Trans Air Pollution in Quetta

7/29/2019 Trans Air Pollution in Quetta

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Transboundary Air Pollution

Badar Ghauri, Director, SUPARCO


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Whos Air Do We Breathe?


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Introduction

Pollution is a global problem

There are no boundaries

Satellite Remote Sensing is the only way to mapglobal distribution of air pollution

This talk will highlight various tools available to

track global/Transboundary pollution

Regional and intercontinental aerosol pollution willbe discussed


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Country-to-country source-receptor matrix

Source:Foell et.al, December, 1995(Final report submitted to The World Bank)

The columns represent the source country while the rows represent the

receptor country. Shown is the total annual sulfur deposition expressed intones S/yr

Source/Receptor

Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

Bangladesh

1.77E+04 1.27E+00 1.64E+04 1.77E+02 2.30E+02

4.34E-03

Bhutan3.83E+02 1.63E+02 8.14E+03 4.37E+02 8.65E+01

5.57E-18

India1.58E+04 7.14E+01 1.06E+06 5.26E+03 1.88E+04

5.49E+02

Nepal3.22E+02 1.78E+00 4.06E+04 2.21E+04 1.04E+03

1.92E-20

Pakistan 0.00E+00 3.46E-09 1.73E+04 3.97E+00 1.16E+05 0.00E+00

Sri Lanka6.72E+00 4.99E-07 2.97E+03 5.70E-01 6.63E-01

8.15E+03


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Countries with Renewable EnergyTargets in the Region


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Strategy on Transboundary AirPollution

Adequacy of data compiled

Pollutants of concern (additional pollutants)

SOx, NOx, Ozone, etc (NOx shows significant increase) Compatibility of information collected

QA/QC issues

Common monitoring protocol (such as EANET technical manual)

Adequacy of monitoring network (strengthening in terms of no. ofstations/ parameters, frequency)

National baseline studies

Integration of Monitoring data on a sub-regional basis


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Comparison of methodologies used for different pollutants

Aim for a common approach

Use of emission factors

First preference: Local emission factors for various

activities

Else use emission factors such as from WB rapid

emission inventory

Undertake emission factors development (where ever

deemed necessary)

Subsequent refinements/ updating of emission inventories

Transparency in the development of inventory

Capacity Building

Analysis and refinement of National emission inventories


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Identification of appropriate tools/ models

Model acceptability and ownership - focal centre

Integrated assessment model - effects based approach

Input data compilation -

emissions/meteorology/database on critical loads

Validation: model prediction vs observed data

Capacity Building

Strengthening of regional modeling capabilities


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Regional cooperation in cleaner energysources (hydel, alternative energies)

Fuel quality improvement (eg., reduced S indiesel)

Improvement in energy efficiency

Sharing of information and cooperation inadoption of clean process technologies as wellas EOP control technologies

Strategies to minimize air pollution


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Damage to human health

Impacts on crop productivity, forests, etc

Related economic analysis

These would assist in formulating

appropriate policy response

Studies on the impact assessment


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Involve relevant stakeholders

Industry, NGOs, research institutes, media

Dissemination of tools, methodologies, and data

Information sharing

Stakeholder involvement and information dissemination


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Policy issues

Financial assistance for tackling TAP:

Multilateral (UNEP/SACEP), National

funds, others

Scientific process to aid policy making :

Leading to signing of Agreement/

Protocol


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Intergovernmental meeting, stakeholders meeting cum

coordination meeting

Participating countries should initiate the process of

understanding issues arising from TAP

Air pollution related initiatives in South Asia need to be

encouraged to participate

National Advisory Committee and National Stakeholders should

coordinate activities at the national and international levels

Regional Cooperation

Male Declaration


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Male declaration on control & prevention of airpollution & its likely transboundary effects

Declaration approved on April 22, 1998

Aims: intergovernmental cooperation to address TAP

and consequential impacts

Sets an institutional framework linking scientific

research and policy formulation

To draw up and implement national and regional

action plan and protocols based on fullerunderstanding of TAP

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka,

Bhutan, Maldives and Iran


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Development March 1998: Policy Dialogue

