ijcrb.webs.com J INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL F O ...Household at District Quetta, Pakistan Abdul Naeem, Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan,

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INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

COPY RIGHT © 2014 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 126

JANUARY 2014 VOL 5, NO 9

The Social Welfare Impacts of Microfinance on

Household at District Quetta, Pakistan

Abdul Naeem, Assistant Professor,

Institute of Management Sciences,

University of Balochistan, Quetta Pakistan.

Professor. Dr. Shadiullah Khan,

Department of Public Administration,

Gomal University, D.I.Khan, Pakistan

Qamar Afaq, Assistant Professor,

Department of Public Administration,

Gomal University, D.I.Khan, Pakistan.

Dr. Faqir Sajjad ul Hassan, Assistant Professor,

Institute of Management Sciences,

University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan

Abstract The present study evaluated the impact of microfinance on social welfare at

household level by using the concepts e.g. access of Children Education, family

member‟s access to better health facilities and household‟s expenditure (Food items

and Clothing). The primary data was collected through structured questionnaire from

75 clients (57 beneficiaries group and 18 non-beneficiaries) by following Cross

Sectional research design. The study revealed positive and significant impact on

family member‟s access to better health facilities, while, there were positive but non-

significant impact on access of children to education and household expenditure

(Foods item and clothing). It has also been observed that female clients were more

motivated toward manufacturing whereas male were inclined toward services types of

business activities.

Key Words: Microfinance, Microenterprise, Household, Children Education,

Household Health and Household Expenditure.

1. Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

In this modern economic world Microfinance has been taken as an attractive

Economic Development tool to help poor especially women, since it has been

perceived that it helps in improving livelihoods, reducing vulnerability, and fostering

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social as well as economic empowerment. Now the policy makers and development

economist are formulating their policies using down up approach by boosting up

microfinance sector by creating livelihood opportunities for the poorest section of

communities.

The Microfinance Movement was initiated in 1970s. It‟s goal was provision of

microcredit or small loan to the poorest section of community. However, over two

decades it has become a fast growing microfinance industry which has been providing

financial services to the millions of people Worldwide. Since, Pakistan‟s 37.5% of the

population lives below the poverty level therefore microfinance has paramount

importance. However, unfortunately more than 95 percent of potential client‟s

approximately 44 million men and women do not have access to micro finance

(International Newspaper, 2011). The outreach of Microfinance sector in Balochistan

province is below than satisfactory as microfinance services are available only in

urban area. The main hurdle in extension of microfinance outreach is due to insecurity

due no writ of law and order in province. So due to these barriers the present study is

limited to the urban area of district Quetta, which is the provincial capital of

Balochistan.

Due to several aspects the province of Balochistan is least developed province of

Pakistan. It has a lowest rate of education both among male and female, poor health

facilities, at the bottom in the Gender Parity Index (GPI), and very minute

contribution of private educational institution in education (National Economic

Survey of Pakistan, 2013).The illiteracy, repression of women and ignorance of

individual rights are the main socio-political evils that need to be overcome. These

economic, social and political situations can be tackle by initiation of mega projects as

well as need to initiate projects at grass root level. The microfinance can be act as tool

for development to solve the problem of poverty if it is delivered at a grass roots

level.

It has been realized that financing micro enterprises act as an effective tool for

development and eradicating absolute poverty: the availability of necessary fund is

one of the main problems for initiation of business. In underdeveloped countries lacks

of funds is one of the major problems for poor section of community for initiation and

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extension of their own business, to becoming self-employed and support their

household. A number of Banks and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO‟s)

emerged in the financial market for providing microfinance services in different cities

of Pakistan including the province of Balochistan especially district Quetta. But it is

needed to see how much effective government and NOG‟s effort are? The research so

far conducted in recent few decades on impact of microfinance by the researchers,

donors and practitioners produced some encouraging results. However knowledge

regarding their achievement in Pakistan is still immature or underdeveloped.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The present study is conducted to seek the answer of the question.

“Does access to microfinance services contribute to social welfare of the

household”?

