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III. An Early American Surprise Victory!. A. Where?Fort Ticonderoga, New York. Importance of the fort: p136Large fort along banks of Lake Champlain; Only 22 soldiers; Many cannons; Controls part of the waterway to Canada. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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III. An Early American Surprise Victory!
A. Where? Fort Ticonderoga,
New York
B. Importance of the fort: p136Large fort along
banks of Lake
Champlain;
Only 22 soldiers;
Many cannons;
Controls part of the
waterway to Canada
C. The American force
1. A group of Vermont
volunteers called the
Green Mountain Boys
were upset about the
killings at Lexington/
Concord. They decided
to strike the British on their
own.
2. Leader: Ethan Allen
3. Who joined them?
Benedict Arnold led
some militia.
Allen was the main
person in charge.
D. How did they do it?
They arrived at the fort
early in the morning when the fort was asleep.
They took out the guard
& quietly a rebel climbed into
the fort and opened the
gate.
Quietly Allen sent his men to key places in the fort-
barracks, arsenal, officers
headquarters.
They captured each area.
The commander will have
no choice but surrender.
E. Importance of the win:
Colonials will receive
100+ cannons, gunpowder, & ammunition.
This was an early boost
to the morale of the
patriots.
IV. Second Continental Congress
A. Where?
Philadelphia, Pa.
B. Who?
13 colonies sent reps
eventually.
C. President of the
congress:
John Hancock
D. This group will be the government of
America during much of
the Revolutionary War.
E. Early Decisions
1. Olive Branch Petition
-Olive Branch=symbol for peace.
-Letters will go to the king
& Parliament saying
-America is still loyal but
they demand the repeal of
the Intolerable Acts.
2. They formed the colonial army called:
The Continental Army
• Commandinggeneral of theContinental army:
George Washington
V. The Battle of Bunker Hill
A. Most of the actual battle
took place on
Breed’s Hill
B. Where is Bunker Hill?
Hills next to Charlestown
over looking part of
Boston & Charles River.
C. Goal? Put pressure on the
British in Boston.
If one put cannons on the
hills, they would be a
threat to British ships.
D. American forces: 1200 militia men under
the command of Colonel William Prescott
At first they took position
at Bunker Hill but most
relocated to Breed’s Hill
thinking it a better position. They dug
trenches. A few cannons
& men were left on Bunker
Hill.
E. British forces:
Gen. Howe will send
2400 redcoats on ships
to land and attack the
colonial positions. The
ships fired cannons as
the British marched over
newly plowed fields & over fences to reach the
hills. Part of Charlestown will burn
from the cannon fire.
Diagram:
The British soldiers
carried 125 lbs. field
packs on their backs.
Prescott’s Order: As the British lines
marched closer, he
says “Don’t shoot until
you see the whites of
their eyes.”
1. Why? Each militia member had enough gunpowder
to fire 3 shots. Everyshot must count!
G. First British Charge:Driven back with heavylosses;
H. Second charge:Driven back with heavylosses;
I. Third Charge: British reach the colonial lines. Hand to
hand combat. Americans forced to retreat.
British take both hills.
J. Losses:
1. American: 400/ 1200
2. British: 1000/2400
K. Importance: The British won the
battle but it showed the
Americans can and will
put up a fight. This was
an extremely costly
victory.
Review
1. Why was the capture of Ft. Ticonderoga considered a “prize?”
2. Why did the Comms. Of Correspondence wish word to be spread about Ft. Ticonderoga’s fall?
3. Why did the British view the militia on Breeds and Bunker Hills a threat that must be dealt with?
4. What famous quote came from the Battle of Bunker Hill?
5. What did it mean?
6. British General Clinton said if we win many more battles like Bunker Hill, we will lose the war. What did he mean?
V. Dorchester Heights-Washington Arrives!
A. Location
1. Hills overlooking Boston and its
harbor (by Great
Neck).
B. Leader:George Washington
C. His force: 16,000 people!!-From children to age 80 living in tents & hutsin the hills.Some only had cornknives and rakes.Soldiers often would notobey officers from othercolonies.
D. Washington places 59 cannons in the hillsoverlooking Boston andthe harbor.
they could reach into the city or
hit British ships.
1. Where did theycome from?
Ft. Ticonderoga
Henry Knox had takenthe cannons apart, put them on sleds and brought them 300
milesover rough terrain toWashington.