April 1998: Adoption of the Declaration

Implementation Phase I: Awareness and preparation of the baseline information

Phase II: Local capacity development for monitoring and analysis

Member states

Male Declaration

Bhutan

Nepal

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

Iran

Pakistan

India

Maldives


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Strengthen the regional cooperation and stakeholders participation

under the Mal Declaration;

Strengthen the capacity building programmes initiated

Enhance the capacity of NIAs on emission inventory development

and Integrated Assessment Modeling

Enhance the analytical and impact assessment capability at thenational level through integration of findings from local pollution

studies and conducting assessment studies;

Provide decision support information for policy formulation and airpollution prevention ;

Raise awareness for action through targeted dissemination

Objectives (April 1998)

Male Declaration


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Terra

Aqua

Satellite Measurement Capability


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Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) is the degree to which aerosols

prevent the transmission of light. Aerosol Optical Thickness alsoreferred to as optical depth or optical thickness depends upon the

physical constitution, the form and concentration of aerosols.

The transmissivity, which is the ratio of amount of solar radiation

incident on the surface of the earth to the amount of solar

radiation incident at the top of the atmosphere, has a value

between 0 and 1, is an indication of Aerosol optical thickness.

The smaller the transmissivity, the larger the aerosol optical

thickness. When the transmissivity is 0 the atmosphere is

perfectly opaque, and when the transmissivity is 1 the

atmosphere is perfectly transparent.

Aerosol Optical Thickness


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From AOT to Air Quality

Using satellite AOT to assess air quality categories

IndexValues

Category Cautionary StatementsPM2.5

(ug/m3)PM10

(ug/m3)

0-50 Good 0-15.4 0-54

51-100 ModerateUnusually sensitive peopleshould consider reducing

prolonged or heavy exertion

15.5-40.4 55-154

101-150

Unhealthyfor

SensitiveGroups

Sensitive groups should reduceprolonged or heavy exertion

40.5-65.4 155-254

151-200 Unhealthy

Sensitive groups should avoid

prolonged or heavy exertion;everyone else should reduceprolonged or heavy exertion

65.5-150.4 255-354

201-300VeryUnhealth

y

Sensitive groups should avoidall physical activity outdoors;

everyone else should avoid

prolonged or heavy exertion

150.5-250.4 355-424


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Northern India, Pakistan,Nepal, and Bangladesh Air

Quality Event

Case Study 1:

Map of the Air Quality Event Region


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Map of the Air Quality Event RegionNorthern India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh

(http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/lgcolor/incolor.htm)

Region of Air

Quality Event

MODIS-Aqua True Color Image


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MODIS-Aqua True Color ImageNorthern India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh

February 5, 2006(http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/?2006036-0205)

A l O ti l D th (AOD) I


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Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) ImageNorthern India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh

(Prepared by Battelle from MODIS-Aqua data using ArcView GIS processing software)

The AOD scale in this image is similar to the U.S. EPA Air Quality Index (AQI)

scale, such that red-colored regions indicate unhealthy air.

T C l d AOD I A il bl


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True Color and AOD Images Available onthe Internet

True Color Images

MODIS instrument:http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/subsets/

Click on region of interest. Click on the display alternate dates available for this subset link. Select date of interest (dates are in Julian date format).

Repeat for all overlapping regions of interest.

True Color and AOD Images

MODIS instrument:http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/browse_images/l2_browser.html

Select Terra or Aqua satellite Select appropriate month,day, and year. Select parameter from pull-down menu; RGB = true color images

Parasol satellite:http://www-icare.univ-lille1.fr/parasol/browse/ Click the box next to Aerosol Optical Thickness over land to view aerosol images.

