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Sheriffs, Chiefs and Prosecutors Urge America to Cut Crime byInvesting Now in High-Quality Early Education and Care

A KENTUCKY REPORT BY:

IM THE GUY YOUPAY LATER

EMBARGOED

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Fight Crime: investin Kids is a national, bipartisan, nonprot, anti-crime organization. The organization has a

membership of more than 5,000 police chiefs, sheriffs, district attorneys, other law enforcement leaders and

violence survivors. The members take a hard-nosed look at what approaches workand what dontto prevent

crime and violence. They then recommend effective strategies to state and national policymakers. It operates

under the umbrella of the Council for a Strong America.

Fight Crime: investin Kids is supported by tax-deductible contributions from foundations, individuals, and

corporations. Fight Crime: investin Kids accepts no funds from federal, state, or local governments.

Major funding for Fight Crime: investin Kids is provided by: Alliance for Early Success The California Education

Policy Fund The California Endowment The California Wellness Foundation Annie E. Casey Foundation

Robert Sterling Clark Foundation Early Childhood Investment Corporation Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The Grable Foundation Grand Victoria Foundation The George Gund Foundation Hagedorn Foundation

Irving Harris Foundation Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

W.K. Kellogg Foundation The Kresge Foundation McCormick Foundation Ohio Childrens Foundation

The David and Lucile Packard Foundation William Penn Foundation The Pew Charitable Trusts Pritzker Early

Childhood Foundation Rauch Foundation Dr. Scholl Foundation W. Clement and Jessie V. Stone Foundation.

The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reect the views of The Pew Charitable

Trusts.

Report authored by Sandra Bishop-Josef, Ph.D., William Christeson, Natasha ODell Archer, J.D., Chris Beakey

and Kara Clifford.

Publication layout and design by Soren Messner-Zidell and Sara Pruzin.

The following staff members of Fight Crime: investin Kids contributed to production of this report: David Kass,

Miriam Rollin and Nick Alexander.

2013 Fight Crime: investin Kids

Acknowledgements

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Executive Summary

Louisville Metro Department o Corrections Director MarkBolton has a direct message or everyone who cares about theimpact and cost o crime:

Many o the inmates in jails could have avoided a lie o crime.

By addressing academic and behavioral problems through early

education and care, we can prepare every child to make a valuable

contribution to society. Te reality is that most in-custody

individuals are parents themselves and their kids are at signicant

risk to ollow in their ootsteps.

Mr. Bolton and Jeerson County Sheri Col. John Aubrey, and

other law enorcement leaders around the nation, know that one

o the best ways to keep young people rom dropping out o schooland becoming criminals is to make sure they have a oundation

or success in their earliest years. Tey are coming out in orce to

support high-quality early education and care or kids today so we

will see less crime and incarceration in the years to come.

Law enorcement leaders base their views on personal experiences

and research. A study that ollowed children who participated in

high-quality preschool and parent coaching programs through

Chicagos Child-Parent Centers ound they were 20 percent

less likely to be arrested or a elony or be incarcerated as young

adults than those who did not attend. In recent years, studies

o state preschool programs have ound signicant increases inacademic perormance, and also important decreases in the need

or special education and in being held back in school. Studies o

voluntary home visiting programs document reductions in child

abuse and neglect, and later crime as well.

Reducing crime is one o the key reasons why Governors and

state legislators across the political spectrum are making bold

commitments to high-quality early education and care. And now

we are at a key ork in the road: policymakers nationwide have an

outstanding opportunity to bring quality preschool to low- and

moderate-income children in America.

Te cost o the state-ederal partnership that will make thispossible is $75 billion over 10 years a smart move when you

consider the act that we currently spend $75 billion every year

on corrections nationwide, to incarcerate more than 2 million

criminals. Kentucky spends more than $480 million per year.

By one estimate, this 10-year investment in preschool will

produce over 2 million additional high school graduates

nationwide.And i we can reduce the number o young people

who commit elonies and the number who are incarcerated

by 10 percent each roughly hal the reduction achieved by

the Chicago Child-Parent Center program we can reduce the

number o individuals who are locked up by 200,000 each year.Te resulting savings$75 billion over the 10-year investment

is equivalent to the ederal costs o the preschool program.

Kentucky could decrease its prisoners by more than 1,200 each

year and save $48 million.

Tese benets have a tremendous bottom-line economic

impact. An independent analysis o over 20 preschool programs

demonstrated that quality preschool returned an average prot

(economic benets minus costs) to society o $15,000 or every

child served, by cutting crime and the cost o incarceration, and

reducing other costs such as special education and welare.

Te state-ederal proposal also oers states and communitiesresources or voluntary home visiting programs to coach new

parents and or improving the quality o child care. One home

visiting program, the Nurse-Family Partnership, cut abuse

and neglect in hal and cut later criminal convictions o

participating children by more than hal.

As stated by Sheri Aubrey, the choice is simple: Pay or quality

early education and care or Kentucky kids now, or pay ar more

or the costs o crime in Kentucky in the decades to come.