D. The British &Colonials have afew skirmishes. Howe is trying to see
what he is up against.
E. What will Howe do?
He orders his army to
load ships and he leaves the city of Boston.
1. Where will he go?
Halifax Nova Scotia,
huge British military
base.
F. Boston is freed! Port of Boston
opens again.
VII. Using the Navy
A. King George III orderedthe blockage of all colonial ports.
1. To blockade meansto shut off a port to
keeppeople or supplies
from moving in or out.
VIII. Invasion of Canada
A. How many armies?2
B. Who are the commanders?Richard MontgomeryBenedict Arnold
C. Where did Montgomeryleave from?
Ft. Ticonderoga
D. What Canadian city
did he win?
Montreal
E. MAIN TARGET
of both armies:
Quebec
1. Both armies were to join
Forces to attack.
F. Arnold’s army marched
through what is today the
state of ________in the
winter.
Maine
1. Terrible journey: Reduced to eating
boiled bark, candles, & shoe leather.
G. The Americans hoped
they would receive help
in Canada from whom?
French Canadians
1. Did they?
Not in any large number
H. Both Arnold & Montgomery
attack Quebec during a blinding snow storm on Dec. 31, 1775
Montgomery was killed.
Arnold was seriously wounded. The attack
failed so the armies
The death of Montgomery camped outside the city to lay siege to it.
I. How long did the
siege last?
until May, 1776
British reinforcements
were coming so the
Americans were forced
to retreat.
IX. “Common Sense”
A. A pamphlet written by:
Thomas Paine
B. His main ideas: 1.The colonies are large
& strong enough to be
a country on their own.
2. The colonies have
tried to work it out with
England. The king rejected the Olive Branch Petition.
3. “It is foolish to be
always running 3 or 4
thousand miles with a
tale or a petition, waiting 4 or 5 months for an answer, which when
obtained requires 5 or 6 more to explain it.”
Notes>>>> It is just common sense
to seek independence.
C. It sold 500,000 copies
In 6 months.
D. Importance: It stirred many
colonists to
favor declaring
independence.
(G. Washington will stop toasting the king
At meals).
X. Declaring IndependenceA. What group served asthe govt. of America duringmuch of the Rev. War?
2nd Continental Congress
B. What group commissionedthe writing of a declaration ofindep.?
2nd Continental Congress
C. A committee of 5 people
was chosen to develop
a declaration.
John Adams
Ben Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Robert Livingston
Roger Sherman
5 man drafting committee
D. Chief Author:
Thomas Jefferson
1. What will the rest of
the committee do?
Help and edit.
2. The committee madevery few changes to Jefferson’s draft. One part was a problem.
Jefferson blamed the king for not getting rid of
slavery. No slavery has been allowed in Englandsince 1689.
1. Why did they objectto this? They were afraid some
colonies with slavery would refuse to support the Declaration.
E. Date Adopted:
July 4, 1776
F. Who was given
the honor of signing
it first?
John Hancock,
President of the Congress
1. Why did he sign it so
boldly? One idea: He wanted the king to be able to see his signature without his glasses.
2nd idea: Others signed
their names smaller.
XI. The Declaration of Indep.-Main Ideas
A. Three Main Ideas expressed
by Jefferson. P 868
B. Main Idea 1> Everyone has certain basic natural rights.
1. He calls these rights:
unalienable rights
2. Unalienable rights are
natural rights we are born with.
3. Three examples:
Life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness
(right to own personal
property)
4. How do govts. today
put people in prison, execute
criminals, or may take
property away for the public
good and still respect Jefferson’s
unalienable rights? Governments must
follow fair & established
steps one of which is trial.
C. Main Idea 2: The purpose of govt. is
to protect these basic
rights.
D. Main Idea 3:
If govt. don’t, then the people have a right to change the
government.
E. Wrongs done by the king
source of info for letter
to editor section of project.
XII. Howe’s Return
A. From where?
Halifax, Nova Scotia
B. Size of British force:34,000 regulars
10,000 sailors
400 ships
1. Washington’s army? It was at its peak of 20,000 men.
No navy
C. Where will Howe attack?
Washington believed it
would be a large port
city-Boston? New York?
1. Which port city? Washington guessed
New York City, but wasn’t sure.
D. Washington’s strategy:
He did not know for sure where Howe will attack. Washington divides his army into pieces. He stationed these pieces along the
coast between south of
Boston to New York City area. He has the largest group north of New York City.