AOD Images

OMI instrument:http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/aerosols/aerosols_v8.html

Scroll to the bottom of the page to select images. Select global image from Choose output pull-down menu. Select OMI: 8/17/2004 Present from coverage satellite pull-down menu. Select appropriate Date to be studied.
http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/subsets/http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/browse_images/l2_browser.htmlhttp://www-icare.univ-lille1.fr/parasol/browse/http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/aerosols/aerosols_v8.htmlhttp://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/aerosols/aerosols_v8.htmlhttp://www-icare.univ-lille1.fr/parasol/browse/http://www-icare.univ-lille1.fr/parasol/browse/http://www-icare.univ-lille1.fr/parasol/browse/http://www-icare.univ-lille1.fr/parasol/browse/http://www-icare.univ-lille1.fr/parasol/browse/http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/browse_images/l2_browser.htmlhttp://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/subsets/


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Meteorological Information Availableon the Internet

Hourly Weather Observations (temperature,winds, visibility, etc.)

Weather Underground:http://www.wunderground.com/

Type India in the box at the top of the page, and hitenter.

Scroll down to the list of cities and click on Patna.

Select the date of interest under History andAlmanac.

Repeat for Lahore Pakistan

Repeat for Kolkata (Calcutta), India.

Repeat for Dhaka Bangladesh.
http://www.wunderground.com/http://www.wunderground.com/


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Ground-Based Particulate Measurements

Indian National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)

Central Pollution Control Board:http://www.cpcb.nic.in/index.php

Click on Air in the menu on the left side of the page.

Learn about Indian air quality monitoring by clicking on the different links in theAir section.

Currently, no data are archived for 2006, but you can get an idea of the trends inIndian air quality.

Nepal Ministry of Environment, Science and TechnologyAir Quality Monitoring Results:http://www.ncit.gov.np/pollution/pollution.php

24-hour average PM10 concentrations in mg m-3 for 6 sites in Nepal

Click on General Search in menu on right-hand side of screen to search archived

data.

Pak EPA Environmental Monitoring Program (EMS)
http://www.cpcb.nic.in/index.phphttp://www.ncit.gov.np/pollution/pollution.phphttp://www.ncit.gov.np/pollution/pollution.phphttp://www.cpcb.nic.in/index.php


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Long-Range Transportation of ParticulateMatter (PM) and Trajectory

PM10 and PM2.5 can travel over 100 to 1000

kilometers downwind depending on themeteorological condition

This long-range transported PM always mixes

with the local emissions and affects ambient air

PM10 and PM2.5 levels


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A trajectory is the time integration of the position of a

parcel of air as it is transported by the wind.

The parcel's passive transport by the wind is

computed/reconstructed by the Hybrid Single ParticleLagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) modelwhere the velocity vectors used are interpolated in both

space and time. (Draxler, R.R. and Rolph, G.D., 2003)

Trajectories may be integrated both forward andbackward in time

What is a trajectory?


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HYSPLIT Back Trajectory

Backward trajectories are commonly used to identifyair pollution source regions and specific sources byback computation starting from the receptor

This long-range transported PM always mixes with thelocal emissions and affects ambient air PM10 andPM2.5 levels


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Sources of Satellite Data and Imagery

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) description: http://modis-

atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/

MODIS Rapid Response System: http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/

MODIS direct broadcast site: http://eosdb.ssec.wisc.edu/modisdirect/

MODIS Level 2 LAADS data browser:

http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/browse_images/l2_browser.html

The Smog Blog: http://alg.umbc.edu/usaq/NASA Earth Observatory: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/

NASA Visible Earth: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/

NASA Giovanni: http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/techlab/giovanni

European Space Agency (ESA) Observing the Earth: http://www.esa.int/esaEO/index.html

Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service (European): http://www.temis.nl/

Satellite Products for Europe (German Remote Sensing Data Center):

http://www.dlr.de/caf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2683/4049_read-6052/

India Meteorological Department Satellite Images and Products (INSAT satellite):

http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/satmet/dynamic/insat.htm