1.3 Purpose of the study

The main goal of the present study is to evaluate the impacts of microfinance services

on the social welfare of the household in the urban area of district Quetta. The

objective of the study can be achieved by evaluating the impact of microfinance

services on social welfare of the household who have obtained the microfinance

services from First Microfinance Bank (FMFB) at district Quetta.

In addition the present study will helpful in tracing answer to the following research

questions;

i. Does access to microfinance services helpful in the business activities

of the Household?

ii. Does access to microfinance services impact on the Social Welfare of

the Household?

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Microfinance provides access to financial resources to the poor for uplifting their

standard of living in a sustainable way and helpful in eradication of poverty. It is due

to this importance the UN has declared 2005 as International year of Microcredit. The

finding of the research conducted in Asia, Latin America and Africa have come to this

conclusion; that microfinance has a positive impact on expenditure on children

education, microenterprise owned by household (Nanyor, M. A., 2008) but still the

evidence of microfinance impacts from the research point of view so far has been

done is insufficient and many results so far obtained have been highly challenging

(Kiiru, J. M., 2007). There is great potential for further research in the field of

microfinance sector and it is more important to conduct some empirical studies to see

the economic and social impact of microfinance on household and their owned

enterprises. The present study will definitely helpful in achievement of these

objectives.

2. Literature Review

2.1 Basic Concepts of Microcredit and Microfinance:

In broader sense we use microcredit and microfinance inter-changeably, but in

narrower sense we refer microcredit as an act of providing small loan for shorter

period for initiation or extension of micro-entrepreneur. Whereas boundaries of

microfinance is much broader which means an act of providing a complete set of

financial services such as deposits, loans, payment services, money transfers, and

insurance to poor and low-income households and their microenterprises. So the term

microfinance refers to the provision of financial services to low income group of

people, including self-employed (Ledgerwood, J., 2000).

The microfinance services are provided by Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) to the

poorest section of community who have lack of access to formal financial services

due to lack of financial or physical collateral for development of their enterprises.,

which will help them in generation of self-employment and empowerment of poor.

Today by extension of microfinance services to the poor the Microfinance Institutions

(MFIs) want to seek dual objectives i-e financial as well as social intermediations;

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from social intermediation we mean creation of sense of group formation, self-

confidence, financial literacy and management capabilities among group members. It

has been observed that some of the MFIs in addition to the social intermediation also

provide enterprise development services such as skills training, marketing, planning

and accounting. So microfinance should not be taken as a simple banking operation

but it is a tool of development (Ledgerwood, J., 2000).

A microenterprise is very small business operated by an owner having uncertain

means i.e. a microenterprise having few or no other employees excluding those

businesses that is owed by one professional person like doctors, lawyers or computer

programmers and hobbyists (Schreiner. 2004). USAID defines microenterprises as

“tiny, informally organized business activities with ten or fewer employees having

low levels of assets and income” (Cohen., 2001). In underdeveloped world it is very

common practice that microenterprise is establish informally by poor by investing

small amount of funds from their own saving or obtaining loan from their friends,

relatives and other informal lender for earning income.

2.2 Impact of Microfinance on Household

It has been inferred by Baberjee (2009) in an empirical research at India that

Microfinance program was helpful in establishment of about 32% more new

businesses in treatment area than the control area. Similar finding were reported by

Ati & Hela (2011) at Tunisia where they found members of two groups clients and

future clients become the sole owners of the micro-enterprise which they have

initiated from microfinance services provided by MFIs. Whereas Chowdhury (2009)

in his research study at Bangladesh has revealed quite contradictory results as he

found that participation in the program didn‟t have any positive impact on enterprise

ownership. Overall from the reviewed literature we come to this conclusion that we

need to accept the claim of the microfinance that it is helpful in promotion of

microenterprises and play a vital role in eradication of poverty.