When Howe lands, word must be sent to Washington & he will come, besides
sending word to all other groups to reunite.
E. Why is Washington
criticized for this plan?
Dividing the army weakened it.
F. Howe’s army landed
where?
Long Island, NY
1. A small force of 2500
Americans were in the
area. They suffered heavy
losses & were forced
to retreat.
G. Washington will be
unable to save New York
City.
XIII. Nathan Hale
A. He was a 22 yr old
Connecticut captain who
volunteered to stay behind in New York
City to spy.
B. His mission: collect info. about what
the British are doing in
the city? strength?
defenses? Treatment of
the people?
C. His cover: Dutch school teacher
D. He was captured
while returning from
gathering information. There is evidence that a relative who was a Tory may have
turned him in.
E. Punishment:He will be hanged.
1. His famous last words:“I only regret that I
havebut one life to lose
for my country.”
Opinion: Is Nathan Hale a hero?
Why or why not?
XIV. Forgiveness
A. The British offered a pardon to colonists who put down their weapons and swear an oath of loyalty to the king.
B. In New Jersey alone
3,000 farmers took the pardon.
XV. Battle of Trenton,New Jersey
A. Map drawing from board
B. Time of Year:
Christmas time, 1776
1. The British troops had
withdrawn to New York City
to spend the holidays.
Who was left to watch the
Americans? An army of 1400 Hessians
2. What is a Hessian?a hired German mercenary (soldier)
3. Who was the Hessiancommander? Colonel Johann Rall
had little respect forWashington’s leadership. An army of
Hessian reinforcementsHesse was on their way to
Trenton.
C. On Christmas nightWashington & 2400 soldiersdid what?
They crossed the icyDelaware River & surprised the Hessians.
All were either killed or captured. Rall was killed. In his pocket was found a note warning of the attackfrom a Tory.
He had been too busy celebrating to open &
read it.
E. Gen. Howe will send
Gen. Cornwallis & a large army to retake Trenton & capture Washington.
XVI. Escape of the “Old Fox”
A. What difficult situation
did Washington find himself
in? Gen. Cornwallis had
moved his army surprisingly quickly and surrounded Washington’s army at
Trenton.
B. British mistake: The British army was exhausted. Cornwallis decided to wait until the next morning to attack.
C. How did Washingtonsave his army? Washington sent small
groups to sneak through the British lines throughout the night. They would reassemble behind the British lines.
They left their campfires burning and left
their tents behind.
D. Before leaving, what
did Washington & his army
do to the British rear units?
They attacked the British
the British rear units at
Princeton, New Jersey.
E. Washington’s
nickname:
Old Fox
XVIII. Three Pronged Attack PlanA. Author: Gen. Johnnie BurgoyneB. Goal: Use 3 armies doing
different tasks. All 3 will
meet at Albany, NY. If successful, it would cut off New England from
the rest of the colonies. They would conquer New England first, then the rest of the colonies may surrender.
“Divide & Conquer”
C. Who were the 3
British commanders? Gen. John Burgoyne
Gen. Wm. Howe
Gen. Barry St. Leger
D. St. Leger
1. St. Leger was to take an
army by ships down the
St. Lawrence River into Lake
Ontario. They were to land
and take Ft. Stanwix, NY.
Then they were to go to
Albany.
1. What happened?
St. Leger put Ft. Stanwix under siege. He is told by Indian allies of an American army coming to reinforce the fort. He sends part of his army to attack the army. They are defeated
by Gen. Herkimer at ambush sight
Oriskany, NY. St. Leger
hears about the defeat and that another “large” army led by B. Arnold is coming.
2. What does he decide
to do? He retreats back to
Canada.
Prong 1 fails.
E. Gen. Howe
1. Howe was to take a large
army from New York City,
travel up the Hudson River
to Albany.
2. Howe leaves New York
City & travels south
P 170 by ships around the Chesapeake Bay. July, 1777
3. His target:
Philadelphia
4. Why the change in
plan?
The king ordered him to take Phil. first
& then go to Albany.
4. Why? The king had received
the Declaration of Indep. & wanted him
to capture the 2nd Cont. Congress.
5. Did Burgoyne know
about this change? Probably not
6. What will Washington
try to do?
Slow Howe down.
Give Phil. time;
Put Howe’s army
behind schedule.
7. Washington will be
defeated & forced to
retreat at Brandywine & Germantown
8. Howe will take Philadelphia
but will stay there for the
winter. He does not go to
Albany.