EUMETSAT Image Gallery (Europe and Africa):http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Image_Gallery/Real-time_Images/index.htm

True color 05-02-2006
http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://eosdb.ssec.wisc.edu/modisdirect/http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/browse_images/l2_browser.htmlhttp://alg.umbc.edu/usaq/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/techlab/giovannihttp://www.esa.int/esaEO/index.htmlhttp://www.temis.nl/http://www.dlr.de/caf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2683/4049_read-6052/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/satmet/dynamic/insat.htmhttp://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Image_Gallery/Real-time_Images/index.htmhttp://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Image_Gallery/Real-time_Images/index.htmhttp://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Image_Gallery/Real-time_Images/index.htmhttp://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Image_Gallery/Real-time_Images/index.htmhttp://www.imd.ernet.in/section/satmet/dynamic/insat.htmhttp://www.dlr.de/caf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2683/4049_read-6052/http://www.dlr.de/caf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2683/4049_read-6052/http://www.dlr.de/caf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2683/4049_read-6052/http://www.dlr.de/caf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2683/4049_read-6052/http://www.dlr.de/caf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2683/4049_read-6052/http://www.temis.nl/http://www.esa.int/esaEO/index.htmlhttp://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/techlab/giovannihttp://visibleearth.nasa.gov/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/http://alg.umbc.edu/usaq/http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/browse_images/l2_browser.htmlhttp://eosdb.ssec.wisc.edu/modisdirect/http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/


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True color 05-02-2006


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AOT, 05-02-2006


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MODIS Terra 28-01-2007


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Transboundary fog

In winter season widespread fog and often thick fog occursin eastern India and northeastern Pakistan (especially theLahore Region)

The wide spread nature of the fog can be seen using

remote sensing satellite data

Fog extends approximately an area of 1500-2000 sq.kmextending from eastern India to northeastern Pakistan.

During the fog visibility reduces to ~100 m.


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Transboundary fog

India ranks fourth among countries producing SO2emissions

This part is the most industrialized part of subcontinent

During winter this region is generally in the influence ofhigh pressure system resulting in dry seasons and low windspeeds

Analysis of the aerosols samples were performed in 1999onwards


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METEOSAT IMAGE SHOWING FOG OVER INDIAAND NORTHERN PAKISTAN

INDIAPAKISTAN


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Major Thermal Power Plants inIndia

According to CentralElectricity Authority ofIndia, there are 83 coalfired thermal powerplants


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Experimental Methods

The aerosol samples are collected on Whatman 41 filterpapers using high volume samplers.

The samples are collected at Lahore from 8 A.M to 8 PM

and from 8 PM to 8 A.M

The flow rate was controlled with Sieria mass flowcontroller at a rate of 0.7 m3/min.

An aliquot of the filter was extracted in double distilled

deionized water and analyzed for SO42- NO3- by ion-chromatograph using a Dionex Model 500 equipped withPeaknet software


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SO42-

NO3-

Se x 103

As x 103

Sb x 103

No. of Days

Concentrations in ug/m3 of SO42- , NO3

- , Se, As, and

Sb in 12 hour samples at Lahore, Pakistan.

1 2 3 4 5 610

40

70

100

35

20

50

6

10

14

5

15

25

0

20

40

60

Sb x 103

FogClear


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As x 103

NO3-

SO4-2

Se x 103

SO4-2/Se

No. of Days

Concentrations in ug/m3 of SO4 2, NO

3

-, Se and SO4

- 2/Se ratios inaerosol samples at Lahore, Pakistan.

FogFog Clear

Concentrationg/m3


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The SO4-2 / Se ratios were suggestive of long-range

transport from several hundred kms away inneighbouring India.

Such high concentrations pose a serious health

risk and require a more detailed study on long-termbasis.


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The SO4-2 concentration varied from 7.29 ug/m3 to 41.89

ug/m3

with an average 18.98 ug/m3

for the period. Se concentration varied from below the detection limit (

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Trans Air Pollution in Quetta