IM THE GUY YOU

PAY LATERNational Early Childhood Campaign

Louisville Metro Department ofCorrections Director BoltonLouisville Metro Corrections

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GHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS

1

IM THE GUY YOU PAY LATER

Sheriffs, Chiefs and Prosecutors Urge America to Cut Crime byInvesting Now in High-Quality Early Education and Care

A Fork in the Road

Our number one priority is protecting the saety o our

communities in Kentucky. We do this by

arresting, prosecuting and, when necessary,

incarcerating people who commit crimes.

But ultimately our best opportunity toimprove public saety is to keep people rom

becoming involved in crime in the rst place.

o do so, we urge our elected leaders to

invest in strategies and practices that have

proven, positive and long-term impacts on

crime reduction.

We already know where our current path is

leading us:

Although crime rates have allen over the past 20 years,

there are still 1.2 million violent crimes and 9 million

property crimes committed against people in our

communities across America every year.1In Kentucky,

there are 11,391 violent crimes annually, a rate o

264 per 100,000.2 (See Appendix or data rom Robert

Wood Johnson County Health Rankings;)

Tere are more than 2 million

American adults in local, state or ederal jailsor prisons.3Kentucky has approximately

12,650 adults incarcerated;4

Nationally, we spend nearly $75 billion

a year to incarcerate adults in ederal and

state prisons or local jails.5Kentucky spends

$480 million a year;6 and

Seven out o ten state prisoners

do not have a high school diploma, and

nding stable employment once they leave prison is very

challenging.7Among inmates in the Louisville Metro

Department o Corrections, 30 percent do not have a

Among inmates

in the LouisvilleMetro Department

of Corrections,

30 percent do not

have a high school

diploma or GED.

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2

high school diploma or GED, even though inmates can

obtain a GED while incarcerated.8

While these acts are daunting, they do not even begin to reect

crimes other economic costs, or the suering o crime victims in

Kentucky. Te path we are on is both scally unsustainable and

devastating in its impact on human lives.

Making a Smarter Choice, at a Pivotal Time

Fortunately, we can steer millions o children across America

toward successul lives through high-quality early education and

care, which has been proven to lead toless abuse and neglect,

better perormance in school, ewer high school drop-outs

and, ultimately, ewer crimes committed and a reduction in the

number o prisoners.

Te research behind these outcomes shows that the

early childhood period (birth to age 5) is a time o

rapid brain development, and that hundreds o new

connections in the brain orm every second.9

Earlyexperiences play a large role in determining how

brain connections are ormed and in the wiring

that becomes the oundation on which all later

learning is built.

For example, by age 6 months, babies start to

understand the link between words and their

meanings. Tis sets the stage or language

development and later reading. Yet children rom

dierent backgrounds have very dierent early

experiences. Researchers observed children in theirown homes monthly or over two years, until the

age o three, and recorded how many words their

parents spoke to them. Tere were large dierences in the average

number o words spoken to the children by proessional parents,

working class parents, and parents receiving welare:

proessional parents 45 million words

working-class parents 26 million

parents receiving welare 13 million.10

Tese dierences aected the childrens vocabulary development:

by age three, children with proessional parents had averagevocabularies o 1,116 words, compared to 749 words or working-

class and 525 or children o parents receiving welare. By the

time children reach kindergarten, too many are not only ar

behind in vocabulary development, but on pre-literacy and pre-

Higher cognitive function

Receptive languagearea/speech productionSeeing/hearing

Synapse Formation in the Developing Brain

Birth to Five Years

-9 -6 -3 0

b

irth

6 9 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

AGE

months years

Source: Nelson, 2000

3

Programs targeted tothe earliest years

Preschool programs

Schooling

Job-Training

Rate of Return

180-3 4-5 School Post-School0

AGESource: Heckman, 2013

45 MILLION 26 MILLION 13 MILLION

Professional

Parents

Working-Class

Parents

Parents on

Welfare

Words Spoken By Parents to their Young Children

Source: Hart & Risley, 2004

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3

Te path we set children upon, in their earliest years, can make

a huge dierence as they proceed through school and beyond.

Research has shown that high-quality early education and care

rom birth through preschool will result in more successul

outcomes:

Less abuse and neglect:

Te Nurse-Family Partnership is a nationwide voluntary

home visiting program. Te Chicago Child-Parent

Center (CPC) is a preschool program that has served

over 100,000 children and ollowed them up to age 28.

MORE GRADUATES

MORE PRODUCTIVE ADULTS

MORE CRIME

MORE PRISONERS

Fewer behavior problems

BETTER PATH WITH PROVEN RESULTS

1) Voluntary home visiting helps new parents learn how to keeptheir children safe and encourage their development;

2) High-quality early care and education helps children thrive; and3) High-quality preschool for 4-year-olds helps teachers and parents

ensure their children can hit the ground running in kindergarten.

A FORK IN THE ROAD

4

3

2

1

4

3

1

2

Less abuse and neglectMore abuse and neglect

More behavior problems

Worse school outcomes

More Dropouts Fewer Dropouts

Better school outcomes

CURRENT PATH WITH BAD RESULTS

Many parents and child care providers dont know the value oftalking and reading to young children, and fostering creativeplay to develop cognitive, physical and behavioral skills. Toomany young parents dont have good parenting mentors; somebecome overwhelmed and neglect or lash out at their children.

THE PATHWAY TO LESS CRIME

math skills (such as knowing their alphabet or being able to count

to ten), as well. Many also ace challenges in learning to control

impulses and behavior so they can get along with other students

and teachers.

James Heckman, the Nobel-winning economist rom the

University o Chicago, has conducted groundbreaking work with

economists, statisticians and neuroscientists and has proven that

the quality o early childhood development strongly inuences

health, social and economic outcomes. He argues that we should

invest sufciently in younger children and in coaching theirparents because those early investments will generate the greatest

return. But the opposite is happening: we actually spend ar less

on younger children than on older children and adults.11

1

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Both programs coach parents to help them understand

their childrens health needs, create saer home

environments and develop parenting skills.

Both approaches cut child abuse and neglect in hal or

the children served, compared to similar children rom

amilies not being helped.12

Fewer behavior problems:

Pennsylvanias Pre-K Counts program cut the portion

o children at risk or problematic social and sel-control

behavior (such as taking things rom others or not

waiting your turn) rom 22 percent to 4 percent.13

Better school outcomes:

Ready or school: Bostons universal preschool program

improved mathematics, literacy and language skills

among participating children equivalent to seven months

o additional learning, compared to children who did

not attend.14 State preschool programs are also reporting

important improvements.15

Less special education: Pennsylvanias pre-k programs

success in helping children learn sel-control indicates

ewer o those children will need special education. New

Jersey, which has ollowed its children through the 4th

and 5th grades, ound that the children served were 31

percent less likely to be placed in special education than

a control group.16

Not held back in school: Participants in Michigans

state preschool, the Great Start Readiness Program,

were held back in school 51 percent less oten than

non-participants.17 Children served in ennessees

preschool program were hal as likely to be held back in

kindergarten.18 New Jerseys preschool program ound its

children were held back 40 percent less oten.19 A home

visiting program, Healthy Families New York, cut rstgrade retention rates by hal.20

Ahead in reading and math with no ade-out: North

Carolinas Smart Start and More at Four initiatives

to improve early education ound that the children in

counties that invested more in these eorts were ve

months ahead in reading at third grade and three to ve

months ahead in math by third grade when compared to

children in counties that invested less.21

New Jerseys preschool program, which served

disadvantaged school districts statewide, reported that

participating children were three-ourths o a year ahead

in math and two-thirds o a year ahead in literacy in 4 thand 5th grades.22

Tese ndings show that academic benets rom high-

quality preschool need not ade out. Te New Jersey

researchers report that their ndings are on par with

the earlier results achieved by Chicagos CPC program,

which later went on to achieve very strong graduation

and crime reduction outcomes.

Fewer drop-outs:

Te Chicago CPC preschool program reported a 29percent increase in high school graduation rates by age

20 among its participants.23

Michigans Great Start Readiness program reported a 35

percent increase in graduates,24 and

Te Perry Preschool Program saw a 44 percent increase

in graduation rates by age 40.25

In Kentucky, 22 percent o high school students still ail to

graduate on time.26

Less crime:

Te Nurse-Family Partnership children were

hal as likely to be convicted o a crime by

the time they reached age 19.27

Children not served by the Chicago CPC

program were 70 percent more likely to be

arrested or a violent crime by age 18.28

By age 27, children not served by the Perry

Preschool Program were ve times more

likely to be chronic ofenders with ve ormore arrests.29

Fewer prisoners:

By age 24, the people served by the Chicago

CPC were 20 percent less likely to have

served time in a jail or prison.30

By age 40, the children served by the Perry

Preschool program were46 percent less likely

to have been sentenced to prison or jail.31

35%

7%Perry No Pe

9%15.3%

CPC No CP

28%

12%

NFP No N

52%

28%

Perry No Pe

21% 26%

CPC No CP

2

3

4

5

6

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It All Adds Up

No baby is destined, at birth, to

become a criminal. Te road tocriminal behavior is paved with

childhood abuse and neglect,

inadequate preparation or school,

unaddressed behavior problems,

poor academic perormance and

dropping out o high school.

Te path to success in lie is

driven by school readiness, the

ability to get along with others,

academic achievement and high

school graduation. We need totake action, right now, to ensure

children have the opportunity or

quality early education and care so they are on the right path or

lie.

No Excuses

Results rom New Jersey, North Carolina and Michigan should

eectively end the debate on whether high-quality state preschool

eorts can be brought to scale

and deliver strong and lasting

results. I a particular state

preschool program isnt achievingmeaningul and lasting results,

such as reductions in childrens

behavior problems or improved

math and literacy skills, the

program administrators need

to nd out what the successul

programs are doing dierently.

Steve Barnett, the Director o

the National Institute or Early

Education Research (NIEER),

argues An accountability andcontinuous improvement system

is a prerequisite or quality,

as is adequate unding or those being held accountable.32

Administrators o our most successul state preschool programs

take nothing or granted and are constantly working to learn rom

each other and make improvements. Kentucky preschool meets

nine o the ten quality benchmarks established by NIEER.33

Gov. Dayton

MN $40M

Gov. Nixon

MO $3.4M

CO

Gov. Hickenlooper

$10MCA

Gov. Brown

$25M

MA

Gov. Patrick

$26M*HI

Gov. Abercrombie

$6.4M

AL

Gov. Bentley

$9.4M

MS

Gov. Bryant

$3M

GA

Gov. Deal

$13M

MI

Gov. Snyder

$65M

Note: MA: $26.5 increase primarily for childcare; preschool funding increase failed. WV: Education bill passed establishing universalpreschool by 2016; however funding not yet determined.

NY

Gov. Cuomo

$25M OH

Gov. Kasich

$12M PA

Gov. Corbett

$4.5MNC

Gov. McCrory

$12.4M VA

Gov. McDonnell

$5MMT

Gov. Bullock

$1M RI

Gov. Chafee

$0.5M WV

Gov. Tomblin

TBD*SC

Gov. Haley

$26MND

Gov. Dalrymple

$5M NJ

Gov. Christie

$14.4M NM

Gov. Martinez

$16.5M WA

Gov. Inslee

$22.4MNE

Gov. Heinemann

$5M OR

Gov. Kitzhaber

$6M

Twenty-Five Examples of Bipartisan Support for New or Expanded Pre-K in 2013

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6

States Know Early Learning Works

States recognize the benets o high-quality early learning

programs. In the past decade, the percentage o our-year-oldsserved in state preschool doubled, rom 14 to 28 percent.34 In

Kentucky, the percentage o our-year-olds served has increased

in the past decade, going rom 24 percent in 2002 to 30 percent

in 2012.

Preschool has received support rom both sides o the aisle. In

2013, at least 25 states, more than hal o them with Republican

leadership, proposed and/or signed into law expansions o

preschool.35

Access to preschool, however, varies widely across the states, and

most states do not serve the majority o their our-year-olds. In

2012, 10 states did not have any state preschool programs. More

than hal o the remaining states served 30 percent or ewer

o their our-year-olds.36 In a time o budget cuts, many states

have struggled to pay or preschool, despite their commitments

to early learning. And the cost o high-quality preschoola

national average o $9,076 per year and $4,230 per year in

Kentuckyis higher than many amilies, particularly low- and

moderate-income amilies, can aord.37 In 2012, Kentucky served

30 percent o its our-year-olds and spent $74.8 million ($3,533

per child). [See Te State o Preschool in America, 2012, by the

National Institute or Early Education Research, or more state

inormation.38] Governor Steve Beshear proposed a $15 million

expansion o preschool in his 2014 budget. Te proposal passed

the House, but ailed in the Senate.

Voluntary home visiting programs have also received widespread,

bipartisan support. In 2012, 47 o the 50 states applied or and

received ederal Maternal, Inant and Early Childhood Home

Visiting (MIECHV) grants to deliver home visiting services

to high-risk amilies.39 Kentucky currently has $8.4 million in

MIECHV competitive and ormula grants to deliver home

visiting services. Although comprehensive inormation on

the proportion o high-risk amilies served by home visiting

programs is not available, relevant data indicate that the programs

reach only a raction o eligible amilies.40 Te current proposalrepresents a serious eort to address this unmet need.

An Unprecedented Opportunity

We now have an opportunity to increase the number o children

served in voluntary high-quality early education and care. In its

2014 budget proposal, the Administration has proposed $75

billion over 10 years or a state-ederal partnership to oer

high-quality preschool programs to low- and moderate-income

our-year-olds.41 Te proposal also includes $15 billion over 10

years to increase access to voluntary home visiting programs,

and additional unds or improving the quality o child care

or children birth through age three through the Child Care

and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) and child care

partnerships with Early Head Start.

$75 Billion Every Year to Lock Up Criminalsvs. $75 Billion Over 10 Years for Quality EarlyEducation and Care

We know rom projections made by the national security

organization, Mission: Readiness, that investments that bring

Increasing graduation ratesdecreases serious crime

University of California at Berkeley economist Enrico

Moretti and Canadian economist Lance Lochner

studied the relationship over time between changes in

graduation rates and crime. They concluded that a 10

percentage point increase in graduation rates going

from 50 percent to 60 percent, for example reduces

murder and assault rates by about 20 percent.

Source: Lochner & Moretti (2004) The

American Economic Review

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7

high-quality preschool to scale or low-income

children could produce 2 million additional

high school graduates nationwide over 10

years, once the programs are established.42

We dont know exactly how much high-

quality state preschool programs could cut the

costs o corrections. But, as recently as 2008,

America spent nearly $75 billion a year to

incarcerate more than 2 million adults in

ederal and state prisons or local jails.43 Tat

contrasts with $75 billion in ederal unding

over 10 years to bring preschool to scale or

low- to moderate-income children nationwide.Kentucky spends $480 million a year on

incarceration. Tis does not include spending

or local or county jails.44

Obviously we cannot simply stop paying the cost o incarcerating

criminals. However, given that the ederal cost o the proposed

state-ederal preschool partnership is one-tenth the cost o

corrections nationwide, cutting the number o people who commit

elonies and become prisoners by just 10 percent, or 200,000 people

nationwide hal the 20 percent reduction realized by Chicagos

CPC program could begin to pay the equivalent o all o theederal costs o the preschool program ($75 billion). Kentucky

could decrease its prisoners by more than 1,200 each year and save

$48 million. Tis does not even take into account the many other

benets that accrue rom high-quality preschool.

Tat 10 percent reduction gure is presented to illustrate the

potential o preschool to pay or itsel rom reductions in crime

alone, rather than as a hard and ast projection. But a well-

respected, independent cost-benet analysis o more than 20

dierent studies o preschool programs showed that preschool

can return, on average, a prot (economic benets minus costs)

to society o $15,000 or every child served.45 Other estimates are

much higher. Clearly, preschool works and more than pays or

itsel.

Te same cost-benet analysis determined that the Nurse-Family

Partnership voluntary home visiting program can return, on

average, net benets o $13,000 per child served.46

Stronger parentsThe most successful early care and education

programs with long-term resultssuch as the

Perry Preschool, CPC, New Jerseys state

preschool and the Nurse-Family Partnership

work with parents to teach them how to

reinforce positive behaviors and encourage

them to routinely read and speak to their

children, so they are better prepared for

success in the years to come.

Cutting the number of people who become prisonersby just 10 percent, half the 20 percent realized by

Child-Parent Centers in Chicago, could begin to

pay the equivalent of all of the federal costs of the

preschool proposal. Kentucky could decrease its

prisoners by 1,200 and save $48 million each year.

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A Different Path for Our Country

Our members make no apologies or putting criminals behind barsin Kentucky. Butwe all agree that a better and less expensive way

going orward is to prevent as many young children as possible

rom growing up to become involved in crime.

I America invests wisely now in preschool and in services such

as evidence-based home visiting and high-quality child care,

millions o children can become successul, productive adults,

instead o individuals who ail themselves and cost taxpayers

dearly. Over time, this may help America reduce the number

o prisoners well below 2 million a year, while cutting costs

dramatically.

When we support what works or our disadvantaged children, we

put them and our country on a dierent, saer path. Its time

to do what works, America.

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COUNTY PROPORTIONNOT

GRADUATINGHIGH SCHOOL

ON TIME1

ANNUALVIOLENTCRIMES2

VIOLENT CRIMERATE2

(PER 100,000POPULATION)

STATE 22 11,391 264

Adair 20 10 57

Allen 19 17 89

Anderson 11 24 113

Ballard 14 11 149

Barren 12 51 122

Bath 19 NA NA

Bell 24 37 129

Boone 18 255 214

Bourbon 21 32 167

Boyd 17 130 268

Boyle 20 56 201

Bracken 23 4 53

Breathitt 32 NA NA

Breckinridge 15 11 56

Bullitt 19 97 130

Butler 27 5 43

Caldwell 16 29 225

Calloway 10 52 142

Campbell 28 201 229

Carlisle 26 1 29

Carroll 28 9 84

Carter 26 19 69

Casey 25 1172

Christian 24 215 278

Clark 25 67 187

Clay 35 14 61

Clinton 28 6 63

Crittenden 28 4 47

Cumberland 30 2 33

Daviess 11 161 169

Edmonson 21 7 62

Elliott 26 NA NA

Estill 28 NA NA

Fayette 22 1,852 636

Fleming 31 8 55

Floyd 20 21 54

Franklin 23 118 242

Fulton 29 14 268

Gallatin 29 4 55

Garrard 27 9 54

Grant 29 11 46

Graves 17 59 160

Grayson 19 20 81

Green 9 4 39

Greenup 17 32 91

Hancock 15 4 46

Hardin 17 332 329

Harlan 35 35 120

COUNTY PROPORTIONNOT

GRADUATINGHIGH SCHOOL

ON TIME1

ANNUALVIOLENTCRIMES2

VIOLENT CRIMRATE2

(PER 100,000POPULATION)

Harrison 16 32 1

Hart 41 11

Henderson 14 69 1

Henry 18 8

Hickman 22 NA

Hopkins 26 69 1

Jackson 28 4

Jefferson 29 4,366 6

Jessamine 25 91 1

Johnson 21 14

Kenton 21 551 3

Knott 37 3

Knox 26 29

Larue 17 8

Laurel 26 46

Lawrence 42 11

Lee 25 3

Leslie 29 NA

Letcher 30 13

Lewis 17 10

Lincoln 18 16

Livingston 11 6

Logan 15 47 1

Lyon 10 4

McCracken 23 170 2

McCreary 27 10

McLean 8 4

Madison 23 169 2

Magofn 24 5

Marion 16 25 1

Marshall 18 33 1

Martin 31 6

Mason 17 35 2

Meade 13 15

Menifee 22 2

Mercer 18 26 1

Metcalfe 38 4

Monroe 17 NA

Montgomery 32 53 2

Morgan 25 NA

Muhlenberg 23 19

Nelson 0 56 1

Nicholas 16 2

Ohio 17 17

Oldham 6 56

Owen 28 4

Owsley 15 1

Pendleton 27 8

Perry 17 29 1

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation County Health Rankings & Roadmaps

Data by county: On-time high school graduation and adult violent crime

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Endnotes

1 Federal Bureau o Investigation. (2012). Crime in the United States2011. Washington, DC: US Department o Justice. Retrieved July 17,

2013rom http://www.bi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-20112 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2013). County Health Rankingsand Roadmaps. Retrieved rom: http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/kentucky/2013/downloads3 In 2012, there were 1,571,013 inmates in ederal and state prisons,and 744,524 inmates in local jails, or a total o 2.3 million incarcerated.Carson, E. A., & Golinelli, D. (2013, July). Prisoners in 2012-AdvanceCounts. NCJ 242467. Washington, DC: U. S. Department o Justice,Bureau o Justice Statistics. Retrieved rom: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pd/p12ac.pd; Minton, . D. (2013, May). Jail inmates at midyear2012. 241264. Washington, DC: U. S. Department o Justice, Bureau o

Justice Statistics. Retrieved rom: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pd/jim12st.pd4 Kentucky Department o Corrections (2013, July 18). Retrieved rom:

http://corrections.ky.gov/about/Pages/ResearchandStatistics.aspx5 Kyckelhahn, . (2012, May 30). Justice expenditure and employmentextracts, 2008- nal. NCJ 237912. able 4. U. S. Department o Justice,Bureau o Justice Statistics. Retrieved rom: http://www.bjs.gov/index.cm?ty=pbdetail&iid=43336 Kentucky Legislative Research Commission (2013, July). Retrievedrom: www.lrc.ky.gov/record/12rs/hb265/bill.doc7 Harlow, C. W. (2003, January). Education and correctional populations.NCJ 195670. Washington, DC: U. S. Department o Justice, Bureau o

Justice Statistics. Retrieved rom: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pd/ecp.pd . Te gure, 68%, represents those without high school diplomasat time o incarceration. Some inmates participate in educationalprograms in prison and earn their diplomas.8 Settles, D., urner, M., & Martin, K. (2004) Dropping out and losingout: Te costs o dropping out in Kentucky. Kentucky Center or SchoolSaety Clearinghouse, University o Kentucky. Retrieved rom: http://

www.academia.edu/1249570/Dropping_Out_and_Losing_Out_Te_Costs_o_Dropping_Out_in_Kentucky9 Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University (n. d.).InBrie:Te science o early childhood development. Retrieved rom: http://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/bries/inbrie_series/inbrie_the_science_o_ecd/10 Hart, B., & Risley, . R. (2004). Te early catastrophe.EducationReview, 17(1), 110-118. Retrieved rom: http://www.at.org/pds/americaneducator/spring2003/TeEarlyCatastrophe.pd11 Heckman, J. (2013). Heckman: Te economics o human potential.Retrieved rom http://www.heckmanequation.org/12 Te original ndings were presented in Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J.,Henderson, C. R., Kitzman, J. H., Powers, J., Cole, R., et al. (1997).Long-term eects o home visitation on maternal lie course and childabuse and neglect: Fiteen-year ollow-up o a randomized trial.JAMA,

278(8), 637-643; Revised results in: Luckey, D. W., Olds, D. L., Zhang,W., Henderson, C., Knudtson, M., Eckenrode, J., et al. Revised analysiso 15-Year Outcomes in the Elmira rial o the Nurse-Family Partnership.Prevention Research Center or Family and Child Health, Universityo Colorado Department o Pediatrics, 2008; Reynolds, A. J., emple,

J. A., Ou, S., Robertson, D. L., Mersky, J. P., opitzes, J. W. & Niles,M. D. (2007). Eects o a school-based, early childhood interventionon adult health and well-being: A 19-year ollow-up o low-income amilies. Archives o Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161(8),730-739.13 Campbell, S.B., Shaw, D.S. & Gilliom, M. (2000). Early externalizingbehavior problems: oddlers and preschoolers at-risk or latermaladjustment.Development and Psychopathology, 12, 467-488.14 Weiland, C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2013). Impacts o a prekindergartenprogram on childrens mathematics, language, literacy, executive unction

and emotional skills. Child Development. DOI: 10.1111/cdev.1209915 Te results are 23% more questions answered correctly on a literacytest or Arkansas and West Virginia, and 24% more or New Mexico.Hustedt, J.., Barnett, W.S., Jung, K., & Tomas, J. (January 2007).

Te eects o the Arkansas Better Chance Program on young childrens schoolreadiness. National Institute or Early Education Research; Lamy, C.,Barnett, W.S., & Jung, K. (December 2005). Te eects o West VirginiasEarly Education Program on young childrens school readiness. NationalInstitute or Early Education Research; Hustedt, J.., Barnett, W.S.,

Jung, K., & Goetze, L. (November 2009). Te New Mexico PreKEvaluation: Results rom the initial our years o a new state preschoolinitiative. National Institute or Early Education Research.16 Barnett, W. S., Jung, K., Youn, M., & Frede, E. C. (2013, March 20).Abbott Preschool Program longitudinal eects study: Fith grade ollow-up.New Brunswick, NJ: National Institute or Early Education Research,Rutgers-Te State University o New Jersey. Retrieved rom: http://nieer.org/sites/nieer/les/APPLES%205th%20Grade.pd17Michigan Great Start Readiness Program evaluation 2012: High schoolgraduation and grade retention fndings. Retrieved rom http://bridgemi.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/GSRP-evaluation-may-21-12.pd18 Lipsey, M. W., Hoer, K. G., Dong, N., Farran, D. C., & Bilbrey, C.(2013).Evaluation o the ennessee Voluntary Prekindergarten Program:Kindergarten and frst grade ollow-up results rom the randomized controldesign (Research report). Nashville, N: Vanderbilt University, PeabodyResearch Institute. Retrieved rom: http://peabody.vanderbilt.edu/research/pri/projects/by_content_area/tennessee_state_pre-k_evaluation/

N_VPK_Evaluation_Research_Report2__Appendices_August_2013.pd19 Barnett, W. S., Jung, K., Youn, M., & Frede, E. C. (2013, March 20).Abbott Preschool Program longitudinal eects study: Fith grade ollow-up.New Brunswick, NJ: National Institute or Early Education Research,Rutgers-Te State University o New Jersey. Retrieved rom: http://nieer.org/sites/nieer/les/APPLES%205th%20Grade.pd20 Kirkland, K., & Mitchell-Herzeld, S. (2012, May 31). Evaluating theeectiveness o home visiting services in promoting childrens adjustment

to school. Retrieved rom: http://www.pewstates.org/uploadedFiles/PCS_Assets/2013/School_Readiness_report.pd21 Ladd, H. F., Muschkin, C. G., & Dodge, K. (2012, February). Frombirth to school: Early childhood initiatives and third grade outcomesin North Carolina. Retrieved rom: http://research.sanord.duke.edu/papers/SAN12-01.pd22 Barnett, W. S., Jung, K., Youn, M., & Frede, E. C. (2013, March 20).Abbott Preschool Program longitudinal eects study: Fith grade ollow-up.New Brunswick, NJ: National Institute or Early Education Research,Rutgers-Te State University o New Jersey. Retrieved rom: http://nieer.org/sites/nieer/les/APPLES%205th%20Grade.pd23 Reynolds, A. J., emple, J. A., Robertson, D. L., & Mann, E. A.(2001, May 9). Long-term eects o an early childhood interventionon educational achievement and juvenile arrest A 15-year ollow-up olow-income children in public schools.Journal o the American Medical

Association, 285, 2339-2346.24Michigan Great Start Readiness Program evaluation 2012: High schoolgraduation and grade retention fndings. Retrieved rom http://bridgemi.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/GSRP-evaluation-may-21-12.pd25 Schweinhart, L.J., Montie, J., Xiang, Z., Barnett, W.S., Beleld, C.R.,& Nores, M. (2005). Lietime eects: Te High/Scope Perry Preschool studythrough age 40. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press26 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2013). County Health Rankingsand Roadmaps. Retrieved rom: http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/kentucky/2013/downloads27 Eckenrode, J., Campa, M., Luckey, D. W., Henderson, C. R., Cole,R., et al. (2010). Long-term eects o prenatal and inancy nurse home

visitation on the lie course o youths: 19-year ollow-up o a randomizedtrial.Archives o Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 164(1), 9-15.28 Reynolds, A. J., emple, J., Robertson, D. L., & Mann, E. A. (2001).

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Long-term eects o an early childhood intervention on educationalachievement and juvenile arrest. Journal o the American Medical

Association, 285, 2339-2380.CPC crime 18

29 Schweinhart, L. J., Barnes, H. V., & Weikart, D. P. (1993). Signifcantbenefts: Te High/Scope Perry Preschool study through age 27. Ypsilanti, MI:High/Scope Press.30 Reynolds, A. (2007). Paths o inuence rom preschool interventionto adult well-being: Age 24 ndings rom the Chicago LongitudinalStudy. Society or Research in Child Development, March 31, 2007,Boston, MA.31 Schweinhart, L.J., Montie, J., Xiang, Z., Barnett, W.S., Beleld, C.R.,& Nores, M. (2005). Lietime eects: Te High/Scope Perry Preschool studythrough age 40. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.

32 Steve Barnett made this comment in response to a recent solid studythat showed that the academic benets seen at the end o the preschool

year in ennessee aded out by the end o kindergarten and rst grade.However, children who participated in the preschool program werehal as likely to be held back in school. Barnett, W. S. (2013, August2).An early look at early education in ennessee. Retrieved rom: http://preschoolmatters.org/2013/08/02/an-early-look-at-early-education-in-tennessee/ ; Lipsey, M. W., Hoer, K. G., Dong, N., Farran, D. C., &Bilbrey, C. (2013).Evaluation o the ennessee Voluntary PrekindergartenProgram: Kindergarten and frst grade ollow-up results rom the randomizedcontrol design (Research report). Nashville, N: Vanderbilt University,Peabody Research Institute. Retrieved rom: http://peabody.vanderbilt.edu/research/pri/projects/by_content_area/tennessee_state_pre-k_evaluation/N_VPK_Evaluation_Research_Report2__Appendices_

August_2013.pd33 Barnett, W. S., Carolan, M. E., Fitzgerald, J., & Squires, J. H. (2013).Te state o preschool 2012 state preschool yearbook. New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers Graduate School o Education, National Institute or EarlyEducation Research.34 Barnett, W. S., Carolan, M. E., Fitzgerald, J., & Squires, J. H. (2013).

Te state o preschool 2012 state preschool yearbook. New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers Graduate School o Education, National Institute or EarlyEducation Research.35 National Womens Law Center (2013, June). Child care act sheet.State updates: Early care and education. Retrieved rom: http://www.nwlc.org/sites/deault/les/pds/stateupdatesjune2013.pd36 Barnett, W. S., Carolan, M. E., Fitzgerald, J., & Squires, J. H. (2013).Te state o preschool 2012 state preschool yearbook. New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers Graduate School o Education, National Institute or EarlyEducation Research.37 Gault, B., Mitchell, A., & Williams, E. (2008). Meaningulinvestments in pre-k: Estimating the per-child costs o quality programs.Institute or Womens Policy, Washington, D.C. Tis is a nationalestimate; actual costs vary greatly by state; Barnett, W. S., Carolan, M.E., Fitzgerald, J., & Squires, J. H. (2013). Te state o preschool 2012 state

preschool yearbook. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Graduate School oEducation, National Institute or Early Education Research.38 Barnett, W. S., Carolan, M. E., Fitzgerald, J., & Squires, J. H. (2013).Te state o preschool 2012 state preschool yearbook. New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers Graduate School o Education, National Institute or EarlyEducation Research.39 Health Resources and Services Administration, U. S. Departmento Health and Human Services. (2013, July 22). Active grants orHRSA programs: Aordable Care Act (ACA) Maternal, Inant andEarly Childhood Home Visiting Program. Retrieved rom: http://ersrs.hrsa.gov/ReportServer/Pages/ReportViewer.aspx?/HGDW_Reports/FindGrants/GRAN_FIND&ACIVIY=X02&rs:Format=HML4.0 . Only the states o Florida, Wyoming and North Dakota donot participate. A non-prot organization rom North Dakota has aMIECHV grant.

40 For example, the Nurse-Family Partnership, one o the 13 programseligible or unding under MIECHV, estimates that 500,000 high-riskinants are born each year, yet it currently serves 26,000. In 2010 in NewMexico, 16 percent o all newborns and their mothers were served by

home visiting programs, while the child poverty rate was 31 percent.41 U. S. Department o Education (2013). Early learning. Retrievedrom: http://www.ed.gov/sites/deault/les/early-learning-overview.pd42 Mission: Readiness (2013).A commitment to pre-kindergarten is acommitment to national security. Washington, DC: Author. Retrievedrom: http://www.missionreadiness.org/2013/a-commitment-to-pre-k-is-a-commitment-to-national-security/43 Kyckelhahn, . (2012, May 30). Justice expenditure and employmentextracts, 2008- nal. NCJ 237912. able 4. U. S. Department o Justice,Bureau o Justice Statistics. Retrieved rom: http://www.bjs.gov/index.cm?ty=pbdetail&iid=433344 Kentucky Legislative Research Commission (2013, July). Retrievedrom: www.lrc.ky.gov/record/12rs/hb265/bill.doc45 Lee, S., Aos, S., Drake, E., Pennucci, A., Miller, M., & Anderson,L. (2012). Return on investment: Evidence to improve statewide outcomes.Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute or Public Policy. Retrievedrom http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/rptles/12-04-1201.pd46 Lee, S., Aos, S., Drake, E., Pennucci, A., Miller, M., & Anderson,L. (2012). Return on investment: Evidence to improve statewide outcomes.Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute or Public Policy. Retrievedrom http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/rptles/12-04-1201.pd

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