F. Gen Burgoyne
1. He was to leave Canada
& retake Ft. Ticonderoga.
Then he is to travel to Albany.
2. Burgoyne reachesFt. Ticonderoga withover 7,000 troops. He retakes it
without firing a shot.
3. What problems did he have as he marched southfrom the fort into the wilderness? His army is moving
too slowly & are running low on
supplies & fresh horses.
Difficult terrain & having
too many baggage carts
are slowing them down.
It took 24 days to go 23 miles.
4. To get more supplies
& fresh horses, what does
he do? He sends an army of
1000 troops to raid the
town of Bennington, VT.
5. They were to catch up
with the main army later.
6. What happens to them?
They never return because they were defeated by an American army.
7. Burgoyne’s army is
being surrounded by 2
armies. They will cut him
off at Saratoga, NY
8. American commanding
general: Gen. Horatio Gates
9. Whose troops prevented
the British from breaking
through the lines & therefore
took heavy casualties?
Benedict Arnold
10.What will Burgoyne do?
He & his entire army
surrender.
11. Credit for the victory:
Gates
XVIII. Importance of Saratoga
A. Saratoga is known
as: “the turning point of the
war.”
B. Meaning: The advantage in the war begins to swing to the Americans.
C. Who was travelingwith both American andBritish armies?
foreign observers from several European countries.
1. What did they see?A great American victory! The
Americansmay have a chance ofwinning after all.
D. After Saratoga, whatEuropean country willdecide to become ourally?
FranceE. Since 1776, who hasbeen living in Paris & tryingto convince the French tohelp us?
Ben Franklin
F. At first, France willsend: secretly, supplies such
as boots & blankets.G. Later, they will send:
openly, weapons, ships,
gunpowder, & men.H. In 1778, France signsthe first
treaty with the United States becoming our first
ally.
France is the first country to recognize
us as a indep. country.
France & Great Britain go to war.
XX. Foreign Help
Name Country Type of HelpLafayette
France Led troops;training
KosciuskoPoland engineer;
designed defenses; advise how to attack
defenses
Pulaski
Poland trained
cavalry;
Galvez Spanish governor
of Louisiana send herd of
cattle.
(Galveston, Tx.)
Von Steuben Prussia (Germany)
training troops in discipline & using the bayonet
XXI. The War in the Westp 175
A. Who is the key Americanleader?
George Rogers Clark
B. He & his small forcewill follow what physicalfeature to reach his targetsin the West?
Ohio River
C. What are the first 2 forts he attacks?
Kaskaskia &Cahokia
1. Today there are in:Illinois
2. Why is Kaskaskia animportant city in Illinois history?
It is our first state capital city.
D. After attacking these
forts, he traveled east 150
miles across Illinois to attack
the powerful fort of
Vincennes,
(Indiana).
E. What trick did he use
to win? He spread his troops in the woods surrounding the fort.
He orders them to make noise: cutting down &
moving branches and trees; talking
1. Outcome: the British thought they
were under siege by a
large army. They surrendered.
XXII War at Sea
A. Key Person:John Paul Jones
Born in Scotland
B. This daring sea captain
liked to patrol in the
North Sea!
1. Where is this? It is east of England
separating it from
Scandinavia.
C. His ship: Bonhomme Richard;
a French trading ship that will be given to
America to make into a
warship.
D. While sailing in the
North Sea, Jones ran across
a convoy of 39 merchant
Ships escorted by the warship
Serapis. Jones in outnumbered
& outgunned. What does he do?
ATTACK!
E. In battle, his ship is
on fire and sinking.
F. The British commander
signaled asking for the
American surrender. Some
of Jones’s crew claimed
he said…
“I have not yet begun
to fight.”
G. Jones moved hisCrippled ship next toThe Serapis. They boarded the ship
& defeated them. Jones watched his old ship sink as he stood
on his new one.300/375 Americans were killed or
wounded died in France in the 3 hr. battle.Tomb:US NavalAcademy –Maryland
XXIII. African-Americans in the WarA. At first, the Continental
Congress would not allow
Blacks to serve in the
Continental army. What
changed their minds? The British offered freedom to any slave who joined to
help them win.
Many pledged loyalty to England.
B. Contributions: 5,000 Afr.-Amers fought
in battle;
They served as spies; guides,
drummers, fifers;
Afr.-Amers. served in all
black units commanded
by white officers.
XXIV. Women in the War
A. Contributions: Ran farms;Served as spies & nurses;Made weapons, clothes, & raised money.
B. Mary Ludwig Hays“Molly Pitcher”took her husband’s place operating a cannon when he was injured.
c. Martha Washington
tended the sick & wounded.
D. Deborah Sampson dressed as a man & fought in several battles.
E. Laura Wolcott made cartridges (bullets) from lead
statue of King George.
XXV. The War in the South
A. Battle of Moore’s Creek
Bridge
1. Location: North Carolina
2. Importance: The British are coming with an invading army to the South. An army of
Tories were traveling
to join them.
They were defeated/captured.
XXVI. The Swamp Fox
A. Who? Francis Marion, U.S. General
B. He & his men slept
in the swamps during the
day & would strike at night.
What type of warfare is this?
Hit & Run or Guerilla
XXVII. Tale of a Traitor
A. A traitor is
one who betrays his country or group.
B. Benedict Arnold
was a brilliant military
leader & was well liked
by his soldiers.
C. Theories about why
He became a traitor.
1. He felt the Cont. Congress
had not treated him fairly.
Other generals who Arnold felt less deserving were
being promoted faster than he.
Others were given credit for his achievements.
-Example?Gates at SaratogaThe Cont. Congress had placed charges on Arnold for using
soldiers as personal servants.
Results of the trial:Not guilty but he usedpoor judgment.
-What did the Cont. Congress
order Gen. Washington
to do? Even though Arnold was found not guilty, Washington had to write a letter of reprimand & give it to Arnold.
2. Arnold’s 2nd wife (& her
parents) may have been Tories.
3. Arnold is deep in debt.
The British offer him a position of general in the army and £20,000.
D. The Betrayal
1. Arnold was the
commander of
Fort West Point, NY
West Point today
2. What was the plot?
As commander of the fort Arnold was
to set the fort up to be not ready for a British attack.
3. Who did he negotiate
with? British Gen. Henry Clinton & Major John
Andre.
4. How was the plot discovered?Andre was stopped & searched by American soldiers because he was acting
suspiciously.Incriminating papers were found hidden in this boots. Eventually G. Washington will be told of the evidence againstArnold. Washington
will come personally to deal with this.
5. Arnold fled & made it To the British lines.6. What will he do for therest of the war? He will become a
brigadier generalin the British army.He will lead the
attack & burning of Richmond, Virginia.
He will be paid £6600.
XXVIII. The Last Major Battle:Yorktown, Virginia
A. Gen. Cornwallis & his
army left the Carolinas &
& moved to Yorktown, VA..
1. Yorktown is located on
a peninsula.
2. Why did he go to the
coast? He is going to link up with a British fleet which may bring him reinforcements, use their cannons to help him, or rescue if needed.
3. Two armies are on their way to Yorktown.
Gen. Rochambeau & G.Washington make up acombined American & French army.Gen. Lafayette commands a smaller Amer. army. Put together they are trying to “cork” the peninsula trapping the British. (16,000 v. 8,000)
4. A French fleet commanded by Adm. DeGrassewill attack the British fleet coming to Yorktown. The British fleet
is forced to retreat.
B. Cornwallis held out forhow long?
After about 3 weeks Cornwallis will surrender.
1. Date: Oct. 19, 1781
2. Importance: This will be the last major battle of the war.
News of this surrender will convince British govt. officials to begin peace talks.
XXIX. The Peace Treaty
A. Negotiations took placewhere?
Paris, FranceB. Name: Treaty of Paris, 1783C. Main Amer. negotiators:
Ben FranklinJohn AdamsJohn JayHenry Laurens
D. Terms: p 182 1. U.S. is an independent
country.2. The borders extend
from the Atlantic Coast to the Mississippi River.
3. They could not settle on a boundary between
the U.S. and Canada.
-What is given toSpain?
Florida returns to Spain.
-What about the Tories?The Tories are free to
leave or stay.The British wanted the
American govt. to pay
the Tories who leave forthe property they left
behind.The U.S. govt. agreed
to ask each state to pay the Tories for lost
property.
-How will this be a future
source of trouble between
the two countries? The govt. asked, but each state refused.
E. Treaty ratified April 15, 1783
1. To ratify means
to approve.
2. What is unusual about
this date?
Lexington/Concord:April 19 Treaty:
April 15
8 long years