umukristu ashobora kwizera mu mutima we
yuko ukubaho kw’ikibi s’ikintu kirwanya ukubaho kw’Imana cyangwa se impuhwe zayo, kuko Imana ifite
impamvu ihagije ishingiye ku ubumuntu yo gushyiraho no kwemera yuko igikorwa kigaragaramo ikibi kibaho
n’ubwo itaba yaduhishuriye iyo mpamvu. Greg Bahnsen avuga ati, “Nimba Umukristu yizera yuko Imana ari
nziza mu buryo butunganye kandi bwuzuye—nk’uko Ibyanditswe bibidutegeka—bityo, afite inshingano yo
gusuzuma buri kintu cyose cyo mu mateka ye akurikije icyo yizera. Na none, igihe Umukristu areba ibikorwa
bibi bishika mu buzima cyangwa se ibintu byo mu isi, yari akwiye kandi ashobora kugumya icyo yizeye ku
bijyanye n’impuhwe z’Imana abihuje n’uko Imana ifite impamvu yumvikana ishingiye ku ubwenge kuri icyo
kibi kibaho. Nta gushidikanya yuko Imana ishobora byose kugira ngo ibe Imana; ntitekerezwe nk’iremerewe
cyangwa se ikomwa mu nkokora n’ikibi muri iyi si. Imana ni nziza, Umukristu azabyatura atyo--bityo buri kibi
tuzahura na cyo kizaba gihuye n’impuhwe z’Imana. Ibi n’ukuvuga yuko Imana yateguye ibibi ku mpamvu
zumvikana kandi nziza” (Bahnsen 1991: Part 2, “Resolving the Alleged Paradox” = Kubonera igisubizo Impari
Zavuzwe; reba na none Erlandson 1991: “The Anti-theist Cannot Generate = Uhakana Imana Ntashobora
Kurema”) Aburahamu na we yabibona atya igihe yavuga ati, “Umucamanza w’abari mu isi bose ntiyakora ibyo
kutabera” (Itang 18:25, KJV) Paulo yari afite uburyo busa n’ubwo bwo kubibona igihe yavugaga ati, “Ahubwo
Imana iboneke ko ari inyangamugayo, n’ubwo umuntu wese yaba umubeshyi” (Abar 3:4).
Urugero rwa gatatu rw’ingenzi rugaragaza ihuriro n’uko amateka y’ibanga cyangwa se amategeko
ahishwe n’uko ukubaho kw’icyaha n’ikibi mu isi bitavuguruza ubushake bw’Imana bwahishuwe ku bijyanye
n’uburyo twari dukwiye kubigenza. Nuko rero “Ubushake bubiri” bw’Imana buhabanye n’igitekerezo cy’uko
ibintu bishika uko byiboneye. Randy Alcorn aravuga ati, “Nimba Imana yemera yuko habaho ivangura
rishingiye ku ibara ry’uruhu, ubucakara, n’ugucuruza abana gushingiye ku gitsina, ni kuki tubwirizwa
kubirwanya? Impamvu n’iyi ngiyi: Bibiliya iravuga ku bijyanye n’ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana, ariko
igahamagarira abantu kugira icyo bakora, kuvugira ahagaragara tubirwanya no gufasha abakene n’abatishoboye
(reba, urugero, Imigani 31:8-9—Iki n’ikintu gihabanye ku urwego rwo hejuru n’uburyo ibintu bijya bisohora
uko bibonye.” Alcorn 2009: 263) Muri make, ku mpamvu zayo zumvikana itaduhishuriye, Imana yemeye kandi
itegeka yuko icyaha n’ikibi bizabaho muri iyi si kugeza ubwo Kristo azagarukira ku isi, ariko na none,
yaraduhishuriye “icyiza” n’icyo idushakaho: Ni ugukora ibyo gukiranuka, no gukunda kubabarira, no
kugendana n’Imana yawe wicisha bugufi” (Mika 6:8; reba na none, urugero, Guteg 10:12-13; Mat 5:38-48;
6:14-15; 18:21-35; 22:36-40; 25:31-46; Mariko 9:41-42; Luka 6:27-38; 12:33; Abef 4:25-5:21; 1 Tim 6:17-19; Yak 1:27).
H. Kubera yuko Imana ari Yo cyiza cyo mu urwego rwo hejuru rushoboka, icyaha n’ikibi birakenewe kugira
ngo impande zose z’umwimerere n’imiterere y’Imana zishyirwe ahagaragara mu buryo bunonosoye “Imana n’imwe. Ni yo Yonyine mu bibaho byose ikwiriye kuramywa.” (Piper 2010: 51) Ni yo sōko
y’ubutungane bwose: urukundo, impuhwe, ukuri, ukwera, ugukiranuka, ubutabera, ubuntu, imbabazi, etc. Nuko
rero, icyubahiro cyayo kiri hejuru y’ibindi bintu byose (reba, urugero, Yes 43:6-7; Habak 2:14; Yoh 7:18;
14:13; Abar 11:36; 15:8-9; 9:22-23; 1 Abakor 10:31; 1 Pet 4:11; Ibyah 21:23). Nuko rero, buri kintu Imana
yashyizeho—harimo icyaha n’ikibi—kiri mu mugambi munini, wateguwe mbere y’uko isi ibaho, wo kwerekana
icyubahiro cy’Imana, icyubahiro cya Kristo, n’ubwiza bw’ubuntu bw’Imana muri Kristo (reba, urugero, Zab
24:1-10; 148:1-13; Yoh 11:1-4; 13:31-32; 17:1-5, 22-24; Abar 5:12-21; 8:28-29; 9:19-23; 11:32-36; Abef 1:3-6; Abafil 2:6-11; 2 Tim 1:8-9; Abaheb 2:9-10; Ibyah 13:8; 15:3). Charles Hodge avuga ati, “Kumenya
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
139
Imana ni bwo bugingo buhoraho. Ni cyo cyiza cyo hejuru kuruta ibindi byose ku byaremwe. Uguteza imbere
ubwo bumenyi, ugushyira ahagaragara ubutungane bw’Imana itagira iherezo, ni byo ntego yo hejuru kuruta
izindi zose z’ibikorwa byayo byose. . . . Mu gihe icyubahiro cy’Imana ari yo ntego yo hejuru y’ibintu byose, si
ngombwa yuko dutekereza yuko iyi ari yo si nziza kuruta izindi zose twaboneramo umunezero, cyangwa se
twatungiramo urwego rwo hejuru rw’ukwera hagati mu byaremwe bigengwa n’ubwenge. Icyo cyubahiro
cyakoranywe ubwenge kubera intego cyateguriwe, na cyane-cyane ishyirwa ahagaragara ry’ubutungane
bw’Imana.” (Hodge 1981: 435-36)
Mu Abaroma, Paulo aravuga uburyo Imana yagennye ko icyaha n’ikibi bibaho kugira ngo impande zose
z’imiterere yayo zerekanwe: “17
Ibyanditswe byabwiye Farawo biti, “Icyatumye nkwimika, n’ukugira ngo
nkwerekanireho imbaraga zanjye, kandi ngo izina ryanjye ryamamazwe hose mu isi yose’. . .22
None se bitwaye
iki niba Imana, n’ubwo yashatse kwerekana umujinya wayo no kugaragaza imbaraga zayo, yihanganiranye
imbabazi nyinshi inzabya z’umujinya zari zikwiriye kurimbuka? 23
kugira ngo yerekanire ubutunzi bw’ubwiza
bwayo ku nzabya z’imbabazi, izo yiteguriye ubwiza uhereye kera hose” (Abar 9: 17, 22-23) Mu gutanga
ibisobanuro kuri iyo mirongo, Hodge aravuga ati, “igihano cy’umunyabyaha s’igikorwa gikorwa ihutihuti,
kitagira icyo kigamije keretse kumubabaza; cyashyiriweho kwerekana umujinya Imana ifitiye icyaha, no
kumenyesha imiterere yayo nyakuri. Ku rundi ruhande, agakiza k’umukiranutsi kashyiriweho kugaragaza
ubutunzi bw’ubuntu bwayo.” (Hodge 1886: 319)
Jonathan Edwards arasobanura impamvu ukubaho kw’icyaha n’ikibi ari ngombwa kugira ngo impande
zose z’imiterere y’Imana zishyirwe ahagaragara: “N’ikintu gikwiriye kandi cy’intashyikirwa igihe icyubahiro
kitagira iherezo kirabagiranye; kandi kubera iyo mpamvu nyene, ni byiza yuko icyubahiro kiba cyuzuye;
n’ukuvuga, yuko impande zose z’icyubahiro cyayo zirabagirane, kugira ngo buri bwiza bwose burabagirane ku
gipimo gikwiriye [burabagirane, bubengerane, busayangane], kugira ngo ubireba agire igitekerezo gihamye
cy’uburyo Imana imeze. Ntibikwiriye yuko ubwiza bumwe bushyirwa ahagaragara birenze, ubundi na bwo
ntibushyirwe ahabona na gato. . . . Kubera iyo mpamvu nyene, ntibikwiriye yuko ubwiza bumwe bushyirwa
ahagaragara mu buryo burenze, ubundi na bwo bugashyirwa ahagaragara gato. . . . Bityo, ni ngombwa yuko
icyubahiro giteye ubwoba cy’Imana, ubutware bwayo, ubunini bwayo buteye ubwoba, ubutabera bwayo, ukwera
kwayo, bikwiye kugaragazwa. Ibi na byo ntibyashoboka mu gihe icyaha n’igihano bitateganyijwe. . . . Nimba
bitari byo yuko Imana yari ikwiriye gutegeka, kwemerera no guhana ikibi, nta buryo ukwera kw’Imana mu
bijyanye n’urwango ku cyaha, cyangwa se mu kugaragaza yuko ukwuhaba Imana ari cyo kiza imbere y’ibindi.
Nta kugaragaza ubuntu bw’Imana byaba birimo cyangwa se ubwiza nyakuri, iyaba hatariho icyaha gikeneye
kubabarirwa, ubutindi dukeneye kuvanwamo. . . . Nk’uko ari ngombwa ko habaho ikibi, kuko ukugaragazwa
kw’icyubahiro cy’Imana kwaba kutuzuye icyo kitahari, bityo rero, ikibi kirakenewe kubera umunezero wo mu
urwego rw’intashyikirwa w’ibyaremwe, n’umwuzuro w’ikiganiro cy’Imana, icyo yaremeye isi; kuko umunezero
w’icyaremwe ushingiye mu ukumenya Imana, no gusobanukirwa urukundo rwayo. Iyo ukuyimenya kutuzuye,
n’umunezero w’icyaremwe na wo uhita uba uw’urwo rugero.” (Edwards 1986, Remarks, ch. 3: 528; reba na
none Piper 1998: “2.2 Ni kubera iki Imana igena?” ; Erlandson 1991: “Intumbero ya Bibiliya ” [“Ugukiranuka
n’ubutabera bishyirwa mu bikorwa mu buryo bwuzuye atari mu gihe icyiza kigororewe honyine, ahubwo
n’igihe ikibi na cyo gihanywe. Ubuntu n’imbabazi bigaragazwa mu buryo bwuzuye igihe ababihabwa baba
batabikwiriye na gato. . . . Ubuntu n’imbabazi na none bigaragazwa uko bikwiriye mu isi aho ukugwa
kw’umuntu kwarangiriye mu urupfu rwo mu buryo bw’umwuka, atari ugukomereka uruhande rumwe byonyine.
Umuntu urwaye mu buryo bw’umwuka abwirizwa gusaba ukuboko kwamusubiza mu mbabazi z’Imana.
Umuntu wari warapfuye rwose nyuma agasubizwa mu buntu bw’Imana, uwo ni we uzamenya aho Ubuntu
bw’Imana bugera.”]; Edwards 1984, The End: 94-121; Hodge 1981: 435 [“nuko rero icyaha, dukurikije
ibyanditswe, kiremewe kugira ngo ubutabera bw’Imana bumenyekanire mu gihano cyacyo, Ubuntu bwayo na
bwo bukagaragarira mu mbabazi zayo. Ibyaremwe byose bibayeho bitazi iyi miterere byaba bihwanye n’isi yaba
iriho itagira umucyo uturuka ku zuba.”] Piper 2003: 17-50; Piper 2010: 39-54). Byari bikwiye kwibukwa yuko
ubwiza bw’Imana na kamere yayo biterekanwa kubera abantu bo muri iyi si gusa, ahubwo no ku byaremwe
byose, harimo n’abacunguwe mu ijuru hamwe n’abamarayika (reba Zab 19:1; Mat 18:10; 1 Abakor 4:9;
Abakol 2:15; Ibyah 15:3-4).
I. Imana ntishobora gukuraho ikibi mu gihe idahise ikuraho kiremwa muntu n’isi nk’uko tubizi John Feinberg avuga ati, mu ubugwaneza bwayo n’ubwenge bwayo, Imana yahisemo kurema isi ituwe
na ba kiremwa-muntu. Hariho ibintu byakoreshwa mu gusobanura icyo kuba umuntu biri: Ibi na byo bituma
abantu batandukana na ba kiremwa muntu bo mu urwego ntashyikirwa, cyangwa se bo mu urwego rwo munsi
y’abantu. N’ubwo bagenda batandukana umwe n’undi, abantu bafite ubushobozi bwo gutekereza, bafite
amarangamutima, ubushake, ibyifuzo, intego (zishingiye ku byo bifuza kugeraho), n’ubushobozi bwo kugenda.
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140
Ikindi, Imana yatugeneye gukoresha ubu bushobzi bwo kubaho no gukora mu isi yagenewe ibyaremwe nk’uko
natwe turi. Bityo rero, yaremye isi yacu igendera ku mategeko yo mu buryo busanzwe [reba, urugero, Yobu
38:25-27; Mat 5:45]. . . . Icya nyuma, intego y’Imana yari iyo gukora ibiremwa byo mu buryo bwuzuye haba
mu ruhande rw’imyizere, cyangwa se rw’imyitwarire (ku bijyanye n’imyitwarire, ukwuzura kwacu
ntigusobanura yuko tubaho tudakora ikibi, ahubwo kubera yuko tudafite ugutungana kwuzuye kw’Imana kwo
mu ruhande rw’imyitwarire. Muri make, Imana yari ifite umugambi wo kurema biremwa-muntu bitaramywa,
ariko kandi atari abo mu urwego rwo munsi y’umuntu cyangwa se abantu bo ku urwego ntashyikirwa, cyangwa
se utumana.” (Feinberg 2001: 788)
Imana ntishobora kwivuguruza (urugero, gukora inyabune yo mu buryo bw’uruziga cyangwa se kurema
urutare idashobora kwikorera). Bityo, Imana ntishobora gukuraho ikibi gishingiye ku myitwarire, kubera yuko
“iyo Imana ikora ibyari bikenewe kugira ngo isi yacu yange ikibi gishingiye ku myitwarire, yari kuba
yivuguruje mu ntego zayo zo kurema biremwa muntu n’isi nk’uko yabikoze; bigatuma natwe tutamenya neza
nimba ifite ibiyiranga birenze ibyo tuyiziho; cyangwa se ngo ikore icyo tutari tuyitezeho cyangwa tutashaka ko
ikora, kuko ibyo byazana ikibi kinini kiruta icyari kihasanzwe.” (Ibid.: 789) Mu magambo arambuye, Feinburg
aravuga uburyo bwinshi kandi budahinduka Imana yari gukoresha mu kugabanya ubwenge bw’abantu,
amarangamutima yabo, ugushaka kwabo, ibyifuzo cyangwa se ibigize ibyo byifuzo, intego zabo, n’ingendo
bakoresha imibiri yabo, cyangwa se ikagira icyo ihinduye ku mategeko agenga isi, gutuma icyaha n’ikibi
bitabaho (Ibid.: 789-95). No gutuma umuntu ahitamo guhora akora icyiza mu mudendezo we na byo ubwabyo
byasaba gutunganya bushya ubuzima bw’ibindi bintu (Ibid.: 790). Muri make, ntihari kubaho isi nk’uko tuyizi
cyangwa se abantu nk’uko tubazi. Feinburg yanzura avuga ati, “Mbese Imana yigeze ikora ikintu kidakwiye
igihe yaremaga ba kiremwa-muntu? Ntibiyigeze bibaho, turebye agaciro kanini umuntu afite hamwe n’agaciro
Imana idushyiraho. Nk’ikintu cyo guhera kera, dushobora kuvuga yuko ikibi cyaje kizananye n’isi yuzuyemo ba
kiremwa-muntu. Ariko na none, ni muri zo si nyene zishoboka Imana iba yararemye. Imana n’Imana nziza. Isi
yacu yuzuyemo ba kiremwa-muntu igaragaza ubugwaneza bwayo (Imana).” (Ibid.: 795) Ikigamijwe aha ngaha
s’uko Imana ikoresha ikibi kugira ngo igere ku cyiza (nk’uko byanditswe mu Abar 8:28), ahubwo ukubaho
kw’abantu ku isi imeze irtya na byo n’ “agaciro ku mu urwego rwa mbere,” n’ukuvuga, icyiza hagati mu kintu
ubwacyo, atari icyiza kivuye mu kibi cyari kihasanzwe. Ba kiremwa-muntu ni bakora ibyiza kandi bakwiye
gushimirwa hatitawe ku cyaha n’ibibi dutera.
J. Ikibi cyose Imana yemera kandi itegeka ko kibaho kizanira icyiza ibyaremwe cyo mu urwego rwo hejuru
kurushiriza Paulo yavuze ati, “Tuzi yuko ku bakunda Imana byose bifatanyiriza hamwe kubazanira ibyiza, ari bo
bahamagawe nk’uko yabigambiriye” (Abar 8:28). Imwe mu mpamvu yatumye Imana ishyiraho ikibi n’uko
rimwe na rimwe ikibi kizana icyiza kuruta icya mbere ku bantu bo muri ibi bihe . Charles Hodge atanga ingero
kuri ibi: “Uguca umuntu igice cy’ukuguru kwe cyangwa se cy’ukuboko kwe ni icyaha; ariko mu gihe bikozwe
mu urwego rwo gukiza ubuzima, ni byiza. Intambara n’ibintu bibi biteye ubwoba, na none isi nta deni ifite mu
gihe ari intambara zigamije ubwigenge bushingiye ku ugushaka ubwigenge bw’idini n’ubw’abaturage, ibyo
bitwara igiciro gito…Bityo, nimba icyaha ari yo nzira ikenewe iganisha ku cyiza cyo mu urwego rwo hejuru,
muri rusange, kandi bijyanye n’ubushake bw’Imana bwo kwemera ko biba.” (Hodge 1981: 432-33) Urugero
rwiza rwa Bibiliya ni Yosefu wagurishijwe na benese ngo abe umucakara nyuma akajya kubabwira, “ku
bwanyu mwari mushatse kungirira nabi, ariko Imana yo yashakaga kubizanisha ibyiza, kugira ngo isohoze ibi
biriho none, ikize abantu benshi urupfu” (Itang 50:20).
Icyiza kinini Imana irimo ikora n’ubwo yabinyuza mu kibi kirimo gitangira none kandi kikaba kijyanye
n’ubuzima bwo ku muntu ku giti cye. Bityo, Imana iri kumwe natwe mu mibabaro turimo ubu (reba, urugero
Guteg 31:6, 8; Zab 22:24; 23:4; 34: 18; 94:14; Yes 41: 10, 17; 43:2; 53:4; 63:9; Yoh 14:16-20; Abar 8:35-39; 2 Abakor 1:3-7; 4:8-10; 12:7-10; Abafil 4:12-13; Abaheb 13:5; 1 Pet 4:12-19). Uwiteka azi ibyo turimo
tunyuramo kandi akadushoboza kwihangana no kubisohokamo dufite izina rishya (reba, urugero, Zab 119:71;
Mat 5:10-12; Ibyak 5:40-42; 1 Abakor 10:13; 2 Abakor 1:3-4; 4:16-17; Abafil 3:10; 4:6-7; Yak 1:2-4; 1
Pet 1:6-7; 2:19-21; 5:10). Nk’uko Paulo abivuga, “Twishimira no mu makuba yacu, kuko tuzi yuko amakuba
atera kwihangana, 4kwihangana na kwo kugatera kunesha ibitugerageza, uko kunesha kugatera ibyiringiro,
5
ibyo byiriniro na byo ntibikoza isoni, kuko urukundo rw’Imana rwasābye mu mitima yacu ku bw’Umwuka Wera
twahawe (Abar 5: 3-5; reba na none Yak 1: 2-4). Imana ifata ibyari agahinda kacu ikabihinduramo umunezero
(Zab 30:11; Yer 31:13; Yoh 16: 20). Ibindi bintu Imana ikoresha n’ibibi n’imibabaro mu guhindura uburyo
twifata imbere yacu ubwacu. “Biducisha bugufi kandi bikirukana muri twe uburyo twiha icyubahiro n’ubwirasi
bitagira aho bishingiye. Bitwereka uburyo turi inzabya zimeneka. . . . Icya kabiri, imibabaro izahindura cyane
imibanire yacu n’ibintu twita byiza mu buzima bwacu. Tuzatangira kubona yuko twari dutangiye guha agaciro
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141
ko mu urwego rwo hejuru birengeje ibintu bimwe na bimwe mu buzima bwacu. . . . Icya gatatu, kandi kiri
hejuru y’ibindi byose, imibabaro ishobora gukomeza imibanire yacu n’Imana kuruta uko ikindi kintu icy’ari cyo
cyose cyashobora kubikora. . . . Icya nyuma, imibabaro ni ngombwa mu gihe twifuza gukoreshwa n’Imana mu
gufasha abandi bantu, na cyane-cyane, igihe banyura mu mibabaro yabo.” (Keller 2013: 190-92)
Ariko ntaho Bibiliya idusezeranira yuko buri cyaha n’ikibi bizarangirira mu cyiza cyo mu urwego rwo
hejuru kurushiriza cyangwa se ngo iherezo muri ubu buzima ribe ryiza. Timothy Keller avuga ati,
“Bitandukanye n’uburyo abizera babifata, Abakristu bizera yuko umubabaro ari ikintu kije mu buryo
bw’akarengane kandi burenze uko byashobora kwihanganirwa. Mu ubuzima, nta kuri kubamo. Abantu
babayeho ubuzima bwiza si ko bose bakora ibitunganye. . . . Umubabaro ukunze kugera ku bantu mu buryo
buteye ubwoba kandi butarangwamo umurongo, kandi akenshi bigera ku muntu asa n’uko nta kibi abarwaho.”
(Keller 2013: 29, 94). Ikibazo kijyanye n’ugutekereza yuko muri ubu buzima tuzahabonera ibyiza gusa,
ubutabera nyabwo, n’ugutegereza ingororano, biterwa n’uko tuba tureba hafi cyane—kuko igihe dupfuye atari
ho ubuzima bwacu burangirira. Ahubwo, Bibiliya idusezeranira yuko igihe tuzazukira, imibiri yacu izahinduka
mishya, ituye ku isi nshya, yacunguwe, byose tukazaba tubigejejweho n’ukuzuka kwa Kristo (1 Abakor 15:20-
26, 50-58). “Ibi ni byo bivuga ejo hacu hazaza kandi bisobanura yuko . . . ubumuntu bwacu buzatunganywa,
buhindurwe bushya nyuma y’urupfu. Kandi ejo hacu hazaza hazarangwamo urukundo rwuzuye kandi
rutagabanije—urukundo rwacu n’Imana n’urukundo dukunda bagenzi bacu. . . . Ukuzuka kw’umubiri
gusobanura yuko tutabona uguhumurizwa kubera umubiri wacu twatakaje muri iyi si, ahubwo yuko tubona
ugutunganywa kwawo. Mu umwanya wo kubona imibiri n’ubuzima bwacu bya kera, duhabwa imibiri
n’ubuzima twifuzaga ariko tutigeze tubona. Duhabwa ubuzima bwiza cyane, bw’icyubahiro kandi bufite
ubutunzi mu buryo burenze ukwemera kwacu muri iyi si yo mu buryo bufatika izaba yagizwe nshya.” (Ibid.:
42-43, 117). Nyuma tuzabona yuko ikibi kitatubereye intambamyi ku byiza byacu by’iteka ryose, “ahubwo
yuko icyo kibi cyatumye ibyiza birushaho kuba byiza. Ikibi rero cyatugejeje ku gitandukanye n’icyo cyari
kigambiriye.” (Ibid.: 117) Igisekeje n’uko ibi byiza byagezweho kubera ikibi cyakozwe cyo mu urwego rwo
hejuru kuruta ibibi byose byigeze kubaho: Ukugambanirwa n’ukubambwa by’umuntu umwe gusa mu babayeho
bose utunganye, wera, utigeze ukora icyaha—uwo na we ni Yesu Kristo; na none ni kubera uguca bugufi kwe
imbere y’iki kibi n’icyaha byatumye Kristo ashobora kwikorera ibyaha byacu n’igihano cyabigenewe, ariko ni
twe twari tugikwiriye, bityo imbaraga z’ikibi n’icyaha ziba zikuweho, kiremwamuntu aba yiyunze n’Imana,
ubugingo bwacu buba burahindutse.
Ibyo byose bijyanye n’imibabaro yo muri iyi si ntibishobora kugereranywa n’ubwiza buhambaye kandi
bw’iteka ryose Imana izasohoza mu gihe cyabyo (Abar 8:18-21; 2 Abakor 4:16-18; Ibyah 21:1-4). “Igihe
tuzabaho mu mahoro mu Isi Nshya, igihe umunezero uzinjira mu umwuka duhumeka, tuzasubiza amaso
inyuma tureba iyi si turimo, twemere, atari kubera ukwizera ahubwo ari kubera yuko turebesha amaso, yuko
byari bikwiriye ko tunyura muri ibyo bibi no muri uwo mubabaro tuzaba twanyuzemo—kandi yuko uguhinduka
umuntu kwa Kristo n’uburyo yaducunguye byatumye isi n’ijuru bihinduka byiza kurushiriza iteka ryose.”
(Alcorn 2009: 195; reba na none Willard n.d.). Noneho, kuri bariya bacunguwe, inararibonye itazashira kandi
y’iteka ryose y’ijuru rishya n’isi nshya, hejuru y’uko bizatanga uburyo bushya dukora isuzuma ry’ubuzima muri
uyu mubiri” ahubwo bizahanagura amarira n’agahinda byose by’ununtu—uburyo bwose bizaba byari bikomeye,
igihe twari turi muri ubu buzima bwo mu mubiri” (Ferraiolo 2005: “Time Heals All Wounds” = Ibihe bikiza
Imibabaro yose).
Twatangije iki gice dukoresha Abar 8:28, kandi uyu murongo urimo ijambo ry’urufunguzo dukeneye
guhora twibuka. Iryo jambo ni “hamwe.” Abar 8: 28 havuga yuko “ibintu byose—harimo n’ibibi—byose
hamwe bizategekwa n’Imana mu buryo bw’uko ikibi cyari kigambiriwe, nyuma ya byose, bizasohoza
ibitandukanye n’icyo byari byateguriwe—icyubahiro n’ubwiza biruta ibyari gusohora. Imana ni Yo Yonyine
ifite iyo ntumbero yo mu buryo buhoraho n’ingingo ikomeye iyo ireberamo ibintu bikorera hamwe kutuzanira
ibyiza n’icyubahiro cyayo—ariko na none tuzaba muri uriya mwanya kandi tuzanabibona.” (Keller 2013: 301-
302)
K. Ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana, inshingano ya Kiremwa Muntu hamwe n’ukubaho kw’ikibi: umwanzuro Abantu, mu burenganzira bwabo, babaza ibibazo bikomeye ku bijyanye n’ikibi, na cyane-cyane iyo ari
ikibi kibabayeho batakigizemo uruhare cyangwa se kikagera ku bo bakunda kandi b’inshuti zabo.62 Imana ifite
impamvu nyazo kandi zumvikana kuri buri kintu yashyizeho kandi yategetse ko kiba—harimo n’icyo ari cyo
62
Feinberg avuga ati, “Nta kintu gihuye n’ikibazo cy’ikibi. Ku cyiza cyo hejuru kuruta ibindi, ijambo ngo, ‘ikibazo
cy’ikibi’ gihagarariye urutonde rw’ibibazo bitandukanye bihanganye n’ibijyanye n’imenyekanishamana.” (Feinburg
1994:14) Ibibazo duhangana na byo igihe ibibi bitugezeho, bigeze ku nshuti zacu, ibi ni byo Feinburg yita “ikibazo cy’ikibi
gishingiye ku idini.”
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cyose kijyanye n’icyaha n’ikibi—ariko ntiyaduhishuriye izo mpamvu zose, kandi akenshi ntikunze gushyira
ahagaragara impamvu ikibi runaka cyabayeho. Guteg 29:29 hamwe n’imibabaro Yobu yababajwe
birabisobanura neza. Feinberg avuga ati “Dukurikije uburyo tubibona, bigaragara yuko ata huriro ririho hagati
y’ibibi bimwe na bimwe n’ikintu na kimwe kizima, ariko ibi ntibivuze yuko ata kintu kizima kiba kibirimo.
Nk’uko umubyeyi atareka ngo umwana we agume ahagaze mu birori by’umunsi mukuru, bitaduha amakuru
ahagije yatwemeza yuko uwo mubyeyi adakunda umwana we kubera yuko atamwemereye kuguma ahagaze, ni
na ko natwe tutari mu mwanya mwiza wo kutwemeza yuko harimo ikibi cyinshi. . . . Muri ibi bijyanye
n’umwana wifuza kuguma ahagaze mu gihe cy’umunsi mukuru, ntitwashobora kwemeza yuko buri gihe se
atabimwemereye, abikora kubera impamvu isa n’iyi ya mbere. Igihe kimwe, ashobora kumwangira kubikora
kubera yuko umwana afite imbeho, ikindi gihe kubera yuko abashyitsi bahari batifuza yuko uwo mwana aba ari
aho hantu, ikindi gihe na ho akaba yamwima uruhushya kubera bukeye bwaho umuryango we uzajya ahantu
runaka, bityo akaba yifuza yuko umwana we abona igihe gihagije cyo gusinzira. Kimwe n’ibi, ntitwari dukwiye
gukeka yuko mu gihe habaye ibibi bibiri Imana yaba ifite impamvu zibiri zisa. Bityo rero . . . ntitwari dukwiye
kwemeza yuko impamvu yatumye yemera yuko habaho ibibi bibiri bisa ari imwe. Byashoboka yuko ibyo bibiri
bikorera impamvu ebyiri zitandukanye.” (Feinberg 1994: 308-309)
Mu gihe ukubaho n’ukugaragara kw’icyaha n’ikibi mu isi bibujije abantu amahoro, ni na ko
binahangayikishije Imana. Imana izaciraho iteka abakora icyaha n’ikibi, abo barangije gutsindwa n’urubanza no
gucirwaho iteka n’Imana (Itang 18:25; Kub 14:18; Ps 7:8-16; Yoh 3:18; 16:11; Ibyak 10:42; Abar 2:12-16).