The groups of Senegalese women micro-entrepreneurs have positive experience after

participation in the microfinance program as they utilized portion of their

entrepreneur profit for the wellbeing of their children schooling (Kane, 2011). The

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Nanor (2008) in research study at Ghana has depicted the same impact and found

microcredit has positive impact on participant‟s household income, education and

expenditure as compare to control group. Whereas Mochona, S (2006) has reported in

a case study conducted at Ethiopia no significant difference was found among two

groups so far their children access to education and family member access to better

health facilities after participation in microfinance program.

Abafita (2003) has reviled in research study at Ethiopia that access to medical

facilities were not significantly increased after participation in microfinance program.

Whereas in research study at Hyderabad, India it has been reported that the treatment

household spends less on health care as compare to comparison household from

control group (Banerjee, A. 2009). Nighiem., Coelli & Rao (2007) claimed that the

decline in health care expenses can be taken as positive sign which show curing from

ill health.

It has been revealed from research studies conducted at Tajikistan, India and

Philippine by ADBP (2009), Manimekalai, N (2004) and ADB (2007) respectively

that microfinance services have been helpful in enhancement of education followed

by clothing, festival and food expenditures. It has been observed in the reviewed

literature that the clients after initiation of their business slowly and gradually utilize

their incremental income for enhancement of consumption pattern of their household,

food consumption, and clothing and for the welfare of their household. Whereas an

impact study at Senegalese revealed that due to lack of income resources Senegalese

household could not afford sufficient and nutritionally balanced meals everyday

(Kane, S. 2011).

It has been observed from the reviewed literature that in some cases the participants

utilized their loan amount directly in household because of pressing demand for it,

which is not a good sign for operational staff of the MFIs as they provided the funds

to the clients for their enterprises development and growth and to becoming self-

employed.

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2.3 Overview of Microfinance in Pakistan

In Pakistan the beginning of modern Microfinance can be traced at early 1980‟s when

Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) in northern areas of Pakistan and Orangi

Pilot Project (OPP) in urban areas of Karachi were operationalized by two different

NGOs. By the mid-1990s some other Rural Support Program NGO were also took

interest and established like Kashf Foundation in Lahore which has offered specialized

microfinance services to poor (Duflos, E., et al 2007). When the Government of Pakistan

perceived Successful operation of AKRSP in Northern Area it took bold initiative for

establishment of Rural Support Programs following the same model. The National Rural

Support Program (NRSP) initiated its operation at whole sale level that operates at

national level and providing its services in all four provinces i.e. Punjab Rural Support

Program (PRSP) which operates at province of Punjab, Sindh Rural Support Program in

the province of Sindh, Sarhad Rural Support Program and

Balochistan Rural Support program were established in North West Frontier Province

(NWFP) now called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan provinces respectively. All

these rural support programs provide funds for wide range of economic and social

development programs (Goodwin-Groen, R. 1999).

At the beginning of year 2000 the Government of Pakistan has took sincere steps for

eradication of poverty. The government took microfinance as an instrument for ploughing

out poverty from grass root level. It has operationalized his dream by establishment of the

Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) in year 2000 with collaboration of the World

Bank (Mohammad, S. D, 2010). The World Bank provided financial support of $ 90

million for disbursement of credit and equivalent amount was provided by the

Government of Pakistan as grant for infrastructural development of PPAF and related

organization.

After initiation of PPAF in the same year 2000 the Pakistan first microfinance bank i-e

Khushali Bank was established under special ordinance with the financial support from

the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Its main establishment objective was provision of

microfinance services to those areas of Pakistan which have been left ignorant form such

services. The State Bank of Pakistan formulated special ordinance which was called the

Microfinance Ordinance 2001. The ordinance opened doors for private sector to establish

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microfinance bank with much low level of reserve and equity financing (Hamid, H. M.

2009). By taking advantage of this ordinance many private banks and NGOs were

encourage to establish microfinance banks, Kashf and AKRSP NGOs have transformed

into microfinance banks. In very short time period at the end of 2009 this sector consists

of vast range of actors like 5 developments NGO, 7 Specialized MFIs and 7 Microfinance

Banks and many other local NGOs (Mohammad, S. D. 2010). The microfinance sector

now is strengthen and sustainable and is playing vital role in the economic development

and eradication of poverty in Pakistan.

The First Microfinance Bank Ltd (FMFB) was established after successful

microfinance and integrated rural development program operation by the Aga Khan

Rural Support Program (AKRSP) in northern area of Pakistan since 1982. The FMFB

(The financial institutions understudy) was initially registered as non-listed company

under company ordinance 1984 with cooperation of Government of Pakistan and

later-on in January, 2002 licensed was issued under the microfinance ordinance, 2001

to function as microfinance institution (Pakistan Microfinance Network, 2012). The

FMFB has developed a partnership with Pakistan Post to enhance its delivery channel.

Under this model more than 40,000 borrowers have got benefit of microfinance

services through 68 offices of Pakistan Post (State Bank, 2011). The bank serves the

rural and urban population of Pakistan and operates under two basic principles

outreach and sustainability. The target market of Bank is vulnerable poor especially

women. The FMFB has started it operation in the province of Balochistan at district

Quetta in year 2006. In under study area its operation was limited only to the rural

areas.

2.4 Hypothesis of the Study

By keeping in view the reviewed literature following hypothesis were formulated:

H 1: Participation in the Microfinance Program has been helpful in increasing

access of Children Education.

H 2: Participation in the Microfinance Program has increased family member‟s

access to better health facilities.

H 3: Participation in Program leads has been helpful in increasing household‟s

expenditure (Food items and Clothing).

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.

3. Methodology

The Cross Sectional survey design by taking household as assessment unit has been

adopted for the present study with the aim of achieving the research objectives. The

main strength of cross sectional design is that it requires short period to conduct it

and is less expensive. Also the researcher does not need to maintain a record of the

entire population over period of time just like in longitudinal research study

The Sample of the research study was comprising 60 clients (30 each from male and

female) who have already received loan from the FMFB, Pakistan for minimum

period of two years prior to the survey i.e. December 31st, 2011 are known as

beneficiaries / treatment group and 20 (10 each from male and female) from those

applications who have applied for microfinance services and were eligible for

extension of microfinance services are known as non-beneficiaries / control group

were randomly selected. The new clients/ non-beneficiaries having more or less same

characteristic as that of beneficiaries were used as control group had been selected for

data collection. The selection of clients who have at least two years based on the

assumption that impacts are not likely felt among newer borrowers (Nelson C., 2001).

The impact of microfinance will be checked on two groups, if any difference found

among these two group it would be treated as an impact of intervention (Kiiru, J. M.

2007).

The Population of the study consists of all active or ex-borrowers of the FMFB,

Pakistan who have borrowed loan for minimum period of two years since 2006. The

active and new clients were belongs to the following areas in District Quetta: Hazra

Town, Kalli Qambrani, Wahdat colony, Rehmat Colony.

The data was collected through pre structured questionnaires from total sample of 80,

out of all collected questionnaires 75 were valid respondents who have cooperated

with research team and filled the questionnaires whereas five respondents didn‟t fill.

Out of valid respondents 57 were from beneficiaries group and 18 from non-

beneficiaries. The response rate for the present study was 93.75% which is

approximately equal to the required rate of 95%.

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After codification the data was transformed into statistical software. The SPSS

version 16 software was chosen for statistical analysis for current study.

4. Research Finding

The main objective of this research was to assess the impact of microfinance on

household social welfare. The level of significance assumed for the present study was

0.05. There were no significant difference found between beneficiaries and non-

beneficiaries in term of income level, education, age, size of a family, and marital

status.

3.1 Types of Business Activities Initiated

Figure 3.1:

26%

54%

20%

Types of Business Activities Opted by Female

TradingManufacturingServices

Figure 3.2:

The majority of male 40% have made an investment in service followed by 37% in

Trading and 23% in manufacturing (See Figure 3.1), whereas among Female majority

54% have made investment in manufacturing business followed by 26% in Trading

and 20% had opted services activities (See Figure 3.2).