Ibikorwa byose bizashyirwa ku munzane, ugukiranuka n’ubutabera ni byo bizatsinda. Kumenya “bidushoboza
kubeshwaho n’ibyiringiro hamwe n’ubuntu; byombi hamwe. Tubyemeye dutyo bituma tubona ibyiringiro
n’imbaraga zidusunikira ku uguharanira ubutabera. Uburyo bwose twagera kuri bike mu byo twifuza muri ubu
bugingo, tuzi yuko ubutabera buzageraho bukanesha—rwose kandi mu buryo butunganye. Ibibi byose—ibyo
twahoze twita ibiteyisoni—bizasubizwa ku murongo. Ariko na none ibi bidushoboza kuba abanyabuntu,
tukababarira, tukirinda n’ukwihorera n’uguhohotera abandi. Kubera iki? Dutekereje yuko nta rubanza rwa
nyuma ruzabaho, igihe twagirirwa nabi, imbaraga tutashobora kurwanya zadutuma gufata inkota no guciraho
iteka iyo nkozi y’ikibi. Ariko mu gihe tumenye yuko nta n’umwe utazahanirwa ibibi yakoze, kandi yuko ibibi
byose bizasubizwa ku murongo, bityo tuzibera amahoro.” (Keller 2013: 116)
Ariko Imana yakoze ikirenze icy’uko izashyira mu rubanza kiremwa muntu bose kubera ibyaha,
amakosa n’ibibi byose bakoze: Imana ubwayo yaje ku isi inyuze mu muntu Yesu Kristo, atura mu isi iyoborwa
n’icyaha n’ibibi; yikoreye icyaha cyacu, ariha indishyi yacyo, kugira ngo abo bose bazamuhindukirira babone
ubugingo, aho kubona urupfu rw’iteka igihe imanza zizacibwa. Dushingiye kuri ibi, Umwanditsi w’inkuru
w’umukristu wo mu gihugu cy’uburusiya Fyodor Dostoevesky yanzuye avuga ati, “Mfite ukwizera
nk’ukw’umwana muto yuko abantu bazakira imibabaro yabo kandi yuko iyo mibibaro izakurwaho. Nizera yuko
ibidusuzuguza byose byo mu buryo budasobanutse bituruka mu makimbirane hagati y’abantu bizayoyoka,
kimwe n’ikibazo cy’intege nke hamwe n’urusobe rw’imitekerereze y’umwana w’umuntu ikozwe mu ishusho ya
Euclide (Umugiriki ukora ibishushanyo bya Geometrie). Nizera yuko igihe isi izarangirira, ibintu byose
bigashyirwa ku murongo mu buryo buhoraho, ikintu cy’agaciro gakomeye kizakoreka, kugira ngo imitima
inyurwe, imitima y’abakorewe iby’urwango ituze, ibyaha byakorewe kiremwa muntu n’amaraso yamenetse
bitwikirwe. Nizera yuko, hejuru y’uko bizashoboka kubabarira, hazabaho ugutsindishiriza abantu kubera
ibyabaye byose.” (Dostoevsky 1957: 217)
UMUGEREKA WA 1—INSHAMAKE Y’IBITABO BYA BIBILIYA
http://www.bible-history.com/resource/r_books.htm
Ibitabo bya Bibiliya n’Inshamake yabyo, nk’uko byakozwe na Rusty Russell
Ibitabo bigize Isezerano rya Kera – Ibitabo 39 byose hamwe
Umuzingo – Ibitabo 5 Itangiriro, Kuva, Abalewi, Kubara, Gutegeka kwa Kabiri
Ibitabo bivuga Amateka – Ibitabo 12 Yosuwa, Abacamanza, Rusi, 1 Samweli, 2 Samweli, 1 Abami, 2 Abami, 1 Ngoma, 2 Ngoma, Ezira,
Nehemiya, Esiteri
Ibitabo by’Imivugo – Ibitabo 5 Yobu, Zaburi, Imigani, Umubwiriza, Indirimbo ya Salomo
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
143
Ibitabo by’Abahanuzi – Ibitabo 17
Abahanuzi Bakuru – Yesaya, Yeremiya, Amaganya ya Yeremiya, Ezekiyeli, Daniyeli
Abahanuzi Bato - Hoseya, Yoweli, Amosi, Obadiya, Yona, Mika, Nahumu, Habakuki, Zefaniya, Hagayi, Zakariya, Malaki
Umuzingo – Ibitabo 5
1. Itangiriro – Uguhanga ishyanga ry’Abaheburayo. Irema, Ukugwa, Umwuzure, gutatanywa kw’amahanga,
Aburahamu, Isaka, Yakobo na Yosefu. Ubucakara muri Egiputa.
2. Kuva – Isezerano n’Ishyanga ry’Abaheburayo. Nyuma y’Imyaka 400, baracyari mu bucakara, Mose, ibihano 10,
Pasika, Gusohoka bava muri Egiputa, ukwambuka Inyanja Itukura, Umusozi Sinayi n’Amategeko agenga Imyitwarire,
Imibanire, n’Imihango.
3. Abalewi – Amategeko agenga ishyanga ry’Abaheburayo. Amabwiriza agenga ibijyanye n’umurimo w’ugutamba
ibitambo n’Ubutambyi. Amabwiriza ajyanye n’ukugira ingeso zitunganye.
4. Kubara – Urugendo rugana mu Gihugu cy’Isezerano. Na none baracyari ku Musozi Sinayi, abantu bibumbira
ikigirwamana cy’inyana mu izahabu, Igihano bahawe, imyaka 40 yo kuzerera iratangiye.
5. Gutegeka kwa Kabiri – Kwibukiranya Ibijyanye n’Isezerano. Inyigisho za Mose ku byo Imana yakoreye Isirayeli,
Amategeko Cumi, Amategeko agenga imihango, Amategeko agenga Imyitwarire, hamwe no gushyira igikumwe ku
Isezerano.
Ibitabo by’Amateka – Ibitabo 12
1. Yosuwa – Uguhindūra Kanani. Kimwe cya kabiri cya mbere cy’igitabo cya Yosuwa kivuga imyaka 7 ya mbere yo
guhindūra Igihugu cy’Isezerano. Kimwe cya kabiri cya nyuma kivuga ibijyanye n’ugutuza imiryango 12 ya Isirayeli,
buri muryango ugahabwa ubutaka bwawo.
2. Abacamanza – Imyaka 300 ya mbere mu Gihugu. Igihe cy’Abacamanza. Abenshi muri bo bari babi. Abisirayeli
ntibirukanye abatuye Kanani bose, bityo bahita batangira gusenga ibigirwamana byabo. Uruziga rw’inshuro 7 zigizwe
no gutotezwa n’amahanga, kwihana, gutabarwa. Nyuma ya byose, bisanze bananiwe no kugira icyo bakwiga ku
byabagezeho byose.
3. Rusi – Inkomōko y’Umuryango wa Dawidi, ari wo Mesiya akomōkamo. Boasi, umucunguzi wa bugufi, acungura
Rusi, Umunyamowabukazi. Avuga ku ubukiranutsi, urukundo n’ukuguma ku Uwiteka.
Ibitabo 6 bikurikiraho bivuga amateka uhereye kuri Samweli ukageza ku gihe cy’Ubunyage 4. Samweli wa Mbere – Itunganywa ry’Ubwami. Samweli abayobora uhereye ku Bacamanza ukageza ku Umwami
Sawuli.
5. Samweli wa Kabiri - Ingoma ya Dawidi. Dawidi nk’Umwami, ubusambanyi, n’ukwica.
6. Abami ba Mbere – Ubwami bucikamo ibice. Salomo, Isirayeli ihinduka ubwami bukomeye kandi bumenyekana.
Salomo apfa muri 931 MKY, hakurikiraho ugucikamo ibice kw imiryango: 10 ikora ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru
(Isirayeli), 2 isigaye ikora ubwami bw’amajyepfo (Yuda).
7. Abami ba Kabiri – Amateka y’Ubwami bwamaze gucikamo ibice. Abami ba Isirayeli 19 bose bari babi; bityo
bajyanwa bunyage muri Ashuri (722 MKY). Muri Yuda, abami 8 ku Bami 20 bose bashakaga Uwiteka, abandi bose
basengaga ibigirwamana. Ubunyage i Babuloni (586 MKY).
8. Ngoma ya Mbere – Ingoma y’Umwami Dawidi. Gusubiramo amateka ya Isirayeli ukageza ku gihe cy’ubunyage
munsi y’Abashuri no munsi y’Abanyababuloni.
9. Ngoma ya Kabiri – Amateka y’Ubwami bw’Amajyepfo bwa Yuda. Gusubiramo ubuzima bwa Salomo, iyubakwa
ry’Urusengero n’iry’amateka ya Yuda.
Ibitabo 3 bikurikiraho bivuga ku Uguhembuka kwa Isirayeli
10. Ezira – Gutaha bava mu Bunyage. Kuro yemerera abenshi mu Bayuda gusubira mu gihugu cyabo cya Isirayeli.
Zerubabeli ayobora abo bantu (539 MKY). Ezira arabakurikira ajyanye abandi Bayuda (458 MKY). Bubaka
Urusengero rwa kabiri.
11. Nehemiya – Yubaka Yerusalemu bushya. Yubaka Inkuta z’i Yerusalemu. Aritazeruzi, Umwami w’Ubuperesi, aha
Nehemiya uruhushya rwo kujya kwubaka bushya inkike (444 MKY). Haba ububyutse bukomeye cyane mu gihugu.
12. Esiteri – Kurokoka Itsembabwoko. Amateka uhereye ibice bya 6 na 7 bya Ezira. Aritazeruzi, Umwamikazi Esiteri,
Morodekayi na Hamani. Inama yo kwica ubwoko bw’Abayuda.
Ibitabo by’Imivugo – Ibitabo 5
1. Yobu – Ikibazo cy’Ikibi n’Imibabaro. Umukiranutsi urimo upimwa n’Imana. Ibijyanye n’Ubutavugirwamo
bw’Imana.
2. Zaburi – Igitabo cy’Indirimbo ziranga igihugu cya Isirayeli. Zaburi za Dawidi, umugabo udatunganye ariko
wagiraga umutima w’Imana. Kigizwe n’ibice bitanu. Kuramya mu ndirimbo. Insangamatsiko zo mu buryo
butandukanye.
3. Imigani – Ubwenge bwa Salomo. Ubwenge bwo mu buryo bufatika ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bwa minsi yose.
4. Umubwiriza – Iby’isi n’Ubusa. Byose n’Ubusa. Ubwenge bw’umuntu bumeze nk’umuyaga.
5. Indirimbo ya Salomo–Uguha icyubahiro Urukundo hagati y’abashakanye. Indirimmbo hagati ya Salomo
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144
n’Umugeni we w’Umushulamikazi isobanura ibiranga urukundo hagati y’umugabo n’umugore.
Ibitabo by’Abahanuzi – Ibitabo 17
Abahanuzi Bakuru - Ibitabo 5
1. Yesaya – Umuhanuzi uvuga ibijyanye na Mesiya. Kivuga ku cyaha cya Yuda, nyuma kigatangaza urubanza
rw’Imana. Hezekiya. Uri hafi kuza, uguhembuka n’umugisha.
2. Yeremiya - Imana ihamagarira ubwa nyuma Isirayeli kwihana. Yahamagawe n’Imana kuganira n’ubwoko bwayo
ku bijyanye n’ukwihana hamwe no kwamamaza inkuru y’iteka Yuda izacirwaho, kandi ni ko byasohoye. Umugambi
w’Imana wo gushyiraho Isezerano Rishya Rikuru ryubakiye ku masezerano meza kuruta aya mbere.
3. Amaganya ya Yeremiya – Indirimbo y’agahinda hejuru y’amagorwa ya Yerusalemu. Imivugo itanu y’amaganya.
Ibisobanuro ku ukuneshwa kwa Yerusalemu n’Ukugwa kwayo.
4. Ezekiyeli – “Kandi bazamenya ko ndi Uwiteka .” Yakoreye Abayuda igihe bari mu Bunyage i Babuloni.
Ibisobanuro ku mperuka y’ibihe.
5. Daniyeli–Umuhanuzi wari i Babuloni wavugaga ibijyanye n’Ubwami. Inshuro nyinshi z’iyerekwa rivuga ku bihe
byari gukurikiraho byavugaga ubwami buzategeka isi, harimo Babuloni, Ubuperesi, Ubugiriki, Roma, nyuma ya byose
umunsi wa nyuma w’Ubwami bw’Abaroma.
Abahanuzi Bato – Ibitabo 12
1. Hoseya – Isirayeli yarayobye. Inkuru ya Hoseya n’umugore we Gomeri wamucaga inyuma. Ibi n’ishusho
y’urukundo ruhoraho Imana yakundaga Isirayeli hamwe n’ubusambanyi bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka bwa Isirayeli.
Isirayeli izacirwaho iteka kandi izakizwa.
2. Yoweli – Ubuhanuzi bw’ibihe by’Umwuka Wera. Butangaza ejo hazaza hateye ubwoba hakoreshejwe ishusho
y’inzuki. Gucirwaho iteka kuzaza ariko umugisha ugakurikiraho.
3. Amosi – Ingoma ya Dawidi izaza (Yo mu buryo bwa Mesiya). Yagabishije Isirayeli ku iteka yari igiye gucirwaho.
Isirayeli ntiyigeze yumvira ubutumwa bwo kubagabisha Imana yaboherereje.
4. Obadiya – Isenywa rya Edomu. Ubutumwa bwamamajwe kubera Edomu, igihugu cyari gituranye na Isirayeli;
kubera yuko cyishimiye iteka ryaciriwe kuri Yerusalemu. Ubuhanuzi bwavugaga ugusenywa kw’ibyo bihugu.
5. Yona – Urugendo rugufi rw’Agakiza kuri Ninewe. Yona yamamaza gucirwaho iteka kwa Ninewe kwari hafi. Ariko
barihanye, Ninewe ihita ikira urubanza rw’Imana.
6. Mika – Mesiya azavukira i Betelehemu (Inzu y’Umutsima). Ibisobanuro by’uguhumana kwo mu buryo
bw’imyitwarire mu nzego zose za Isirayeli. Imana izaca urubanza ariko izababarira, inahembure. I Betelehemu ni ho
Umukiza azavukira.
7. Nahumu – Ugusenywa kwa Ninewe. Ninewe yinjiye mu ukuyoba (imyaka igera kuri 125 nyuma ya Yona) kandi
izasenywa. Byose byaje gusohora.
8. Habakuki – Umukiranutsi azabeshwaho n’Ukwizera. Ubwami bwa Yuda bwegereje kurangira, Habakuki yabajije
Imana impamvu itarimo ikemura ikibazo cy’ibyaha bikorerwa muri Yuda. Imana isubiza yuko izakoresha
Abanyababuloni. Habakuki abaza Imana impamvu ikoresha ishyanga ribi kuruta Yuda.
9. Zefaniya – Ukuza kw’Imvugo Itunganye. Insanganyamatsiko y’umunsi w’Umwami n’uguca imanza kwayo
biravugwaho, kimwe n’umugisha uzakurikiraho. Yuda ntizihana keretse amasigarira yabo kandi bazahemburwa.
10. Hagayi – Ukwubakwa bushya kw’Urusengero. Abantu bananiwe gushyira Imana imbere ya byose, igihe buzuzaga
amazu yabo mbere yo kurangiza urusengero rw’Imana. Ibi byatumye ata terambere bageraho.
11. Zakariya – Gusubizamo intege abantu ngo bongere kwubaka urusengero. Zakariya asubiza intege mu Bayuda
kugira ngo barangize igikorwa cyo kwubaka Urusengero. Ubuhanuzi bwo mu buryo bwinshi buvuga kuri Mesiya.
12. Malaki – Ubutumwa bwa nyuma ku ubwoko bwigometse. Ubwoko bw’Imana bukorana intege nke umurimo
w’Imana. Bakomeje kugendera kure y’Imana. Kwifatanya n’abagendera mu ngeso mbi. Kumenyesha abantu ko bagiye
gucirwa urubanza.
Isezerano Rishya – Ibitabo 27 byose hamwe
Ibitabo by’Amateka – Ibitabo 5
Matayo, Mariko, Luka, Yohana, Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa
Inzandiko za Paulo – Ibitabo 13 Abaroma, 1 Abakorinto, 2 Abakorinto, Abagalatiya, Abefeso, Abafilipi, Abakolosayi, 1 Abatesalonike, 2 Abatesalonike, 1
Timoteyo, 2 Timoeyo, Tito, Filemoni
Inzandiko zitari iza Paulo – Ibitabo 9 Abaheburayo, Yakobo, 1 Petero, 2 Petero, 1 Yohana, 2 Yohana, 3 Yohana, Yuda, Ibyahishuwe
Ibitabo by’Amateka – Ibitabo 5
1. Matayo – Yesu Umwami (Intare). Cyerekana Yesu nka Mesiya. Ibisekuruza bya Yesu kugeza kuri Yosefu uhereye
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
145
ku urubyaro rwa Dawidi. Isohozwa ry’ibyanditswe mu Isezerano rya Kera.
2. Mariko – Yesu umugaragu wababarijwe Umuntu (Indogobe). Cyerekana Yesu nk’Umugaragu. 1/3 cy’Ubutumwa
Bwiza kivuga ku cyumweru cya nyuma cy’ubuzima bwe.
3. Luka – Yesu, Umuntu mu buryo Bwuzuye (Umuntu). Ubutumwa Bwiza bwa Luka bwerekana Yesu nk’Umwana
w’Umuntu wazanywe no gushakisha no gukiza icyari cyarazimiye. Ibisekuruza bya Yesu kugeza kuri Mariya uhereye
kuri Adamu (Inyoko muntu yose). Ni bwo Butumwa Bwiza burebure kuruta ubundi bwose. Umwana w’Umuntu
(kamere muntu).
4. Yohana – Yesu, Imana-Muntu, yaje aturutse hejuru (Ikizu). Ubu Butumwa bwerekana Yesu nk’Imana yahindutse
umuntu (Imana mu buryo bw’umubiri), Kristo, ukora ibitangaza n’Imirimo y’Imana kugira ngo mwizere. Umwana
w’Imana (Kamere y’Imana).
5. Ibyakozwe – Ishyirwaho ry’Itorero. Amateka uhereye igihe Yesu yazamukaga mu ijuru ukageza ku ngendo za
kimisiyoneri Paulo yakoze ajya gushinga amatorero.
Inzandiko za Paulo – Ibitabo 13
1. Abaroma – Imiterere y’Umurimo wa Kristo. Isuzumwa ryo mu buryo bwuzuye ku bijyanye n’ugutsindishirizwa,
ukwezwa, n’icyubahiro. Gusuzuma neza ibijyanye n’umugambi w’Imana ku Bayuda n’Abanyamahanga.
2. 1 Abakorinto – Ibibazo byo mu buryo butandukanye mu Itorero. Uru rwandiko ruvuga ku ukwicamo ibice
n’ugukosora kubera ingeso mbi, ukuregana mu nkiko no gukoresha Ameza y’Umwami uburyo butari bwo,
havugwamo kandi ibigirwamana, ibijyanye no gushaka, hamwe n’ukuzuka kw’abapfuye.
3. 2 Abakorinto – Paulo aburanira uburyo ari Intumwa. Paulo arwanira umwanya we nk’Intumwa.
4. Abagalatiya – Ni kubw’Ubuntu, si kubw’Amategeko. Paulo arahakana cyane amakosa ajyanye no kwitondera
amategeko gukabije, agahita atanga insobanuro zihamye ku bijyanye n’umwanya nyawo w’ubuntu mu buzima
bw’Umukristu.
5. Abefeso – Ubumwe bw’Itorero. Umwanya Uwizera afite muri Kristo n’ibijyanye n’intambara zo mu buryo
bw’umwuka.
6. Abafilipi - Urwandiko rwo mu buryo bwa Kimisiyoneri. Paulo avuga ibijyanye n’ugufungwa kwe, urukundo afitiye
Abafilipi. Abakangurira kwubaha Imana kandi akabagabisha ku bijyanye n’ukwubahiriza amategeko mu buryo
bukabije.
7. Abakolosayi – Uburyo Yesu ari Imana. Paulo yerekeza amaso ku uburyo Yesu ari imfura mu irema, mu gikorwa
cy’ugucungura n’ibijyanye n’ukwubaha Imana.
8. 1 Abatesalonike – Ukugaruka kwa Yesu. Umurimo Paulo yakoze mu Batesalonike. Inyigisho ku ugutungana
n’amagambo ku ukugaruka kwa Yesu.
9. 2 Abatesalonike – Ukugaruka kwa Yesu. Ibindi ku bijyanye n’Umunsi w’Umwami.
10. 1 Timoteyo – Ukwita ku Itorero. Amabwiriza Timoteyo yahawe ku Ubuyobozi nyakuri n’uburyo bwo kurwanya
abigisha b’ibinyoma, uruhare rw’abagore mu murimo w’Itorero, ugusenga, n’ibisabwa ku bakuru b’Itorero no ku
badiyakoni.
11. 2 Timoteyo – Amagambo ya nyuma ya Paulo. Urwandiko rwo gusubizamo intege Timoteyo kugira ngo akomere.
12. Tito – Amatorero y’i Kurete. Paulo yasize Tito i Kurete kugira ngo yite ku matorero y’aho hantu. Ibisabwa ku
bakuru b’Itorero.
13. Filemoni – Imbata yahunze Shebuja ihindukirira Umwami. Urwandiko rwandikiwe shebuja w’imbata yamuhunze.
Paulo asaba Filemoni kubabarira Onesimu.
Inzandiko zitari iza Paulo - Ibitabo 9
1. Abaheburayo – Yesu umuhuza w’Isezerano Rishya. Urwandiko rwandikiwe Abaheburayo b’Abakristu bari mu kaga
ko gusubira mu idini ryabo rya kera rya Kiyuda. Byerekana uburyo Yesu ari hejuru y’ubutambyi bwo mu Isezerano
rya Kera. Haravuga ku ubutambyi bwa Melkizedeki. (Urwandiko rw’Abaheburayo rwaba rwaranditswe na Paulo
n’ubwo hakiriho ukujya impaka kuri byo.)
2. Yakobo – Umuntu akizwa n’Ibikorwa, mu gihe Imana ari Yo irimo imukoresha. Ukwingingira abantu kubaho
ubuzima bwa Gikristu bugaragaramo uguhinduka icyaremwe gishya. Bisaba ukwisuzuma kugira ngo umuntu amenye
nimba koko ubuzima bwe bwarahindutse.
3. 1 Petero – Rwandikiwe Itorero ririmo ritotezwa. Petero yanditse uru rwandiko kugira ngo asubizemo intege abo
yandikiye akurikije ukubabazwa barimo kugira ngo babyakirane guca bugufi. Amagambo ajyanye n’umubatizo.
4. 2 Petero – Avuga ku ukwimura Imana kuzaza. Ruvuga ku umuntu mu urwego rw’imbere mu mutima, kugabisha
abantu ku bijyanye n’abigisha b’ibinyoma hamwe no kuvuga ku Umunsi w’Umwami.
5. 1 Yohana – Urukundo rw’Imana. Yohana asobanura ibijyanye n’ubusabane nyakuri hagati y’uwizera na mugenzi
we no hagati y’uwizera n’Imana. Asobanura uburyo Imana ari umucyo n’uburyo ari Urukundo. Akangurira abantu
kugendera imbere y’Umwami nk’uko bikwiriye Umukristu wejejwe. Byinshi ku bijyanye n’urukundo rwa Gikristu.
6. 2 Yohana – Kugabisha itorero ibijyanye n’abigisha b’Ibinyoma. Gushimira Imana kubera iduha kugendera muri
Kristo no kwibutsa abantu kugendera mu rukundo rw’Imana.
7. 3 Yohana - Gucyaha Abafasha bamwe na bamwe. Yohana ashimira Gayo kubera ubugwaneza yagaragarije ubwoko
bw’Imana, nyuma acyaha Diyotirefe.
8. Yuda – Uguharanira byimazeyo Ukwizera kurwanya Ukwimura Imana. Ashyira ku mugaragaro abigisha
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
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b’ibinyoma anakoresha amagambo yo mu Isezerano rya Kera mu kwerekana urubanza rubategereje. Uguharanira
ukwizera.
9. Ibyahishuwe – Umuragwa nyakuri aza afite Urukaratasi rwemewe n’Amategeko rumuha Uburenganzira ku
Mutungo Yiguriye ubwe. Iyerekwa mu buryo bw’ishusho ku bijyanye n’ukwigomeka kwo mu bihe bya nyuma,
urubanza no kwishima mu bihe byose. Amagambo ku mihango y’Abayuda ishingiye ku Mategeko asobanura
ibijyanye n’uburenganzira bwo kugura isambu y’uwapfuye kugira ngo abe umucunguzi we wa bugufi wemewe
n’amategeko, yandikwe ku izina rye, yongere kandi acikure iryo zina nk’uko byanditswe mu gitabo cya Yeremiya
n’icya Rusi.
UMUGEREKA WA 2—INGENGABIHE Y’AMATEKA YA BIBILIYA
http://www.konig.org/timeline.htm, copyright ©1999-2009 George Konig
Ingengabihe y’Amateka ya Bibiliya, byanditswe na George Konig afatanyije na Ray Konig, www.konig.org
Ibikurikira n’urutonde rw’ibyagiye biba mu mateka kandi biri ibya ngombwa igihe twiga Bibiliya n’ubuhanuzi bwayo.
Ubushakashatsi bw’aya mateka ashyizwe ku murongo bwakozwe na George Konig afatanije na Ray Konig, abanditsi
b’igitabo, Ubuhanuzi 100. Abashakashatsi bagenda badahuza amatariki ibintu byabereye, bakabishyira ku byabaye kera
cyane. Amatariki yatanzwe ari mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo.
2100 MKY (Mbere yo Kuvuka kwa Yesu) (hashize nk’imyaka 4,100)—Imana isezeranira Aburahamu ko izamuha
urubyaro runini. Aburahamu yabayeho mu myaka ishyira 2100 MKY ahantu hazwi ubu nka Iraki. Imana yamubariye ngo
yimukire i Kanani, aho ni ho hahindutse Isirayeli. Bitandukanye n’uko bijya bigenda ku bantu benshi, Aburahamu yizeye
Imana imwe nyakuri. Imana yamugize sekuru w’ihanga rinini (Isirayeli), inamuha kuba sekuru wa Mesiya (Yesu Kristu)
nk’ingororano y’ukwizera kwe.
2000 MKY (hashize nk’imyaka 4000)—Yakobo (Isirayeli) aravuka. Yakobo, umuhungu wa Isaka, Isaka umuhungu wa
Aburahamu, yavukiye i Kanani. Izina rya Yakobo rihinduka Isirayeli. (Kanani nyuma yagiye gufata izina rya Yakobo ari
ryo Isirayeli). Afite abahungu 12, ari bo imiryango 12 ya Yakobo yitiriwe.
1900 MKY (hashize nk’imyaka 3900)—Yosefu agurishwa nk’imbata. Yosefu, umwe muri ba bahungu 12 ba Yakobo
(Isirayeli), kubera ishyari bari bamufitiye, bene se bamugurisha nk’umucakara. Yosefu yisanga muri Egiputa, aho
azamurwa mu bubasha nk’uwungirije umwami Farawo kandi wizewe. Se we na bene se be nyuma bagiye kuva Kanani
kubera inzara, bagana muri Egiputa. Nyuma , Yosefu ni we wagiye kubarokora abarinda kugwa mu kaga.
1446 MKY (hashize nk’imyaka 3400)—Kuva biratangira. Abaheburayo, cyangwa se Abisirayeli (urubyaro rwa
Yakobo), bagizwe abacakara muri Egiputa kumara imyaka 400 kugera igihe Mose yabayoboye bava muri Egiputa.
Bazerera mu butayu kumara imyaka 40. Mose yarabayoboye abageza ku nkengera ya Kanani, igihugu Imana yari
yarasezeraniye sekuruza wabo Aburahamu.
1406 MKY (hashize imyaka ingana 3400)—Isirayeli itangira kwiyubaka nk’igihugu cyigenga. Mose amaze gupfa,
Yosuwa ayobora Abisirayeli i Kanani kandi batangira guhindūra igihugu, gushyiraho igihugu cyigenga cya Isirayeli ubwa
mbere mu mateka.
1400 MKY (hashize imyaka igera kuri 3400)—Aho kuyoborwa n’abami, Isirayeli iyoborwa n’Abacamanza.
Uhereye muri 1400 ukageza muri 1050 MKY, Isirayeli ntiyari iyobowe n’abami. Abantu batekereza ku Mana nk’Umwami
wabo. Mu mwanya w’umwami wo mu buryo bugaragara, Isirayeli iyoborwa n’abacamanza bajya bakemura impaka hagati
y’abantu.
1050 MKY (hashize imyaka 3000)—Sauli aba umwami wa mbere wa Isirayeli. Nyuma y’imyaka 350 yo kuyoborwa
n’abacamanza, abantu ba Isirayeli basaba guhabwa umwami, Sauli aba umwami, ategeka imyaka igera kuri 40.
1010 MKY (hashize imyaka igera kuri 3000)—Dawidi aba umwami wa Isirayeli. Dawidi yabaye umwami wa Isirayeli
muri 1010 MKY aganza imyaka 40. Dawidi, bitandukanye n’uko Sauli yabigenzaga, yubaha amabwiriza y’Imana. Yakora
amakosa, ariko agahita ayihana ako kanya. Yashakisha uburyo bwo gushimisha Imana. Yāguye ubuso bw’ubwami bwa
Isirayeli, ageza ubuyobozi bwe mu bindi bihugu biri hirya ya Isirayeli.
970 MKY (hashize imyaka igera kuri 3000)—Salomo aba umwami, yubaka Urusengero. Salomo, umuhungu wa
Dawidi, aba umwami muri za 970 MKY. Na we yatwaye imyaka 40. Yubaka Urusengero mu cyubahiro cy’Imana.
Igikorwa cyarangiye muri 960 MKY. Salomo ava ku Mana, asenga imana zitari zo.
926 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2900 ishize)—Isirayeli icikamo ibice bibiri. Gato gusa nyuma y’ingoma ya Salomo,
Isirayeli icikamo ibice bibiri. Ubwami bw’Amajyepfo bwitwaga Yuda, bubarizwamo Umurwa wa Yerusalemu
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
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n’Urusengero. Ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru ni bwo bwakomeje kwitwa Isirayeli. Hagiye haba intambara hagati y’ubwo
bwami bwombi.
721 BC (imyaka igera kuri 2700 ishize)—Abashuri bafata Ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru ari bwo Isirayeli. Ubwami
bw’Abashuri bufata ubwami bwa Isirayeli ahashyira 721 MKY. Abashuri bishe urubozo benshi muri bo abandi babaca
amazosi. Batuma Abisirayeli benshi (imiryango 10 kuri 12 igize Isirayeli) bava muri Isirayeli, igihugu cyabo bakizanamo
abanyamahanaga.
612 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2600 ishize)—Babuloni ifata Ninewe (Ubwami bw’Abashuri). Umurwa mukuru
w’ubwami bwa Ashuri-Ninewe-uterwa na Babuloni ifatanije n’ibindi bihugu. Nk’uko byavuzwe n’umuhanuzi Nahumu
muri Bibiliya, Ninewe yari gusenywa kubera uburyo Ubwami bw’Ashuri bwatoteje Abisirayeli n’andi moko.
605 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2600 ishize)—Babuloni iyobora Yuda. Igihe cy’ingoma y’umwami Nebukadunezari,
Ubwami bushya bwa Babuloni butangira gutegeka Yuda guca bugufi. Nebukaduneza ajyana Abayuda benshi nk’inyagano
kugira ngo yemeze Yuda kuyubaha.
597 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2600 ishize)—Babuloni itera Yuda. Ingabo za Babuloni zitera Yuda, zifata abandi Bayuda
nk’inyagano i Babuloni. Ezekiyeli ahinduka umuhanuzi w’Imana. Ezekiyeli asobanura yuko Imana yemereye Babuloni
guhana Yuda kubera yuko ubwo bwoko bwavuye ku Mana.
586 MKY (imyaka igera ku 2600 ishize)—Babuloni isenya Yerusalemu n’Urusengero. Babuloni yongera gutera Yuda.
Noneho, Abanyababuloni basenya Yerusalemu n’Urusengero umwami Salomo yari yarubatse. Abandi Bayuda bajyanwa i
Babuloni ho inyagano.
586 MKY kugeza 573 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2600 ishize)—Umwami Nebukaduneza atera igice gikuru cya Tiro.
Babuloni iba itangiye imyaka yayo 13 yo gutegeka Umurwa mukuru Tiro wa Foyinike.
539 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2500 ishize)—Kuro Mukuru atera Babuloni arayifata. Nyuma y’urupfu rwa
Nebukaduneza, Ubwami bushya bwa Babuloni butangira gutakaza imbaraga. Kuro Mukuru afata Babuloni muri 539
MKY, ashyiraho Ubwami bw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi.
538 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2500 ishize)—Kuro akura Abayuda mu bunyage bwa Babuloni. Nyuma yo gufata
Babuloni, Kuro aha Abayuda umudendezo wo kuva i Babuloni no gusubira i Buyuda. Ubwami bwa Kuro butegeka Yuda
n’ibindi bice byinshi byo mu Burasirazuba bwo hagati, ariko Kuro we yemerera abantu umudendezo ushingiye ku muco
n’idini kuruta uko Ubwami bushya bwa Babuloni bwabikoraga.
536 BC (imyaka igera kuri 2500 ishize)—Igikorwa cyo kwubaka bushya Urusengero kiratangira. Bamwe mu Bayuda
b’i Babuloni basubira i Buyuda, batangira igikorwa cyo kwubaka bushya Urusengero, hari mu myaka ishyira 536 MKY.
Uru Rusengero rwari rwasenywe muri 586 MKY.
516 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2500 ishize)—Urusengero rwa Kabiri ruratahwa. Urusengero rushyirirwaho gusenga,
imyaka 70 yari ishize Abanyababuloni barusenye muri 586 MKY.
333 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2300 ishize)—Abagiriki batangira gutegeka igihugu cya Isirayeli. Muri 333 MKY,
Abagiriki, munsi y’ubutware bwa Alekizanderi Mukuru, banesha ingabo z’Abaperesi i Makedoniya. Ibi biba bibaye
ikimenyetso cy’ukugwa kw’Ubwami bw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi n’ukuzamuka kw’ubwami bw’Abagiriki.
332 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2300 ishize)—Alekizanderi aba afashe Tiro (Ubwami bw’Abafoyeniki). Alekizanderi
akora intambara arwana n’ikirwa cy’umurwa mukuru Tiro wa Foyinike. Afata ibisigarira by’amabuye byari muri Tiro,
abyubakamo inzira igana ku kirwa. Ingabo za Alekizanderi ziba zifashe ikirindiro cy’icyo kirwa, bityo, aba ashyizeho
iherezo ku Ubwami bw’Abafoyinike.
250 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2300 ishize)—Isezerano rya Kera riba risobanuwe mu Kigiriki. Umutware w’Ubugiriki
asaba Abayuda gusobanura mu Kigiriki igice cyangwa se Isezerano rya Kera ryose mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki. Iyo Nsobanuro
yahawe izina rya Septuagint.
175 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2200 ishize)—Umutware w’Abagiriki Antiochus Epiphanes atoteza Abayuda.
Umutware w’Abagiriki Antiochus Epiphanes atwara Siriya kuva 175 MKY ukageza ahashyīra 164 MKY. Atwara Yuda,
agerageza gusenya idini ry’Abayuda. Ikindi, yahumanyije Urusengero.
164 MKY kugeza kuri 63 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2200 ishize)—Abayuda babona ubwigenge. Aba Makabe, itsinda
ry’abantu barwaniye ubwigenge bw’Abayuda, bigomeka ku Bagiriki, bashyiraho ubwami buyobowe n’aba Hasmonean,
babona ubwigenge bw’igice kinini cya Isirayeli cyangwa se kuri Isirayeli yose kumara igihe cy’imyaka 100, uhereye 164
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MKY ukageza 63 MKY.
63 MKY (imyaka igera kuri 2100 ishize)—Abaroma bafata igihugu cya Isirayeli. Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Alekizanderi
Mukuru, ubwami bw’Abagiriki bucikamo ibice, buhita butangira kugira intege nke. Kumara iki gihe, Ubwami bw’Abaroma
buba burimo bwiyongera mu mbaraga. Umujenerale w’Abaroma witwaga Pompey aba afashe igihugu cya Isirayeli.
Imyaka ishyīra 5 MKY (imyaka igera ku 2000 ishize)—Yesu avukira i Betelehemu. Yesu avukira mu gisagara cy’i
Betelehemu. Intumwa Matayo yagiye kuvuga yuko ukuvukira i Betelehemu kwa Yesu kwabaye isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi
bwavuzwe n’Umuhanuzi Mika, imyaka 700 mbere yaho. (Reba Mika 5:2).
Imyaka ishyīra 25 NKY [Nyuma yo Kuvuka kwa Yesu] (imyaka igera ku 2000 ishize)—Yesu atangira Umurimo we.
Yesu yari afite imyaka 30 avutse igihe atangiye umurimo we. Yigisha iby’agakiza, avuga iby’ubuhanuzi, akora ibitangaza.
Atangaza ko ari We Mesiya (Kristo) wari waratanzwe n’abahanuzi bo mu Isezerano rya Kera ho isezerano. Yesu
asezeranira abantu agakiza n’ubugingo buhoraho kuri bariya bose bamwizera (reba Yohana 3:16, nk’urugero). [Menya
yuko abenshi mu bantu bavuga yuko Yesu yatangiye umurimo we muri 26 cyangwa se 27 NKY—Jonathan Menn]
Imyaka ishyīra 28 NKY (imyaka ingana na 2000 ishize)—Yesu arabambwa, nyuma arazuka. Yesu ashinjwa
ibinyoma, yoherezwa kwa Ponsio Pilato, Umutware w’Abaroma watwaraga igihugu cy’Abayuda, kugira ngo abambwe.
Nyuma y’aho Yesu arazuka, bisobanura yuko yagaruwe mu buzima, abayoboke be bahita batangira kumutangaza ku bandi,
bituma Ubukristu bwihuta kugera henshi mu isi y’Abaroma yose, Ubukristu buba buhindutse idini rya mbere ryageze
hanini ku isi kuruta andi madini yose. [Menya yuko abenshi mu bantu bavuga yuko ukubambwa kwa Yesu kwabaye
muri 30 NKY cyangwa se 33 NKY—Jonathan Menn]
70 NKY (imyaka ingana na 1900 ishize)—Abaroma basenya Yerusalemu n’Urusenegro. Muri 70 NKY, Ingabo
z’Abaroma ziyobowe na Tito, zisenya Yerusalemu n’Urusengero, kugira ngo bahagarike izamuka ry’Abayuda. Nk’uko
Umunyamateka Josephus abivuga, Abayuda bangana na 1,1 miliyoni barapfuye. Abandi bajyanwa nk’abacakara.
Ikinjana cya mbere NKY (imyaka ingana na 1900 ishize)—Bibiliya iba iruzuye. Mu gihe cy’ikinjana cya mbere cyo
muri ibi bihe, Isezerano Rishya, ryasobanuraga ubuzima n’inyigisho za Yesu Kristo, iba iruzuye. Iyandikwa rya Bibiliya
(Isezerano rya Kera n’Isezerano Rishya) iba igeze ku musōzo wayo. Yatangiye igihe cya Mose, imyaka ingana na 3.400
ishize. Yesu ni we kandi akomeza kuba insanganyamatsiko ya nyuma imwe ya Bibiliya.
UMUGEREKA WA 3—BIBILIYA MU RUTONDE RW’IBIHE
Gusoma Bibiliya hakurikijwe uburyo ibihe byagiye bikurikirana byerekana uburyo umurongo w’inkuru ya
Bibiliya yerekana ibice biyikoze kandi bikadufasha gusobanukirwa uburyo ibigize amateka n’ibice bitandukanye bihura
kugira ngo bitange insobanuro ikwiriye. Uru rukurikirane rushingiye ku ruhererekane rwa Bibiliya rwashyizweho na Dr
George Guthrie mu bitabo bye Read the Bible for Life (Soma Bibiliya nk’icya ngombwa ku buzima bwawe): Your Guide
to Understanding and Living God’s Word (Ibyakuganisha ku Ugusobanukirwa Ukubaho Ubuzima bushingiye ku Ijambo
ry’Imana) (Nashville, TN: Holman, 2011) na Reading God’s Story: A Chronological Reading Bible (Gusoma Inkuru
y’Imana: Gusoma Bibiliya ukurikije urukurikirane rw’Ibihe) (Nashville, TN: Holman, 2011). Uruhererekane rw’ibanze
ruboneka kuri: http://www.bhpublishinggroup.com/readthebible/downloads/RBL-reading-plan.pdf. Urutonde
rw’urukurikirane ni colonne 1 ubwa mbere (usome ugeze ku iherezo), ukurikizeho colonne 2, nyuma urangirize kuri
colonne 3.
IGICE CYA 1: UMUGAMBI
W’IMANA KURI BOSE
Irema: Imana ni yo igenga
iby’Ubuzima byose Itangiriro 1–2
Yohana 1:1–3
Zaburi 8; 104
Ukugwa: Kwanga umugambi
w’Imana ku Bugingo Itangiriro 3–5
Umwuzure: Imana ica imanza kandi
ishyiraho Isezerano Rikuru
Kugirango Ubuzima bukomeze
Itangiriro 6–9
Zaburi 12
Itangiriro 10–11
IGICE CYA 2: UBWOKO
1 Abami 9
2 Ngoma 8
Imigani 25–29
Umubwiriza 1–12
1 Abami 10–11
2 Ngoma 9
Imigani 30–31
Abami n’Abahanuzi II: Imana icamo ibice ubwoko bugize ubwami 1 Abami 12
2 Ngoma 10
1 Abami 13–14
2 Ngoma 11–12
1 Ngoma 15:1–24
2 Ngoma 13–16
1 Ngoma 15:25–16:34
2 Ngoma 17
1 Abami 17–22
2 Ngoma 18-20
Mariko 1:40–3:21
Luka 5:12-6:19
Matayo 5–7
Luka 6:20–49; 11:1–13
Matayo 8:5-13; 11:1–30
Luka 7
Matayo 12:22–50
Mariko 3:22–35
Luka 8:19–21; 11:14–54
Matayo 13:1–53
Mariko 4:1–34
Luka 8:1–18
Matayo 8:18–34; 9:18–38
Mariko 4:35–5:43
Luka 8:22–56; 9:57–62
Matayo 10; 14
Matayo 8:1–4; 9:1–17; 12:1–21
Mariko 6:7–56
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149
BWAKORANYE ISEZERANO
RIKURU N’IMANA
Ubwoko: Imana ihamagara ubwoko,
bukorana Isezerano Rikuru na Yo
Itangiriro 12–50
Yobu 1–40:5
Zaburi 19
Yobu 40:6–42:17
Zaburi 29
Ugukiza: Imana irokora Ubwoko
bwayo
Kuva 1–18
Isezerano Rikuru n’Amategeko:
Imana yiyegereza kandi yigisha
Ubwoko bwayo
Kuva 19–40
Abalewi 1–27
Kubara 1–13
Zaburi 90
Kubara 14–16
Zaburi 95; 90
Kubara 17–36
Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 1–34
Igihugu: Ahantu Imana yateganyirije
Ubwoko bwayo Yosuwa 1–24
Abacamanza 1–21
Rusi 1–4
Abami n’Abahanuzi: Imana itegura
Ubwoko bwo gutura mu Ubwami
bwayo 1 Samweli 1–20
Zaburi 59
1 Samweli 21–24
Zaburi 91; 7; 27; 31; 34; 52; 56; 120;
140–142
1 Samweli 25–27
Zaburi 17, 73; 35; 54; 63; 18
1 Samweli 28–31
1 Ngoma 10
Zaburi 121; 123–125; 128–130
2 Samweli 1–4
Zaburi 6; 9; 10; 14; 16; 21
1 Ngoma 1–2
Zaburi 43–44; 49; 84; 85; 87
1 Ngoma 3–6
Zaburi 36; 39; 77–78; 81; 88; 92; 93
1 Ngoma 7–9
2 Samweli 5:1–10
1 Ngoma 11–12
Zaburi 133
2 Samweli 5:11–6:23
1 Ngoma 13–16
Zaburi 15; 23; 24–25; 47; 89; 96; 100;
101; 107
2 Samweli 7
1 Ngoma 17
Zaburi 1–2; 33; 127; 132
2 Samweli 8–9
1 Ngoma 18
2 Samweli 10
1 Ngoma 19
2 Ngoma 1–8
2 Ngoma 21:1–22:9
2 Abami 9–11
2 Ngoma 22:10–23:21
2 Abami 12–13
2 Ngoma 24
2 Abami 14–15
2 Ngoma 25–27
Yona 1–4
Amosi 1–9
Hoseya 1–14
Yesaya 1–12
Mika 1–7
Abami n’Abahanuzi III: Ubwami
bw’Amajyepfo nk’ubwoko bw’Imana:
2 Abami 16–17
2 Ngoma 28
Yesaya 13–26
2 Abami 18:1–8
2 Ngoma 29–31
Zaburi 48
Yesaya 27–37
2 Abami 18:9–19:37
2 Ngoma 32:1–23
Zaburi 76
Yesaya 38–39
2 Abami 20:1–21
2 Ngoma 32:24–33
Yesaya 40–42
Zaburi 46
Yesaya 43–45
Zaburi 80
Yesaya 46–49
Zaburi 135
Yesaya 50–66
2 Abami 21
2 Ngoma 33
Nahumu 1–3
Zefaniya 1–3
2 Abami 22–23
2 Ngoma 34–35
Habakuki 1–3
Yoweli 1–3
Yeremiya 1–40
Zaburi 74; 79
Ubunyage: Imana ihana Ubwoko bwayo 2 Abami 24–25
2 Ngoma 36:1–21
Yeremiya 52; 41–44
Obadiya
Zaburi 82; 83
Yeremiya 45–51
Zaburi 137
Amaganya ya Yeremiya 1–5
Ezekiyeli 1–48
Daniyeli 1–12
Kugaruka: Imana irokora ubwoko
bwayo ubugira kabiri
2 Ngoma 36:22–23
Ezira 1–6
Hagayi 1–2
Zakariya 1–14
Luka 9:1–17
Yohana 6
Matayo 15
Mariko 7:1–8:10
Matayo 16
Mariko 8:11–9:1
Luka 9:18–27
Matayo 17–18
Mariko 9:2–50
Luka 9:28–56
Yohana 7–9
Luka 10
Yohana 10:1–11:54
Luka 12:1–15
Matayo 19
Mariko 10:1–31
Luka 16:1–18:30
Matayo 20
Mariko 10:32–52
Luka 18:31–19:27
Kristo abohora Ubwoko bwe:
Igikorwa cy’Imana binyuze mu
urupfu, ukuzuka, no Kwimika
Umwami wayo Matayo 21:1–22; 26:6–13
Mariko 11:1–26; 14:3–9
Luka 19:28–48
Yohana 2:13–25; 11:55–12:36
Matayo 21:23–22:14
Mariko 11:27–12:12
Luka 20:1–19
Yohana 12:37–50
Matayo 22:15–23:39
Mariko 12:13–44
Luka 20:20–21:4; 13:31–35
Matayo 24–25
Mariko 13
Luka 21:5–38
Matayo 26:1–5, 14–35
Mariko 14:1–2, 10–31
Luka 22:1–38
Yohana 13
Yohana 14–17
Matayo 26:36–75
Mariko 14:32–72
Luka 22:39–71
Yohana 18:1–27
Matayo 27:1–31
Mariko 15:1–20
Luka 23:1–25
Yohana 18:28–19:16
Matayo 27:32–66
Mariko 15:21–47
Luka 23:26–56
Yohana 19:17–42
Zaburi 22
Matayo 28
Mariko 16
Luka 24
Yohana 20–21
Itorero rya Kristo: Ubwoko
bw’Imana bwagura Ubwami
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
150
Zaburi 20; 53; 60; 75; 65–67; 69; 70
2 Samweli 11–12
1 Ngoma 20
Zaburi 51; 32; 86; 102; 103; 122
2 Samweli 13–15
Zaburi 3; 4; 13; 28; 55
2 Samweli 16–18
Zaburi 26; 40–41; 58; 61; 62; 64
2 Samweli 19–21
Zaburi 5; 38; 42
2 Samweli 22–23
Zaburi 57; 97–99
2 Samweli 24
1 Ngoma 21–22
Zaburi 30; 108; 109
1 Ngoma 23–26
Zaburi 131; 138; 139; 143–145
1 Ngoma 27–29
Zaburi 68; 111–118
1 Abami 1–2
Zaburi 37; 71; 94; 119:1–88
1 Abami 3–4
2 Ngoma 1
Zaburi 72; 119:89–176
Indirimbo ya Salomo 1–8
Zaburi 45
Imigani 1–24
1 Abami 5–6
2 Ngoma 2–3
1 Abami 7–8
Zaburi 11
2 Ngoma 4–7
Zaburi134; 136; 146–150
Esiteri 1–10
Malaki 1–4
Zaburi 50
Ezira 7–10
Nehemiya 1–13
Zaburi 126
IGICE CYA 3: UBWOKO
BW’IMANA BW’ISEZERANO
RISHYA
Ukuza kwa Yesu: Umwami w’ukuri
uturuka ku Mana arahageze
Zaburi 106
Yohana 1:4–14
Matayo 1
Luka 1:1–2:38
Matayo 2
Luka 2:39–52
Matayo 3
Mariko 1:1–11
Luke 3
Yohana 1:15–34
Igikorwa Kristo yakoze: Umwami
nyakuri w’Imana agaragaza Ubwami
bwayo Matayo 4:1–22; 13:54–58
Mariko 1:12–20; 6:1–6
Luka 4:1–30; 5:1–11
Yohana 1:35–2:12
Matayo 4:23–25; 8:14–17
Mariko 1:21–39
Luka 4:31–44
Yohana 3–5
Ibyakozwe 1–4
Zaburi 110
Ibyakozwe 5–14
Yakobo 1–5
Abagalatiya 1–6
Ibyakozwe 15–18:18
1 Abatesalonike 1–5
2 Abatesalonike 1–3
Ibyakozwe 18:19–19:41
1 Abakorinto 1–16
2 Abakorinto 1–13
Ibyakozwe 20: 1–3
Abaroma 1–16
Ibyakozwe 20:4–28:31
Abafilipi 1–4
Filemoni
Abakolosayi 1–4
Abefeso 1–6
Tito 1–3
1 Timoteyo 1–6
1 Petero 1–5
Abaheburayo 1–13
2 Timoteyo 1–4
2 Petero 1–3
Yuda
1 Yohana 1–5
2 Yohana
3 Yohana
Ibyahishuwe 1–18
Ukugaruka kwa Kristo n’Ingoma
ye: Icy’Imana iteganyirije
Ubwami Ibyahishuwe 19–22
UMUGEREKA WA 4—INGENGABIHE Y’ABAMI N’ABAHANUZI BA ISIRAYELI NA YUDA
Hifashishijwe ibyavuzwe na K. Lawson Younger, 2006, OT 716—Ibitabo by’Amateka: Urukurikirane rw’Abami
n’Abahanuzi b’Abaheburayo, note zo mu ishule zitashyizwe ahagaragara. Deerfield, IL: Trinity Evangelical Divinity
School, and New American Standard Bible, yasubiwemo ed., 1999, “Urutonde rw’Abatware ba Isirayeli na Yuda” 336-37.
Umwaka
1050
1010
970
930
913
910
909
908
Yuda (Ubwami bw’Amajyepfo) Rehobowamu, imyaka 17 (930-913):
1 Abami 12:1-24; 14:21-31
Abiyamu, imyaka 3 (913-910),
umwaka wa 18 wa Yerobowamu:
1Abami 15:1-8; 2 Ngoma 13:1-14:1
Asa, imyaka 41 (910-869), umwaka
wa 20 wa Yerobowamu: 1 Abami
15:9-24; 2 Ngoma 14:1-16:14
Ubwami bwiyungiye Hamwe (Isirayeli)
Sauli, imyaka 40 (1050-1010): 1 Sam 9:15-
35; 28:1-25; 31:1-13; 1 Ngoma 10:1-14
Dawidi, imyaka 40 years (1010-970): 1 Sam
16:1-13; 2 Sam 1:1-1Abami 2:11; 1 Ngoma
11:1-22:19
Salomo, imyaka 40 (970-930): 1 Abami
1:11-11:43; 1 Ngoma 23:1-2 Ngoma 9:31
Ubwami bwiciyemo ibice
Isirayeli (Ubwami bw’Amajyaruguru) Yerobowamu I, imyaka 22 (930-909): 1
Abami 12:25-14:20
Nadabu, imyaka 2 (909-908), umwaka wa 2
wa Asa: 1 Abami 15:25-31
Bāsha, imyaka 24 (908-886), umwaka wa 3
Umuhanuzi
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
151
886
885
874
872
853
852
848
841
835
814
798
796
793
792
753
752
742
Yehoshafati, imyaka 25 (872-848)
(yatangiye atwarana na se Asa; ubwe
yatangiye 869): 1 Abami 22:41-50
Yehoramu, imyaka 8 (848-841),
umwaka ugira 5 wa Yoramu: 2 Abami
8:16-24
Ahaziya, Umwaka 1 (841), umwaka
wa Yoramu: 2 Abami 9:29
Ataliya, imyaka 7 (umwamikazi)
(841-835): 2 Abami 11:1-21
Yowasi, imyaka 40 (835-796),
umwaka wa 7 wa Yehu: 2 Abami
12:1-21; 2 Ngoma 24: 1-27
Amaziya, imyaka 29 (796-767),
Yakoranye na Uziya (Azariya),
umwaka wa 2 wa Yehowasi: 2 Abami
14:1-22
Uziya (Azariya), imyaka 52 (792-740)
(yatangiye atwarana na Amaziya
Ingoma ye bwite yatangiye 767),
umwaka wa 27 wa Yerobowamu II: 2
Abami 15:1-7; 2 Ngoma 26:1-23
wa Asa: 1 Abami 15:32-16:7; 2 Ngoma
16:1-6
Ela, imyaka 2 (886-885), umwaka ugira 26
wa Asa: 1 Abami 16:8-14
Zimuri, iminsi 7 (885), umwaka wa 27 wa
Asa: 1 Abami 16:15-20
Tibuni, imyaka 5 (885-880), bahangana na
Omuri: 1 Abami 16:21-22
Omuri, imyaka 12 (885-874), umwaka wa
27 wa Asa: 1 Abami 16:23-28
Ahabu, imyaka 22 (874-853), uwmaka wa
38 wa Asa: 1 Abami 16:29-22:40
Ahaziaya, imyaka 2 (853-852), umwaka wa
17 wa Yehoshafati: 1 Abami 22:51-2
Abami 1:18
Yoramu, imyaka 12 (852-841), umwaka wa
18 wa Yehoshafati 2 Abami 1:17; 3:1-8:15
Yehu, imyaka 28 (841-814): 2 Abami 9:30-
10:36
Yehowahazi, imyaka 17 (814-798),
umwaka wa 23 wa Yowasi: 2 Abami 13:1-9
Yehowasi, imyaka 16 (798-782), umwaka
wa 37 wa Yowasi: 2 Abami 13:10-25
Yerobowamu II, imyaka 41 (793-753)
(yatangiye akorana na Yehowasi, ingoma
ye ubwe itangira muri 782), umwaka ugira
uwa 15 wa Amaziya: 2 Abami 14:23-29
Zakariya, amezi 6 (753), umwaka wa 38 wa
Uziya: 2 Abami 15:8-12
Shalumu, ukwezi 1 (752), umwaka wa 39
wa Uziya: 2 Abami 15:13-15
Menahemi, imyaka 10 (752-742) (yatwaye
i Samariya), umwaka wa 39 wa Uziya: 2
Abami 15:16-22
Peka, imyaka 20 (752-732) (yatwaye
Giliyadi;
ingoma ye bwite yatangiye 740), umwaka
wa 52 wa Uziya: 2 Abami 15:27-31
Pekahiya, imyaka 2 (yatwaye i Samariya),
Eliya (870-850): 1
Abami 17-2 Abami
2:12, kuri Isirayeli
Elisa (850-800?): 2
Abami 2:1-8:15;
13:14-21↔ Isirayeli
Obadiah (848-
841)↔Edom
Yoweli (830-815) ↔
Yuda
Yona (782-746): 2
Kgs 14:25↔Ninewe
(Ashuri)
Amosi (c.765-755) ↔
Isirayeli
Hoseya (c.755-714)
↔ Isirayeli
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
152
740
735
732
722
Yotamu, imyaka 16 (750-732)
(yatangiye akorana na Uziya; ingoma
ye ubwe ni 740) umwaka wa 2 wa
Peka: 2 Abami 15:32-38
Ahazi, imyaka 16 (735-715, imyaka
16 uhereye ku umwaka wa nyuma wa
Yotamu, 732), umwaka wa 17 wa
Peka
umwaka wa 50 wa Uziya: 2 Abami 15:23-
26
Hosheya, imyaka 9 (732-722): 2 Abami
15:30; 17:1-41
Isirayeli itsindwa n’Abashuri, bajyanwa
mu Bunyage
Mika (740-700?), ↔
Yuda
Yesaya (739-691?), ↔
Yuda
715
686
642
640
609
605
598
597
586
539
538
529
522
520
515
486
464
458
445
424
404
335
331
Hezekiya, imyaka 29 (715-686): 2 Abami 18:1-20:21
Manase, imyaka 55 (697-642) (yatangiye akorana na Hezekiya, ingoma ye bwite
itangira 686): 2 Abami 21:1-18
Amoni, imyaka 2 (642-640): 2 Abami 21: 19-26
Yosiya, imyaka 31 (640-609): 2 Abami 22:1-23:30
Yowahazi, amezi 3 (609): 2 Abami 23:31-33
Yehoyakimu, imyaka 11 (609-598): 2 Abami 23:34-24:7
Kujyanwa mu bunyage i Babuloni inshuro ya 1
Yehoyakini, amezi 3 (598-597): 2 Abami 24:8-17
Kujyanwa mu bunyage i Babuloni inshuro ya 2
Zedekiya, imyaka 11 (597-586): 2 Abami 24:18-25:26
Yerusalemu iraneshwa na Babuloni. Urusengero rurasenywa. Imyaka 70 y’ubunyage i Babuloni iratangiye: 2 Abami 25:1-30; 2 Ngoma 36:11-21
Babuloni igwa mu maboko y’Ubuperesi—(Kuro, 539-530): Dan 5:1-31
Iteka rya Kuro ryo kwemerera abari mu bunyage gutaha no kwubaka
Urusengero i Yerusalemu: 2 Ngoma 36:22-23; Ezira 1:1-4; 6:1-5
Cambyses II (Umwami w’Ubuperesi, 529-523)
Dariyo I (Umwami w’Ubuperesi, 522-486)
Iteka rya Dariyo ryo kwemerera abubatsi kurangiza inyubako y’Urusengero:
Ezira 6:6-12
Urusengero rutahwa i Yerusalemu
Xerxes (Ahasuwerusi) (Umwami w’Ubuperesi, 486-465)—Esiteri (Umwamikazi)
Aritazeruzi I (Umwami w’Ubuperesi, 464-424)
Iteka rya Aritazeruzi I ryo gutanga ibikenewe mu kwubaka Urusengero i
Yerusalemu: Ezira 7:11-26
Iteka rya Aritazeruzi I ritanga uruhushya rwo kwubaka bushya inkike z’i
Yerusalemu: Neh 2:1-6
Dariyo II (Umwami w’Ubuperesi, 424-404)
Aritazeruzi II (Umwami w’Ubuperesi, 404-358)
Dariyo III (Umwami w’Ubuperesi, 335-331)
Ubuperesi buneshwa imbere ya Alekizanderi Mukuru
Nahumu (649-625?)
Zefaniya (635-625)
Yeremiya (627-575)
Habakuki (620?-610?)
Daniyeli (605-536)
Ezekiyeli (597-581)
Hagayi (520-505)
Zakariya (520-487)
Malaki (420)
UMUGEREKA WA 5—UBUHANUZI BWATORANYIJWE BUVUGA KURI MESIYA N’ISOHOZWA RYABWO
Ubuhanuzi Isōko yo mu IK Isohozwa ryo mu IR 1. Yavutse ku rubyaro rw’umugore Itang 3:15 Mat 1:20; Abagal 4:4
2. Yavutse ku isugi Yes 7:14 Mat 1:18, 24-25; Luka 1:26-35
3. Urubyaro w’Aburahamu Itang 22:18 Mat 1:1; Abagal 3:16
4. Urubyaro rwa Isaka Itang 21:12 Mat 1:2; Luka 3:23, 34
5. Urubyaro rwa Yakobo Kubara 24:17 Mat 1:2; Luka 3:23, 34
6. Umuryango wa Yuda Itang 49:10 Mat 1:2; Luka 3:23, 33; Abaheb 7:14
7. Urubyaro rwa Yese Yes 11:1, 10 Mat 1:6; Luka 3:23, 32
8. Urubyaro rwa Dawidi Yer 23:5; Zab 132:11 Mat 1:1; 9:27; Luka 3:23, 31
9. Yavukiye i Betelehemu Mika 5:2 Mat 2:1-8; Luka 2:4-7; Yoh 7:42
10. Yabayeho mbere yo kuvuka Mika 5:2 Yoh 1:1-2; 8:58; 17:5; Abakol 1:17
11. Yabanjirijwe n’intumwa Yes 40:3; Mal 3:1 Mat 3:1-3; 11:10; Luka 1:17; Yoh 1:23
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
153
12. Azitwa Umwami Zab 110:1 Mat 22:43-45
13. Azitwa Imanweli Yes 7:14 Mat 1:23
14. Azaba umuhanuzi Guteg 18:15, 18-19 Mat 21:11; Luka 7:16; Yoh 4:19; 6:14;
7:40
15. Azaba umutambyi 1 Sam 2: 35; Zab 110:4 Abaheb 3:1-6; 5:5-6
16. Azaba umucamanza ` Yes 33:22 Yoh 5:30; 2 Tim 4:1
17. Azaba umwami Zab 2:6; Zech 9:9 Mat 21:5; 27:37; Yoh 18:33-37
18. Yitwa Umwana w’Imana Zab 2:7 Mat 3:17; 16:16; 17:5; Luka 1:32
19. N’umucyo w’amahanga Yes 42:6; 49:6 Luka 2:32; Yoh 1:9; 8:12; 9:5; 12:46
20. Ni umucunguzi Yobu 19:25; Yes 59:20 Luka 24: 21; Abar 11:26; Abagal 3:13;
Tito 2:14
21. Umwuka Wera ari kuri We Yes 11:2; 42:1; 61:1 Mat 3:16; Mariko 1:10; Luka 4:18
22. Umwete ku by’Imana Zab 69:9 Yoh 2:15-17
23. Umurimo utangirira i Galilaya Yes 9:1 Mat 4:12-17
24. Akora ibitangaza Yes 35:5-6; 53:4 Mat 8:14-17; 9:32-35; 11:4-5; Mariko
7:33-35
25. Yigishiriza mu migani Zab 78:2 Mat 13:34-35
26. Yinjira i Yerusalemu ari ku ndogobe Zak 9:9 Mat 21:6-11; Luka 35-37
27. Yinjira mu Rusengero Mal 3:1 Mat 21:12; Luka 19:45-48
28. Abwiriza Ubutumwa Bwiza abakene Yes 61:1 Mat 11:5; Luka 4:18-21
29. Yanzwe n’abe Zab 118:22; Yes 28:16 Mat 21:42; Yoh 1:11; 7:48; 1 Pet 2:6-7
30. Yanzwe n’abo mu muryango we Zab 69:8 Mariko 3:21; Yoh 7:5
31. Yanzwe nta mpamvu Zab 35:19; 69:4; Isa 49:7 Yoh 15: 23- 25
32. Yagambaniwe n’inshuti ye Zab 41:9; 55:12-14 Mat 10:4;26:47-50;13:21-27; Luka
22:19-23 33. Yaguzwe ibice by’ifeza 30 Zak 11:12 Mat 26:15; 27:3
34. Ifeza zajugunywe mu nzu y’Imana Zak 11:13 Mat 27:5
35. Ifeza zaguzwe isambu y’umubumbyi Zak 11:13 Mat 27:6-10
36. Yanzwe n’abigishwa be Zak 13:7 Mat 26:31, 69-74; Mariko 14:27, 50
37. Yaracecetse imbere y’abamuregaga Yes 53:7 Mat 27:12; Ibyak 8:32-35
38. Yarakubiswe acirwaho amacandwe Yes 50:6; 53:5 Mat 26:67; 27:26; Mariko 10:33-34
39. Yarashinyaguriwe Zab 22:7-8 Mat 27:31; Luka 22:63-65
40. Ibiganza n’ibirenge byaracumiswe Zab 22:16; Zak 12:10 Luka 23:33; Yoh 20:25-27;
41. Yababarijwe ibyaha by’abandi Yes 53:5-6, 8, 10-12 Abar 4:25; 1 Abakor 15:3; Abaheb 9:28
42. Yapfiriye hamwe n’abanyabyaha Yes 53:12 Mat 27:38; Mariko 15:27-28; Luka
22:37 43. Yingingira abamurenganyaga Yes 53:12 Luka 23:34
44. Imyenda ye irapfindirwa Zab 22:18 Yoh 19:23-24
45. Inshuti ze zimujya kure Zab 38:11 Mat 27:55-56; Mariko 15:40; Luka
23:49
46. Abantu bamuzunguriza imitwe Zab 22:7; 109:25 Mat 27:39
47. Abantu baramushinyagurira Zab 22:17 Luka 23:35
48. Yaranyotewe Zab 22:15; 69:21 Yoh 19:28
49. Yahawe indurwe n’umushari wa vino Zab 69:21 Yoh 19:28-29; Mat 27:34
50. Arataka igihe Imana yamuhebaga Zab 22:1 Mat 27:46
51. Abitsa ubugingo bwe Imana Zab 31:5 Luka 23:46
52. Amagufwa ye ntiyamenaguwe Zab 34:20 Yoh 19:33
53. Yacumiswe icumu mu rubavu Zak 12:10 Yoh 19:34-37
54. Umutima umenetse Zab 22:14; 69:20 Yoh 19:34
55. Ubwirakabiri hejuru y’isi Amosi 8:9 Mat 27:45
56. Yahambwe mu mva y’umukire Yes 53:9 Mat 27:57-60
57. Umubiri we ntuzabora Zab 16:10 Yoh 20:1-18; Ibyak 2:31; 13:35-37
58. Azamuka mu ijuru Zab 68:18 Mariko 16:19; Luka 24:51; Ibyak 1:9;
Abef 4:8 59. Yicaye i buryo bw’Imana Zab 110:1 Mariko 16:19; Ibyak 2:34-35; Abaheb
1:3 60. Azagaruka Dan 7: 13; Zak 12:10 Mat 24:30; Mariko 13:26; Luka 21:27;
Ibyah 1:7
UMUGEREKA WA 6—YESU N’IMANA MU BURYO BWUZUYE KANDI N’UMUNTU MU BURYO
BWUZUYE
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154
I. Impamvu Inyigisho kuri Kristo ari ngombwa
“Ikibazo kinini abigishwa ba Yesu bahuraga na cyo cyari impaka zo mu buryo bugaragara zari hagati y’ukuntu
Yesu yari umuntu mu buryo bugaragara n’ukuntu yivuga yuko ari Imana. Kugira ngo ubutumwa bwitwe ubutumwa,
bibwirizwa kwemerwa yuko Yesu ari umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye akongera akaba Imana mu buryo bwuzuye. Ikibazo n’uko
Yesu yari umuntu akongera akaba Imana, kandi izi kamere ebyiri zikaba nta ho zishobora guhurira. Amateka atwereka
ibisubizo byo mu buryo butandukanye kuri aya mayobera. Igisubizo cya mbere, n’igisubizo cy’Abayuda cyiswe igisubizo
cya ‘Ebionite”, cyavuga yuko Yesu atari Imana na gato, ahubwo yari umuntu usanzwe. . . . Iri ni ryo kosa rihora rigaruka
buri gihe, haba mu bihe byatambutse cyangwa se bya none, kuzana Yesu ku urwego rw’umuyobozi mwiza n’umwigisha
mwiza w’ibijyanye n’ingeso nziza. Igisubizo cya kabiri cyari icy’Abagiriki cyitwaga ‘Gnostic’ cyavuga yuko, kuvuga ko
Yesu yari afite ubuzima bwo mu buryo bufatika cyangwa se bikemerwa ko yari afite imero y’umuntu, n’ukumusuzuguza.
Bashingira kuri kimwe yuko yari umwuka w’Imana byonyine. Hagati y’izi mpande ebyiri ziri kure na kure zigizwe
n’uruhande rw’ubumuntu (nta kiranga yuko yari Imana na kimwe kirimo), n’urw’uko yari Imana (nta kiranga yuko ari
umuntu na kimwe burimo), harimo uruhurirane rw’ibitekerezo, icya mbere n’icy’uko yari afite igice cyarangaga yuko yari
umuntu muri we, n’igice cyarangaga yuko yari Imana. Ibi byageze aho bemeza yuko Yesu yari Imana kandi yuko
iby’umuntu muri we bikwiye kugabanurwa. Igihuriweho muri aya makosa y’Ubukristu bushingiye kuri Ortodogisi
n’ukunanirwa kubona ubumana mu buryo bwuzuye, n’ubumuntu mu buryo bwuzuye; byombi bihurira mu umuntu umwe,
ari we Yesu w’i Nazareti. . . . Inyigisho z’ubuyobe Itorero rya Mbere ryarwanye na zo bwabonetse nk’ikibazo ku
umwimerere w’Ubutumwa Bwiza n’umwuzuro w’ukwizera kwa gikristu. Muri buri ruhande, zahagarariye igitekerezo
cyanzwe na buri ruhande ari yo ‘byombi-na’, kandi icyo gitekerezo ari cyo Ubutumwa budusaba. Kugira ngo Ubutumwa
bube Ubutumwa, kugira ngo Bibiliya ibe Bibiliya, n’ukuri na kwo ngo kube icyo kuri, ni ngombwa yuko Yesu aba Imana
mu buryo bwuzuye n’umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye, Imana na Yo ikaba imwe ikongera ikaba n’ubutatu.” (Goldsworthy 2000:
64-66)
“Aba Ortodogisi bose, Abakatolika bose n’Abaporotestanti bose bahurira ku myemerere imwe y’ibihe by’imyaka
igihumbi ya mbere iranga amateka y’Itorero, na cyane-cyane Imyemerere y’Intumwa, iya Nisene, iya Kaledoniya n’iya
Asanasiyo. Muri ibi, iby’ibanze bijyanye n’imyemerere ya gikristu byashyizwe ahagaragara. Hari uburyo busanzwe
bw’ukwatura ko Imana imwe igaragarira mu ubutatu butagatifu. Ukwizera Ubutatu butagatifu gushyiraho uburyo bwo
kubona isi butandukanye n’uburyo abizera imana nyinshi, abizera Imana imwe ariko batizera ubutatu butagatifu,
n’abatizera ikintu na kimwe babibona. . . . Muri iyo myemerere, harimo na none amagambo ahamya neza uburyo Yesu
Kristo yari umuntu n’Imana mu buryo bwuzuye. Bityo, Abakristu ntibafata Yesu nk’undi mwigisha cyangwa se undi
muhanuzi yiyongeye ku bari bahasanzwe; ahubwo bamufata nk’Umukiza w’isi. Izi nyigisho zituma abigishwa begerana
kuruta uko batandukana.” (Keller 2008: 116)
“Ubukristu bushingiye ku Ivugabutumwa ni ugukomeza ubukristu bujyanye n’amateka. N’inyigisho zivuga kuri
Kristo nk’uko zavuzwe mu Myizerere y’Intumwa, yanonosorewe mu Myizerere ya Nise-Konsitantinopule, byateguriwe
mu Myizerere ya Kaledoniya, nyuma ziza guhurizwa hamwe mu Myizerere ya Asanasiyo. . . . Nimba habaho impinduka
mu nyigisho zo kuri Kristo, biremewe ko iyo mpinduka iba no mu nyigisho zindi zose. Inyigisho kuri Kristo ni zo mutima
w’Imenyekanishamana, mu buryo bw’uko kwonona Inyigisho zivuga kuri Kristo ari ukwonona n’ibindi byose. . . . Kureka
Inyigisho kuri Kristo bisa n’uguha urubuga ibijyanye n’inyigisho z’ibinyoma. Ariko nimba ata nyigisho z’ibinyoma zibaho,
ibi bisobanura yuko nta n’ukuri kubaho.” (Ramm 1985: 15-17)
II. Inyigihso kuri Kristo zishingiye ku Mateka, ku Ukuri nk’uko byavuzwe mu myemerere itandukanye ya Gikristu
A. Imyemerere y’Intumwa (c. Ikinjana cya 2, NKY) Nemeye Imana Data wa Twese, Ishobora Byose, Yaremye ijuru n’isi, nemeye na Yesu Kristo, umwana wayo
w’ikinege, Umwami wacu, yabyawe n’Umwari Mariya, yababarijwe ku ngoma ya Pilato, arabambwa, arapfa, arahambwa,
azuka ava mu bapfuye ku munsi ugira gatatu; ajya mu ijuru, yicara i buryo bw’Imana Data wa Twese Ushobora Byose; ni
ho azava, aje gucira imanza abazaba bakiriho n’abazaba bapfuye.
Nemera n’Umwuka Wera. Nemera Itorero Katolika Ryeranda,63
ihuriro ry’abera, ukubabarirwa ibyaha, ukuzuka
kw’abapfuye, n’ubugingo buhoraho. Amen.
B. Imyemerere yo muri Nisene-Konstantinopule (325/381) Nemera Imana imwe, Data Ushobora Byose, Umuremyi w’ijuru n’isi, ibiboneka n’ibitaboneka, nemera
n’Umwami umwe Yesu Kristo, Umwana umwe w’ikinege w’Imana, yabyawe n’Imana mbere y’uko amasi yose abaho;
Imana mu Mana, Umucyo mu Umucyo, Imana nyayo mu Mana nyayo; yarabyawe, ntiyaremwe, afitanye kamere imwe na
Data, uwo ni We waremye byose. Uwo, ku ubwacu abantu no ku gakiza kacu, yaje ku isi, ahinduka umuntu binyuze mu
Umwuka Wera wari mu Umwari Mariya, ahindurwa umuntu; abambwa ku ngoma ya Pilato kubera twebwe; arababazwa,
arahambwa; azuka ku munsi ugira gatatu, nk’uko byari byaranditswe, azamuka mu ijuru, yicara i buryo bwa Data wa
Twese; azagaruka, mu cyubahiro, aje gucira imanza abazaba bariho n’abazaba barapfuye; ubwami bwe ntibuzagira iherezo.
63
Ijambo “katolika” risobanura “igihuriweho na bose”, kandi rikwiye gutandukanywa n’Itorero Katolika rya Roma nk’uko
rizwi ubu. “Katolika” n’ijambo ryakunze gukoreshwa kumara imyaka 1000 ya mbere yaranze amateka y’itorero kugira ngo
risobanure Ukwizera kwa Gikristu kw’Abaortodogisi, cyane-cyane nk’uko ukwo kwizera kwasobanuwe mu myizerere
ihuriweho na bose, nyuma iza gukomerezwa mu Manama ahuza amadini.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
155
Nizera kandi Umwuka Wera, Umwami Utanga Ubugingo; akomoka kuri Data [n’Umwana]; uwo ahabwa
icyubahiro kandi aramywa hamwe na Data [n’Umwana]; wavugiye mu kanwa k’abahanuzi.
Nizera kandi Itorero Katolika ryeranda n’Itorero ry’Intumwa. Nemera umubatizo umwe wo kubabarirwa ibyaha;
ntegereje ukuzuka kw’abapfuye, no kuzaba mu isi izaza. Amen.
C. Imyemerere yo muri Kalcedonia (451)
Nuko rero, twebwe, dukurikije ba Sogokuru bacu beranda, tubyemereye hamwe, twigisha abantu kwatura
Umwana umwe gusa, Umwami wacu Yesu Kristo, uwo n’Imana mu buryo nyakuri, n’umuntu mu buryo nyakuri, Imana
nyakuri n’umuntu nyakuri, ufite umutima n’umubiri urangwa n’ubwenge; ufite ihuriro ryuzuye na Data kubera ubumana
bwe, agafita n’ihuriro hamwe natwe ryuzuye kubera Ubumuntu bwe; asa na twe muri byose, nta cyaha yakoze; yabyawe na
Data mbere y’uko ibintu byose bibaho, hashingiwe ku Ubumana, muri iyi minsi ya nyuma, kubera twe no kubera agakiza
kacu, yabyawe n’Umwari Mariya, Nyina w’Imana kubera Ubumuntu; uwo ni We Kristo, Umwana, Umwami, yarabyawe;
akwiye kwemerwa nk’ufite kamere ebyiri, zidahinduka, zitagira itandukaniro; itandukaniro hagati yazo ikaba itashobora
kuvanwa mu iteraniro ryazo, ahubwo ibigize buri kamere birarindwa, bigahurira mu Umuntu umwe n’imero imwe, izo
kamere ntizigabanijwe mu bantu babiri, ahubwo n’uwo Muntu umwe, ya Mana yabyarwa, Jambo, Umwami Yesu Kristo;
nk’uko, uhereye kera kose, abahanuzi bahoze bamamaza ibye, na Yesu Kristo ubwe yaratwigishije, Imyemerere ya ba
Sogokuruza beranda yabitugejejeho.
D. Imyemerere ya Asanasiyo (c. ikinjana cya 5 kirangira – ikinjana cya 6 gitangira NKY )
Uwo wese uzakizwa, mbere ya byose, ni ngombwa yuko agira ukwizera kwa Gikatolika. Iyo buri wese adakomeje
ukwo kwizera mu buryo bwuzuye kandi butagira inenge; nta gushidikanya yuko uwo muntu azarimbuka iteka ryose. Ukwo
kwizera kwa Gikatolika na kwo n’uku: N’uko dusenga Imana imwe mu Butatu, n’Ubutatu mu Mana imwe; nta kuvanga
abo Baperesona; cyangwa se ngo habeho gutandukanya ikibagize cy’ingenzi. Kuko hari Umuperesona umwe ari we Data
wa Twese, undi w’Umwana, undi w’Umwuka Wera, bose bagize umuperesona Umwe. Ariko Ubumana bwa Data,
ubw’Umwana n’ubw’Umwuka Wera; bwose ni bumwe; Ubwiza ni bumwe, n’Icyubahiro na cyo n’icy’iteka ryose. Uko
Data ameze ni ko Umwana ari; ni na kwo Umwuka ari. Data ntiyaremwe, Umwana ntiyaremwe, n’Umwuka Wera
ntiyaremwe. Data ntagira umupaka, Umwana ntagira umupaka, n’Umwuka Wera ntagira umupaka. Data n’Uwiteka,
Umwana n’Uwiteka, n’Umwuka Wera na We n’Uwiteka. Kandi ntitwavuga yuko bagize abiteka batatu; ahubwo ni uwiteka
umwe. Nk’uko hatariho abaremwe batatu; cyangwa se abatagira umupaka batatu, ahubwo hari utaremwe umwe n’utagira
umupaka umwe. Nuko rero, Data ni Ushoborabyose; Umwana ni Ushoborabyose, n’Umwuka Wera na We ni
Ushoborabyose. Kandi ntihariho Abashoborabyose batatu, ahubwo hariho Ushoborabyose Umwe. Data n’Imana, Umwana
n’Imana n’Umwuka Wera na We n’Imana; ariko ntitwavuga yuko bagize Imana zitatu; ahubwo n’Imana imwe. Data
n’Umwami, Umwana n’Umwami n’Umwuka Wera n’Umwami. Kandi ntibagize Abami batatu, ahubwo Umwami umwe.
Nuko rero, ubwo duhatwa n’ukuri kwa Gikristu; ukwo na kwo n’ukwemera buri Muperesona ukwe ko ari Imana
n’Umwami; bityo Itorero Katolika ntiritwemerera kuvuga yuko hariho Imana zitatu cyangwa se Abami batatu. Nta na
kimwe muri ibi kigize Data; haba kuba yararemwe cyangwa se yarabyawe; hari Data umwe aho kuba ba Data batatu, hari
Umwana umwe aho kuba ba Mwana batatu; hari Umwuka Wera umwe aho kuba ba Mwuka Wera batatu. Muri ubu Butatu,
nta wuza imbere y’Undi, cyangwa se inyuma ye, nta wufite imbaraga kuruta undi, cyangwa se ngo abe umunyantege nke
inyuma y’undi. Ahubwo abo Baperesona batatu babana iteka ryose, kandi barareshya. Bityo, muri byose, nk’uko byari
byaravuzwe; Ubumwe mu Butatu; n’Ubutatu mu Ubumwe, uko ni kwo Imana ikwiye gusengwa. Bityo rero, uzākira
agakiza wese, uko abe ari kwo atekereza Ubutatu bweranda.
Ikindi, ku bijyanye n’ukubona agakiza k’iteka; ni ngombwa yuko uwakira agakiza yizeresha umutima umwe yuko
Umwami wacu Yesu Kristo yabaye umuntu. Kuko ukwizera nyakuri n’uku, n’uko twizera kandi twatura; yuko Umwami
wacu Yesu Kristo, Umwana w’Imana ari Imana n’Umuntu; n’Imana kubera yuko akomoka kuri Data; yabayeho imbere
y’ibintu byose; n’Umuntu kubera ihuriro afitanye na Nyina we, yavukiye ku isi. Ari Imana itunganye n’Umuntu utunganye,
ufite ubwenge n’umubiri nk’uw’abandi bantu bose. Areshya na Se hashingiwe ku biranga Ubumana; ni muto kuri Data
hashingiwe ku Ubumuntu bwe. We, n’ubwo ari Imana n’Umuntu; ntagizwe na ba Kristo babiri; ahubwo ni Kristo umwe.
N’Umwe, atari kubera yuko yavuye mu bumana agahinduka umuntu, ahubwo kubera yuko yazamutse akava mu Bumuntu
agahinduka Imana. Bombi baba umwe, atari uko habayeho kwitiranya iyo miterere ibiri; ahubwo kubera bahurira mu
Umuperesona umwe. Nk’uko umwuka ufite umubiri birangwa n’ubwenge ari umuntu umwe; bityo Imana n’Umuntu na bo
bagize Kristo umwe; wababajwe kugira ngo tubone agakiza; amanuka muri gihenomu; arazuka ava mu bapfuye ku munsi
ugira gatatu. Yazamutse mu ijuru, yicaye i buryo bw’Imana Data wa Twese Ushoborabyose, aho azava aje gucira imanza
abazaba bakiriho n’abazaba barapfuye. Igihe azagarukira, abantu bose bazazuka bafite imibiri; kandi bazīmurikira ibyo
bakoze. Abazaba barakoze ibyiza bazajya mu bugingo bw’iteka ryose; abazaba barakoze ibibi na bo bajye mu muriro
w’iteka ryose. Uku ni kwo kwizera kwa Gikatolika, iy’umuntu atabyizeye mu mbaraga no mu ukuri, ntashobora gukizwa.
III. Yesu Kristo n’Imana mu buryo bwuzuye kandi n’Umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye: Ibihamya bishingiye kuri
Bibiliya
A. Yesu Kristo n’Inana mu buryo bwuzuye. 1. Yesu yatwitwe n’Umwuka Wera mu buryo butangaje, kandi abyarwa n’isugi (Mat 1:18-25; Luka 1:26-38).
N’ubwo Yosefu yari we mubaji wenyine w’Umugalilaya mu kinjana cya mbere, “yahangayikishijwe n’uburyo
Mariya yatwite mu buryo butateganyijwe, atari uko Yosefu atari azi aho impinja zakomokaga, ahubwo kwari
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
156
kubera yuko yari asanzwe abizi” (Wright 1996: 186-87n.160).
2. Yesu yagiraga ububasha butangaje (Mat 13:54; Luka 10:13; Yoh 2:1-11, 23; 7:31; 10:25, 38; 12:37; 15:24;
20:30-31; 21:25):
a. Yakijije abantu mu buryo bw’ibitangaza (Mat 8:1-17; 9:1-8, 20-22, 27-31; 12:9-15, 22; 14:35-36;
15:29-31; 19:1-2; 20:29-34; 21:14; Mariko 1:29-34, 40-42; 2:1-12; 3:1-5, 10; 5:25-34; 6:5, 53-56;
7:31-35; 8:22-25; 10:46-52; Luka 4:38-41; 5:12-15; 17-26; 6:6-10, 17-19; 7:1-10, 21-22; 8:43-48;
13:10-13; 14:1-4; 18:35-43; 22:50-51; Yoh 4:46-54; 5:2-9; 9:1-7; Ibyak 10:38).
b. Yirukanye abadayimoni (Mat 8:28-34; 9:32-33; 12:22-29; 15:21-28; 17:14-18; Mariko 1:23-28, 34,
39; 3:11, 22-27; 5:1-13; 7:24-30; 9:17-27; Luka 4:31-36, 41; 8:26-36; 9:37-42; 11:14-22).
c. Yahaye abandi ububasha hejuru y’imyuka mibi n’indwara (Mat 10:1; Mariko 6:7; Luka 9:1; 10:17-
19).
d. Yashoboraga gusoma ibiri mu bwenge bw’abantu (Mat 9:4; 12:25; Mariko 2:8; Luka 5:22; 6:8;
9:46-48; Yoh 13:10-11).
e. Yazuye abapfuye (Mat 9:18, 23-25; Mariko 5:35-42; Luka 7:11-15; 8:49-55; Yoh 11:11-44).
f. Yagaburiye abantu benshi mu buryo butangaje (Mat 14:13-21; 15:32-38; Mariko 6:33-44; 8:1-9;
Luka 9:12-17; Yoh 6:1-13).
g. Yashoboye kugendera hejuru y’amazi (Mat 14:22-33; Mariko 6:45-51; Yoh 6:16-21).
h. Yatumye n’abandi bagendera hejuru y’amazi (Mat 14:28-31).
i. Yari afite ububasha hejuru y’ibihe n’ibidukikije (Mat 8:23-27; 21:18-19; Mariko 4:35-41; 11:12-14,
20-21; Luka 8:22-25).
j. Yahinduye amazi vino (Yoh 2:1-11).
k. Yari afite ubumenyi n’ubwenge bwo mu urwego rudasanzwe (Mat 13:54; Yoh 1:48; 2:24-25; 4:16-
19, 28-29; 6:64; 13:10-11; 16:30; 18:4; 21:17; 1 Abakor 1:24; Abakol 2:2-3; Ibyah 2:23; 5:12).
“Twaba twibeshye cyane igihe twatekereza yuko Abaturage b’Abanyagalilaya bo mu kinjana cya mbere
bari biteguye kwizera ‘ibitangaza’ kubera yuko batari bwagasobanukirwe ibijyanye n’amategeko agenga
ibidukikije, cyangwa se batari bwagasobanukirwe yuko ikirere-igihe cyari ikintu kigenda gihinduka mu
buryo bwihariye” (Wright 1996: 186n.160). Abantu bo mu gihe cya Yesu, kimwe n’abantu bo mu bihe
bya none, bari bazi yuko imigati itanu n’ifi ebyiri bidashobora kugaburira abantu 5.000, yuko imiraba
ikomeye cyane yo mu Nyanja itashobora guhagarikwa kubera ijambo ry’umuntu ryonyine, yuko indwara
nyinshi n’ubumuga bitashobora gukizwa n’abaganga bakomeye kurusha abandi, kandi yuko abapfuye
baguma ari abapfu. “Ababayeho igihe cya Yesu, bāba bariya biyemeje gukurikira Yesu cyangwa se
abiyemeje kutamukurikira, aba na bo bāmubona nk’uwuzuye imbaraga zikomeye. Itorero si ryo
ryavumbuye ikirego cy’uko Yesu yakoranaga na Belizebuli; ariko ibyaha bisa n’ibyo ntibyavugwa
keretse igihe bikenewe nk’ibisobanuro ku miyaga y’ibitekerezo n’imikorere yo mu buryo budasanzwe.”
(Ibid.: 186-87)
3. Amazina, imyanya y’icubahiro, n’izindi nyito bikoreshwa ku Mana mu Isezerano rya Kera n’Isezerano Rishya.
Rimwe na rimwe, igice cy’Ibyanditswe gikoreshwa ku Mana kiba gikomoza kuri Yesu cyangwa se gikoreshwa mu
magambo y’umwimerere kuri We (mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira, x,y,z
bivuga amagambo yavuzwe mu buryo bwayo
bw’umwimerere).
Izina/Umwanya/Inshi-
ngano
Bikoreshwa ku Mana Bikoreshwa kuri Yesu
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
157
NDI
Umwami
Imana
Uwa Mbere n’Uwa
Nyuma Alufa na Omega
Umukiza
Umucamanza
Umwami
Umwami wa Isirayeli
Umucyo
Urutare
Umukwe
Umugabo w’umugore
Umushumba
Umuremyi
Umutangabugingo
Ashakisha imitima &
ubwenge
Ahemba akurikije
imirimo yakozwe
Kuva 3:13-14
Yes 40:3x; 45:23-24
y; Yoweli 2:32
z
Zab 45:6-7x
Yes 41:4; 44:6; 48:12
Ibyah 1:8x; 21:5-6
x
Yes 43:3, 11; 1 Tim 4:10
Itang 18:25; Zab 50:4-6; 96:13
Zab 95:3
Yes 43:15; 44:6; Zef 3:15
Zab 27:1; Yes 60:20; Mika 7:8
Guteg 32:4; 2 Sam 22:32; Zab
89:26
Yes 62:5
Isa 54:5; Hos 2:16
Zab 23:1; 80:1; Yes 40:11
Itang 1:1; Zab 102:25-27x; Yes
40:28
Guteg 32:39; 1 Sam 2:6; Zab 36:9
1 Ngoma 28:9; Zab 7:9; 139:23;
Yer 17:10
Zab 62:12x; Yer 17:10; 32:19
Yoh 8:24, 28, 58; 18:5-6
Mariko 1:2-4x; Abafil 2:10-11
y; Ibyak 2:36;
Abar 10:13z
Abaheb 1:8-9x; Yoh 1:1, 18; 20:28; 2 Pet 1:1
Ibyah 1:17; 2:8; 22:13
Ibyah 22:13x
Mat 1:21; Luka 2:11; Yoh 4:42; Tito 2:13
Yoh 5:22; 2 Abakor 5:10; 2 Tim 4:1
Ibyah 17:14; 19:16
Yoh 1:49; 12:13
Yoh 1:4-5, 9; 3:19; 8:12; 9:5
1 Abakor 10:4; 1 Pet 2:4-8
Mat 9:15, Mariko 2:19-20, Luka 5:34-35
Mariko 2:18-19; 2 Abakor 11:2; Ibyah 21:2
Yoh 10:11, 16; Abaheb 13:20; 1 Pet 2:25; 5:4
Yoh 1:3, 10; Abakol 1:16; Abaheb 1:10-12x
Yoh 5:22; 10:28; 11:25
Ibyah 2:23
Mat 16:27x; Ibyah 2:23
Mu Ibyah 1: 13-14, Yohana yakira iyerekwa riturutse ku “ūsa n’Umwana w’Umuntu…umutwe [we] n’umusatsi
we byeraga nk’ubwoya bw’intama bwera, cyangwa se nka shelegi.” Aya mashusho yakuwe mu iyerekwa Daniyeli
yaronse muri Dan 7:9, 13. Ariko na none, mu iyerekwa Daniyeli yaronse, “Umukuru nyir’Ibihe byose”,
“imyambaro ye yeraga nka shelegi, umusatsi wo ku mutwe we na wo wasaga n’ubwoya bw’intama.” “Mu ijambo
risobanura ishusho nk’uko riri mu iyerekwa rya Daniyeli, Yohana abona ūsa n’Umwana w’Umuntu” utandukanye
kandi uhuzwa n’Umukuru w’Ibihe Byose—ibi bikaba ari uguhuza kwo mu buryo bw’amayobera, ariko na none
bikaba bishingiye ku ukuntu avuga yuko ari ‘uwa mbere n’uw’imperuka’ ([Ibyah] 1:17), ibi ni byo Imana
yakoresheje igihe irimo itangaza iteka ryose ryo mu buryo bw’ubumana (Yes 41:4; 44:6; 48:12). Umwana
w’Umuntu ni Imana, afite ubwenge n’ukwera bitagira iherezo.” (Johnson 2001: 59)
4. Yesu yivuzeho ibiranga Imana, kandi koko arabifite:
a. Yivuzeho ko yahozeho mbere y’ibihe (n’ukuvuga, kuba yarabayeho mbere yuko ahinduka umuntu)
(Yoh 8:58; 17:5, 24) kandi ibyo n’ukuri yahozeho (Yoh 1:1-2, 14-15, 30; 8:58; 1 Abakor 8:6; Abafil
2:6-7; Abakol 1:15-17; Abaheb 1:2; 1 Yoh 2:13-14).
b. Yavuze ko yaturutse kwa Data mu ijuru (Yoh 3:13; 5:23-24; 6:29, 32-39, 41-42, 46, 50-51, 57-58, 62;
7:33; 8:23, 42; 11:41-42; 16:5, 27-28; 17:3, 5, 8, 18, 23, 25) kandi ni ko byagenze (Yoh 3:31; 13:3; 29-
30; 1 Abakor 15:47; 1 Yoh 4:9-10, 14).
c. Yaremye isi (Yoh 1:3, 10; Abarom 11:36; 1 Abakor 8:6; Abef 3:9; Abakol 1:15-17; Abaheb 1:2,
10).
d. Yavuze yuko ari We wenyine uzi Data kandi ushobora kumumenyekanisha (Mat 11:27; Yoh 6:46;
17:25) kandi ibi n’ukuri (Yoh 1:18; Abaheb 1:1-2; 1 Yoh 5:20).
e. Yabayeho ubuzima burangwa n’ukwera no kutagira icyaha kandi ni We shusho itunganye ya Data
(Mat 1:22-23; 27:3-4; Mariko 1:24; Luka 1:35; 4:34; 23:22, 40-41, 47; Yoh 5:30; 7:18; 8:29, 46;
14:6-11; 17:6; Ibyak 3:14; 4:27, 30; 13:28, 35; 2 Abakor 4:4; 5:21; Abakol 1:15, 19; 2:9; 1 Tim 3:16;
Abaheb 1:3, 9; 3:2; 4:15; 7:26-28; 9:14; 1 Pet 1:19; 2:22; 1 Yoh 2:29; 3:5; Ibyah 3:7; 5:1-8).
f. Yigishanya ubutware bwo mu buryo bw’ubumana. Yajyaga asubiramo Ijambo ry’Imana (“Mwumvise
yuko byavuzwe ngo”) nyuma agasobanura neza, cyangwa se agahindura, akabivuga mu magambo
arambuye cyangwa se akabisobanura mu buryo bwimbitse, cyangwa na ho akihererezaho ijambo
ry’Imana, ariha ubutware bwe bwite, avuga ati “ariko Jyeho ndababwira” (Mat 5:21-22, 27-28, 31-32,
33-34, 38-43-39, 44; 7:28-29; reba na none Abaheb 1:1-2). Yagiye ashyira ku rugero rumwe amagambo
ye bwite n’amategeko y’Imana kandi avuga yuko amagambo ye atazigera avaho (bihuze na Mat 5:18;
24:35). Na Mose hamwe n’abahanuzi, bavugiraga Imana, ntibigera bavuga mu butware bwabo bwite
kuko bajyaga batangiza amagambo ngo, “Uwiteka aravuze ati” (e.g., Kuva 4:22; 5:1; Yos 24:2; Abac
6:8; 1 Sam 2:27; 2 Sam 7:5; 1 Abami 20:28; 2 Abami 19:20; Yes 7:7; Yer 2:2, 5; Ezek 2:4; Amosi
1:3; Obad 1:1; Mika 3:5; Nah 1:12; Hag 1:2; Zak 1:4, 14; Mal 1:4). Bityo, abantu bumvise Yesu
batangajwe n’ubushobozi, ububasha, n’ubwenge bwari mu nyigisho ze (Mat 7:28-29; 13:54-56; Mariko
1:22-27; 10:23-27; Luka 4:31-36; Yoh 7:45-46).
g. N’ubwo Bibiliya ivuga yuko Imana ituma abahanuzi (2 Ngoma 36:15; Yer 26:5; Luka 11:49-51),
Yesu yavuze ko ari We watumaga abahanuzi (Matt 23:34-35).
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h. Yavuze yuko ari We yohereza kandi akabatirisha Umwuka Wera (Luka 24:49; Yoh 15:26; 16:7;
20:22) kandi ibyo abikora atyo (Mat 3:11; Mariko 1:8; Luka 3:16; Yoh 1:33; Ibyak 1:8; 2:1-21).
i. Arazi kandi ashobora kuvuga ibizaba mbere yuko biba (Mat 10:17-23; 12:40, 27-28; 16:21; 17: 9, 22-
27; 20:17-19; 21:1-7; 23:34-36; 24:1-31; 26:1-2, 13, 20-25, 31-34, 69-75; Mariko 8:31; 9:1, 9, 30-31;
10:32-34; 11:1-7; 13:1-27; 14: 9, 12-21, 27-30, 66-72; 16:6-7; Luka 8: 49-56; 9:22, 43-44; 17:22-36;
18:31-33; 19: 29-35, 41-44; 21:7-28; 22: 7-13, 20-23, 31-34, 54-62; 24:6-8; Yoh 2:18-22; 4:21; 6:70-
71; 11:23, 43-44; 12:27-33; 13:18-28, 36-38; 16:4, 16-20, 32; 18:4, 25-27; 21: 4-6, 18-19; Ibyak 1:5,
8).
j. Ni We Mwami w’Isabato (Mat 12:8; Mariko 2:28; Luka 6:5). “Mu ngero zimwe na zimwe, Umwami
wacu Yesu Kristo yatanze ibisobanuro ku bijyanye n’Isabato ya none ashingiye ku bijyanye n’ubuzima;
ku rundi ruhande ashingira ku mpamvu zijyanye n’imenyekanishamana. Iki cya nyuma ni cyo cy’ingenzi
kurushiriza. Gutanga insobanuro y’Isabato ijyanye n’ubutware bushingiye ku Matageko Cumi, bifite
ishusho ijyanye n’ubutware bw’Imana. Avugana ubutware bumwe n’ubw’uwo watanze ayo mategeko
(reba Mariko 2:28; Luka 6:5). Ibi n’ikimenyetso cy’ukuri kigaragaza yuko Yesu ari Imana.” (Ramm
1985: 43)
k. Yivuzeho ubutware bwo guharira abantu ibyaha byabo (Mat 9:2-8, 12-13; Mariko 2:3-12; Luka
5:17-26, 31-32; 7:47-50; 9:56; 19:10; Yoh 5:33-34; 8:1-11; 10:7-9; 12:47). N’Umukiza: ni We wenyine
ushobora gukiza abantu ibyaha byabo (Mat 1:21; Luka 2:11; Yoh 1:29; 3:17; 4:42; Ibyak 3:26; 4:12;
5:31; 13:23, 38-39; 15:11; 16:31; Abar 3:24-26; 4:25; 5:1, 6-11, 15-21; 8:2; 10:9; 1 Abakor 1:30;
6:11; 15:17; 2 Abakor 5:18-21; Abagal 1:3-4; Abef 2:13-16; 4:32; 5:2, 25-26; Abafil 3:20; Abakol
1:12-14; 3:13; 1 Abates 1:10; 5:9-10; 1 Tim 1:15; 2 Tim 2:10; 3:15; Tito 1:4; 2:13-14; Abaheb 2:17; 5:9; 7:25; 13:20; 1 Pet 1:18-19; 3:18; 2 Pet 1:11; 1 Yoh 3:5; 4:9-10, 14; Ibyah 5:9; 14:4). C. S. Lewis
yabonye insobanuro ku cy’uko Yesu avuga yuko aharira ibyaha—ibyaha ibyo ari byose: “Ubu rero, mu
gihe ūvuga ibyo yaba atari Imana, byaba ari ubusazi, byaba bisekeje. Dushobora gusobanukirwa uburyo
umuntu yakwibabarira ibyaha yakoze. Wahonyora ino ryanje, nkakubabarira, wakwiba amafaranga
yanjye nkakubabarira. Ariko se n’iki twakorera umuntu utibwe cyangwa se utahonyowe ino n’undi, ariko
akavuga ngo arakubabariye kubera yuko wahonyoye amano y’abandi bantu cyangwa se wibye
amafaranga y’abandi bantu? Wavuze yuko yakubabariye kubera ko wahonyoye undi muntu, cyangwa se
wibye amafaranga y’undi muntu? Twavuga yuko uyu muntu ari umuswa; kandi aya ni yo magambo
yoroheje hejuru y’andi yose twakoresha mu kuvuga ku miterere ye. Ibi rero ni byo Yesu yakoze.
Yabwiraga abantu yuko ibyaha byabo byababariwe, atabanje kuvugana na bariya bose icyo cyaha
cyashobora kuba cyarakomerekeje. Nta gushidikanya yuko yabyitwayemo nk’uko yaba yari afite uruhare
rukomeye muri byo, akaba yari umuntu wababajwe kuruta abandi muri ibi byaha. Ibi byaba bifite
insobanuro mu gihe yaba yari Imana, Yo amategeko yayo yahonyowe, urukundo rwayo rugakomeretswa
muri buri cyaha cyakozwe. Mu kanwa ka buri wese uvuga utari Imana, aya magambo yaba yerekeza ku
cyo nakwita ubusazi n’ubwirasi budashobora kugereranywa n’indi miterere iyo ari yo yose yigeze kubaho
mu mateka.” (Lewis 1996: 55)
l. Yavuze ko afite ubushobozi bwo guha abantu ubugingo buhoraho (Yoh 3:16; 4:14; 5:25-29, 40; 6:27,
32-40, 44, 47-58, 68; 10:10, 27-28; 11:25-26; 14:6, 19; 17:1-3; Ibyah 1:18) kandi arabikora (Abar
6:23; 2 Tim 1:10; 1 Yoh 5:11-13, 20; 21:27).
m. Yavuze yuko atanga ubugingo nyabwo (Yoh 11:25) kandi arabishoboye (Yoh 1:4; 5:26; Ibyah 1:18).
n. Ni We utuma isi ikomeza kuguma hamwe (Abakol 1:17; Abaheb 1:3).
o. Yavuze yuko afite ubutware bwose (Mat 11:27; 19:28; 26:64; 28:18; Mariko 14:62; Luka 10:22;
22:29-30, 69; Yoh 17:2; 18:36-37) kandi n’ukuri yuko afite ubutware bwose kandi yuko ategeka
nk’Umwami w’Abami n’Umutware w’Abatware (Luka 1:32-33; 2:11; 19:37-38; 23:42; Yoh 3:31;
13:3; Ibyak 2:30-36; 5:31; 10:36; Abar 9:5; 14:9; 1 Abakor 15:23-28; Abef 1:20-22; Abafil 2:9-11;
Abakol 2:10, 15; 1 Tim 6:15-16; 2 Tim 4:8; Abaheb 2:7-8; 10:12-13; 1 Pet 3:22; Ibyah 1:5; 5:12;
11:15; 12:10; 14:14; 17:14; 19:11-16; 20:4-6).
p. Avuga yuko azacira imanza isi (Mat 7:21-23; 13:41; 16:27; 25:31-46; Yoh 5:22, 27-29; Ibyah 2:23;
22:12) kandi ibyo azabikora (Mat 3:12; Luka 3:17; Ibyak 10:42; 17:31; Abar 2:16; 14:10; 1 Abakor
4:4-5; 2 Abakor 5:10; 2 Tim 4:1, 8; 1 Pet 4:5).
Ibyo byose biri haruguru Yesu yivuzeho n’iby’agaciro: “Muri aba Bayuda mubona aha, habonetse umuntu uvuga
nk’uko yaba ari Imana. Avuga yuko ababarira ibyaha. Avuga yuko yahozeho. Avuga yuko azaza gucira isi imanza
igihe cy’imperuka. Reka noneho ibi tubirebe neza. Mu bizera yuko mu bintu byose Imana ibamo ari bo ba
‘Abapanteyiste’; urugero Abahindi, uwo ari we wese yashobora kuvuga yuko uwo yari igice cy’Imana; cyangwa
se ugendana n’Imana: Nta kintu cy’ubuswa cyaba kirimo. Ariko uyu mugabo, na cyane-cyane ko yari Umuyuda,
we ntiyarimo avuga be n’iyo Mana. Imana, mu mvugo yayo, yasobanuye yuko Ikinyabugingo hirya y’isi, ariko
kikaba ari cyo cyayiremye; icyo na cyo cyari gitandukanye n’ikindi kintu icyo ari cyo cyose. Niwamara
gusobanukirwa ibyo, uzabona yuko icyo uwo mugabo yavuze ari ikintu kibabaje hejuru y’ibindi byose byaba
byaranyuze mu kanwa ku umwana w’umuntu. . . . Aha ngaha, ndimo nsaba ngo abantu kuvuga icy’abantu benshi
bakunze kumuvugaho bati, ‘Nditeguye kwakira Yesu nk’umwigisha ukomeye cyane w’ibijyanye n’ingeso nziza,
ariko sinemera icyo avuga yuko ari Imana.’ Iki n’ikintu tubwirizwa kwirinda kuvuga. Umuntu wo mu buryo
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159
busanzwe, wavuze ibintu bisa n’ibi Yesu yavuze, na we ntiyaba ari umwigisha w’iby’ingeso nziza. Uwavuga atyo,
yaba ari umuntu utagira kwirinda na guke—ku urwego rumwe n’umuntu uvuga yuko ari igi ritetse—cyangwa se
yaba ari Satani wo muri Gihenomu. Ubwirizwa gukora amahitamo yawe. Uyu muntu yari kandi ni Umwana
w’Imana, cyangwa se yari umusazi cyangwa se ikiri hejuru y’ibyo. Washobra kumukingirana umwita umusazi,
ushobora kumuciraho amacandwe no kumwica nka dayimoni; cyangwa se ukamwikubita imbere munsi y’ibirenge
bye umwita Umwami n’Imana. Ariko noneho tuve muri icyo cyo kumwita Umwigisha w’ingeso nziza uhambaye.
Ibyo nta karyango na kamwe yadusigiye ko kumwita dutyo. Ntiyari anabifitiye intego.” (Lewis 1996: 55-56)
5. Yesu yireshyeshyeje n’Imana kandi yiyita Imana (Mariko 9:37; Luka 22:69-70; Yoh 5:17-23; 8:12-58; 10:30,
34-38; 12:44-49; 14:1, 6-11; 15:23; 17:21-23; Ibyah 1:8). D. A. Carson atanga inshamake y’ibihamya bimwe na
bimwe abikuye mu butumwa Bwiza bwa Yohana: “Yesu akomeza avuga yuko kumwizera ari ukwizera
uwamutumye (12:44), kumureba n’ukureba uwamutumye (12:45; 14:9), kumwanga n’ukwanga Se (15:23). Avuga
yuko bose babwirizwa kwubaha Umwana nk’uko bubaha Se (5:23), yuko we na Se ari umwe (10:30). Hejuru
y’uko twiga yuko nta cyo Umwana ashoboye gukora keretse icyo Se amweretse, ariko na none tubona yuko
Umwana akora icyo ari cyose Se akora (5:19). . . . Amagambo ya Yesu ni amagambo y’Imana (3:34); ni cyo
gituma uwemera ibyo Yesu ahamya, aba yemeye yuko Imana ari ukuri [3:33]. . . . Mu nzira isa n’iyo, ukwizera
kuganisha ku ubuzima kwumva amagambo ya Yesu kandi kukizera uwamutumye (5:24; 14:24). Nta wigeze abona
Data keretse Yesu (6:46); ariko kumenya Yesu ni kwo kumenya Data (8:19).” (Carson 1994: 147, 156)
Yesu yavuze yuko afitanye n’Imana Data ubushuti bumwe gusa, amwita “Data” (Mat 7:21; 10:32-33;
11:27; 12:50; 16:17; 18:10, 19; 20:23; 25:34; 26:39, 42, 53; Luka 2:49; 10:22; 22:29; 24:49; Yoh 2:16; 5:17,
43; 6:32, 40; 8:19, 38, 49, 54; 10:18, 25, 29, 37; 14:2, 7, 20, 21, 23; 15:1, 8, 10, 15, 23, 24; 20:17; Ibyah 2:27;
3:5, 21), si “Data wa Twese” (rya zina yabwira abigishwa be ngo bajye bakoresha igihe basenga Imana [Mat 6:9;
reba na none Luka 11:2; Abar 1:7; 1 Abakor 1:3; 2 Abakor 1:2; Abagal 1:3; Abef 1:2; Abafl 1:2; Abakol
1:2; 2 Abates 1:1; Fil 1:3]). Ikindi, Yesu yahamagaye Se imbona-nkubone, akoresheje ijambo ry’Iki-Aramiya
“Abba,” ijambo rijyanye n’ubushuti bwa bugufi bwihariye (Mariko 14:62). N’ubwo hari ingero nke cyane zivuga
ku bandi Bayuda bita Data Abba, “Nta cyemeza yuko mbere ya Yesu habayeho abandi bahamagara Imana mu
izina rya Abba.” (Bauckham 1978: 249, (icyashingiweho cyongeweho). “N’ubwo byabaye gake cyane, uburyo
yakoresheje ijambo Abba byamushyize mu urwego rw’abera barimo bishimira ubushuti bwihariye n’Imana,
ntidushobora gusobanura ikoreshwa ry’iri jambo keretse ari igihe cyo gutekereza uburyo yita kuri ubwo bucuti
bwihariye” (Ibid.: 248). Abar 8:15 na Abagal 4:6 havuga yuko Yesu yigishije abigishwa be gukoresha ijambo
Abba igihe bavuga Imana. Ubu buryo bwonyine bwo kuganira bwerekana yuko “Itorero rya Mbere ryari rizi neza
yuko ubwo buryo bwo gukoresha iryo jambo bwabegerezaga Imana kimwe n’uko byakoraga kuri Yesu. Kubera
ibyo, ubumwe hagati ya Yesu n’Imana kubera gukoresha iryo jambo Abba ni bwo yahaye abigishwa be: kuba
abana b’Imana bikomoka kuri Yesu.” (Ibid.)
a. Abamurwanyaga bamenye yuko Yesu yavugaga ko ari Imana, nyuma bashaka kumwica bamuhora yuko
yatukanye kubera icyo yavuze (Mat 9:2-3; 26:63-66; Mariko 14:61-64; Luka 5:20-21; 22:66-71; Yoh
5:18; 8:59; 10:30-33, 39; 19:7). Amategeko ya Mose yategekanyaga yuko utukanye ahanishwa igihano
cy’urupfu (Abal 24:14, 16, 23; reba Yoh 19:7). Yoh 5:18 havuga yuko Abayuda bashakaga kwica Yesu
“kubera yuko, hejuru yo kwica Isabato [igihe yakijije umuntu ku Isabato], yita Imana Se we bwite,
bisobanura yuko yarimo yireshyeshya n’Imana.” “Kubera ibi, ibijyanye n’iby’ubumuntu, hari ikintu
kimwe Yesu yashoboraga gukora. Yari akwiye guhakana icyo cyaha no gutanga impamvu yatumye akiza
umuntu ku munsi w’Isabato. Ibi ntiyabikoze. Yavuze yuko Abayuda bari mu ukuri. Areshya n’Imana. Mu
mirongo yakurikiyeho, Yesu asobanura yuko ibintu be n’ibi, n’Imana yonyine ibikora, ariko yuko na We
ashobora kubikora. Bityo, areshya na Se.” (Ramm 1985: 43)
b. Abandi (harimo n’abamalayika) bātuye yuko Yesu ari Imana kandi/cyangwa se bamuramya nk’Imana,
cyangwa se baramusenga (Ibyak 7:59-60), kandi Yesu yarakiriye ukwo kuramywa (Mat 2:2, 11; 14:33;
28:9, 16-17; Luka 24:51-52; Yoh 1:1-14; 5:22-23; 9:35-38; 20:28; Ibyak 2:36; 20:28; Abar 9:3-5;
Abafil 2:5-11; Tito 2:13; Abaheb 1:5-10; 2 Pet 1:1; 1 Yoh 2:23; Ibyah 5:1-14). Iyaba Yesu atari Imana,
ukwo kuramywa byari kuba byarafashwe nk’ugutukana n’ugusenga ibigirwamana kubera yuko gusenga
ikiremwa gifite ubuzima bupfa ari ugusenga ibigirwamana, bikaba kandi ari icyaha (Kuva 20:1-5; Guteg
5:6-9; Abar 1:18-23). Kuba Yesu yaremeye kuramywa bihabanye n’ukuntu n’abamarayika na bo
ubwabo batabyemeraga igihe abantu bageragezaga kubaramya. Igihe Intumwa Yohana yunamaga mu
birenge by’umumarayika ashaka kumuramya, umumarayika yarabimwangiye amubwira ati, “Ntugakore
ibisa n’ibi, ndi umusabyi nkawe” (Ibyah 19:10; 22:8-9). Ni ko byagenze n’igihe Koroneriyo yashakaga
kuramya Petero (Ibyak 10:25-26) n’igihe abantu b’i Lusitira batekereje yuko Paulo na Barunaba bari
imana zibiri, zamanutse mu buryo bw’abantu, bashaka no kubashikanira ibitambo. Baranze icyo
cyubahiro, bavuga bati, “Natwe turi abantu buntu, tumeze nkamwe, kandi turababwira ubutumwa ngo
mureke ibyo bitagira icyo bibamarira, muhindukirire Imana ihoraho” (Ibyak 14:11-18). Ubu ni bwo
buryo Umuyuda wese wizeraga Imana imwe yari kwifata imbere y’umuntu washakaga kumuramya.
Icy’uko Yesu atabyanze, ahubwo akemera yuko abantu bamuramya, byerekanye yuko yari azi yuko yari
Imana yaje ku isi nk’umuntu.
6. Nyuma y’urupfu rwe bwite, Yesu yerekanye yuko ari Imana akora icy’Imana yonyine ikora:
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160
a. Yazutse ava mu bapfuye (Mat 28:1-7; Mariko 16:1-7; Luka 24:1-7; Yoh 2:18-22; Ibyak 2:29-32;
3:15; 4:10; 5:30; 13:26-37; 17:31; 26:22-23; Abar 1:4; 4:24-25; 6:4-10; 8:11, 34; 14:9; 1 Abakor
6:14; 15:4, 20-23; 2 Abakor 4:14; 5:15; 13:4; Abagal 1:1; Abef 1:20; Abafil 3:10; Abakol 1:18; 2:12;
1 Abates 1:10; 2 Tim 2:8; Abaheb 13:20; 1 Pet 1:3, 21; 3:21; Ibyah 1:5, 18).
b. Yabonekeye abahamya benshi ari mu mubiri nyuma yo kuzuka ava mu bapfuye (Mat 28:8-10, 16-20;
Mariko 16:9-14; Luka 24:13-49; Yoh 20:11-29; 21:1-14; Ibyak 1:1-8; 5:30-32; 10:40-41; 13:30-31; 1
Abakor 15:5-8).
c. Yashoboraga kwiyerekana mu buryo bw’umubiri cyangwa se akazimangana mu buryo bw’umubiri
bivuye ku bushake bwe (Luka 24:30-31, 36-43; Yoh 20:19-20, 26-29).
d. Yazamutse mu ijuru imbere y’abahamya benshi (Mariko 16:19; Luka 24:50-51; Ibyak 1:9-11; reba
na none Mariko 16:19; Ibyak 1:1-2; 2:33-35; 3:20-21; Abar 8:34; Abef 1:20-2:6; 4:10; Abakol 3:1; 1
Tim 3:16; Abaheb 1:3; 4:14; 7:26; 8:1; 9:24; 10:12; 12:2; 1 Pet 3:22).
e. Yarabonetse ari mu ijuru, abonwa n’abahamya bari ku isi (Ibyak 7:55-56; Ibyah 4:1-5:10).
f. Yashoboraga kubonekera abantu ku isi no kuvugana na bo (Ibyak 9:1-7, 10-17; 22:17-21; 23:11;
26:12-18; 1 Abakor 9:1; 15:8; Ibyah 1:9-3:22; 22:12-13, 16, 20).
B. Yesu Kristo n’Umuntu mu buryo Bwuzuye
1. Yesu yari afite igisekuruza akomokamo (Mat 1:1-17; Luka 3:23-38; Yoh 7:42; Abar 1:3; 9:5; Abagal 3:16; 2
Tim 2:8).
2. Yesu yabaye mu nda yongera avuka nk’abantu (Mat 1:18-2:1; Luka 1:31; 2:1-20; 11:27; Abar 1:3; Abagal
4:4).
3. Yesu yari afite umubiri w’inyama nk’uw’umuntu, amaraso, n’amagufa (Luka 22:44; 24:39-40; Yoh 1:14;
19:34; 20:19-29; Abar 1:3; 8:3; Abafil 2:7; Abakol 2:9; 1 Tim 3:16; Abaheb 2:14; 10:5; 1 Pet 2:24; 1 Yoh
1:1-3; 4:2; 2 Yoh 7).
4. Yesu yivuzeho nk’ “umuntu” (Yoh 8:40) kandi yemerwa n’abandi nk’ “umuntu” (Mat 8:9, 27; 12:23-24;
13:54, 56; 26:61, 71-72, 74; Mariko 2:7; 6:2; 14:71; 15:39; Luka 5:21; 7:8, 39, 49; 9:9; 15:2; 23:2, 4, 6, 14, 18,
22, 41, 47; Yoh 1:30; 4:29; 6:52; 7:12, 15, 25, 27, 35, 46, 51; 9:11, 16, 29, 33; 10:33; 11:37, 47, 50; 18:14, 17,
40; 19:5, 12; Ibyak 2:22-23; 5:28; 6:13; 17:31; 25:19; Abar 5:15; 1 Abakor 15:21, 47; Abagal 2:20; Abef 5:2;
Abafil 2:8; 1 Tim 2:5).
5. Yesu yanyuze mu inararibonye zose z’umubiri nk’umuntu:
a. Yarakuze (Luka 2:40, 52).
b. Yarasonzaga, akanyoterwa, yararyaga, akanywa (Mat 4:2; 21:18; 27:48; Mariko 11:12; 15:36; Luka
4:2; 24:41-43; Yoh 4:6; 19:28-30).
c. Yageraho akaruha, agasinzira (Mat 8:24; Mariko 4:38; Luka 8:24).
d. Yahura n’ikibazo cy’umunaniro n’intege nke (Mat 4:11; 27:32; Mariko 15:21; Luka 23:26; Yoh
4:6).
e. Yarababaye (Mat 20:17-19; 26:67; 27:26-31; Mariko 9:12; 10:32-34; 14:65; 15:16-20; Luka 22:63-
64; 23:11; Yoh 4:6; 18:22; 19:1-3; Abaheb 5:8).
f. Yarapfuye, arahambwa (Mat 27:50, 57-66; Mariko 15:37, 39, 42-47; Luka 23:46, 50-56; Yoh 19:30-
42; Ibyak 25:19; Abar 5:8; 1 Abakor 15:3-4; Abafil 2:8; Abaheb 2:14). Igihe yapfaga, mu rubavu rwe
havuye amaraso n’amazi (Yoh 19:34).
6. Yesu yari afite amarangamutima asanzwe nk’ay’abandi bantu kandi yarayagaragazaga:
a. Yumvise afite impuhwe (Mat 9:36; 14:14; 15:32; 20:34; Mariko 1:41; 6:34; 8:2; Luka 7:13).
b. Yarakundaga (Mariko 10:21; Yoh 11:5, 36; 13:23; 15:10, 12; 21:20).
c. Yararakaye (Mat 21:12-13; Mariko 3:5; 11:15-17; Luka 19:45-46; Yoh 2:13-16).
d. Yumvise agahinda (Mat 26:38).
e. Yaratangaye (Mat 8:10; Mariko 6:6).
f. Yarishimye, aba mu umunezero (Luka 10: 21; Yoh 13:11).
g. Yumvise ababaye, abuze amahoro mu mutima, yagize agahinda, arasamba mbere yo gupfa, anyura mu
gahinda karenze urugero (Mat 26:37-38; Mariko 3:5; 14:33-34; Luka 22:44; Yoh 11:33, 38; 12:27;
13:21).
h. Yararize (Luka 19:41; Yoh 11:35; Abaheb 5:7).
7. Yesu yari afite ubwenge nk’ubw’abandi bantu basanzwe (Mariko 13:32; Luka 2:40, 52; Yoh 4:1; 5:6; 7:1;
Abaheb 5:8-9).
8. Yesu yari afite ugushaka nk’uko bishika ku bandi bantu (Mat 26:39; Yoh 6:38).
9. Yesu yanyuze mu bigeragezo nk’uko bishikira abandi bantu (Abaheb 2:18; 4:15; reba na none Mat 4:1-10;
Mariko 1:12-13; Luka 4:1-12; 2 Abakor 5:21).
a. Ihuriro hagati y’ukuntu Yesu yari umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye na kamere ye yaranzwe n’ukudakora
icyaha na kimwe. Mu Abar 8:3 “Paulo avuga yuko Imana yatumye Umwana wayo mu isi ari mu ishusho
y’umuntu wa kamere y’icyaha (en homoiōmati sarkos hamartias). Aha ngaha arimo ashimangira ukuri
yuko Kristo yari umuntu. Yari yambaye umubiri wo mu buryo bugaragara, yaremwe mu ishusho
y’umubiri w’umuntu wahumanijwe n’icyaha. Mu ishusho igaragara, nta na hamwe yari atandukaniye
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n’abandi bantu. Ariko Paulo ntavuga yuko yaje azananye [en sarkos hamartias] iyo kamere y’icyaha.
Muri iyo shusho ye [en homoiōmati], Paulo arimo yerekana yuko, ku bijyanye n’ihuriro hagati y’umubiri
wa Kristo mu buryo bugaragara n’uw’umuntu, harimo itandukaniro ry’ibanze riri hagati ya Kristo
n’abantu. Yabaye umuntu bitabanje kunyura mu nzira icyaha cy’umuntu kinyuramo. Amagambo
homooiōmati aturinda kuba twabiha insobanuro Paulo adashaka ko tubiha, na cyane-cyane, yuko Kristo
yaba yaranyuze munsi y’imbaraga z’icyaha, bityo akaba yarakoze icyaha. Paulo asobanura neza cyane
yuko Kristo nta cyaha yigeze akora [2 Abakor 5:21]. . . . Homoiōma ivuga ibintu bibiri, icya mbere
n’ugusa mu ishusho, icya kabiri n’itandukaniro mu bikoze umuntu by’imbere….Hari amagambo avuga
ibisa n’ibyo mu Abafil 2:7: Kristo yafashe ishusho y’umugaragu, aza mu isi afite ishusho y’umuntu (en
homoiōmati anthrōpōn genomenos), ariko yabonetse ari mu ishusho y’umuntu. . . . Yabaye umuntu, atari
mu buryo bw’inyuma gusa, ahubwo no mu buryo bwo gutekereza no kwakira ibyamugeragaho. Umwe
wari ufite ishusho y’Imana yuzuye yahindutse ufite ishusho y’umuntu yuzuye. . . . Ubu ni bwo buryo
bwonyine bwo kuvuga ibyo [Yohana] yavuze kuri 1:14: logos sarks egeneto [Jambo yabaye umuntu].
Paulo ntavuga mu buryo busobanutse urwego kamere ya Kristo yagizweho ingaruka n’uku guhinduka
umuntu kwe….Ariko, We nk’umuntu, kuba yarakoze icyo ata muntu wundi n’umwe yashoboraga
gukora, n’ukuvuga, kwubaha mu buryo bwuzuye, biganisha ku umwanzuro yuko, n’ubwo yari umuntu,
yagumanye icy’ingenzi cya kamere ye ya kera. Ishusho yo mu buryo bwo ku isi [morphē] ni umufuka
ubika ibigize ubuzima bwe budahinduka, n’ubwo na none ari ukuri, yuko ari umubiri wo mu buryo
bw’umuntu.” (Schneider 1967: 195-97)
b. Ukuri kw’ibintu n’uko Kristo yanyuze mu bigeragezo n’ubwo yari afite kamere idakora icyaha.
“Nimba bishimangirwa yuko ibigeragezo bibaho mu gihe umuntu yaba ashyizwe imbere y’ibyaha, bityo
ibyo biganisha ku mwanzuro yuko abanyabyaha ari abahanga mu bijyanye no kugerageza. Ariko Itorero
ryaranze kwakira, mu buryo budatekerejweho kandi bw’ukuri, kuba ryagira inama rihabwa
n’abanyabyaha. Ahubwo ryahindukiriye abera kugira ngo babe ari bo babonamo iyo nama be n’iyo.
Abanyabyaha ni bariya bamaze kuneshwa n’ukwo kugeragezwa; abera na bo ni bariya bahisemo
guhangana na byo kuko basobanukiwe yuko bashobora kubinesha. . . . Kugeragezwa n’ukwinjira muri
burya busitani burimo ibishuko, kuko ikigeragezo ari ubwoko bw’igishuko. Ikigize igishuko mu
kigeragezo n’ukwerekana ikibi mu buryo bw’icyiza. . . . Ibigize ikigeragezo n’uburyo wa muntu
wagezweho na cyo yifata hagati muri ubwo busitani bw’imbaraga z’ugushukwa aho gushaka kumenya
nimba uwo muntu akora icyaha cyangwa se atagikora. Nimba ibi ari byo kamere y’ikigeragezo, umuntu
utabarwaho icyaha kandi ari umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye (yashobora kuba yakwinjira muri ubwo busitani
burimo izo mbaraga zo gushukwa) ashobora guhura n’ibyo bigeragezo ariko ntaneshwe n’icyaha.”
(Ramm 1985: 81-82) Kuba Kristo yarageragejwe mu nzira zose nk’uko natwe bitubaho ariko akaba
atigeze akora icyaha bisobanura yuko yanyuze mu mbaraga hamwe n’ugukururwa byo mu buryo
bwuzuye kuko yarwanye n’icyo kigeragezo kugeza ku iherezo—bitandukanye na bariya bageraho
bakaneshwa n’ikigeragezo n’imbere yuko kigera ku mbaraga zacyo za nyuma.
10. Yesu yanyuze mu inararibonye y’urugendo rusanzwe rwo mu buryo bw’umwuka:
a. Yarakebwe (Luka 2:21).
b. Yarabatijwe (Mat 3:13-17; Mariko 1:9-11; Luka 3:21-22; Yoh 1:29-34).
c. Yarasengaga (Mat 26:36-44; Mariko 14:35-36, 39; Luka 9:18; 10:21; 11:1; 22:41-45; Yoh 17:1-26;
Abaheb 5:7).
d. Yariyirije (Mat 4:2; Luka 4:2).
e. Yubahirije imihango y’idini ry’Abayuda, kandi yasengeraga mu rusengero no mu masinagogi (Mariko
1:39; Luka 2:41-49; 4:16, 44; Yoh 2:23).
f. Yarasomaga Ibyanditswe akanabifata ku mutwe (Mat 4:4-10; 11:10; 21:42; 22:41-45; Mariko 12:10-
11, 35-37; Luka 4:4-12, 18-19; 7:27; 20:41-44; 22:37; Yoh 6:45; 15:25 ).
g. Yubahaga Isabato, kandi yagenderaga mu Mategeko yo mu Isezerano rya Kera (Mat 5:17; 17:24-27;
22:15-21; Luka 4:16; 20:20-25; Yoh 7:10-14; 15:10).
h. Yakiriye Umwuka Wera mu buryo bwuzuye (Mat 3:16-4:1; Mariko 1:10-12; Luka 3:22; 4:1).
IV. Ibihamya byo mu buryo bufatika yuko Yesu Kristo ari Imana mu buryo bwuzuye kandi akaba n’Umuntu mu
buryo bwuzuye
A. Imana ubwayo ishobora kumenyekanira by’ukuri muri Kristo
Mu yandi madini yemera Imana imwe, Imana n’igitekerezo cyo mu buryo butagaragara. Mu madini yemera imana
nyinshi, imana n’imyuka gusa. Mu ruhande urwo ari rwo rwose, kamere nyakuri y’iyo Mana imwe (cyangwa se y’izo mana
nyinshi) ntishobora kumenyekana mu buryo buhamye kandi bwihariye kuri buri M(m)ana. Ariko na none, Kristo ni “Ni na
We shusho y’Imana itaboneka” (Abakol 1:15). Muri Kristo, “Muri We ni ho hari kūzura kw’Ubumana kwose mu buryo
bw’umubiri” (Abakol 2:9). “Uwo, kuko ari ukurabagirana kw’ubwiza bwayo n’ishusho ya kamere yayo” (Abaheb 1:3).
Yesu yahindutse umuntu kugira ngo ba kiremwamuntu bagere ku ugusobanukirwa Imana itagira umupaka. Impamvu ya
kabiri yatumye Imana yahisemo guhinduka umuntu kwari ukwuzuza umworera wari hagati ya kiremwamuntu n’Imana. Iyo
Yesu yari kuba yarabaye umuntu ‘gusa’ cyangwa se icyaremwe, ubugari bw’uwo mworera wari hagati y’Imana
n’Umuntu—ikitagira iherezo n’ikigira iherezo, Umuremyi n’icyaremwe, Uwera n’utera—wari kugumaho. Kuri twebwe,
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kugira ngo dushobore kumenya Imana, byabaye ngombwa yuko Imana yururuka ikadusanga aha hasi. Nta cyaremwe na
kimwe cyari gushobora kuzibira uwo mworera ungana utyo hagati y’Imana na kiremwa muntu aharenze aho agace gato
k’ibumba kashobora kwubaka no kugera aho umwubatsi ahagaze. Kubera urukundo, Imana yakoze iyo ntambwe itugana.
Yashatse gufungūra inzira kugira ngo bose bamanuke bayigereho.” (McDowell and Larson 1983: 19) Nuko rero, ni muri
Kristo honyine umuntu ashobora kumenyera Imana by’ukuri. Ikindi, kuba Imana yarahindutse umuntu ikaza kuba hagati
muri twe, bisobanura yuko buri wese ashobra kumenya Imana ku giti cye. Iki ni cyo giha Ubukristu umwihariko ku yandi
madini yose yo ku isi.
B. Kristo atwereka imiterere nyakuri y’Imana, birtyo akatubera urugero rwiza ku myitwarire yacu Kubera yuko Yesu ari Imana, kumwizera no kumuramya ni ngombwa kandi ni byiza. Ibi bisobanura ko yashyize
ku rugero rumwe ukwizera Imana no kumwizera (Yoh 14:1; reba na none Ibyak 16:31; Abar 18:8-13). Nuko rero, kubera
yuko ari umuntu, ni We rugero nyarwo twakurikiza mu myitwarire yacu n’uburyo tubwirizwa kubaho iminsi dufite kuri iyi
si: “Icyo kitumenyesha yuko turi muri We, kuko uvuga ko ahora muri We, akwiriye na we kugenda nk’uko yagendaga” (1
Yoh 2:5-6). Ku bijyanye no kwihanganira akarengane duhura na ko kubera ibyiza twakoze, Petero avuga ati: “Ibyo ni byo
Imana ishima: kandi ibyo ni byo mwahamagariwe, kuko na Kristo yabababarijwe, akabasigira ikitegererezo kugira ngo
mugere ikirenge mu cye” (1 Pet 2:20-21). Aha ni ho ubumana bwa Kristo n’ukuba umuntu bihurira mu nzira igera kure
cyane, haba kubera ugusobanukirwa kwacu ku uwo Imana iri n’icyo isa na cyo hamwe n’ibijyanye n’ugusobanukirwa
kwacu kw’uburyo dukwiye kwitwara muri ubu bugingo. Abafil 2:5-11 hasobanura uburyo Kristo yari Imana (2:5-6) ariko
yiyambuye byose kugira ngo ahinduke umuntu, kugeza ku urwego rw’umugaragu w’imbata (2:7) yicisha bugufi,
araganduka, ntiyanga no gupfa, ndetse urupfu rwo ku musaraba (2:8); ni bwo Imana yahise imuzamura hejuru cyane mu
buryo bw’uko abantu bose bazamuramya nk’Umwami wa bose (2:9-11). “Ibi byanditswe bikomoka ku magambo yubatse
ku isomo ryiga kuri Kristo ritanga ibisobanuro ku biranga Imana. Ukuzamurwa kwa Kristo ku urwego rwo kugira uruhare
mu ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana bimwerekana nk’umwe mu bagize ikiranga Imana. Mu gihe umwe Kristo wazamurwaga ari
na We Kristo wabanje gucishwa bugufi, mu gihe kandi ari ukwiyanga kwaba kwaratumye azamurwa hejuru, ugucishwa
bugufi kwe ni kimwe mu bigize ibiranga Imana nk’uko no gushyirwa hejuru kwe biri. Ikiranga Imana—uwo Imana iri—
bihishurirwa mu ukwicisha bugufi bijyanye no gukorera abandi kimwe no gushyirwa hejuru bijyanye n’ubutware. Imana iri
hejuru ishobora no kwishyira hasi, kubera yuko Imana ari Imana, idashakisha inyungu zayo ubwayo, ahubwo irazwa
ishinga n’ukwitanga. Ukwitanga kwayo mu buryo bwo kwicisha bugufi no gukorera abandi byemeza yuko
ubutavugirwamo hejuru y’ibintu byose na bwo ari uburyo bwe bwo kwitanga. Umugaragu ni we wenyine yahinduka
Umwami. Umugaragu uri n’Umwami na none ni na we uhabwa ukwemerwa kw’ubutware bwe—ukwemerwa kw’ubumana
bwe bwo mu buryo bw’umwihariko—ushingiye ku ibyaremwe byose.” (Bauckham 1998: 61) Kuba kamere y’Imana
nyakuri yerekanirwa mu ukwicisha bugufi no gukorera abandi; n’ugushyirwa hejuru n’ubutware na byo bifitanye isano
n’uburyo Imana ubwayo yihuza natwe mu ubumuntu bwacu. “Kuba yariyambitse ubukene n’ishusho y’ubugaragu
bw’imbata, Imana muri Kristo yabaye imbata, yagizwe mukene cyane. Uko ni kwo Imana yinjira mu mibabaro ya bariya
bababazwa kugira ngo, imbere muri iyo mibabaro, kuba yarihuje na bo kugeza ubwo imenyesha ubumana bwayo binyuze
muri bo, abakize.” (Carter 2008: 368) Uburyo Imana yihuza na twe muri Kristo mu buryo bw’umwihariko biduhuza
n’abandi mu gihe dufite gutekereza kwa Kristo (1 Abakor 2:16) n’Umwuka wa Kristo (Abar 8:1-17). Dufata abandi mu
rukundo no mu kubabarira kuko uko ni kwo Kristo adufata natwe (Abef 4:32; 1 Yoh 4:7-21). Ubuzima bwacu n’ibikorwa
byacu bigenda bisa n’ibya Kristo mu gihe tugenda dufata ishusho ye (Abar 8:29; 12:1-2). Kimwe na buri kindi kintu
cyose, Ubukristu butandukanye n’andi madini yose yo mu isi. Imana y’Abakristu itandukanye n’indi mana iyo ari yo
yose—kandi ni Kristo uhishura ibi.
C. Gucungurwa tuvanwa mu cyaha bishoboka igihe kimwe gusa, ni kubera yuko Kristo yari Imana mu buryo bwuzuye,
akongera akaba n’umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye Abantu bose bagera ku ukumenya yuko dufite ikibazo bakoresheje ubwenge bwabo: Twatandukanye n’Imana
kubera yuko turi abanyabyaha, Imana na Yo ikaba itunganye kandi ar’Iyera. Bibiliya irabona mu buryo bwuzuye yuko
kiremwamuntu afite ikosa rikomeye, iryo na ryo n’uguhumana agendana na kwo kubera icyaha kimubamo (urugero, Itang
6:5; Zab 51:5; Yer 17:9; Abar 3:9-18, 23; 7:14-24; Abagal 3:21-22). Bibiliya ibona neza yuko “ingero y’icyaha ari
urupfu” (Abar 6:23; reba na none Itang 2:17; Ezek 18:4, 20; Abar 5:12). Andi madini yose mu isi agerageza gusiba
umworera hagati y’abantu n’Imana kubera icyaha; bagerageza gukora ibikorwa byiza kugira ngo bagere ku gakiza cyangwa
se ku ukwemerwa n’Imana: buri wese asabwa kugerageza “kwiyubakira ugukiranuka kwe” (Abar 10:3) binyuze mu gukora
imihango imwe n’imwe ishingiye ku idini, gutanga ibitambo bimwe na bimwe, gukora ibikorwa byiza byinshi, etc. N’ubwo
bimeze bityo, amadini be n’ayo akunze kurangiriza mu ukunanirwa kuko bose babona kamere y’umuntu mu murongo utari
wo, etc. Nta bushake bwo ku urwego urwo ari rwo rwose, nta muhate, nta bitambo, cyangwa se ibindi bikorwa ibyo ari byo
byose byashobora guhindura ikibazo gikomeye cyacu cyo guhumanywa na kamere y’icyaha iri mu mutima w’umuntu.
Bityo, ntitwashobora na rimwe “kwishyiriraho yatugeza ku ugukiranuka kubera imbaraga zacu” cyangwa se ngo tubone
inzira itugeza mu ijuru nk’ “igihembo”. Na none, ntidushobora kugera ku gakiza cyangwa se ku ukwemerwa n’Imana
kubera ibikorwa by’imihango twakoze, ibitambo twatanze cyangwa se ibindi bikorwa ibyo ari byo byose twashobora kuba
twakora (Abagal 2:16). Mu madini yose yo ku isi, Ubukristu ni ryo dini ryonyine ryemera yuko umuntu afite ikibazo
gikomeye kubera kamere y’icyaha agendana na yo, yuko ata cyo yabihinduraho, kandi ko atashobora kwikiza ubwe.
Kubera ibyo, Imana yahisemo gukorera kiremwa-muntu icyo atashobora kwikorera ubwe. Ni cyo gituma, binyuze muri
Yesu Kristo, Imana yahindutse umuntu. Binyuze mu ukwambara umubiri w’umuntu ufite “ishusho ya kamere y’icyaha,”
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163
(Abar 8:3) no kuza mu isi, “Kristo, utagira icyaha na kimwe muri we, ahinduka uhagarariye kiremwamuntu
w’umunyabyaha. Bityo, Imana iheba Kristo ngo apfe, aciraho iteka icyaha igihe yasenyaga umubiri we, ahita anagikuraho.
Kristo yiyambitse ishusho y’[umubiri ukora icyaha] kugira ngo, muri Kristo, Imana igere ku ukurokora umuntu imukura
mu cyaha.” (Schneider 1967: 196) Kristo yabayeho ubuzima bwari bugenewe twebwe. Yageragejwe muri byose nk’uko
natwe bitugendera, kandi nta cyaha yigeze akora” (Abaheb 4:15; reba na none, 2 Abakor 5:21; Abaheb 2:18). Ibi
byatumye yemerwa nk’Uduhagararira imbere ya Data, gupfa urupfu rwari rugenewe twebwe, no kuriha igihano cyagenewe
icyaha cyacu, icyo twari kuba twararishye twebwe ubwacu (Abar 8:3-4). Nk’uko 1 Tim 2:5 havuga, “Hari Imana imwe,
n’umuhuza umwe hagati y’Imana n’abantu, uwo na we n’Umuntu, Yesu Kristo.” Umuhuza n’umuntu usubiza hamwe
impande ebyiri zihanganye. Umuhuza rero abwirizwa kuba afitanye isano na buri ruhande. Kubera yuko ari umuntu, Kristo
afitanye isano natwe. Kubera yuko ari Imana, Kristo afitanye isano n’Imana. Kubera yuko nta cyaha yakoze, si ngombwa
yuko atanga igitambo cyo gutwikira icyaha. Ahubwo, Kristo yambaye icyaha cyacu, yishyura igiciro cy’icyaha cyacu; icyo
twabwirizwa kwiyishyurira, atwambika ugukiranuka kwe kugira ngo dushobore guhagarara imbere y’Imana (Yes 53:5-6,
10-11; Abar 10:4; 2 Abakor 5:21; Abaheb 2:17-18; 1 Pet 2:4; 3:18). Ni We wenyine ushobora kuduhuza n’Imana
(Abakol 1:19-20). Nta wundi n’umwe wigeze kubaho—yaba Muhamadi cyangwa se Budha, cyangwa se undi wese—
wigeze kuvuga yuko yakiza abantu akabakura mu byaha byabo. Nta wundi n’umwe wigeze kubaho wari yujuje ibisabwa
kugira ngo arokore abantu abakura mu byaha byabo n’ubwo yari kuba abishaka; ku mpamvu zikurikira: (1) nta wundi
wigeze kubaho ari Imana akongera akaba umuntu nk’uko Kristo ari; kandi (2) buri wese wigeze kubaho yahoze afite
kamere ye y’icyaha n’ibyaha yarwanaga na byo (Ibyak 4:12; Abar 3:9-18). Nuko rero, Ubukristu ni ryo dini rimwe gusa
ryemera yuko agakiza katari ibikorwa dukora, kandi yuko kadashobora kuba gashingiye kuri byo, ahubwo agakiza kari
kandi gashobora kuba, gashingiye ku cyo Kristo yadukoreye. Ntidushobora kubona agakiza nk’igihembo, ahubwo
n’impano duhererwa muri Kristo kubera ubuntu bw’Imana (Abar 5:18-21; 6:23; Abef 1:7; 2:4-5, 8-9). Nuko rero,
dushobora kwegera Imana ata bwoba, kuko Kristo ari umuvugizi wacu utwingingira imbere ya Data (Abar 8:34; Abaheb
4:16; 7:25; 1 Yoh 2:1).
UMUGEREKA WA 7—YESU N’ “IKIMENYETSO CYA YONA” (MAT 12:38-41; 16:1-4; LUKA 11:29-32)
I. Iriburiro Muri Mat 12:38-41; 16:1-4; Luka 11:29-32 igihe Abanyabwenge b’Ibyanditswe, Abafarisayo, Abasadukayo, na
rubanda basabaga Yesu “ikimenyetso,” Yesu yabasubije yuko ikimenyetso kimwe cyatangwa ari “ikimenyetso cya Yona.”
Yona ni we muhanuzi wenyine Yesu yigereranyijeho. Kubera icyo cyari cyo “kimenyetso” cyihariye Yesu yari
yabemereye, no kubera yuko Yona ari we yigereranyijeho wenyine, ni ngombwa yuko habaho gusobanukirwa kwo mu
buryo bwimbitse ibijyanye n’ “ikimenyetso cya Yona.”
Mat 12: 38-41 Mat 16:1-4 Luka 11:29-32 38
Nuko bamwe mu banditsi
n’Abafarisayo baramusubiza bati,
“Mwigisha, turashaka kureba
ikimenyetso kiguturukaho.” 39
Na
We arabasubiza ati, “Abantu b’igihe
kibi bishimira ubusambanyi, bashaka
ikimenyetso ariko nta kimenyetso
bazahabwa, keretse icy’umuhanuzi
Yona. 40
Nk’uko Yona yamaze iminsi
itatu n’amajoro atatu mu nda y’urufi,
ni ko n’Umwana w’Umuntu azamara
iminsi itatu n’amajoro atatu i
kuzimu. 41
Ab’i Neneve
bazahagurukana n’ab’iki gihe ku
munsi w’amateka, babatsindishe
kuko bihannye ubwo bumvaga
kwigisha kwa Yona, kandi dore
uruta Yona ari hano.
1 Abafarisayo n’Abasadukayo
baraza, bamusaba ngo abereke
ikimenyetso kivuye mu ijuru,
kugira ngo bamugerageze. 2Arabasubiza ati, “Iyo
bugorobye muravuga muti
hazaramuka umuco kuko ijuru
ritukura,” 3na mu gitondo muti,
“haraba umuvumbi kuko ijuru
ritukura kandi ryirabura.” Muzi
kugenzura ijuru uko risa, ariko
munanirwa no kugenzura
ibimenyetso by’ibihe. 4Abantu
b’iki gihe kibi bishimira
ubusambanyi, bashaka
ikimenyetso ariko nta cyo
bazahabwa, keretse icya Yona.”
Abasiga aho aragenda.
29 Abantu bateraniye aho, atangira
kubabwira ati, ab’iki gihe n’abantu babi,
bashaka ikimenyetso ariko yamara nta
kimenyetso bazahabwa keretse icya
Yona. 30
Nkuko Yona yabereye ab’i
Neneve ikimenyetso, ni ko Umwana
w’Umuntu azabera ab’iki gihe. 31
Umugabekazi w’igihugu cy’ikusi
azahagurukana n’ab’iki gihe ku munsi
w’amateka abatsindishe kuko yavanywe
ku mpera y’isi no kwumva ubwenge bwa
Salomo, kandi uruta Salomo ari hano. 32
Kandi ab’i Neneve bazahagurukana
n’ab’iki gihe ku munsi w’amateka,
babatsindishe, kuko bihannye ubwo
bumvaga kwigisha kwa Yona, kandi
uruta Yona ari hano.
II. “Ikimenyetso cya Yona”
“Luka 11:30 hahuza Yona n’ikimenyetso ku Banyaneneve no gusobanura yuko, mu buryo busa n’ubwo, Umwana
w’Umuntu azabera abantu b’iki gihe ikimenyetso; Mat 12:40 hahuza ikimenyetso cya Yona n’uguhambwa kwa Yona mu
nda y’urufi, iryo huriro rikaba rihwanye n’urupfu (dushobora gukeka kumbure yuko n’ukuzuka na kwo kurimo)
kw’Umwana w’Umuntu. Ikindi, muri Luka 11:32 no muri Mat 12:41, n’ukwamamaza yuko amagambo ya Yona afatwa
nk’afite agaciro. . . . Luka na Matayo bemeranya yuko ikimenyetso cya Yona kizaba ari cyo kimenyetso cyonyine
gitangwa; kandi bombi bemeranya yuko ugucirwaho iteka kuzaba kuri bariya bantu bagihawe.” (Powell 2007: 159-60)
Muri Mat 16:4 “ikimenyetso cya Yona” cyo nta nsobanuro gihabwa. The identification of the person, proclamation, and
death/resurrection between Jesus and Jonah—which indicates the depth of the “sign of Jonah”—is seen in the following
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
164
parallels between Jesus and Jonah: Ubusobanuro buhabwa ubumuntu, inyigisho, n’ urupfu/ukuzuka hagati ya Yesu na Yona
—bisobanura uburyo bwimbitse bw’ “ikimenyetso cya Yona”—kibonwa mu isano riri hagati ya Yesu na Yona ryo mu
buryo bukurikira:
A. Kubihuza na Galilaya
Yesu yarerewe mu gisagara cya Nazareti y’i Galilaya (Mat 2:22-23; 13:54; 21:11; 26:71; Mariko 1:9, 24; 6:1;
Luka 1: 26; 4:14-16, 34; 18:37; Yoh 1:45-46; Ibyak 10:38; 26:9). Muri Yoh 7:52, icyo abatambyi bakuru n’Abafarisayo
barwanyaga n’icy’uko Yesu yari We Mesiya, babwira Nikodemu bati, “Mbega nawe waturutse i Galilaya? Irebere mu
byanditswe, urasanga ko nta muhanuzi uturuka i Galilaya.” Abafarisayo barabeshyaga. Yona yakomokaga mu gisagara
cy’i Gati-Heferi (2 Abami 14:25). Gati-Heferi n’umudugudu muto “milo eshatu mu amajyaruguru yerekeye iburasirazuba
bw’i Nazareti” i Galilaya (Merrill 1980: 25).
B. Kubihuza n’Inuma
“Izina Yona risobanura ‘Inuma,’ ikimenyetso cy’amahoro. Kristo n’Umwami w’amahoro, kandi yazanye amahoro
mu rupfu rw’umusaraba we (Yes. 9:6; Luka 2:14; Yoh 14:27)” (Stanton 1951: 246). Ikindi, igihe yabatizwaga, Umwuka
Wera yaraje mu ishusho y’inuma, ahagarara kuri Yesu nk’ikimenyetso cy’uko Yesu yari We Mesiya” (Mat 3:16-17; Yoh
1:32-34).
C. Yona amirwa n’Urufi, urupfu n’ukuzuka kwa Kristo
Hariho amahuriro menshi hagati ya Yona na Yesu ushingiye ku urufi, urupfu n’ukuzuka:
1. Inkubi y’umuyaga mu nyanja (Yoh 1-2; Mat 8:23-27; Mariko 4:35-41; Luka 8:22-25). “Yona yuriye ubwato
bugana ahahabanye n’igihugu yari yategetswe kujyanamo ubuhanuzi; Yesu na We yuriye ubwato bwambuka
hakurya y’uruzi asiga rubanda rwarimo rumugana” (Powell 2007: 160). Ikiri muri izi ngero zombi n’uko hombi
havuga uburyo Ubutumwa buzava mu Bayuda bukajyanwa mu gihugu cy’Abanyamahanga. Nk’uko Yona yari mu
nkuge yahuye n’umuhengeri ukomeye, inkuge ikajyanwa hirya no hino n’ ‘umuyaga mwinshi wo mu Nyanja’,
inyanja yari yuzuyemo umuyaga mwinshi, ‘inkuge na yo yari hafi gusanzara.’ Muri Matayo 8: 23-27, Kristo na
We yari mu nkuge mu bihe bisa n’ibyo. Harimo ‘umuhengeri mwinshi mu Nyanja,’ inkuge na yo ‘yari ifundikiwe
n’imifunda myinshi y’amazi.’ Yona yari asinziririye mu nkuge igihe abatware b’inkuge ‘bari barimo baratakira
imana zabo’. Yesu ‘yari aryamye i bwerekeza, asinziriye’ (Mariko 4: 38) kugeza ubwo abigihswa be bamubyuye,
bamubwira bati, ‘Mwami, dukize: Turarimbutse.’ Mbese uburyo hariho ihuriro n’ukwo gutaka kwo mu Isezerano
rya Kera ngo, “Byuka, utakire Imana yawe . . . tutarimbuka.’ Muri Yona, turasoma ngo, ‘inyanja iratuza,’ muri
Mariko na ho ngo ‘Umuyaga uratuza, inyanja iratungana.” (Stanton 1951: 246-47) Nyuma yo gutungana
kw’inyanja, Yona 1: 16 (LXX) havuga hati, “Maze abo bagabo baherako batinya Uwiteka cyane.” Na none,
Insobanuro y’umwimerere ya Mariko 4:41 mu Kigiriki ivuga ngo, “Batinyana ubwoba bwinshi.” Kubera yuko
Yesu “aruta Yona,” ibi bituma habamo ubudasa hagati y’ibi bihe byombi. Muri izi nkuru ebyiri z’umuhengeri mu
Nyanja, “Yona yari afitiye ubwoba umurimo w’Imana. Yesu we yaruhishijwe no kuba mu murimo w’Imana.
Ikindi, Kristo yakoze icyo Yona atashoboye gukora, [ariko icyo ni cyo Imana yakoze muri icyo gihe cya Yona].
Yacyashye umuyaga kandi aturisha inyanja yarimo umuhengeri mwinshi; mu buryo bw’uko abantu batangajwe
n’imbaraga zikomeye yari afite.” (Ibid.: 247)
2. Ukwitangaho igitambo. “Nimba dushyira mu bitekerezo byacu ihuriro riri hagati ya Yona 1 no guturisha
inyanja, tuba twishyize mu mwanya mwiza kurushiriza wo kubona neza yuko mu ‘ikimenyetso cya Yona’ harimo
ibiruta iminsi itatu Yona yamaze mu nda y’urufi (Yona 2:1) nk’ikimneyetso cy’ukuzuka kwa Yesu ku munsi ugira
gatatu. Harimo na none urupfu rwo mu buryo rw’igitambo. Yona yaritanze (Yona 1:12), aramanuka ajya mu ‘nda
y’i Kuzimu’ (2:3 [2:2 muri Bibiliya yitwa Christian Bible]), aho ‘ubugingo bwe bwagiye muri rwa rwobo’ (2:8)
[2:7 muri Bibiliya yitwa Christian Bible], igisa n’urupfu cyakijije ubugingo bw’abandi, barizeye baramya Uwiteka
Yehovah (Yona 1:15-16). Ibi n’ikimenyetso cy’uburyo urupfu rwo mu buryo bw’igitambo rw’Umwana w’Umuntu
rukuraho ibyaha by’ab’isi bose, kandi aka gakiza kakirwa n’abo bose bamwizera.” (Lessing 2007: 18-19). Nuko
rero, nk’uko muri Yona 1: 14, abatware b’inkuge bemeye yuko “amaraso ya Yona nta cyaha yabarwagaho,” ni na
kwo Yuda yemeye yuko yagambaniye “amaraso atariho urubanza” (Mat 27:4), na wa musirikare wabambaga
Yesu yavuze ati, “n’ukuri, uyu muntu yari umukiranutsi” (Luka 23:47).
N’ubwo bimeze bityo, Yesu “aruta Yona” kuko, mu ukwitamba kwe nk’igitambo: “Kuko amahuriro yose
hagati y’aba bantu n’ubwo bombi barangwaga n’ubumuntu, hariho itandukaniro rinini. Urukundo rw’Imana
rwagiye hejuru ya Yona. Ku nkuge, yavuze amagambo asa n’aya Kayafa, avuga yuko icyaba cyiza ari uko umuntu
umwe yapfa kugira ngo akize ubuzima bwa bagenzi be (bihuze na Yohana 11:50) . . . kugeza ubwo yari yiteguye
guheba Ninewe yose kugira ngo arokore ubugingo bwe. Ariko ‘Yesu aruta Yona’ (Mat 12:41) kubera yuko
urukundo rw’Imana rwagize intsinzi mu mutima We.” (Work 2007: 173) Yesu ntiyari gutererana kiremwamuntu
irangwa n’ibyaha, ahubwo yaritanze kugira ngo habeho ubwiyunge hagati y’Imana na kiremwamuntu kirangwa
n’ibyaha. Igitambo cya Yona cyatumye ubuzima bw’abatware b’inkuge burokoka; igitambo cya Yesu kiri hejuru
y’icyo cya Yona kuko cyakijije kiremwamuntu ngo kidapfa urupfu rw’iteka ryose, ari rwo “rupfu rwa kabiri.”
“Bityo, ‘agakiza gakomoka ku Uwiteka Imana’ (Yona 2:10) kabonekera mu mibabaro, urupfu n’ukuzuka kwa
Yesu Kristo” (Lessing 2007:18). Timothy Keller abivuga mu nshamake ati, “Birasekeje yuko muri Mariko 4
abigishwa babajije bati, ‘Mwigisha, nta cyo bigutwaye kubona twenda kurohama?’ (Mariko 4: 38). Bizeye yuko
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
165
yari agiye kubasinziriraho mu gihe bari bakeneye ko aba ari maso. Ubu na ho, biratandukanye, abigishwa bagiye
none kumusinziriraho, ubu na ho ni bo bamutereranye. Kandi abakunda ku ukugeza ku iherezo. Reba? Yona
akuwe mu nkuge ajugunywa mu nyanja kubera icyaha cye; ariko Yesu we ajugunywe i muhengeri kubera icyaha
cyacu. Yesu yari afite ubushobozi bwo kurokora abigishwa be abakura mu muhengeri kubera yajugunywe mu
muhengeri uruta indi yose.” (Keller 2015: 79-80)
3. Kumanuka i Kuzimu (Umworera). “I Kuzimu n’ahantu hatandukanye cyane n’ahantu ubwiza bw’Imana buba,
ikiranga abahatuye n’uko batandukanijwe n’Imana mu buryo buhoraho. . . . Hateguriwe bariya baciriwe ho iteka
n’Imana. . . . Kuzimu s’ijambo ry’Igihenurayo risobanura ya si iri munsi y’isi itegereje abantu bose. N’ahateguriwe
bariya baciriweho iteka n’Imana. Ibi bisobanura yuko uburyo Yona akoresha ijambo i Kuzimu (Sheol) muri 2:3
[2:2 muri Bibiliya yitwa ‘Christian Bible’] bisobanura yuko yari yaciriwe ho iteka n’Imana.” (Lessing 2002: 12-
13) LXX ari yo nsimuro ya Bibiliya ikurwa mu Giheburayo ishyirwa mu Kigiriki, hasobanura Sheol
nk’Umworera. Muri Mat 12:40, Yesu yigereranya na Yona, igihe avuga ati, ‘Nk’uko Yona yabaye mu nda
y’urufi iminsi itatu, ni na ko Umwana w’Umuntu aza . . . mu nda y’isi.” Nubwo abantu bamwe na bamwe bizera
yuko ibi ar’ikigereranyo cy’igituro gusa, hariho n’ibindi bintu bizamo: “Icya mbere, ijambo kardias (‘umutima’)
riza muri LXX ya Yona 2:4 [‘epfo cyane mu nda y’inyanja’], aho iryo huriro rihwanishwa n’Umworera (Sheol).
Icya kabiri, uburyo urugenfo rwa Yona ajya mu Umworera bisobanurwa muri LXX ya Yona 2:7 [2:6] ni katebēn
eis gē (‘Naramanutse epfo mu isi’); aha ngaha gēn =h’eretz = Sheol (Umworera – i Kuzimu). Yesu arimo abihuza
n’uburyo azamanuka akajya mu Umworera (i Kuzimu). Insobanuro y’ibanze y’ ‘ikimenyetso cya Yona,’
dushingiye kuri Matayo 12:40, n’ihuriro hagati y’uburyo Yona yamanutse ajya mu Umworera n’uburyo Umwami
wacu yahuye n’urupfu, na cyane-cyane, igihe We—kimwe na Yona—ajyanwa kure y’Ubwiza bw’Imana’ (Yona
2:5 [2:4]) igihe Data amuhebye, agataka, ati, ‘Mana yanjye, Mana yanjye, n’iki cyakumpebesheje?’ Matayo
27:46). Ariko, iyi si yo nsobanuro y’ukuri yabyo, kuko uburyo ibya Yona bivugwa mu gice cya kabiri biri mu
ndirimbo yo kuramya kubera ukurokoka avanwa mu ugucirwaho iteka. Nuko rero, Matayo 12:40 herekeza ku
ukuzuka kwa Kristo . . . nko kurokorwa uvanwa mu ugucirwa ho iteka n’Imana. Yesu ni We—na cyane-cyane
hejuru ya Yona—uwo igihe yatakira Data ari epfo cyane mu Umworera yumviswe n’ugutaka kwe kukishyurwa,
ubugingo bwe bukazamurwa buvanwa mu cyobo (reba Yona 2:3, 7 [2:6]; Abaheb. 5:7)” (Lessing 2007: 20-21).
Mu Ibyak 2:27-31, Petero avuga ku ukuzuka kwa Kristo yifashisha amagambo yo muri Zab 16: 10 yuko “Imana
itazareka ubugingo bwa Yesu ngo bujye i Kuzimu.” Igiheburayo cya Zab 16:10 havuga ku Umworera (Sheol).
Aha na ho nyene, “Yesu aruta Yona.” Yona yabaye mu nda y’isi iminsi itatu kubera icyaha cye no kwigomeka
kwe; Yesu yabaye mu nda y’urufi iminsi itatu kubera ukwigomeka kwe hejuru y’ibyaha by’abandi.
4. Ukuzuka. “Ukuzuka n’ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’Imana kuri Isirayeli, nk’uko byagiye biboneka mu
byabwirijwe mu Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa (2:24, 32, 36; 3:15; 13:30, 34, 37; 17:31)” (Osborne 2010: 486).
Ikibwirizwa cya Kiyuda uhereye mu kinjana cya mbere “cyifashisha amateka ya Yona mu nda y’urufi kimwe n’
‘ikimenyetso cy’ukuvuka ubugira kabiri’, nk’ ‘ikimenyetso n’ukuri.’ Kugeza ubwo Yona afatwa nk’uwageze i
kuzimu [mu umworera – Sheol] (reba Yona 2:2), ukurokorwa kwe gufatwa nk’ukuzuka. Ikindi, byamenyekanye
henshi yuko Yona ari umwana w’umupfakazi warezwe na Eliya mu 1 Abami 17:17-24. Nk’uko ibyanditswe byo
mu kinjana cya mbere bivuga, Eliya yazuye Yona amukura mu bapfuye kugira ngo amwigishe yuko bidashoboka
guhunga Imana.’ . . . Ibi byose bihwanye n’ibivugwa mu Butumwa Bwiza bwa Matayo: Kuba Yona yamaze igihe
mu nda y’urufi n’ikimenyetso cyo mu buryo bw’ubuhanuzi gihwanye n’ugupfa n’ukuzuka kwa Yesu
(bisobanurwa neza muri Mat 12:40 kandi bikemerwa neza muri Mat 16:4). Iki cyari gikwiye kuba ari cyo
kimenyetso kimwe cyonyine Isirayeli yari kuba yarasabye, ariko nk’uko Matayo abivuga, icyo kimenyetso
baracyimwe. Hirya muri ubwo Butumwa (ariko ni muri ubu Butumwa honyine), abayobozi b’idini ba Isirayeli
bagize icyo biga ku bijyanye n’ukuzuka kwa Yesu (Mat 28:11-15). Noneho bahuye n’iki kimenyetso cya Yona
bahaweho isezerano, aho kucyakirana kwihana, ahubwo bakomeza kugendera mu binyoma byatumye bakomeza
kwigomeka ku ubushake n’inzira by’Imana.” (Powell 2007: 161-62) Nuko rero, mu ukuzuka kwe, “Yesu aguma
aruta Yona”: Mu by’ukuri, nta wavuga yuko Yona yazutse ava mu bapfuye (cyangwa se, nimba yari yarapfiriye
mu nda y’urufi, yaba yarongeye gusubizwamo ubuzima kugira ngo abeho; ariko nyuma akongera gupfa ubundi);
Yesu we yanyuze mu rupfu nyarwo, rw’umubiri, nyuma aza kuzuka no kubaho ukundi; aho atazongera gupfa
ukundi. Ikindi, “Yesu ni We muganura w’abasinziriye” (1 Abakor 15:20) kandi azazanira ukuzuka kw’ubugingo
abo bose bari muri We (Yoh 5:28-29; 1 Abakor 15:12-23, 50-58).
5. “Iminsi itatu n’amajoro atatu” (Mat 12:40). Icy’uko Yesu yahambwe ku munsi wa Gatanu ni mugoroba (Mat
57-60; Mariko 15:42-46; Luka 23:50-56; Yoh 19:31, 38-42) akazuka mu gitondo cyo ku Cyumweru (Mat 28:1-
6; Mariko 16:1-6; Luka 24:1-6; Yoh 20:1) ntibihakana icyanditswe kivuga ku “minsi itatu n’amajoro atatu.” Iyi
mvugo ifatwa nk’amagambo agendana. “Uburyo igitabo cyitwa Talmud cyandikiwe i Babuloni’(ibisobanuro
by’Abayuda) kivuga yuko, ‘igihimba cy’umunsi gifatwa nk’uwo munsi wuzuye.’ Talmud y’i Yerusalemu (yitwa
gutyo kuko yandikiwe i Yerusalemu) ivuga iti, ‘dufite inyigisho, “Umunsi n’ijoro ni Onah, igihimba cya Onah ni
igice cyuzuye cya Onah.’”” (McDowell 1981: 122) Mu gihe “amateka y’Abayuda yemeza yuko igihimba
cy’umunsi kigize umunsi wuzuye (reba Itang 42:17-18; 1 Sam 30:12-13; Esit 4:16; 5:1 [reba na none 1 Abami
20:29; 2 Ngoma 10:5, 12]), bityo, Yesu yabaye mu kuzimu ku munsi wa Gatanu, ku wa Gatandatu, ku Cyumweru;
bityo iyo mvugo irakwiriye” (Osborne 2010: 486; reba na none Delling 1964: 949-50). Mat 27:63-64 herekana
ikoreshwa ry’imvugo “iminsi itatu” nk’amagambo agendana; na cyane-cyane mu kubihuza n’uguhambwa kwa
Yesu: Kuri 27:63 Abafarisayo basanze Pilato bamusubiriramo amagambo Yesu yari yaravuze yuko, “Iminsi itatu
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
166
nishira, azazuka.” Nuko rero, basabye yuko Pilato “atanga itegeko yuko igituro kirindwa kugeza ku munsi ugira
gatatu.” “Nimba imvugo ngo, ‘iminsi itatu nishira,’ itahinduranyijwe n’ indi ivuga ngo, ‘umunsi ugira gatatu,’
Abafarisayo bari kuba barasabye ko uburinzi bukomeza bukageza no ku munsi ugira kane” (McDowell 1981:
122). Ibi biremezwa muri Yoh 2:18-19 aho Abayuda na bo basabye Yesu ikimenyetso. Yesu yabasubije ati, “Ni
musenye uru rusengero na nje ndarwubaka mu minsi itatu” (aha yarimo avuga ku urusengero rw’umubiri we, Yoh
2:21-22). Mu kuganira kuri icyo gice, Martin Luther yavuze ati, “Iki gisubizo cya Yesu gisa n’ikiri muri Mat.
12:39-40, aho avuga yuko nta kindi kimenyetso kizahabwa abantu b’igihe kibi ‘keretse icy’umuhanuzi Yona.
Kuko, nk’uko Yona yabaye iminsi itatu n’amajoro atatu mu nda y’urufi, ni ko n’Umwana w’umuntu azamara
iminsi itatu n’amajoro atatu mu nda y’isi.’ Aha ngaha, igisubizo ni kimwe; keretse amagambo n’uburebure
bw’inyigisho, ni byo gusa bitandukanye. Aravuga ati: ‘Iki ni cyo kimenyetso mbahaye: “Nimusenye uru
rusengero, nzarwubaka mu minsi itatu.’” Ibi bisobanura ngo: Nzaba ndi Yona muzajugunya mu nyanja, mu menyo
y’urufi, uwo muzabamba, mukica, ku munsi ugira gatatu, nkazuka.’” (Luther 1957: 2:242)
D. Umuntu ubwe
Yona yabereye ikimenyetso “Ab’i Nineve” (Luka 11:30). Muri uyu murongo “uwo Yona ashobora kugereranywa
n’igikomoka kuri sēmeion [‘ikimenyetso’] mu buryo bw’uko na we ubwe aba ikimenyetso” (Merrill 1980: 24n.13; reba na
none Osborne 2010: 485n.5 [ikimenyetso “cya Yona umuhanuzi” ni “insobanuro ivuga ku nkomoko, ikimenyetso ari cyo
Yona umuhanuzi’”]). Ikimenyetso cya Yona umuhanuzi cyasaga n’ikimenyetso cya Yesaya n’abahungu be (Yes 8:18;
bigereranye na 20:3), abo, kuba baragaragaye mu ubwami bwa Yuda byahwanishijwe n’ijambo ry’Uwiteka; kimwe
n’igicaniro n’inkingi byari kubera Uwiteka ‘ikimenyetso n’igihamya’ mu gihugu cya Egiputa (Yes. 19:20); kimwe na
Ezekiyeli, ugupfusha umugore we kwe byabereye Abayuda bari mu bunyage ikimenyetso (Ezek. 24:24); kimwe na Paulo,
muri we harimo ibimenyetso cyangwa se ibihamya biranga intumwa nyakuri (II Abakor. 12:12). Mu Isezerano rya Kera
kimwe no mu Rishya, icyo cyose cyatuma abantu birebaho kandi kikaba cyatuma Imana ifata icyemezo, byose byitwa
‘ikimenyetso,’ cyaba cyafatwa cyangwa se kitafatwa mu buryo bw’igitangaza.” (Scott 1965: 18-19) N’ubwo abahanuzi
bandi bacyaha ukutubaha Imana, bakaturira amahanga y’abapagani n’Abisirayeli ugucirwa ho iteka, Yona, ni we Muhanuzi
wenyine mu Baheburayo bose wavuzweho nk’uwagiye mu gihugu cy’amahanga akavugisha akanwa ke amaso mu yandi
ibyaha byabo n’ugusenywa kw’ubwami bwabo” (Ibid.: 20). Icy’uko yamizwe akaribwa n’urufi byari iby’ingenzi ku bantu
b’i Nineve, mu gihe Nineve hitwaga “Igisagara cy’Urufi”; imigenzo yaho na yo ikaba ivuga uwo mujyi nk’uwahanzwe
n’ifi-mana (Merrill 1980: 26-30). Ibisa n’ibi, Yesu yavuye mu rugo rwe mu ijuru aza mu isi. Ukuza kwa Yesu kwari
kwaravuzweho mbere y’aha, kandi icy’uko yari yakomotse kwa Data byagaragariye mu buzima bwe no mu bitangaza
yakoze. Ikindi, “Kuba Luka akoresha igihe cy’ejo hazaza (‘Umwana w’Umuntu azabera ab’iki gihe’…byerekeza ku
magambo [reba Mat 24:30 ‘ubwo ni bwo ikimenyetso cy’umwana w’umuntu kizabonekera mu ijuru’]. Bityo, kuri Luka,
‘ikimenyetso cya Yona’ gisa n’icyari gifite umumaro mu buryo bwinshi [bisobanura ko gifite insobanuro irenze imwe] kuri
Yesu ubwe no ku murimo watangiranye n’igikorwa yakoze ku isi cyo kubwiriza, nyuma akarangiza avuga ku ukugaruka
kwe kuzaba kurangwamo icyubahiro.” (Powell 2007: 162) Aha na none, Yesu yiyerekana nk’”uruta Yona”: “Yona
ntiyakunze ab’i Nineve mu buryo bw’uko yabahaye Imana. Ariko Imana Yo yakunze Nineve mu buryo yabahaye Yona.”
(Work 2007: 171-72) Ku bijyanye na Yesu na byo: “Kuko Imana yakunze abari mu isi cyane, byatumye itanga Umwana
wayo w’ikinege, kugira ngo ūmwizera wese atarimbuka, ahubwo ahabwe ubugingo buhoraho” (Yoh 3:16).
E. Ubutumwa Ishusho y’ubutumwa Yona atangariza Nineve (“Hasigaye iminsi mirongo ine, Ninewe hakarimbuka,” Yona 3:4)
ntitanga ishusho isobanutse kuri ubwo buryo bwo gucirwaho iteka. N’ubwo bimeze bityo, Yona ubwe yabonye ubwo
butumwa budasobanutse, uburyo ab’i Nineve bahamagarirwa ukwihana n’imbabazi z’Imana (Yona 4:2). Yesu,
bitandukanye n’uko byagenze kuri Yona, ntiyigeze ahunga cyangwa se ngo bibe ngombwa kuri we ko ahamagarirwa
umurimo we ubugira kabiri. Yatangiye umurimo we ku mugaragaro avuga mu magambo atomoye ahamagarira abantu
kwihana no kwamamaza ubuntu n’agakiza k’Imana, “Igihe kirasohoye, Ubwami bw’Imana buri hafi: nuko mwihane,
mwemere ubutumwa bwiza” (Mariko 1:15; reba na none muri Mat 4:17). Insanganyamatisko y’ugucirwaho iteka ntiyari
itomoye neza ariko yarumvikanaga. Nyuma yaho, mu murimo we, Yesu yatangaje ugucirwa ho iteka kwa Isirayeli mu
magambo atomoye (urugero, Mat 21:33-45; 23:29-39; 24:1-2, 15-19, 32-34; Mariko 12:1-12; 13:1-2, 14-19, 28-30;
Luka 11:45-51; 13:34-35; 19:41-44; 20:9-19; 21:5-6, 20-24, 29-32; n’ibyanditswe bivuga ku “kimenyetso cya Yona”
ubwacyo). “Nk’uko Yona yagenda avuga ati, ‘Hasigaye iminsi mirongo ine Nineve hakarimbuka,’ ni na kwo Yesu, mu
magambo ye, avuga mu buryo budatomoye ati, ‘hasigaye imyaka mirongo ine, Yerusalemu igasenywa’” (Wright 1996:
166n.95). Kubera yuko “aruta Yona,” Yesu ubwe atanga imbabazi n’ubugingo bushya, cyangwa se gucirwa ho iteka,
bishingiye ku buryo buri wese amwakira cyangwa se yanga kumwakira. Mu buryo bw’uburyarya, n’ubwo ab’i Nineve
b’abapagani bihanye nyuma yo kwakira ubutumwa babwirijwe na Yona, ubwoko bwite bwa Yesu—ishyanga rya
Isirayeli—bo ntibigeze bihana ngo bizere Yesu. Muri Luka 11:32, Yesu aravuga ati: “Abo basuzugura amagambo ye ni
babi kuruta ab’i Nineve kuko bo barihanye nyuma yo kwakira ubutumwa babwirijwe na Yona buri munsi mu buryo bumwe
n’ubwo Yesu yakoresheje. Iki kimenyetso kitumvikana (ab’i Nineve bazisanga ari bo babaye abacamanza babo ku munsi
w’urubanza) kivuga yuko ibisobanuro bye birimo umwuka w’uburyarya uranga igitabo cya Yona ubwacyo. Icyo yari
agamije ntibyari ukuzamura ugukiranuka kw’Abanyamahanga mu cyimbo cy’ukw’Abisirayeli ahubwo kwari uguseka
Abisirayeli kugira ngo babone uburyo bitwara bigereranyije n’Abapagani [gereranya na Mat 5:47, ‘n’Abapagani’].
Ikijyanye n’ insanganyamatsiko ivuga ku ‘Ikiruta ikindi’ cyaba kivuga ku Bisirayeli cyangwa se kuri We ubwe: Ubutumwa
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
167
yabwirije bushobora kuba bwerekana ikiruta buriya Yona yabwirije, bityo n’ubwoko bw’isezerano bw’Imana na bwo buri
(cyangwa se bwari bukwiye kuba buri) hejuru y’ubwoko bw’i Nineve. Bityo, hagaragara uburyarya bwo mu nzego ebyiri:
Ubutumwa bubwirizwa n’Umwana w’Umuntu bugaragaye nk’ubugera ku ntego yabwo gahoro, bukarutwa na buriya
bwabwirijwe n’umuhanuzi wabikoranye ugushidikanya, ubwoko bw’isezerano bw’Imana na bwo bwibonekeza nk’ubutava
ku izima kuruta bariya banyabyaha ruharwa b’i Nineve.” (Powell 2007: 163-64)
III. Umwanzuro: Ikimenyetso cya Yona gifite Isano n’Itorero rya None “Ikimenyetso cya Yona” cyerekana imbabazi z’Imana (n’iza Yesu) ku Bayuda kimwe no ku Banyamahanga.
“Imana isaba Yona gusobanura mu buryo bugaragara intego ishingiye ku ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana inyuza mu gutanga
imbabazi ku Banyamahanga. Kandi intego yo gutanga imbabazi imeze nk’indorerwamo—mu gushotora Isirayeli ngo
yumve icyaha cyayo, icishywe bugufi, nyuma igere ku ukwihana. Imana itanga ukwihana kuganisha ku ubugingo ku bantu
b’i Nineve kugira ngo icyo kimenyetso kizandikwe mu mateka y’Ibyanditswe bya Isirayeli. Imana iha Abanyamahanga
ukwihana inyuze muri Yona kugira ngo ivuge, mu buryo bw’ubuhanuzi, ku uzaza aruta Yona inyuma ye. . . . [Yesu]
yatumye abamuserukiraga ngo basange Abanyamahanga kandi ngo bategeke abantu bose kwihana kugira ngo bizere.
Kandi, dore, Abanyamahanga barihana, bakizera. Imana ikoresha ibi byose mu mugambi wayo wo mu buryo
butavugirwamo wo kurema ifuhe mu Bisirayeli (Abar. 10: 19; 11: 13, 14) kugira bumve kandi bubahe ijwi ry’uruta Yona—
uwo Abanyamahanga banyuramo bakagera ku mucyo n’Imbabazi z’Uwiteka.” (Dennison 1993:25) Nuko rero, “twashobora
kuvuga yuko Luka na Matayo, bombi, bahuza ikimenyetso cya Yona cyo mu gihe cyabo ‘n’ukubwiriza gukorwa n’itorero.’
Byokabaye bifite ireme kurushiriza igihe imenyekanishamana riri mu butumwa bwiza bwa Luka risobanuye neza yuko
ubutumwa bwiza bwigishwa mu itorero ari ubwo guhamagarira abantu kwihana (Luka 24:47) bushingiye ku ubuzima na
misiyo bya Yesu (Ibyakozwe 1:1). Byokabaye bifite ireme kurushiriza igihe imenyekanishamana riri mu butumwa bwiza
bwa Matayo risobanuye neza yuko ubutumwa bwiza bwigishwa mu itorero bwaba bushingiye ku urupfu n’ukuzuka kwa
Yesu, kuko ari byo bimuha ubutware bwo kwubaka itsinda rishya ry’abigishwa agumana na bo kugeza ku mperuka y’ibihe
(Mat. 28: 18-20).” (Powell 2007: 164)64
Iyo misiyo izakomeza kugeza ubwo Kristo azagarukira; mu gihe itorero ari
igikoresho cy’Imana cyo kwamamaza ubutumwa Bwiza kuri bariya Kristo “ugacungurira Imana, abo mu miryango yose,
no mu ndimi zose no mu mōko yose no mu mahanga yose, ubacunguje amaraso yawe” (Ibyah 5:9). Ubu noneho, iyi misiyo
ni nini kuruta iyo mu gihe cya Yona kuko muri Kristo “nta Muyuda cyangwa se Umunyamahanga” ukiriho (Abagal 3:28;
Abakol 3:11), ahubwo, “ba babiri, abarememo umuntu umwe mushya muri We, ngo azane amahoro atyo; kandi ngo
bombi, abagire umubiri umwe, abungishe n’Imana umusaraba, awicishije bwa bwanzi” (Abef 2:15-16).
UMUGEREKA WA 8—IKARITA Y’UBWAMI BWA ASHURI, BABULONI N’UBUPERESI
http://www.bible.ca/maps/maps-near-east-500BC.htm
64
Biratangaje cyane, “Amashusho ya Yona agaragara kenshi cyane kurushiriza mu bwihisho bw’Abaroma kuruta ahandi
hose muri Bibiliya” (Lessing 2007: 10). Ibi bishobora gutanga ishusho yuko, hejuru y’ibyo Yesu yavuze yuko abigishwa
be bazaba “abarobyi b’abantu” (Mat 4: 19; Mariko 1:17; Luka 5:10), “ikimenyetso cya Yona” cyagendanaga n’
“ikimenyetso cy’urufi” nk’ikimenyetso cyakoreshwaga n’Abakristu b’Itorero rya Mbere mu buryo bw’ibanga igihe
bashakaga kuvuga aho bari buhurire, ibituro hamwe n’ikimenyetso cyatumaga bamenyana.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
168
UMUGEREKA WA 9—IKARITA Y’UBWAMI BW’ABAROMA & INTARA ZABWO
http://www.bible.ca/maps/maps-roman-empire-peak-116AD.jpg
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
169
UMUGEREKA WA 10—IKARITA YA KANANI: IMIGABANE Y’UBUTAKA KU MIRYANGO 12
http://www.bible-history.com/geography/maps/map_canaan_tribal_portions.html
UMUGEREKA WA 11—IKARITA Y’UBWAMI BWIBUMBIYE HAMWE BWA ISIRAYELI
http://www.bible.ca/maps/maps-united-kingdom.htm
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170
UMUGEREKA WA 12—IKARITA Y’UBWAMI BWA YUDA NA ISIRAYELI NYUMA YO GUCIKAMO IBICE
http://www.bible.ca/maps/maps-divided-kingdom.htm
UMUGEREKA WA 13—IKARITA YA ISIRAYELI MU BIHE BY’ISEZERANO RISHYA
http://www.bible-history.com/maps/palestine_nt_times.html
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171
UMUGEREKA WA 14—IGISHUSHANYO-MBONERA CY’IHEMA RY’IBONANIRO
http://blogs.bible.org/impact/hal_warren/the_tabernacle_of_moses_%E2%80%93_god%E2%80%99s_heavenly_pattern_fo
r_our_spiritual_transformation_part_v
UMUGEREKA WA 15—ISHUSHO Y’URUSENGERO RUGIRA KABIRI (RWUBATSWE NA HERODI)
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/537828380471952314/
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IBITABO BYIFASHISHIJWE
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Alcorn, Randy. 2009. If God Is Good= Nimba Imana ari Nziza. Colorado Springs, CO: Multnomah. Preview online:
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173
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Itangiriro 3: 16 Byasubiwemo”. Grace Theological Journal 7: 203-12 = Ikinyamakuru kivuga ibijyanye n’Ubuntu.
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n’Isezerano Rikuru ry’Ubutambyi. The Masters Seminary Journal 10: 173-89 = Ikinyamakuru cyo muri Semineri
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y’Isabato n’Umunsi w’Umwami’, Ubushakashatsi bushingiye kuri Bibiliya, Amateka n’Imenyekansihamana , ed.
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. 1994. Divine Sovereignty and Human Responsibility = Ubutavugirwamo bw’Imana n’Inshingano ya
Kiremwamuntu. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. Preview online (another edition):
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1579108598.
Carter, J. Kameron. 2008. Race, A Theological Account = Ubwoko, Inkuru ishingiye ku Imenyekanishamana. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0199722234.
Cassuto, Umberto. 1961. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis= Ibisobanuro ku Gitabo cy’Itangiriro, Part I. Translated
by Israel Abrahams = Cyasimuwe na Israel Abrahams. Jerusalem: Magnes.
. 1967. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus = Ibisobanuro ku Gitabo cyo Kuva. Cyasimuwe na Isirayeli
Abrahams. Jerusalem: Magnes.
Clowney, Edmund. 1972-73. “The Final Temple = Urusengero rwa Nyuma.” Westminster Theological Journal 35: 156-89.
Online: http://www.beginningwithmoses.org/articles/finaltemple.htm.
. 2003. Preaching Christ in All of Scripture = Kubwiriza kuri Kristo mu Byanditswe Byose. Wheaton, IL:
Crossway.
Cole, Graham. 2006. IG 500, unpublished class notes = note zo mu ishule zitasyizwe ahagaragara. Deerfield, IL: Trinity
Evangelical Divinity School.
Cole, R. A. 1989. The Letter of Paul to the Galatians = Urwandiko rwa Paulo ku Bagalatiya, 2nd
ed. Leicester, England:
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175
Inter-Varsity. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0802804780.
Craig, William Lane. 1997. “The Indispensability of Theological Meta-Ethical Foundations for Morality = Uburyo Imfatizo
zishingiye ku Imenyekanishamana no ku miterere ari ngombwa.” Foundations 5: 9-12 = Imfatizo 5:9-12. Online:
http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the-indispensability-of-theological-meta-ethical-foundations-for-morality.
. 2007. “Q&A #16: Slaughter of the Caananites = Itsembwa ry’Abanyakanani.” Online:
http://www.reasonablefaith.org/slaughter-of-the-canaanites.
Cross, John. 2012. The Stranger on the Road to Emmaus = Umushyitsi ku Urugendo rugana Emmaus. Olds, AB, Canada:
GoodSeed.
. 2014. “Where in the Scriptures does it say that God told Cain and Abel to bring a blood sacrifice = Ni he mu
Ibyanditswe bivugwa yuko Imana yabwiye Kayini na Abel kugemura igitambo cy’amaraso?” Online:
http://www.goodseed.com/blog/2014/01/02/where-in-the-scriptures-does-it-say-that-god-told-cain-and-abel-to-
bring-a-blood-sacrifice/.
Danielou, Jean. 1960. From Shadows to Reality: Studies in the Biblical Typology of the Fathers = Uhereye ku Bicucu
ukageza ku Bifatika byabyo: Amasomo mu Imenyekanishamana rishingiye kuri Bibiliya rya ba Sogokuru.
Westminster, MD: Newman.
Davids, Peter. 1982. The Epistle of James = Urwandiko rwa Yakobo (NIGTC). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0802823882.
Davies, J. G. 1965. The Early Christian Church = Itorero rya Mbere rya Kristu. Grand Rapids: Baker.
DeLacey, D. R. 1982. “The Sabbath/Sunday Question and the Law in the Pauline Corpus From Sabbath to Lord’s Day: A
Biblical, Historical and Theological Investigation = Ikibazo ku Isabato/Ku Cyumweru n’Amategeko mu Nzandiko
za Paulo .” Mu Uhereye ku Isabato ukageza ku Umunsi w’Umwami, ed. D. A. Carson, 159-95. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1579103073.
Delling, Gerhard. 1964. “Hēmera.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament = Mu Inkoranyamagambo ishingiye ku
Imenyekanishamana y’Isezerano Rishya , vol. 2, ed. Gerhard Kittel, 943-53. Translated by Geoffrey Bromiley =
Yasimuwe na Geoffrey Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Preview online (abridged edition):
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0802824048.
Dennison, James. 1993. “The Sign of Jonah = Ikimenyetso cya Yona.” Kerux 8: 31-35. Online:
http://www.kerux.com/documents/KeruxV8N3A3.asp.
Dostoevsky, Fyodor. 1957. The Brothers Karamazov = Abavandimwe ba Karamazov. Translated by Constance Garnett =
Cyasimuwe na Constance Garnett. New York: New American Library. Online (another edition):
http://pinkmonkey.com/dl/library1/book0664.pdf.
Dumbrell, William. 2001. “Genesis 2:1-3: Biblical Theology of Creation Covenant.” Evangelical Review of Theology 25:
219-30 = Itangiriro 2: 1-3: Imenyekansihamana rishingiye kuri Bibiliya ry’Isezerano Rikuru ry’Irema.” Isubiramo
rishingiye ku Ivugabutumwa ry’Imenyekanishamana 25:219-30.
Edersheim, Alfred. 1988. The Temple = Urusengero. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Online:
https://books.google.com/books?id=XFc-AAAAYAAJ.
Edwards, James. 2015. The Gospel according to Luke = Ubutumwa Bwiza nk’uko bwanditswe na Luka (PNTC). Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0802837352.
Edwards, Jonathan. 1984 (reprint). The Works of Jonathan Edwards. Vol. 1, A Careful and Strict Inquiry into the
Prevailing Notions of the Freedom of Will; Dissertation on the End for which God Created the World; The Great
Christian Doctrine of Original Sin Defended; A History of the Work of Redemption = Ibikorwa bya Jonathan
Edwards. Vol. 1, Ubushakashatsi bwakoranywe ubwitonzi mu bivugwa ku Umudendezo ushingiye ku Ubushake;
Ibyanditswe ku Mpamvu Imana yaremye Isi; Inyigisho zikomeye za Gikristu ku cyaha cy’Inkomoko
zarashimangiwe; Amateka y’Igikorwa cy’Ugucungurwa.. Carlisle, PA: The Banner of Truth Trust = Itangazo
ry’Ukuri - Ukwiringira. Online: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edwards/works1.html.
. 1986 (reprint). The Works of Jonathan Edwards. Vol. 2, Remarks on Important Theological Controversies =
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176
Ibikorwa bya Jonathan Edwards. Igitabo cya 2, Ibitekerezo ku bihushane bishingiye ku Imenyekanishamana.
Carlisle, PA: The Banner of Truth – Trust: Itangazo ku Ukuri Ukwiringira. Online:
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edwards/works2.toc.html.
The Epistle of Barnabas = Urwandiko rwa Barunaba. c.70-131. The Apostolic Fathers = Intumwa z’Ababyeyi 2nd
ed.,
1989, ed. Michael Holmes, translated by J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 159-88. Grand Rapids: Baker. Online:
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01/Page_137.html.
Erlandson, Doug. 1991. “A New Perspective on the Problem of Evil = Umurongo mushya ku kibazo cy’Ikibi.” Online:
http://www.reformed.org/webfiles/antithesis/index.html?mainframe=/webfiles/antithesis/v2n2/
ant_v2n2_evil.html.
Essex, Keith. 1999. “The Abrahamic Covenant = Isezerano ryahawe Aburahamu.” The Master’s Seminary Journal 10: 191-
212. Online: http://www.ondoctrine.com/2ess0001.pdf.
Feinberg, John. 1994. The Many Faces of Evil = Impande nyinshi z’Ikibi. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Preview online
(another edition): https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Many_Faces_of_Evil.html?id=keqAbvGS-RYC.
. 2001. No One Like Him = Nta n’Umwe Umeze nka We. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1433519569.
Ferraiolo, William. 2005. “Eternal Selves and the Problem of Evil = Ukwikunda kw’iteka ryose hamwe n’Ikibazo cy’Ikibi.”
Quodlibet 7:2 (April-June): no pages. Online: http://www.quodlibet.net/articles/ferraiolo-evil.shtml.
Foh, Susan. 1974-75. What is the woman’s desire? “N’iki Ukwifuza kw’Umugore Gushingiyeho?” Westminster
Theological Journal 37: 376-83. Online: http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/OTeSources/01-
Genesis/Text/Articles-Books/Foh-WomansDesire-WTJ.pdf.
Ford, Desmond. 1979. The Abomination of Desolation in Biblical Eschatology = Ikizira cy’Ubuyobe cyo mu bihe bya
nyuma nk’uko byanditswe muri Bibiliya. Washington, DC: University Press of America.
France, R. T. 1975. “Old Testament Prophecy and the Future of Israel: A Study of the Teaching of Jesus = Ubuhanuzi bwo
mu Isezerano n’ejo hazaza ha Isirayeli: Isomo ku Nyigisho za Yesu .” Tyndale Bulletin 26:53-78. Online:
http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/index.php?page=frame&add=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/TynBul/Library/00_Ty
ndaleBulletin_ByAuthor.htm.
. 2007. The Gospel of Matthew = Ubutumwa Bwiza nk’uko bwanditswe na Matayo (NICNT). Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=080282501X.
Fretheim, Terrence. 2005. God and World in the Old Testament: A Relational Theory of Creation = Imana n’Isi yo mu gihe
cy’Isezerano rya Kera: Inyigisho z’Irema zishingiye ku mibanire Nashville, TN: Abingdon. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?id=EzwlBa8HP_gC&pg=PT6&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&
q&f=false.
Gay, John. 2002. “Remnant Theology: Different Perspectives on the Church and Israel = Imenyekanishamana
ry’amasigarira: Imirongo itandukanye ku bijyanye n’Itorero na Isirayeli.” No pages = Nta nomero z’inkaratasi.
Online: http://www.leaderu.com/theology/remnanttheo.html.
Gentry, Peter. 2010. “Daniel’s Seventy Weeks and the New Exodus = Ibyumweru Mirongo Irindwi bya Daniyeli no Kuva
kwo mu buryo bushya.” Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 14: 26-44. Online:
http://www.sbts.edu/resources/files/2010/05/sbjt_v14_n1_gentry.pdf.
Gleason, Randall. 2002. “The Eschatology of the Warning in Hebrews 10:26-31 = “Ibizaba ku mperuka nk’uko bitangwa
nk’imbuzi mu Urwandiko rw’Abaheburayo 10:26-31.” Tyndale Bulletin 53: 97-120. Online:
http://www.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/library/TynBull_2002_53_1_06_Gleason_Hebrews10Warning.pdf.
Goldsmith, Dale. 1968. “Acts 13:33-37: A Pesher on II Samuel 7 = Ibyakozwe 13: 33-37: Ishusho nyayo ya II Samweli 7.”
Journal of Biblical Literature 87: 321-24.
Goldsworthy, Graeme. 1991. According to Plan: The Unfolding Revelation of God in the Bible = Nk’uko bivugwa na Plan:
Iyerekwa rikomeye rituruka Ku Imana muri Bibiliya. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity. Preview online (another
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177
edition): https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0830879587.
. 2000. Preaching the Whole Bible as Christian Scripture = Kwigisha Bibiliya yose nk’Ibyanditswe bishingiye kuri
Kristo. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0802847307.
Goppelt, Leonhard. 1982. Typos: The Typological Interpretation of the Old Testament in the New = Uburyo Isezerano rya
Kera risobanurwa mu buryo bw’amashusho mu Isezerano Rishya. Translated by Donald Madvig. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1592440789.
Gray, J. 1979. The Biblical Doctrine of the Reign of God = Inyigisho z’Ingoma y’Imana zishingiye kuri Bibiliya.
Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
Greenberg, Moshe. 1984. “The Design and Themes of Ezekiel’s Program of Restoration = Ishusho n’Insanganyamatsiko
z’umugambi w’uguhembuka nk’uko Ezekiyeli abivuga.” Interpretation 38: 181-208.
Grenz, Stanley. 1992. The Millennial Maze = Iby’Ikinyagihumbi. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0830817573.
Gundry, Robert. 1987. “The New Jerusalem: People as Place, Not Place for People = Yerusalemu Nshya: Ubwoko
nk’Ahantu, aho kuba Ahantu hagenewe Abantu.” Novum Testamentum 29: 254-64.
Hagopian, David G., ed. 2001. The Genesis Debate: Three Views on the Days of Creation = Ibiganiro ku gitabo
cy’Itangiriro: Uburyo butatu bwo gusobanura iminsi y’Irema: Mission Viejo, CA: Crux.
Hagner, Donald. 1990. Hebrews = Abaheburayo (NIBC). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.
. 1995. Matthew 14-28 = Matayo 14-28 (WBC 33B). Dallas, TX: Word = Ijambo.
Hamstra, Sam. 1998. “An Idealist View of Revelation = Ubusobanuro bw’intashyikirwa bw’igitabo cy’Ibyahishuwe.” In
Four Views on the Book of Revelation, 95-131 = Mu Ishusho y’Ibyahishuwe yo mu buryo Bune, 95-131. Grand
Rapids, MI: Zodervan. Online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0310872391.
Harrison, Everett. 1975. Acts: The Expanding Church = Ibyakozwe: Itorero ririmo ryaguka. Chicago: Moody.
Hauerwas, Stanley. 2006. Matthew = Matayo (BTCB). Grand Rapids: Brazos. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1441200509.
Hillyer, Norman. 1970. “First Peter and the Feast of Tabernacles = Urwandiko rwa Mbere rwa Petero n’Umunsi Mukuru
w’Ingando,” Tyndale Bulletin 21: 39-70. Online:
http://www.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/library/TynBull_1970_21_02_Hillyer_1PeterFeastTabernacles.pdf.
Hodge, Charles. 1886 (reprint). Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans = Ibitekerezo ku Urwandiko Paulo yandikiye
Abaroma , rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Online (1836 edition):
https://books.google.com/books?id=BX8fAAAAYAAJ.
. 1981. Systematic Theology = Imenyekanishamana ryo mu buryo bwimbitse, Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Online: http://www.audiowebman.org/start/books/charles_hidge/vol_1/vol_0105.htm#13.
Hoekema, Anthony. 1979. The Bible and the Future = Bibiliya n’Ejo Hazaza. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0853646244.
Holwerda, David. 1995. Jesus and Israel: One Covenant or Two = Yesu na Isirayeli, Isezerano Rikuru rimwe cyangwa se
n’amasezerano abiri atandukanye? Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0802806856.
Hughes, Philip. 1977. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews = Ubusobanuro ku Urwandiko rwandikiwe
Abaheburayo. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0802803229.
Ignatius. c.100-110. “To the Magnesians.” In The Apostolic Fathers, 2nd ed. = “Ku Banyamanyeziya.” Muri Ababyeyi
b’Intumwa” edited and revised by Michael Holmes, translated by J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 93-97. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1989. Online (another edition): http://www.ccel.org/ccel/lightfoot/fathers.ii.iv.html.
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178
Jacobs, Louis, 1959. A Guide to Rosh Ha-Shanah = Inzira igana kuri Rosh Ha-Shanah. London: Jewish Chronicle =
Amateka y’Abayuda.
. 2013. “Messiah.” Jewish Virtual Library = “Mesiya”. Inzu y’Ibitabo by’Abayuda Online:
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0014_0_13744.html.
Jewish Encyclopedia. 2002. “Temple of Herod.” = “Urusengero rwa Herode” Online:
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=123&letter=T.
. 2002. “Temple, the Second = Urusengero rugira Kabiri.” Online:
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=128&letter=T.
Johnson, Dennis. 1986. “Fire in God’s House: Imagery from Malachi 3 in Peter’s Theology of Suffering (1 Pet. 4:12-19) =
Umuriro mu Nzu y’Imana: Ishusho uhereye muri Malaki 3 mu Imenyekanishamana ya Petero ku bijyanye
n’Umubabaro (1 Pet. 4:12-19).” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 29: 285-94. Online:
http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/29/29-3/29-3-pp285-294_JETS.pdf.
. 2001. Triumph of the Lamb: A Commentary on Revelation = Intsinzi y’Umwagazi w’Intama: Ibitekerezo ku
Ibyahishuwe . Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R.
. 2007. Him we Proclaim: Preaching Christ from All the Scriptures. = Ni We Twamamaza: Kubwiriza kuri Kristo
mu Byanditswe Byose. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R.
Johnson, S. Lewis. 1974. “Romans 5:12—An Exercise in Exegesis and Theology.” In New Dimensions in New Testament
Study = Abaroma 5:12—Umwitozo mu Isesengura rya Bibiliya n’Imenyekanishamana.” Mu Bipimo Bishya mu
myigire y’Isezerano Rishya , ed. Richard Longenecker and Merrill Tenney, 298-316. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.
Jordan, James. 1984. The Law of the Covenant = Itegeko ry’Isezerano Rikuru. Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics.
Online: http://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/pdf/the_law_of_the_covenant.pdf.
. 1985. Judges: God’s War Against Humanism = Abacamanza: Intambara y’Imana yo kurwanya kworoshya
gushingiye ku Ubumuntu. Tyler, TX: Geneva Ministries. Online:
http://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/pdf/judges.pdf.
. 1988. Through New Eyes: Developing a Biblical View of the World = Binyuze mu Maso Mashya: Kwubaka
ishusho y’Isi ishingiye kuri Bibiliya . Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt. Online:
http://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/pdf/through_new_eyes.pdf.
Josephus. 1987. The Antiquities of the Jews. In The Works of Josephus Complete and Unabridged , 27-542. = Imyaka ya
kera cyane y’Abayuda. Mu Ibikorwa bya Yosephus byuzuye kandi bidahuzwa n’Ikiraro, 27-542. Translated by
William Whiston. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. Online (another edition):
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/files/works.html.
. 1987. The Wars of the Jews. In The Works of Josephus Complete and Unabridged, 543-772 = Intambara
z’Abayuda. Mu Ibikorwa bya Yosephus byuzuye kandi bidahuzwa n’Ikiraro , 543-772. Translated by William
Whiston. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. Online (another edition):
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/files/works.html.
Justin Martyr. c.151-154. First Apology. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1, = Ugusaba Imbabazi kwa Mbere. Mu Mbere-
y’Ababyeyi ba Nicene, vol 1, edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, revised by A. Cleveland Coxe,
159-87. New York: Christian Literature Publishing Company. Reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Online
(another edition): http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.ii.html.
. c.155-165. Dialogue with Trypho. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 1, = Ikiganiro na Trypho. Mu Mbere
y’Ababyeyi ba Nicene, vol. 1, edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, revised by A. Cleveland Coxe,
194-270. New York: Christian Literature Publishing Company. Reprint, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. Online
(another edition): http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.iv.html.
Kaiser, Walter. 1978. Toward an Old Testament Theology = Byerekeye ku Imenyekanishamana yo mu Isezerano rya Kera.
Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0310371015.
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
179
. 1995. The Messiah in the Old Testament = Mesiya mu Isezerano rya Kera. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Preview
online: https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Messiah_in_the_Old_Testament.html?id=Nh05l5tdW5UC.
Keller, Timothy. 2008. The Reason for God = Impamvu ku Mana. New York: Dutton. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0525950494.
. 2013. Walking with God through Pain and Suffering = Kugendana n’Imana mu Magorwa n’Imibabaro. New
York: Riverhead. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0698138279.
. 2015. Preaching: Communicating Faith in an Age of Skepticism = Ikibwirizwa: Kuvuga Ukwizera mu bihe
by’Ugushidikanya. . New York: Viking. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0698195094.
. Not dated. “The Importance of Hell = Nta mwaka wavuzwe. Uburyo Gihenomu ari iy’Ingenzi” Online:
http://www.redeemer.com/news_and_events/articles/the_importance_of_hell.html/.
Kepple, Robert. 1977. “The Hope of Israel, the Resurrection of the Dead, and Jesus: A Study of Their Relationship in Acts
with Particular Regard to the Understanding of Paul’s Trial Defense = Ibyiringiro bya Isirayeli, Ukuzuka
kw’Abapfuye, na Yesu: Inyigo y’Ihuriro hagati yabyo mu Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa Hagamijwe Ugusobanukirwa
ukwiregura kwa Paulo igihe yari mu Rukiko.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 20: 231-41. Online:
http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/20/20-3/20-3-pp231-240_JETS.pdf.
Kistemaker, Simon. 2000. “The Temple in the Apocalypse = Urusengero mu Ibyahishuwe.” Journal of the Evangelical
Theological Society 43: 433-41. Online: http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/43/43-3/43-3-pp433-
441_JETS.pdf.
Klooster, Fred. 1988. “The Biblical Method of Salvation: A Case for Continuity.” In Continuity and Discontinuity:
Perspectives on the Relationship Between the Old and New Testaments = “Uburyo bw’Agakiza muri Bibiliya:
Urugero rw’Uruhererekane.” Mu uruhererekane n’Ugucikamo: Inzira yerekeza ku ihuriro riri hagati y’Isezerano
rya Kera n’Isezerano Rishya, ed. John Feinberg, 132-60. Westchester, IL: Crossway. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0891074686.
Koukl, Gregory. 2009. Tactics = Ingamba. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Preview online:
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. 2012. “A Good Reason for Evil.” Stand to Reason = Impamvu nziza y’Ikibi.” Haguruka Utange Ibitekerezo
byawe. Online: http://www.str.org/articles/a-good-reason-for-evil#.V0nkD-QauVQ.
. 2013. “Evil as Evidence for God.” Stand to Reason. = Ikibi nk’Igihamya ukubaho kw’Imana.” Haguruka Utange
Ibitekerezo byawe Online: http://www.str.org/articles/evil-as-evidence-for-god#ANCHOR2.
LaRondelle, Hans. 1983. The Israel of God in Prophecy: Principles of Prophetic Interpretation = Isirayeli y’Imana mu
Buhanuzi: Amahame agenga ugusobanura ubuhanuzi. Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press.
Lehrer, Steve. 2006. New Covenant Theology: Questions Answered = Imenyekanishamana rishingiye ku Isezerano Rikuru
Rishya: Ibibazo n’Ibisubizo byabyo. Steve Lehrer.
Lehrman, S. M. 1958. A Guide to Hanukkah and Purim = Inzira kuri Hamukkah na Purimu. London: Jewish Chronicle.
Leigh, Lev. 2016. “The Feast of Trumpets.” = Umunsi Mukuru w’Amahembe.” Online:
https://jewsforjesus.org/publications/newsletter/september-2000/feastoftrumpets.
Leithart, Peter. Not dated. “The Kingdom of God = Ubwami bw’Imana.” Nta mwaka byandikiweho wavuzwe. Online:
http://www.beginningwithmoses.org/articles/leithartkingdomofgod.htm.
Lenski, R. C. H. 1946. The Interpretation of St. Luke’s Gospel = Ubusobanuro bw’Ubutumwa Bwiza bwa Luka.
Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg.
Lessing, Reed. 2007. “Dying to Live: God’s Judgment of Jonah, Jesus, and the Baptized = Gupfa kuganisha ku Ukubaho:
Iteka Imana yaciriyeho Yona, Yesu n’Ababatizwa .” Concordia Journal 33: 9-25. Online:
http://deimos3.apple.com/WebObjects/Core.woa/DownloadTrackPreview/csl-
public.1572099114.01572099121.1572651714.pdf.
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180
Levenson, Jon. 1988. Creation and the Persistence of Evil = Irema n’Ikibi gukomeza kubaho. San Francisco: Harper &
Row. Preview on: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=069102950.online
Lewis, C. S. 1996 (reprint). Mere Christianity = Ubukristu bwo mu buryo bworoheje. New York: Touchstone. Online:
https://www.dacc.edu/assets/pdfs/PCM/merechristianitylewis pdf..
Lincoln, A. T. 1982. “Sabbath, Rest, and Eschatology in the New Testament.” In From Sabbath to Lord’s Day:A Biblical,
Historical and Theological Investigation, = “Isabato, Uburuhukiro, n’Ibizaba ibihe bya nyuma nk’uko byavuzwe
mu Isezerano Rishya.” Muri Uhereye ku Isabato ukageza ku Umunsi w’Umwami: Ubushakashatsi bushingiye kuri
Bibiliya, Amateka no ku Imenyekanishamana, ed. D. A. Carson, 197-220. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Preview
online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1579103073.
Litvin, Danny. 1987. Pentecost is Jewish = Pentekote ishingiye ku mateka y’Abayuda. Orange, CA: Promise.
Longenecker, Richard. 1990. Galatians = Abagalatiya (WBC 41). Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson.
Luther, Martin. 1957 (reprint). Luther’s Works = Ibikorwa bya Luther, American Edition, vol. 2, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan.
Translated by Martin Bertram. St. Louis, MO: Concordia.
Mackie, J. L. 1982. The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the existence of God = Igitangaza cy’ukubaho
kw’Imana: Impaka zishyigikira n’izirwanya ukubaho kw’Imana. Oxford: Clarendon.
Malabuyo, Nollie. 2013. “The Gift of Pentecost (Feast of Weeks) = Impano ya Pentekoti (Umunsi Mukuru w’Ibyumweru).”
Online: http://www.twoagespilgrims.com/pasigucrc/2013/10/29/the-gift-of-pentecost-feast-of-weeks/.
Marshall, I. Howard. 1978. The Gospel of Luke = Ubutumwa Bwiza nk’uko bwanditswe na Luka (NIGTC). Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?id=rKqiibViFowC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
. 1980. The Acts of the Apostles = Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa (TNTC). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0802814239.
. 1989. “Universal Grace and Atonement in the Pastoral Epistles.” In The Grace of God, the Will of Man, =
“Ubuntu ku urwego rw’Isi Yose n’Ugutwikirirwa kw’Ibyaha mu Nzandiko za Gishumba. Mu Ubuntu bw’Imana,
Ubushake bw’Umuntu, ed. Clark Pinnock, 51-69. Grand Rapids: Academie. Online:
https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Grace_of_God_the_Will_of_Man.html?id=Q76yZE23lxYC.
. 1992. “Church.” In Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, = “Itorero.” Mu Inkoranyamagambo kuri Yesu n’ibitabo
bigize Ubutumwa Bwiza, ed. Joel Green, Scot McKnight, and I. Howard Marshall, 122-25. Downers Grove, IL:
InterVarsity. Preview online: https://books.google com/books.?isbn=0830817778.
Martin, J. Mark. 1999. “The Sabbath & Sunday = Isabato no ku Cyumweru.” Online:
http://www.exadventist.com/Home/Sabbath/SabbathSunday/tabid/516/Default.aspx.
Martin, Walter. 1985. The Kingdom of the Cults, revised and expanded = Ubwami bw’Imihango ya Gipagani,
cyarasubiwemo kandi kiramamazwa ed. Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House. Preview online (2003 edition):
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0764228218.
McDowell, Josh. 1981. The Resurrection Factor = Kimwe mu bituma Ukuzuka kubaho. San Bernardino, CA: Here’s Life.
McDowell, Josh, and Bart Larson. 1983. Jesus: A Biblical Defense of His Deity = Yesu: Insobanuro ishingiye kuri Bibiliya
y’Ubumana Bwe. San Bernardino, CA: Here’s Life.
McKnight, Scot. 1995. Galatians = Abagalatiya (NIVAC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0310571448.
Meier, John. 1976. Law and History in Matthew’s Gospel = Amategeko n’Amateka mu Ubutumwa Bwiza nk’uko
bwanditswe na Matayo (AnBib 71). Rome: Biblical Institute.
Menn, Jonathan. 2010-2016. Biblical Eschatology = Ibizaba mu bihe bya Nyuma nk’uko Bibiliya ibivuga. Online:
Copyright © 2009-2016 by Jonathan Menn. All rights reserved.
181
http://www.eclea.net/courses.html.
. 2015-2016. Christianity and Islam: Theological Essentials = Ubukristu na Isilamu: Iby’ ibanze bishingiye ku
Imenyekanishamana. Online: http://www.eclea.net/courses.html.
Merrill, Eugene. 1980. “The Sign of Jonah = Ikimenyetso cya Yona.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 23:
23-30 = Ikinyamakuru cy’Umuryango w’Ivugabutumwa. Online: http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/23/23-
1/23-1-pp023-030_JETS.pdf.
Moo, Douglas. 1984. “Jesus and the Authority of the Mosaic Law = Yesu n’Ubutware bw’Amategeko ya Mose.” Journal
for the Study of the New Testament 20: 3-49 = Ikinyamakuru ku Inyigo y’Isezerano rya Kera 20: 3-49. Online:
www.djmoo.com/articles/jesusandauthority.pdf.
. 1988. “The Law of Moses or the Law of Christ = Amategeko ya Mose cyangwa se Itegeko rya Kristo.” In
Continuity and Discontinuity: Perspectives on the Relationship Between the Old and New Testaments = Mu
Uruhererekane n’Ugucikamo: Inzira ku bijyane n’ihuriro hagati y’Isezerano rya Kera n’Isezerano Rishya, ed. John
Feinberg, 203-18. Westchester, IL: Crossway. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0891074686.
Moo, Jonathan. 2009. “The Sea that is No More: Rev 21:1 and the Function of Sea Imagery in the Apocalypse of John =
Inyanja itakiriho: Ibyah 21:1 n’Icyo Ishusho y’Inyanja ihagarariye mu Ibyahishuriwe Yohana.” Novum
Testamentum 51: 148-67.
Motyer, J. Alec. 1999. Isaiah = Yesaya (TOTC 20). Nottingham, England: Inter-Varsity. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0830899359.
Motyer, Stephen. 2000. “Israel (Nation) = Isirayeli (Ishyanga).” In New Dictionary of Biblical Theology= Mu
Inkoranyamagambo Nshya y’Imenyekanishamana rishingiye kuri Bibiliya, ed. T. Desmond Alexander and Brian
Rosner, 581-87. Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity.
Nelson, Richard. 2003. “‘He Offered Himself’: Sacrifice in Hebrews.” = Yaritanze ho igitambo: Igitambo cyo mu
Abaheburayo. Interpretation 57: 251-65 = Ubusobanuro 57: 251-65.
O’Brien, Peter. 2010. The Letter to the Hebrews = Urwandiko rwandikiwe Abaheburayo (PNTC). Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0802837298.
Ortlund, Raymond. 1996. God’s Unfaithful Wife: A Biblical Theology of Spiritual Adultery (NSBT 2) = Umugore
w’Umusambanyi: Imenyekanishamana ku Ubusambanyi bwo mu buryo bw’Umwuka (NSBT). Downers Grove, IL:
InterVarsity. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0830826149.
Osborne, Grant. 2010. Matthew (ZECNT) = Matayo (ZECNT). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0310243572.
Owen, John. 1979. Indwelling Sin in Believers = Icyaha cy’imbere mu Bizera. Grand Rapids: Baker. Online:
http://www.godrules.net/library/owen/131-295owen_f4.htm.
Pao, David, and Eckhard Schnabel. 2007. “Luke.” In Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament =
“Luka”. Muri Ubusobanuro bw’ikoreshywa ry’uburyo Isezerano Rishya rikoresha Isezerano rya Kera, ed. G. K.
Beale and D. A. Carson, 251-414. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1441210520.
Parsons, John. 2016a. “Chag HaMatzot – Unleavened Bread.” Hebrew for Christians = Umutsima Udasembuye.”
Umuheburayo wahawe Abakristu. Online:
http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Holidays/Spring_Holidays/Unleavened_Bread/unleavened_bread.html.
. 2016b. “When does Passover begin?” Hebrew for Christians = Ni ryari Pasika itangira?” Umuheburayo wahawe
Abakristu. Online:
http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Holidays/Spring_Holidays/Pesach/Zman_Seder/zman_seder.html.
Payne, J. Barton. 1980 (reprint). Encyclopedia of Biblical Prophecy = Inkoranyamagambo Nini isobanura Ubuhanuzi.
Grand Rapids: Baker.
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182
Peterson, David. 1979. “The Prophecy of the New Covenant in the Argument of Hebrews = Ubuhanuzi bw’Isezerano
Rikuru Rishya nk’uko Abaheburayo babijya impaka.” Reformed Theological Review 38: 74-81.
. 2009. The Acts of the Apostles = Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa (PNTC). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=080283731X.
Pickle, Bob. 2004. “Ezekiel’s City: Calculating the Circumference of the Earth = Ururembo nk’uko ruvugwa na Ezekiyeli –
kubara uburebure bw’umuzunguko w’isi:.” Online: http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/ezekiels-city-
circumference-of-the-earth.htm.
Piper, John. 1998. “Is God Less Glorious Because He Ordained that Evil Be? = Mbese ubwiza bw’Imana buragabanuka
ngo n’uko yemeye yuko ikibi kibaho?” Online:
http://www.desiringgod.org/ResourceLibrary/ConferenceMessages/ByDate/1998/1476_Is_God_Less_
Glorious_Because_He_Ordained_that_Evil_Be/.
. 2000. “Are There Two Wills In God?” = “Mbese haba hariho ubushake bw’Imana bwo mu buryo bubiri?” In Still
Sovereign, = Muri Ntirakavugirwamo ed. Thomas R. Schreiner and Bruce A. Ware, 107-31. Grand Rapids:
Baker. Online:
http://www.desiringgod.org/ResourceLibrary/Articles/ByDate/1995/1580_Are_There_Two_Wills_in_God/.
. 2003. Desiring God = Imana igira ibyifuzo. Colorado Springs, CO: Multnomah. Online:
http://www.desiringgod.org/books/desiring-god.
. 2010. Let the Nations be Glad! = Reka Amahanga yishime! 3rd
ed. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. Online:
http://www.desiringgod.org/books/let-the-nations-be-glad.
Plummer, Alfred. 1942 (reprint). A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Luke (ICC) =
Ubusobanuro bwo mu buryo bwimbitse kandi burimo impaka bw’Ubutumwa Bwiza nk’uko bwanditswe na Luka, 5th
ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. Online: https://archive.org/details/criticalexegetic28plumuoft.
Powell, Mark. 2007. “Echoes of Jonah in the New Testament.” World & Word 27: 157-64 = Ijwi rya Yona mu Isezerano
Rishya.” Isi & Ijambo 27: 157-64. Online: http://wordandworld.luthersem.edu/issues.aspx?article_id=979.
Poythress, Vern. 1991. The Shadow of Christ in the Law of Moses = Igicucu cya Kristo mu Matageko ya Mose. Brentwood,
TN: Wolgemuth & Hyatt. Online: http://frame-poythress.org/ebooks/the-shadow-of-christ-in-the-law-of-moses/.
Pratney, W. A. 1988. The Nature and Character of God = Kamere n’Imiterere y’Imana. Minneapolis: Bethany House.
Outline online: http://www.moh.org/PDF_Files/CharactrerAndNatureOutline.pdf.
Ramm, Bernard. 1970. Protestant Biblical Interpretation = Ubusobanuro bwa Bibiliya bushingiye ku idini rya
Giporotestanti, 3rd
ed. Grand Rapids: Baker. Online:
http://www.glasovipisma.pbf.rs/phocadownload/knjige/bernard%20ramm%20protestant%20biblical%20interpretati
on.pdf.
. 1985. An Evangelical Christology = Inyigo ya Kristo ishingiye ku Ivugabutumwa. Nashville, TN: Thomas
Nelson. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?id=_5y7JJKAvIUC&source=gbs_book_other_versions.
Reisinger, John. 1998. Abraham’s Four Seeds = Imbuto enye za Aburahamu. Frederick, MD: New Covenant Media =
Itangazamakuru ku Isezerano Rikuru Rishya. Online:
http://www.worldwithoutend.info/bbc/books/NC/abrahams_seed/toc.htm.
Rich, Tracey. 1995-2011a. “The Counting of the Omer.” Judaism 101= “Ukubara kwa Omer.” Idini ya Kiyuda 101.
Online: http://www.jewfaq.org/holidayb.htm.
. 1995-2011b. “Days of Awe.” Judaism 101 = “Iminsi y’imibabaro.” Idini rya Kiyuda 101 Online:
http://www.jewfaq.org/holiday3.htm.
. 1995-2011c. “Shavu’ot. Judaism 101. Online: http://www.jewfaq.org/holidayc.htm.
Riddlebarger, Kim. 2003. A Case for Amillennialism = Inkuru imwe ku bijyanye n’Ikinyagihumbi. Grand Rapids: Baker.
Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=080106435X.
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183
Robertson, O. Palmer. 1988. “Hermeneutics of Continuity = Isesengura rya Bibiliya ku Ihererekanya”: In Continuity and
Discontinuity: Perspectives on the Relationship Between the Old and New Testaments, = Mu Uruhererekane
n’Ugucikamo: Icyerekezo ku ihuriro hagati y’Isezerano rya Kera n’Isezerano Rishya, ed. John Feinberg, 89-108.
Westchester, IL: Crossway. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0891074686.
Runia, Klaas. 1982. “The Trinity = Ubutatu Butagatifu.” In Eerdmans’ Handbook to Christian Belief = Muri Agatabo ka
Eerdmans kavuga ku Imyizerere ya Gikristu, ed. Robin Keeley, 163-75. Grand Rapids, Eerdmans.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1946. “Existentialism Is a Humanism = Ekizisitansiyalisimu ni Ubumuntu.” Online:
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/works/exist/sartre.htm.
Satterfield, Bruce. 1998. “John 7-9 in Light of the Feast of Tabernacles = Yohana 7-9 mu Umucyo w’Umunsi Mukuru
w’Ingando.” Online: http://emp.byui.edu/SATTERFIELDB/Papers/John7-9.3.pdf.
Sawyer, John. 1993. “Messiah.” In The Oxford Companion to the Bible = “Mesiya.” Muri Umugendanyi wa Bibiliya w’i
Oxford, ed. Bruce Metzger and Michael Coogan, 513-14. New York: Oxford University Press. Preview online:
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Schnabel, Eckhard. 2002. “Israel, the People of God, and the Nation.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society 45: 35-57 = “Isirayeli, Ubwoko bw’Imana, n’Ishyanga”. “Ikinyamakuru cy’Umuryango w’Ivugabutumwa
rishingiye ku Imenyekanishamana 45: 35-57. Online: http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/45/45-1/45-1-
PP035-057_JETS.pdf.
Scheifler, Michael. Not dated. “Was Jesus crucified on Wednesday, Thursday, or Friday?”= “Mbese Yesu yabambwe ku
munsi wa gatatu, ku uwa kane se cyangwa se ku uwa gatanu?” Online: http://biblelight.net/pasover.htm.
Schnabel, Eckhard. 2012. Acts (ZECNT). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Preview online:
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Schneider, Johannes. 1967. “Homoios, Homoiotēs, Homoioō, Homoiōsis, Homoiōma, Aphomoioō, Paromoios,
Paromoiazō.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament = Muri Inkoranyamagambo ishingiye ku
Imenyekanishamana y’Isezerano Rishya, vol. 5, ed. Gerhard Kittel, 186-99. Translated by Geoffrey Bromiley.
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Scott, R. B. Y. 1965. “The Sign of Jonah: An Interpretation.” = Ikimenyetso cya Yona: Ubusobanuro.” Interpretation 19:
16-25 = Ubusobauro 19: 16-25.
Septuagint (LXX). Online: http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/septuagint/default.asp (Greek/English);
http://www.ecmarsh.com/lxx/ (English only).
Sittema, John. 2013. Meeting Jesus at the Feast: Israel’s Festivals and the Gospel = Guhurira na Yesu ku Munsi Mukuru:
Iminsi Mikuru y’Abisirayeli n’Ubutumwa Bwiza. Grandville, MI: Reformed Fellowship.
Stanton, Gerald. 1951. “The Prophet Jonah and His Message [part 1].” = “Umuhanuzi Yona n’Ubutumwa bwe [igice cya
1]”. Bibliotheca Sacra 108: 237-49.
Stein, Robert. 1992. Luke (NAC) = Luka. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0805401245.
Stitzinger, Michael. 1981. “Genesis 1-3 and the Male/Female Role Relationship.” Grace Theological Journal 22: 41-42 =
“Itangiriro 1-3 n’Imibanire hagati y’Umugabo n’Umugore.” Ikinyamakuru kivuga ku Imenyekanishama cya Grace
22: 41-42. Online: http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/OTeSources/01-Genesis/Text/Articles-
Books/Stitzinger-Gen-1-3-GTJ-1981.htm.
Suh, Robert. 2007. “The Use of Ezekiel 37 in Ephesians 2 = Ikoreshwa rya Ezekiyeli 37 mu Abefeso 2” Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society 50: 715-33. Online: http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/50/50-4/JETS_50-
4_715-733_Suh.pdf.
Sweeney, James. 2003. “Jesus, Paul, and the Temple: An Exploration of Some Patterns of Continuity = Yesu, Pawulo
n’urusengero: Isesengura ry’ibintu bimwe na bimwe ku Uruhererekane.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society 46: 605-31” Ikinyamakuru cy’Umuryango w’Ivugabutumwa rishingiye ku Imenyekanishamana 46: 605-31.
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184
Online: http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/46/46-4/46-4-pp605-631_JETS.pdf.
Sykes, Stephen. 1997. The Story of Atonement = Inkuru y’Ugutwikira. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, Ltd.
Talbot, Mark. 2005. “All the Good that is Ours in Christ: Seeing God’s Gracious Hand in the Hurts Others Do to Us” =
“Ibyiza byacu byose muri Kristu: Kubona Ukuboko kw’Imana kw’ubuntu mu Mibabaro duterwa n’abandi.” Audio
message. Online: http://www.desiringgod.org/resource-library/conference-messages/all-the-good-that-is- ours-
in-christ-seeing-gods-gracious-hand-in-the-hurts-others-do-to-us.
Taylor, John. 2004. “The Temple in Ezekiel.” In Heaven on Earth: The Temple in Biblical Theology, = Urusengero nk’uko
rwavuzwe muri Ezekiyeli.” Muri Ijuru ku Isi: Urusengero mu Imenyekanishamana rishingiye kuri Bibiliya, ed. T.
Desmond Alexander and Simon Gathercole, 59-70. Carlisle, Cumbria, UK: Paternoster.
Taylor, Richard. 1985. Ethics, Faith, and Reason = Imyitwarire, Ukwizera n’Ubwenge. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall.
Travis, Stephen. 1982. I Believe in the Second Coming of Jesus = Nizera ukuza kwa kabiri kwa Yesu. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans.
Venema, Cornelis. 2000. The Promise of the Future = Isezerano ry’Ejo hazaza. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth.
Vos, Geerhardus. 1979 (reprint). The Pauline Eschatology = Uburyo Paulo abona Ibizaba mu Bihe by’Imperuka. Grand
Rapids: Baker. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?id=dWq7CwAAQBAJ.
Waldron, Samuel. Not dated. “Structural Considerations.” In Lecture Notes on Eschatology = Nta tariki yatanzwe.
“Agaciro k’ibintu ku nzego Zitandukanye.” Muri Note zo mu ishule ku Ibizaba mu Minsi y’Imperuka Online:
http://www.vor.org/truth/rbst/escatology03.html.
Walker, P. W. L. 1996. Jesus and the Holy City: New Testament Perspectives on Jerusalem = Yesu n’Ururembo Rwera:
Icyerekezo cy’Isezerano Rishya kuri Yerusalemu . Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0802842879.
Waltke, Bruce. 1988. “Kingdom Promises as Spiritual.” In Continuity and Discontinuity: Perspectives on the Relationship
Between the Old and New Testaments = “Amasezerano y’Ubwami nk’ikintu cyo mu Buryo bw’Umwuka.” Mu
Uruhererekane n’Ugucikamo: Icyerekezo ku ihuriro hagati Y’Isezerano rya Kera n’Isezerano Rishya, ed. John
Feinberg, 263-87. Westchester, IL: Crossway. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0891074686.
Walton, John. 2001. Genesis (NIVAC) = Itangiriro (NIVAC). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0310866200.
. 2009. The Lost World of Genesis One = Isi yazimiye yo mu Itangiriro Igice cya Mbere. Downers Grove, IL: IVP
Academic. Preview online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0830861491.
Wells, Tom, and Fred Zaspel. 2002. New Covenant Theology. Frederick, MD: New Covenant Media = Imenyekanishamana
rishingiye ku Isezerano Rikuru Rishya. Frederick, MD: Itangazamakuru ku Isezerano Rikuru Rishya.
Wenham, Gordon. 1979. The Book of Leviticus (NICOT) = Igitabo cy’Abalewi (NICOT). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
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Williamson, Paul. 2000. “Abraham, Israel and the Church.” Evangelical Quarterly 72: 99-118. = “Aburahamu, Isirayeli
n’Itorero” Ikinyamakuru cy’Ivugabutumwa kiboneka rimwe mu mezi atatu. Online:
http://www.beginningwithmoses.org/articles/abrahamisraelchurch.htm.
. 2007. Sealed with an Oath: Covenant in God’s Unfolding Purpose (NSBT 23) = Bishimangijwe Indahiro:
Isezerano Rikuru mu mugambi w’Imana udakuka (NSBT). Nottingham, England: Apollos. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0830826246.
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z’Imana: Kuva kuri Yona ugahinduka Yesu.” Ijambo & Isi 27: 165-73. Online:
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Wright. N. T. 1996. Jesus and the Victory of God = Yesu n’Intsinzi y’Imana. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. Preview online:
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1451414978.
. 2003. The Resurrection of the Son of God = Ukuzuka kw’Umwana w’Imana. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. Preview
online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0800636155.
Yarbrough, Robert. 1996. “Biblical Theology.” In Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology = “Imenyekanishamana.”
Muri Inkoranyamagambo y’Imenyekanishamana rishingiye kuri Bibiliya , ed. Walter Elwell, 61-66. Grand Rapids:
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Zodhiates, Spiros. 1993. The Complete Word Study Dictionary = Inkoranyamagambo irimo ubusobanuro ku Ijambo
Ryuzuye: New Testament, rev. ed. Chattanooga, TN: AMG.
UMWANDITSI
Jonathan Menn atuye muri in Appleton, WI, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Yaronse
impamyabumenyi y’Icyiciro cya Mbere cya Kaminuza muri 1974 mu Bumenyi bw’Ibya Politike muri
Kaminuza ya Wisconsin-Madison, n’amanota yo mu urwego rw’Ikirenga. Nyuma yagiye kwinjira mu
rugaga rwitwa Phi Beta honor Kappa. Yinjiye mu ishule ryigaga iby’Amategeko rya Cornell, aho
yabonye impamyabumenyi yaranzwe n’amanota yo mu urwego rw’intashikirwa muri 1977. Yinjiye
mu rugaga rw’abanyeshule bagiye babona amanota yo hejuru kurusha abandi ari yo bita “Coif Legal
Honor Society”. Yamaze imyaka 28 akora umurimo w’Umunyamategeko, nk’umushingwamanza mu
bijyanye n’Iby’Imitungo mu Biro bya Menn Law muri Appleton, WI. Muri 1982, yarizeye, yakira
Yesu, ahita ahinduka Umwigishwa we. Urukundo yakunze Imenyekanishamana (Theology) n’urwo
yakunze umurimo w’Imana rwatumye akurikirana amashule y’Ibijyanye no Kumenya Imana (Divinity)
ahabonera impamyabumenyi ya kaminuza yo mu urwego rw’Ikirenga yitwa Masters mu ishule yitwa
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Deerfield, IL mu ukwezi kwa gatanu 2007. Hagati ya 2007 na
2013, yabaye Umuyobozi w’umuryango ukorera muri Afurika y’i Burasirazuba witwaga ‘Equipping
Pastors International’. Ubu na ho Jonathan ni Umuyobozi w’umuryango witwa Equipping Church
Leaders – East Africa (www.eclea.net). Inzandiko ze zikoranye ubushishozi n’umwete zifasha abifuza
kumenya no kwigisha ibijyanye na Bibiliya. Abifuza inyigisho ze bashobora kuzisanga kuri
www.eclea.net. Ushaka kuganira na Jonathan yashobora kumubona kuri [email protected]