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3.2 Household Social welfare

Impact on Household Children’s Access to Education:

Table 3.1:

Type of

Group

Children Access to Education in (Percentage).

Total Decreased Greatly

Decreased Stayed about

the same

Increased Increased

Greatly

Don’t

Know

Beneficiaries

N=57

0.0 % 0.0% 28.1% 70.2% 1.8% 0.0% 100%

Non-beneficiaries

N=18

0.0% 0.0% 44.4% 55.6% 0.0% 0.0% 100%

Chi-Square Results: p=0.389, df= 2, χ2 = 1.901b

It has been inferred from the field data that 72.0% beneficiaries have felt their

capability has enhanced and they could afford their children schooling expenditure

due to enhancement in their income after joining microfinance programs and none of

them have any feeling that their capability have been negatively affected whereas

28.1% respondents reported that their children access to education were remain

stayed.

On the other hand the (55.6%) non-beneficiaries have sensed that their children‟s

access to education had increased whereas 44.4% respondents replied that their

children accesses were stayed about same. In case of beneficiaries about (16.4%)

higher number as compare to non-beneficiaries have that their children access to

education has increased. But these differences among two groups do not make any

significant difference in performance among two groups.

The chai square tests result shown non positive and non-significant indications as the

value of p= 0.389 which is higher than p= 0.05, this mean our developed hypothesis

(H-1) is rejected as none from both groups found any significant difference in their

capabilities to enhance their children schooling expenditure which can make variation

among them.

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Impact on Household’s Family Access to Health

Table 3.2 :

Type of

Group

Family Access to Health in (Percentage).

Total Decreased Greatly


the same

Increased Increased

Greatly

Don’t

Know

Beneficiaries

N=57

0.0% 14.0% 31.6% 28.1% 1.8% 24.6% 100%

Non-beneficiaries

N=18

11.1% 11.1% 55.6% 22.2% 0.0% 0.0% 100%

Chi-Square Results: p= 0.02, df= 5, χ2 = 13.464a

For seeking response from respondents about the impact of participation in

microfinance program on their family access to health facilities e.g. treatment from

private doctors, visit to private hospital, availability of medicine during illness. The

majority respondents (31.6%) from beneficiaries has feeling that their family

members access to health was remain same as before joining the program and it was

not affected while 29.9% expressed that their family access to health has been

improved whereas 14.7% respondents felt it was decreased and 24.6% didn‟t

expressed their view.

In case of non-beneficiaries majority (55.6%) have felt their family access stayed

about the same as previously and 22.2% have disclosed it was decline whereas 22.0%

have experienced it has increased since their participation in the program and none of

them were not aware about their these changes.

If we compare the responses of both groups we can say about 7.9% more respondents

from beneficiaries were able to provide to their family members better health facilities

as compared to non-beneficiaries. It is also confirmed as the statistical tests were

positive and significant as the value of p= 0.02 which is less than alpha 0.05. So in

this case we have accepted our developed hypothesis (H-2).

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Impact on Household’s Expenditure (Food items and Clothing)

Table 3.3 :

Type of

Group

Impact of Participation on Household’s Expenditure

in (Percentage).

Total Decreased

Greatly


the same

Increased Increased

Greatly

Don’t

Know

Beneficiaries

N=57

0.0% 1.8% 26.3% 61.4% 3.5% 7.0% 100%

Non-beneficiaries

N=18

0.0% 5.6% 55.6% 27.8% 0.0% 11.1% 100%

Chi-Square Results: p= 0.089, df=4, χ2 = 8.068b

The respondents were asked to express their view about the impact of microfinance

on household‟s expenditures (food security and clothing). It has been exposed from

the field data given in the table (3.3) that majority (64.9%) beneficiaries replied their

household‟s expenditure were increased since their participation in the microfinance

programs and 26.3% did not felt any changed in it whereas 1.8% have experienced

decline in expenditures and 7.0% have couldn‟t expressed their views.

While in case of non-beneficiaries majority 55.6% felt their household expenditure

were remain same and 27.8% felt increased whereas 5.6% respondent‟s expenditure

have a feeling of decline and 11.1% didn‟t have any knowledge about the change.

37.1% more in number of beneficiaries have experienced increase in their household

expenditure as compare to non-beneficiaries; so we can observed non-significant

change among two groups experience and statistical test also show non-significant

difference among both groups as the value of p= 0.089 which is slightly higher than

minimum value of alpha 0.05 . Although the expenditure incurred by beneficiaries is

higher than that of non-beneficiaries but statistical evidence are not supports our

developed hypothesis. So we can say that participation in the microfinance program

has not significantly enhanced household‟s expenditure of beneficiaries which can

improve his status of life.

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5. Discussion and Conclusion

It has been revealed from the field data that majority of the male clients have invested

the microcredit obtained from FMFB, Pakistan for extension / initiation of services

(tea, repair and barber shops) and in case of female they have opted investment in

manufacturing types of business activities (handmade wooden product, craft and

embroidery). As the province of Balochistan has male dominating culture so majority

of the female have invested in home based business activities in which they not only

feel comfort but also they can provide financial assistance to their household without

disturbing their family life.

The microfinance has positive but non-significant impact on household access toward

their children access toward education, as it has been revealed that the beneficiaries

were more interested in paying their attention in provision of their children education

as compare to non-beneficiaries. The results of our study were supported by research

study conducted by Mochona, S (2006), Whereas majority of other regional and

International research studies like Kane, S., (2011) at Senegal & Manimekalai, N.,

(2004) at India; Enterprising Solution for Global Consulting (ESGC) (2004) at Haiti,

Kenya, Malawi and Nigeria have shown quite opposite results wherein children

access to education was increased because of participation. The mix results found

among different studies were because of cultural difference among different areas

and priority which they have set for their household expenditures.

It has been witnessed from our field data that microfinance has created more positive

and significant impact on beneficiaries members „access to health facilities as

compare to non-beneficiaries. Some other research studies which experienced positive

impact on access to better health facilities were conducted by KB‟s study commission

by Kane, S., (2011) at Senegal; Haq, A (2010) conducted in Pakistan. Whereas some

researchers have experienced negative impacts of microfinance on health care like in

a research conducted by Banerjee, A (2009) at Hyderabad, India; Nighiem, H. S

(2007) at Vietnam; Abafita, J (2003) at Ethiopia.

It has also been exposed from our study research results that microfinance has

positive yet non-significant impacts on participant‟s household expenditure (food

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security and clothing) after seeking microcredit from FMFB, Quetta. The other

national research which has supported our findings is by KB‟s study commission by

ADB in 2005 reported by Haq Aban (2010) conducted in Pakistan. The studies in

which researcher reported positive impacts were study conducted by ADB (2007) at

Philippine ; Manimekalai N. (2004) felt by participants of Self Help Group (SHG) at

India; Enterprising Solution for Global Consulting ESGC, LLC, (2004) study

conducted in four countries i.e. studies at Haiti, Kenya, Malawi and Nigeria.

It has been observed that overall microfinance services are playing positive role in

entrepreneurial establishment whereas in case of household social welfare level it was

not very much effective. It is just because of the facts that social impacts are very

slow and require long time to develop impacts as compare to economic impacts.

6. Recommendations

The following are some of the recommendation about the studies.

The Microfinance Institutions extend too small amount of loan to their clients which is

not sufficient for extension of old or establishment of new business. So, it is

recommended to the policy makers that the amount of microcredit which is provided

to the clients should be sufficient so they can easily establish their business.

The rate of interest charged by MFIs in Pakistan is very high, which is the main

reason due to which the clients could generate sufficient positive impact on social

welfare of the household. It is therefore recommended for the practitioners that

the rate of interest may be reduced so that it can be affordable for the clients.

7. Limitation of the study:

The present study was limited to the urban areas whereas rural areas were not

studied so in future both areas are needed to be covered in-order to get more

comprehensive information.

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ijcrb.webs.com J INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL F O ...Household at District Quetta, Pakistan Abdul Naeem, Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan,