BRoaDcasT ift. 411 PICTURE PERFECT. one 8 Broadcast Engineering February 1983. The Lerro organization of Philadelphia is proud to have engineered and completely assembled "The Super

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BROaDCaSTenaneeRind

The journal of broadcast technology

February 1983 Volume 25 No.2

FEATURES22 Videotape recording:

Digital component vs. digital composite recordingBy E. Fraser Morrison, Ampex Corporation, Redwood City, CA

38 Electronic videographics: A perspectiveBy Blair Benson, TV technology consultant, Norwalk, CT

54 A turntable updateBy Bill Rhodes, editorial director; and Carl Bentz, technical editor

62 Optimizing the broadcast phono systemBy Roger Karwoski, operations manager/chief engineer, KBIA,Columbia, MO

70 Field report: TV120 for quality film maintenanceBy William Rapp, film director, WLS-TV 7, Chicago, IL

78 KU's communications seminarBy Brad Dick, chief engineer, KANU, Lawrence, KS

86 Case study: Automation at WKAJ-AM/WASMFMBy Tim Lyman, general manager, WKAJ-AM/WASM-FM, SaratogaSprings, NY

94 Communications in automationBy Walter Dean, production manager, Computer Concepts, ShawneeMission, KS

98 The missing milliwattsBy Rod Wheeler, chief engineer, KSAK-FM, Walnut, CA

DEPARTMENTS6 FCC update

10 EditorialDigital and self -diagnosticsBroadcast freedom in '83?

12 Feedback

14 Satellite update

16 News

104 Associations

112 New products

114 New literature

118 Business

123 People

124 Index of advertisers

126 Classified ads

`,Copyright 1983, by Intertec Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. Photocopy rights: Permission tophotocopy for internal or personal use is granted by Intertec Publishing Corp. for libraries and others registeredwith Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), provided the base fee of $2.00 per copy of article is paid directly to CCC,21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970. Special requests should be addressed to Cameron Bishop, publisher.

ISSN 0007-1994.

BROADCAST ENGINEERING (USPS 338-130) is published monthly by Intertec Publishing Corporation, 9221Quivira Road, P.O. Box 12901, Overland Park, KS 66212.9981. Postmaster, return form 3579 to P.O. Box 12938 atthe above address.

BROaDCaSTretruery 196343 enGlneeRMGNkieographics .Digital TV Tumtables

THE COVER shows the control room atKRON, Channel 4, San Francisco, CA,and its Aurora system for creating elec-tronic videographics for TV broad-casting. In this issue, an article by BlairBenson, BE's TV technology consultant,addresses broadcasters' needs forequipment to generate videographicsand manipulate video images. (See"Electronic Videographics: A Perspec-tive," on page 38.)

The cover photo was provided courtesyof Linda Guess, public relations director,KRON.

NEXT MONTH we will focus on theNAB-'83/Las Vegas convention. Our pre-

show issue will provide a comprehensivelisting of exhibitors and their productsand a detailed map pinpointing exhibitorlocations, and will highlight importantsessions and events to occur at thisyear's show.

2 Broadcast Engineering February 1983

"I want aworld -class cameraI can take a mile from the van,

and still get 57dB S/N and600 -line resolution:

HITACHI HEARD YOU.Then you're looking for broadcast -quality. Then you'relooking for lightweight equipment you can carry unencum-bered by anything but a lightweight triax cable.

Well, Hitachi heard you. Because now our HitachiSK -91 and SK -81 can both be connected to our triax DU -91Digital Command System by up to 6,000 feet of cable.

The SK -91 is an example of the lengths Hitachi willgo to give you the camera your craft and courage demand.Though just 9.7 pounds, including its 1.5 -inch viewfinder,this $33,000 camera has been hailed as a bargain by per-fectionists. And it's I.B.A. and C.B.C. accepted.

Its shock -mounted optical system-with Saticonsc.Plumicons® or Diode Guns®-gives you up to 57 dB S/Nand 600 -line resolution. All in an incredibly tough

magnesium alloy package.It has an auto -iris closure. A +9/18 dB high -grain

switch. Horizontal and vertical blanking widths adjustableover a wide range. An auto black balance control as well

as an auto white balance control.The SK -81 gives you just a shade less performance

for $22,000. The DU -91 at $18,900 lets you get greatpictures with either the SK -91 or SK -81 whether you'reshooting at the low -light levels of a coal mine or going tothe top of the world. Who from? Who else? Hitachi DenshiAmerica, Ltd., 175 Crossways Park West, Woodbury, NY11797. (516) 921-7200. Offices also in Chicago, LosAngeles, Atlanta, Cincinnati, Dallas, Denver, Seattle andWashington, D.C.

Circle (3) on Reply CardFebruary 1983 Broadcast Engineering 3

WHY BUY TWO LENSESWHEN

THIS ONE WILL DO?

Schneider 14X ENG/EFP lens zoomsfrom super wide angle to long telephoto.Changing lenses to handle changing conditions could cost you aonce -in -a -lifetime shot. And that's why you should know about theSchneider 14X ENG/EFP lens. It gives you two -lens versatility inan economical one -lens package.

It can power zoom from 9mm-126mm. Or with thebuilt-in 2X extender from 18mm-252mm. With the 6.3mm-9mmaspheric lens attachment, it can power zoom on the super wideangle shots. And, when the action calls for close and tight, it's gotmacro focusing.

The Schneider 14X is designed to bring out the bestin Ampex, CEI, Fernseh, Hitachi, Ikegami, JVC, NEC, Panasonic,Philips, RCA, Sharp, Sony, Thomson and Toshiba 2/3" cameras.Lightweight, compact, ruggedly constructed, and weather resist-ant, it comes with a complete line of accessories. Superb Euro-pean optics combined with excellent f/1.7 sensitivity bring backcrisp, clear pictures even under low light level conditions.

In addition, Schneider offers the 14X lens in a1/2 -inch format for the new one-piece VCR cameras such as RCAHawkeye, Panasonic and Sony. Schneider broadcast lensesare available throughout the United States and Canada from:TELE-CINE CORP., 400 Crossways Park Drive, Woodbury, NY11797; (516) 496-8500.

Schneider 14X ENG/EFPTele-fine Corp is a subsidiary of Schneider Corporation of America.



BRoaDcaszen

Editorial and advertising correspondenceshould be addressed to: P.O. Box 12901.Overland Park, KS 66212-9981 (a suburb of Kan-sas City, MO); (913) 888-4664. Circulation cor-respondence should be sent to the above ad-dress, under P.O. Box 12937.

EDITORIALBill Rhodes, Editorial DirectorCarl Bentz, Technical EditorNils Conrad Persson, Electronics EditorDavid Hodes, Video EditorRhonda L. Wickham, Managing EditorKaren Arnhart Booth, Associate EditorMary Thornbrugh, Editorial AssistantTina Thorpe, Editorial AssistantPat Blanton, Directory Editor

ARTKevin Callahan, Art DirectorKim Nettie, Graphic Designer

TECHNICAL CONSULTANTSJohn H. Battison, Antennas/RadiationBlair Benson, TV TechnologyDennis Ciapura, TechnologyDane E. Ericksen, Systems DesignHoward T. Head, FCC RulesDonald L. Markley, FacilitiesHarry C. Martin, LegalArt Schneider, A.C.E., Post -production

CORRESPONDING ASSOCIATIONSAmerican Society of TV CameramenAssociation for Broadcast

Engineering StandardsNational Association of BroadcastersNational Radio Broadcasters Assn.

CIRCULATIONJohn C. Arnst, DirectorEvelyn Rogers, ManagerDee Manies, Reader Correspondent

ADMINISTRATIONR. J. Hancock, PresidentCameron Bishop, PublisherEric Jacobson, Associate Publisher

ADVERTISINGMark Raduziner, Marketing CoordinatorMary Birnbaum, Production Manager

Regional advertising sales offices listed nearthe Advertisers' Index.

Member,American Business Press Al3PMember,Business PublicationsAudit of Circulation VBPABROADCAST ENGINEERING (USPS 338-130) ispublished monthly by Intertec Publishing Cor-poration, 9221 Quivira Road, P.O. Box 12901,Overland Park, KS 66212-9981. Postmaster,return form 3579 to P.O. Box 12938 at the aboveaddress.

BROADCAST ENGINEERING is edited for cor-porate management, engineers/technicians andother station management personnel at com-mercial and educational radio and TV stations,teleproduction studios, recording studios,CAN and CCTV facilities and governmentagencies. Qualified persons also include con-sulting engineers and dealer/distributors ofbroadcast equipment.SUBSCRIPTIONS: BROADCAST ENGINEERINGis mailed free to qualified persons in occupa-tions described above. Non -qualified personsmay subscribe at the following rates: UnitedStates, one year, $25; all other countries, oneyear, $30. Back issue rates, $5, except for theSeptember Buyers' Guide issue, which is $15.Rates include postage. Adjustments necessi-tated by subscription termination at single copyrate. Allow 6-8 weeks for new subscriptions orfor change of address. Controlled circulationpostage paid at Shawnee Mission, KS.

'1983. All rights reserved.

Intertec PublIshIng Corp.

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February 1983

In December the commission tookseveral actions aimed at increasingminority participation in the field oftelecommunications. These includedissuance of a policy statement on ad-vancement of minority ownership inbroadcasting and adoption of a Noticeof Proposed Rulemaking dealing withcurrent restrictions on the security in-terests in a broadcast station that aseller may retain. Simultaneously thecommission adopted a policy state-ment on minority ownership of CATVfacilities; agreed to submit proposalsto Congress to increase minorityownership through expansion of taxincentives; and signed a memoran-dum of agreement with the Depart-ment of Commerce formalizing acooperative effort to provide manage-ment assistance to minority telecom-munications entrepreneurs.

The FCC's policy statement in thebroadcast area dealt with the eligibilityof minority -controlled limited partner-ships for tax certificates and distresssales. A tax certificate is a mechanismfor deferring taxation of capital gainsrealized upon the sale of a stationwhen the sale effectuates an FCCpolicy, such as minority ownership ofthe media. Under the commission'sdistress sale policy, a licensee facingan FCC enforcement hearing, inwhich his license is in jeopardy, maysell his station to a minority -controlled entity at 75% of its valueand avoid the consequences of thehearing.

With regard to limited partnerships,the commission said such entitieswould be eligible for tax certificatesand distress sales when the generalpartner is a minority individual own-ing more than a 20% interest in thelimited partnership. The commissionalso changed its procedures bydelegating to the Mass Media Bureauauthority to grant routine distress salerequests. This will shorten the timefor obtaining approval.

In its accompanying rulemakingproposal, dealing with security in-terests in broadcast properties, thecommission is seeking comments onwhether the current prohibitionagainst retention of reversionary in -

Harry C. Martin, partnerReddy, Begley 8. Martin

Washington, DC

terests could be modified to en-courage further use of seller -financing, particularly where thetransaction would promote minorityownership of the media. The commis-sion invited comments on what typesof security interests- could be retainedby seller -creditors and, if retention ofa reversionary interest in a license islegally permissible, under what cir-cumstances could it be exercised.

In the cable TV area, the commis-sion agreed to consider requests fortax certificates from owners of cablesystems who have sold their intereststo minority -controlled entities. Thecommission said this would assistminority entrepreneurs in becomingowners of this medium of com-munications also.

The commission's legislative recom-mendations included a proposal thatthe tax certificate policy, restricted bySection 1071 of the Internal RevenueCode to "radio broadcasting stations,"be extended to non -broadcast com-munications properties. Also, thecommission suggested that the provi-sions of the Internal Revenue Codedealing with the investment tax creditbe amended to raise the amount ofused equipment that a taxpayer couldcount in computing his investmentcredit. The current ceiling on usedproperties is $125,000, which amountsto a maximum credit of $12,500. Therecommendation would raise theamount to $5,000,000, which wouldallow a maximum credit of $500,000.This increase, the commission said,would make the investment credit amore attractive and effective financ-ing device for minority entrepreneursto use in attracting investment capitalto purchase existing stations.

Rulemaking to reduceUHF noise figure limit

The commission has proposed toreduce the acceptable noise figurelimit for TV receivers to 12dB. Thecurrent level is 14dB.

The noise figure is a technicalmeasure for one of the factors that in-fluences how well a TV receiverdisplays a weak signal. Generally, thelower the noise figure, the better a TVreceiver will perform in this regard.

The commission's initiative in thisarea is based upon a new analysis byits Office of Science and Technologythat indicates that about 70% of colorTV sets produced in 1981 and 1982would meet the proposed 12dB noisefigure limit. In 1980, the commissionwas ordered by a court to vacate itsprevious rules establishing the limit at12dB. The court found the lower limitwas beyond the commercially feasiblestate of technology at that time. TheFCC believes that this situation haschanged significantly over the pasttwo years.

The new effort is predicated on adesire to preserve the improvement inUHF noise figures achieved in morerecently manufactured TV receivers.The new standard, the commissionobserved, appears to be obtainable at areasonably low cost.

FCC form information reducedAs part of its continuing deregula-

tion effort, the commission has re-duced the requirements of many FCCbroadcast application forms. Amongthe recent changes are the following:

Form 302-Application for Com-mercial License. Applicants nolonger need respond to questionsseeking financial information.

Form 316-Pro Forma Transfersor Assignments. Applicants no longerneed to supply a copy of the corporateresolution or other instrumentauthorizing an assignment or transfer,or supply copies of articles of incor-poration and bylaws. Further, nobalance sheets or other financial infor-mation need be supplied. A certifica-tion of the applicant's ability to com-plete the transaction is now all that isnecessary.

Form 340-Application to Con-struct or Modify a Non -commericalStation. Public educational institu-tions and political subdivisions are nolonger required to provide writtenevidence of their legal authority tooperate a broadcast facility. Further,instead of completing Section III deal-ing with financial qualifications, acertification as to an applicant's finan-cial ability to construct and operatethe station now is acceptable.

Form 341-Application for Non-commercial License. Applicants nolonger are required to respond toquestions requesting financial data.

Form 345-Consent to Assign-ment of Translator or Low Power TVStation. Applicants need not submitany financial data or enter in the formthe consideration to be paid in con-nection with the transfer.

Form 347-Application forTranslator or Low Power TVLicense. Applicants need not respondto questions dealing with their con-struction expenditures or financialstatus. I :r:)))11


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Circle (8) on Reply Card See you at NAB.February 1983 Broadcast Engineering 9

editorial

Digital &self -diagnostics

Broadcastfreedomin /83?

The SMPTE has designated the 1980s as The Digital Decade. As we teeter onthe brink of this digital decade, we stand at the threshold of a new host of prob-lems and opportunities. One of the major problems that all broadcasters mustface in this new era is that of maintenance for a whole new generation of com-plex and sophisticated equipment, equipment that will require a departure fromtraditional thinking when it comes to care and maintenance. Associated withthis problem will be the difficulty of finding and keeping qualified engineersand technicians for repairing these new systems -if, indeed, repairing in thefuture is to be done at the station level.

The attendant opportunity inherent to this forthcoming era is that the newdigital equipment offers enormous possibilities for inclusion of built-in self-diagnostics circuitry. Planned for at the outset, self -diagnostics will add onlynominally to the cost of the equipment. But the returns will be extensive interms of aid to the engineers and reduction of maintenance work and down-time.

But it's up to the industry to demand that these circuits and techniques be in-cluded in the design of new digital systems. Standards organizations are urgedin their committee activities to devote suitable attention to diagnostic circuitrywhile they are considering the bigger picture of equipment functions. Further-more, it might even be helpful to have a separate committee review all digitalrecommendations to ensure that self -diagnostic techniques are properly in-cluded.

However, in the final analysis, it will be up to the end users to demand thatthese circuits be included in new digital equipment. Constant feedback tomanufacturers is needed if the full capabilities of modern circuitry and com-ponents are to be realized. With continued diligence and a united effort, all sta-tion departments will benefit, and the next generation of broadcast equipmentwill be the best that the industry has ever seen.

NAB-'83/Las Vegas can be a golden opportunity to begin emphasizing ourneeds, when manufacturers are especially tuned to receiving feedback. If wework together, history might record the 1980s as: The Digital Decade, with Self-Diagnostics Built-in.

The First Amendment: "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedomof speech or of the press." Even so, the constitution has not granted broad-casters freedom of expression.

Will 1983 mark a turning point in the thrust for this freedom? There are vagueindications that this might be the case, but only time will tell. Last year's NABconvention witnessed several strong efforts toward this goal -major speechesby Sen. Bob Packwood (R -OR); Vincent Wasilewski, then NAB president; andMark Fowler, FCC chairman, all pleaded for equality for broadcasters.

More recently, in November 1982, Dan Rather, CBS news anchorman, ap-peared at a congressional hearing and testified that the First Amendment wouldbe in jeopardy unless broadcasters obtain their just rights of communications,in equality with their counterparts in printing. "The most direct kinds of regula-tion of broadcast content," he said, "such as the Fairness Doctrine and EqualTime Provision, should have no place in a society that is rightfully proud of hav-ing the freest press in the world."

To the legion of broadcasters pleading for this freedom can now be added aleading member of the printed media. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, of the New YorkTimes, spoke on this subject at the 1982 Alexander Hamilton Awards Dinner,Nov. 17, 1982, Columbia University. Regarding the formulation of the FirstAmendment, he said, "Today, 200 years later, we are debating the same issue.To wit: Should the First Amendment to the Constitution protect the newer elec-tronic forms of journalism? Should not radio and television, historicallygovernment -regulated by the limited availability of airwaves, be set free?"

But Sulzberger recognizes that he is in the minority, that "it is interesting tonote how many of my colleagues of the printed word are putting distance be-tween themselves and electronic publishers when it comes to the First Amend-ment. They share a fear that what the government gives, the government cantake (away)."

Continued on page 116


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feedbackUsing the 12.2-12.7GHz band

On July 14, 1982, the FCC released aReport and Order adopting interimpolicies and rules for the operation ofa DBS service that is to be superim-posed on the 12.2-12.7GHz bandpresently allocated to the terrestrialoperational fixed service. Althoughthere is talk of DBS experiments beingstarted in this band in the north-eastern United States sometime in1986, the rate of growth and timing foractual commencement of a DBSdirect -to -home service is unknown.

In the July 14th Report and Order,the FCC expressed its intention to en-sure that sufficient spectrum will con-tinue to be available for the terrestrialfixed service and that a Notice of Pro-posed Rulemaking on the subjectwould be forthcoming. In the mean-time, the FCC will continue to acceptapplications and issue licenses for ter-restrial fixed operations in the12.2-12.7GHz band. Licenses issuedon or before Sept. 4, 1983, will begrandfathered for five years (i.e., untilSept. 4, 1988) and licensees may con -

Here's What Customers Say AboutBroadcast Electronics' FX-30 Exciter.

"State of the Art." WMC, Memphis, TN"Dramatic Difference in Sound." WCKW, Garyville, LA"Interfaces So Well." KEZK, St. Louis, MO"Best Performer on the Market" KSTP, St. Paul, MN"More Dynamic Response." WGAY, Silver Spring, MD"Exceeded Specs." KISW, Seattle, WA"Quietest Exciter on the Market." KBZT, San Diego, CA"Great Company -Great Product." WBCY, Charlotte, NC"Dramatic Improvement in Sound." WSSH, Lowell, MA"Fantastic! Beautiful Exciter." WEZB, New Orleans, LA"Works Great." WSTO, Owensboro, KY"Terrific! Industry Standard." WPRO, Providence, RI

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tinue to operate in the 12.2-12.7GHzband thereafter, but must be preparedto adjust to avoid interference to theDBS service. Licenses issued afterSept. 4, 1983 will require terrestrialfixed users in the 12.2-12.7GHz bandto avoid interference to DBS without agrandfathering period being allowed.The definition of what constitutes in-terference is to be defined in a laterFCC Report and Order. Adjustmentsenvisioned by the FCC to avoid in-terference to DBS could be made bymoving to other frequencies in the12.2-12.7GHz band or into other alter-native spectrum the FCC is yet to pro-pose.

For more details, readers may con-tact the following: Jerry D. Schulman,P.E., Comsearch, 11503 Sunrise ValleyDrive, Reston, VA 22091.

CorrectionIn the cable TV section of your

November 1982 BE (page 16), a linewas omitted from the last paragraphof my article, "CATV Signal Carriage:Broadcasters' Rights Under FCCRules." The paragraph should haveread: "Finally, even if you feel thatyour station would be carried even ifthere were no mandatory carriagerules, you should still...

This was an important point, and Ifear that the omission of the line oftext makes the last paragraph less ef-fective.

Dane E. EricksenHammett & EdisonSan Francisco, CA

Computing errorThe program for computing

distance (BE October 1982, page 142)has an error in line 240. It should readas follows:240 12 = ATN(1/(TAN(.5'C))(COS(H1))/(SIN(H2)))

Richard L. PlessingerMiami Valley Radiotelephone

Dayton, OH

Cover requestI would like to get a poster -size copy

of the BE December 1982 issue cover.We use one of the Satcom birds for allof our music programming and wouldlove to have this picture for display inour station.

James PerryChief Engineer

WKSS-96FMHartford, CT

RCA will be pleased to provide youwith a poster. Write: Public Affairs Of-fice, RCA American Communications,400 College Road East, Princeton, NJ08540. I :I:)))11

Circle (10) on Reply Cara


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Satelliteupdate

1983 a key year1983 will be a significant year in the

history of satellite broadcastingtechnology for several reasons. Thefirst is that a major package of 48 TVchannels will be available whenHughes' Galaxy 1 satellite goes intooperation alongside RCA's Satcom 3Rin mid -year. These two satellites, eachcarrying 24 channels, will be 4° apartin the orbital arc at 135° westlongitude (Galaxy 1) and 131° westlongitude (Satcom 3R). Both can bereceived with a single antennaequipped with a dual -feed system, atan insignificant penalty to the per-formance of a normal single -feedantenna. These 48 channels will pro-vide a tremendously attractive selec-tion for cable TV operators and broad-casters to use.

The second reason is that 1983 willsee the commencement of a prototypeDirect Broadcast Satellite (DBS)system. United Satellite Television(USTV) will begin transmitting fourchannels on the Canadian Anik C2satellite on an interim basis until 1984,when USTV will switch to one of thenew US satellites. This will not be atrue DBS system because the receiv-ing antenna required for the Anik C2is larger than the 2- to 3 -foot diameterantennas to be used for DBS satellites,and the very low cost receiver elec-tronics projected for DBS will not yetbe available. The trial system will,nevertheless, be an important test ofthe market demand for DBS. (Eightapplications for DBS systems havebeen approved by the FCC, and thefirst system is scheduled to beginoperation in 1985).

The third reason why 1983 will besignificant is that April will mark the10th anniversary of satellite broad-casting in North America. Surprisingas it may seem, TV broadcasting viasatellite began in 1973, when theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation(CBC) initiated a 3 -channel nationalnetwork on the Anik Al satellite. Thesame basic technology has beenemployed on the RCA Satcom satelliteseries to deliver television to cable TVsystems, and will also be used on thenew Hughes Galaxy satellites. This

By John Kinik, satellite correspondent

"first generation" satellite technologyoperates in the 4GHz and 6GHz fre-quency band (C -Band) and at satellitetransmitting powers that requirereceiving antennas in the 10- to15 -foot diameter range. The new DBSsatellites will deliver signals at higherlevels making the use of small roof -topreceiving antennas feasible, and willoperate in the 12GHz and 14GHz fre-quency band (Ku -Band).

C -Band or Ku -Band?Satellite broadcasting in the 1980s

will use two delivery modes: the con-ventional C -Band technology and thenew Ku -Band technology. Nodramatic shift to Ku -Band can be ac-curately predicted, for fundamentaltechnical and economic reasons.C -Band satellites will continue toserve cable television and broad-casters with an increasing number ofsignals, which could reach a total ofseveral hundred channels by 1987.The only questions about this growthrate relate to the availability of pro-gramming and the market demand fortelevision, radio and other broadcastservices. Can the programming beproduced and will the demand forchannels be there? These questionsalso apply to DBS, but, there areseveral other areas of doubt.

Financing is a major hurdle, be-cause the DBS companies must con-vince the financial community thatthe market demand will be sufficientfor direct -to -home television in spiteof the availability (by that time) ofmany channels via cable and broad-casting. The DBS companies are bas-ing their business plans on non -urbanmarkets, claiming a potential of 20 to30 million homes that are not well -served today by other technologies. Inspite of this posture, there is littledoubt that DBS intends to competehead -to -head with cable, broadcastingand C -Band satellite technology-andthis point is well -understood by thefinanciers.

Technology is another problem areafor DBS. Due to the high transmitpower requirement, satellites can onlyprovide a few channels instead of the24 on C -band satellites. The high fre-quency Ku -Band is also subject tofading and noise increase in heavyrain conditions, which tends to re-quire larger antennas in fringe areas.The high frequency band also makes

the electronics more touchy, present-ing a potential reliability problem.None of these problems exist forC -Band delivery systems, andmarketplace competition has drivenC -Band receiving terminal costsbelow $2000 for low cost configura-tions. There is every indication thateven more dramatic cost reductions,to below $1000, are possible by thetime the first real DBS system goes in-to operation in 1985.

Thus, the increasing cost-effectiveness of the proven C -Bandtechnology will compete effectivelywith the new DBS technologythroughout this decade.

Orbit resourcesDBS may eventually become the

dominant satellite delivery mode forone overwhelming reason. More effi-cient use can be made of the orbitalarc covering North America with Ku -Band satellites than with C -Bandsatellites, because antenna beam-

widths are narrower at the higher Ku-

Band frequency, allowing a closerspacing of satellites without harmfulinterference into adjacent satellites bytransmitting antennas, or interferencefrom adjacent satellites into receivingterminals.

The FCC has recommended thatsatellites be spaced 2° apart in thefuture (instead of the current 4° or 5°spacing), indicating that a favorableclimate for DBS is here, at least as faras the current administration is con-cerned. Because the North Americanorbital arc is shared by the UnitedStates, Canada and Mexico, andbecause there is some overlap into theSouth American orbital arc, an impor-tant international conference will beheld this year to determine allocationsfor DBS satellites. The 1983 RegionalAdministrative Radio Conference(RARC-83) will plan the orbital posi-tions and frequencies to be used in theWestern Hemisphere. All DBS ap-plications are subject to the decisionsand recommendations made atRARC-83, a conference that par-ticipating countries have been prepar-ing for over the past few years, andthat is conducted under the auspicesof the United Nations.

Thus, 1983 will indeed be an in-teresting year in satellite broad-casting.

I :I=W1


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The VPR-80 provides the latest in recording tech-nology. You get a transport designed for superior tapehandling of all reel sizes from 61/2 inch "spots" to 2 -hour,113/4 inch reels. It has dual microprocessors to control allVTR functions and servo systems, a universal power supply,built-in audio monitoring and a power -down feature thatremembers the control panel setup even when thepower's off. Plus built-in diagnostics to keep operation andmaintenance costs to a minimum. But there's more.

You also get as standard the Ampex exclusive AST''automatic scan tracking for perfect slow motion and still

frame pictures, plus frame -accurate editing with simple,operator -oriented controls. Not to mention table -top orrack -mount versatility and compatibility with the entirefamily of Ampex VPR accessories. With the VPR-80, every-thing from setup to servicing can be accomplished with aminimum of effort and time.

The VPR-80 was truly designed for the operator Andit's backed by the unique worldwide service and supportthat Ampex is known for. To find out how the VPR-80 fits intoyour application, contact your Ampex representat ve orwrite Ampex Corporation, Audio -Video Systems Division,401 Broadway, Redwood City, CA 94063 (415) 367-2011.

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Ampex Corporation One of The Signal Companies 6Circle (13) on Reply Card

ServiceabilityFrom the top, front and backwith hinged door assembliesproviding easy access to theaudio system, major plug-in

printed wiring assemblies andpower system.

AdvancedTransport Design

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newsTelevision in Senate

gets positive responseA majority of the US Senate is either

in favor of or leaning in favor of tele-vising Senate floor debate accordingto a survey just completed by C -SPAN,the Cable Satellite Public Affairs Net-work. However, the same survey in-dicates 28 senators have shifted theirpositions during the past year sinceC -SPAN previously queried law-makers.

The total number of senators report-ed firmly in favor stands at 40. (SeeTable I.) Those leaning in favor fellfrom 17 to 14. (Senators favoring orleaning in favor are composed of 35Republicans and 19 Democrats for a

total of 54). The biggest change fromlast year's survey was in the un-decided column, which now totals 29,up from 23. In the leaning againstcategory, the figure remained at five(all Democrats) and those firmlyagainst dropped from 13 to 12.

Senators shifting positions fromprevious surveys from being againstor leaning against to a favorableresponse were Senators Goldwaterand Bumpers; those who wereundecided and now showing afavorable position are Senators Biden,Denton, Gorton, Melcher, Metzen-baum and Nickles. Senators who wereeither undecided or leaning favorablytoward televising and changed to a

Table I.Statistical box score of 1982 survey

Democrats Republicans TotalIn favor 12 28 40Leaning for 7 7 14Against 9 3 12Leaning against 5 0 5Undecided 13 16 29

46 54 100

position of being against wereSenators Bensten (supports radio),Dodd, Laxalt and Nunn; senators whowere leaning favorably but changed toundecided included Danforth, Dole,Durenberger, East, Exon, Hatfield andMattingly; senators previously againstbut now undecided are Glenn, Levinand Wallop.

Group W urges FCC to increaseFM modulation limits

Westinghouse Broadcasting andCable (Group W) has recommendedthat the FCC increase FM modulationlimits to as much as 115% during useof SCA subcarriers. The recommenda-tions were part of Group W's recentlyfiled reply comments in the FCC'sNotice of Proposed Rulemaking con-cerning use of the SCA.

The recommendations resultedfrom a series of laboratory tests de-signed by Harrison Klein, Group W'sdirector of radio engineering. Thetests were designed to measure the ex-tent to which a reduction in mainchannel modulation is necessarywhen one or more subcarrier chan-

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nels are used. Present FCC rules re-quire a full 10% main channel reduc-tion when a 10% SCA is in use for atotal modulation of 100%.

Group W concluded that use of asingle 10% injection subcarrier re-quires only a 5% reduction in mainchannel modulation for a totalmodulation of 105%; and use of two10% injection subcarriers still re-quires only a 5% reduction in mainchannel modulation, for a totalmodulation of 115%.

In the reply comments, it was statedthat these higher modulation limitsare possible without adverse impacton channel performance or interfer-

ence to adjacent channel stations.

Shorthaul fiber -optics systemsto grow despite technology gaps

A major multiclient study, recentlycompleted by ERA Technology Ltd.,highlights a number of technologicalgaps that exist and hamper the growthof shorthaul fiber -optics systems. The5 -volume report, Fiber -Optics for Proc-ess Control and Business Communica-tions, points out that although fiber -optics is already being used in processplants and data communications ap-plications, the absence of a low costmeans of signal regeneration and anefficient, simple coupler will restrict

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the growth in European shipments ofthese systems to 40% annually.

Peter Baker, project leader, said thatalthough the total current Europeanmarket for shorthaul systems is smallcompared to longhaul telecommuni-cations, many companies are workingin this area and should be able to pro-vide suitable solutions for the keygaps. The total 1982 UK market fordelivered systems used in shorthaulbusiness communications and proc-ess control applications will be £2.5million and will exceed £13 million in1987. The market split of 40% forprocess control and 60% for businesscommunications probably reflects theresistance to fiber -optics in someprocess control industries, althoughsome organizations are taking up thetechnology enthusiastically. There is ashortage of funds for capital expend-iture in the continuing recession.Computing, on the other hand, is avigorous growth industry, and as it ex-pands, the sector is expected to im-prove its share in the market.

The application of fiber-optic tech-nology to business communications isconfined mainly to links for inter -computer communication and forcommunication between computersand VDUs. However, applications inprocess control and similar environ-ments are wide ranging, and it is clearfrom the interview program that somesuppliers are tending to specialize incertain industry sectors or types of ap-plication. This can be useful to thesystem user, especially when the sup-plier has an understanding of the end -user systems and the various interfac-ing requirements.

Traditional Process Equipmentmanufacturers are beginning to offeroptical fiber communication options;two recent examples being by Leedsand Northrup and MEM (MidlandElectric Manufacturing). The MEMrange of Memaster modular program-mable control systems now offer afiber-optic link module that offers upto eight input and output channels permodule. Leeds and Northrup havedeveloped a fiber-optic data highwayto provide a safe, noise -immune proc-ess control system. Up to four suchhighways can be used with thesystem, and each highway can sup-port 31 stations.

Cable television could have the mostdramatic impact, economically andtechnically, if the appropriate deci-sions are taken and the potential ma-jor suppliers are actively involved infiber -optics technology.

The 5 -volume study is available for afee of $3150 from IPI. For moredetails, contact Dr. Murray Disman,chairman, International Planning In-formation, P.O. Box 71046, Sunny-vale, CA 94086.

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0-109 9/82


February 1983 Broadcast Engineering 19

THE ONLY1-INCHTHAT WON'T

UNPREPAREDSometimes success can be a mixed blessing.Because as your business grows, it usually out-

grows your equipment. Which could leave youwith the extremely costly prospect of having to re-place your entire system.

Fortunately, there's an alternative: the SonyBVH-2000-the only 1 -inch video system that canbe tailored to fit your present applications and

budget, then retailored as your needs change.For example, any of three different recorder con-

trol panels can be incorporated, ranging from abasic model to one with virtually every feature andfunction currently available to 1 -inch video users.

Various remote -control connectors allow you toalter the system's configuration as the need arises,and various circuits and modules-including an op-

Sony and L-matic are registered trademarks and Betacam is a trademark of the Sony Corp. ©1982 Sony Corp. of America, 9 W. 57th St., New York. NY 10019.

VIDEO SYSTEMLEAVE YOUFOR SUCCESS.tional time base corrector-plug directly into theBVH-2000 recorder.

What's more, you can interface directly with otherSony formats, such as U-matic® and Betacamrmand the BVH-2000 can be easily integrated into anyexisting Sony 1 -inch system.

All of which enables the BVH-2000 to simplifyone of the most complicated processes in the broad-

cast industry: the transition to success.To find out how the BVH-2000 can help you

deal with both your present and future needs, callSony in New York/New Jersey at (201) 368-5085;in Chicago at (312) 860-7800; in Los Angeles at(213) 841-8711; in Atlanta at(404) 451-7671; or in Dallas 0" NY'at (214) 659-3600. Broadcast

Videotape recording:Digital component vs.digital compositerecordingBy E. Fraser Morrison, Ampex Corporation, Redwood City, CA

In the following, digital compositesignals for NTSC and PAL and asingle digital component signal aredescribed. User data rates andchannel -coded rates for a digitalVTR are developed for the threetypes of signals. Methods of errorcorrection for the types of signalsare shown and performance resultsare compared. Continuous standardsignals for stop -motion and slow-motion operation of the tape trans-port are derived, and the anticipatedperformance results are compared.

A digital composite system withanalog inputs and outputs will inter-face directly with existing TV signals.Although providing the benefits ofdigital signal processing, the systemstill retains limitations imposed by theoriginal analog composite system.

A digital component signal bypassesthe modulation process that enablesthe total information to be carried as asingle signal and retains the informa-tion as separate independent signals.The restrictions caused by encodingthe color information are eliminated,and greater flexibility in post -produc-tion processing can be achieved withminimum distortion.

Digital composite signalsA digital composite signal is one in

which the final transmission analogsignal -NTSC, PAL, PAL -M orSECAM- is digitally encoded. ForNTSC or PAL, the sampling frequen-cy of the analog -to -digital converter isusually three or four times the subcar-rier frequency. The frequency of four

times has the advantage [for NTSC) ofproducing 14.310Megasamples/s or910 samples for a full horizontal line.Eight -bit linear quantization is ade-quate for analog applications. Nine -bitlinear quantization is desirable if thesignal is to be converted to a digitalcomponent signal or subjected to anyprocessing that would introduce least -significant -bit rounding errors. Suchis the case with digital filters used foraveraging, picture size changing andother effects that can only be per-formed in the digital domain.

Provided the original timing infor-mation contained in the analog signalis preserved in the analog -to -digital(A/D) conversion process, then theanalog output signal will be a replicaof the original input signal. Theassumption must be made that suffi-cient samples of the synchronizing in-formation and subcarrier burst are

taken to describe the phase of chrome.Also, the continuity of the digitalsignal must be maintained through theprocessing system and subsequentdigital -to -analog (D/A) conversion. Forthis basic application, the samplingphase of the A/D converter is unim-portant.

The power of a digital system is inits capability of performing post -pro-duction effects that have, in the past.been extremely difficult to create inthe analog domain. Examples areluminance and chrominance separa-tion, field stores, picture size chang-ing and bandwidth compression by bitreduction schemes. For these forms ofpicture processing, it is necessary tohave knowledge of the values ofluminance and chrominance at everysampling instant. If the samplingphase is precisely defined withrespect to the chrnma subcarrier

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Figure 1: Alignment of samples, 52E -line, NTSC, 4 x f.


phase and four times subcarriersampling is used, then each samplerepresents a luminance value plus acolor difference value equivalent tothe values of the color differencesignals before encoding in the originalNTSC or PAL analog encoder. If thesampling phase is defined in the A/Dconverter, then it is unnecessary tocarry the burst of subcarrier, occur-ring in the back porch of the horizon-tal blanking interval as a timingsignal, for the phase of the clockrepresents the phase of the chroma in-formation. Linear quantization levelsof eight bits and nine bits are current-ly used for composite signals, witheight bits adequate for current ap-plications. Post -production process-ing of the signal will necessitate 9 -bitquantization if a very high qualitylevel is to be maintained throughoutthe digital system. With four timessubcarrier as a sampling rate and 9 -bitlinear quantization, the resulting userbit rate created is 129 Megabits persecond (Mb/s) for NTSC and 160Mb/sfor PAL.

Figure 1 shows the alignment ofsamples on a 525 -line TV picture forNTSC, and Figure 2 shows the align-ment of samples on a 625 -line TV pic-ture for PAL. The number of samplesper line and field is shown, and thehorizontal and vertical spatial separa-tion of the samples is given in relationto the aspect ratio of the active pic-ture.

Sampling takes place along the I -and Q -axes for NTSC, which followsthe convention of a NTSC analog en-coder and along the (U + V)- and(U - V) -axes for PAL, which provide adistinct advantage in some signalprocessing operations that will bedescribed subsequently.

Digital component signalsA digital component TV signal is

one in which the original gamma cor-

rected Red, Green and Blue sourcesignals are matrixed to produce a fullbandwidth luminance signal, Ey, andtwo narrower bandwidth color differ-ence signals, ER and ER. The band-width and the dynamic range of thesignals is in excess of that required bythe final color TV transmissionsystem signal (NTSC, PAL, PAL -M orSECAM).

The ratio of luminance bandwidthto chrominance bandwidth of 3:1would be adequate for TV standards;however, a ratio of 2:1 is preferredwith its attendant 50% increase inchrominance bandwidth. This isnecessary if post -production effectssuch as downstream chroma-keyingare to be performed with the digitizedTV data. The dynamic range require-ment is satisfied by 8 -bit linear quan-tization of all three signals.

The sampling frequencies are de-scribed by a set of numbers of a hierar-chy. In the (4.2.2) hierarchy, thehighest number (4) describes theluminance sampling frequency andthe lower numbers (2.2) describe thechrominance sampling frequencies.Many sampling frequencies have beendiscussed and, for the sake of thiscomparison, a frequency forluminance sampling of 13.5MHz hasbeen chosen and is written as(13.5:6.75:6.75). The luminance issampled at 13.5MHz, realizing aluminance bandwidth of 5.8MHz, thechrominance is sampled at 6.75MHz,realizing a chrominance bandwidth of2.2MHz. A luminance sampling fre-quency of 13.5MHz produces 858luminance samples per full horizontalline for the 525 -line TV system and864 samples per full line for the625 -line TV system. As an evennumber of samples are presented onevery line, the samples will align or-thogonally on adjacent TV lines andadjacent fields of the picture.

Figure 3 shows the number of

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Figure 2. Alignment of samples, 625 -line, PAL, 4 x f.

samples of an active line and activefield and spatial separation of samplesfor a 525 -line TV system. Figure 4shows the number of samples of an ac-tive line and active field and spatialseparation of samples for the 625 -linesystem. A (13.5:6.75:6.75) componentsystem with 8 -bit linear quantizationrepresents a total user bit rate of216Mb/s.

Channel data rateThe digital user data must be con-

verted to a frequency spectrum suit-able for reproduction from magnetictape. The modified signal is referredto as the channel -coded signal. It isdesirable to drastically reduce or com-pletely eliminate the dc componentfrom the incoming data; otherwise,there will be considerable distortionof the data recovered from tape duringthe reproduce process. This conver-sion is achieved by frequency modula-tion of the analog TV signal in ananalog VTR. Codes such as 8-10 blockor Miller squared can be used in digitalVTRs.

Additional overhead is required forerror protection and error correction.Extremely sophisticated systems areused for the data processing industryand for other serial data such asdigital audio in which close to 100%correction is desired. It is difficult tojustify these types of correctionsystems for a digital TV signal inwhich large redundancy already ex-ists in the TV picture that can be usedto an advantage with error conceal-ment schemes. Many codes are cur-rently in use for high density digitalrecording. However, it is not the pur-pose of this paper to discuss therelative merits of the various types ofcodes. The most efficient requireabout a 12% increase in overhead forerror protection and/or correction andthe amount of overhead would beidentical for either a composite or acomponent TV signal.

The synchronizing information thatwas carried during the horizontal andvertical blanking interval of the com-posite signal, or as a separate timingsignal with the component signal, isconverted to timing information thatis carried digitally as a separate signalwith the parallel digital signal in boththe component and composite digitalTV standards. As the sampling phasewas precisely defined in the com-posite standard, the back porch burstcontains no useful information. Theremoval of this information from thehorizontal blanking interval allowsthe active picture of 520 to be ex-panded out over the full line of 640,resulting in a reduction in data rate ofapproximately 17% for both the525 -and 625 -line TV standards. Thissaving of data is achieved at the


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Figure 3. Alignment of samples, 525-line, 13.5MHz component system.

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Figure 4. Alignment of samples. 625 -line, 13.5MHz component system.

TELEVIS ON SYSTEM

COMPOSITENTSC

COMPOSITEPAL COMPONENT

525/33 625/25 525-625

SAMPLE RATES 4 Fss 4 Fsc4:2:2

13.5 MHz

SAMPLES/SEC 14.32 X 106 17.72 X 106 27 X 106

DATA RATE 129 Mb/s 160 Mb/s 216 Mb/s

SAMPLES/ACTIVE LINE(I)

764 945 720 + 360 +360= 1440

USER DATA RATE 108 Mb/s 133 Mb/s 180 Mb/s

CHANNEL DATA RATE(ii) (ONE CHANNEL/ 121 ML/s 149 Mb/s 202 Mb/s

11) ESTIMATED. DOES NOT INCLUDE SERIAL SYNC IRONIZING INFORMATION

6.) 12% OVERHEAD ONLY ASSUMED AMPEX

-able I. Comparison of composite vs. component recording systems.

relatively small expense of adding oneTV line memory in the record elec-tronics and a one TV line memory inthe reproduce electronics.

Table I shows the user bit rates and

the record channel rates derived fromthree TV systems used for com-parison. If a maximum head -to -tapespeed that is practical is considered tobe in the region of 50m/s and a linear

packing density that may be recordedon tape reliably on an interchangebasis be 2000b/mm, then the highestdata that can be recorded on a singletrack is approximately 100Mb/s. It canbe seen, therefore, for the data rates inquestion that it is unlikely the data canbe recorded on a single channel, andmultiple channels in parallel need tobe used. At present, the most desirablenumber of channels range betweentwo for composite and two -to -four forcomponent video data.

A block diagram of a typical signalprocessing system that could be usedin a digital VTR is shown in Figure 5.For simplicity, the video A/D and D/Aconverters are not shown. Inputs andoutputs are referred to as user digitaldata in a format yet to be determined.

The record electronics consist of the1 -line delay network necessary to ex-pand the data of the active picture andeliminate most of the horizontalblanking interval. The data is thenreorganized, or scrambled, convertedto the channel code, distributed overthe number of channels of the systemand fed to the record drivers and therecord heads mounted on the rotaryscanner. The reason for scramblingthe data before recording will becomeapparent in the description of the er-ror correction and concealmentschemes that form part of thereproduce process.

In terms of efficiency, the shortestpossible wavelength should be record-ed on tape irrespective of the channeldata rates. This implies a constantpacking density measured in Mb/cmzof tape. Tape consumption is now pro-portional to the channel data rates,which in turn are proportional to theuser data rates. It can be seen fromTable I, using the component stand-ard as a reference, that tape consump-tion is only 78% for PAL and 62% forNTSC. This is clearly a significant ad-vantage of composite recording com-pared to component recording.

The reproduce electronics consist ofpreamplifiers located in the scanneror adjacent to the scanner on thetransport. Some form of RF signalequalization may be required beforethe error correction scheme. The er-ror rate of the system is usuallymeasured after correction andrepresents the errors that the systemwas unable to correct. It is an impor-tant characteristic of the schemechosen that these errors be identifiedin some manner for the error conceal-ment system, which must replace thesamples in error with other informa-tion from surrounding known goodsamples in the TV picture.

After error correction, the data canbe converted from the channel code touser data, which will includecompressing the active horizontal line

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At TASCAM, we believe that listening to yourcomplaints, then going to work, is the only systemthat makes sense for both of us.Copyright 1982, TEAC Corporation of America. 7733 Telegraph Rd Montebello. CA 90640

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RECORDAMPLIFIER

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T

USER DIGITAL DATA IN

HORIZONTAL E WANSION

CODE CONVESION12 TO 0 CHANNE LSI

RE EWA IZA TION12 T00 CHA.WELSI

DECODEPSERROR CORRF:TION

HORIZONTAL COMPRESSION

ERROR CONCEALMENT

f ik LO 170111

STOP AND VARIABLEPLAY SPEED

CONVERSION

USER DIGITAL DATA 0111

AMPEXFigure 5. Digital VTR, signal processing.

Figure 6. Error concealment, averaging adjacent samples.

and restoring the horizontal blankinginterval.

The reproduce process described,and the performance obtained, is in-dependent of the TV system used.However, the following operationsand their performance are very depen-dent on the TV system.

Error concealmentError concealment is a process that

makes use of the redundancy that oc-curs in a TV picture by nature of its3 -dimensional structure. When an in-dividual sample is destroyed, it maybe reconstituted spatially by averag-ing adjacent samples in the horizontaldirection, the vertical direction, ortemporally, i.e., the sample on thepreceding picture averaged with thesample on the following picture.

Horizontal samples becomeavailable by means of 1 -sample delays,vertical samples by means of 1 -TV linedelays and temporal samples by meansof TV field delays. It is unlikely that1 -field delays, each requiring

400kbytes of memory, would be in-cluded in the reproduce electronicssystem for the sole purpose of correct-ing errors whose maximum rate are inthe order of one -in -10-4. If one singlefield of delay were used, a movementinterpolator must be included to en-sure the sample on the field that isstored is identical to the sample thatwas lost. One error in 10-4 corre-sponds to 45 errors/field; one error in10-6 corresponds to 0.45 error/field.Consequently, it seems inefficient todedicate 400kbytes of memory for thecorrection of such few errors.

Within a TV field, at 13.5MHz sam-pling rate for the luminance signal,there are 2.2 times as many horizontalsamples spatially as there are verticalsamples from the adjacent TV lines.Greater accuracy of concealment canbe obtained using horizontal samplesfor the luminance in place of verticalsamples. Furthermore, higher verticalfrequency samples already containalias components caused by the scan-ning process that could only be

eliminated by optical filtering of theimage presented to the camera pickupdevice. At the moment, this is con-sidered impractical.

The most powerful application oferror concealment is the reconstruc-tion of the area of a TV picture thathas been damaged due to a tape drop-out. A data formatting scheme and er-ror concealment system that is opti-mized to eliminate the subjective dis-tortions on the TV picture caused bytape dropouts will adequately concealrandom single -bit errors. The max-imum data rate that may be recordedon a single serial channel of a digitalwideband recorder lies in the regionof 100Mb/s. To record the data rates ofthe digital composite or digital com-ponent signals will require multiplechannels; numbers between two andfour seem appropriate at this time. If atwo -channel system is used, then thedata may be scrambled such that adja-cent samples both horizontally andvertically are placed on adjacent chan-nels, which may then be spatiallyseparated on the tape. When the infor-mation from one channel is destroyedby a dropout, then the other channel isused to reconstitute the lost data fromthe bad channel.

Averaging adjacent samples inequal proportions to reconstitute aknown bad sample results in the cor-rect positional value of the informa-tion and may be accomplished by thesystem shown in block form in Figure6. Continuous data is fed to a set ofdelays (delay = t). The normal output,occurring at Z°, becomes the data out-put when the switch is in the upperposition.

Outputs at the time Z+ ' and time Z-'are fed to the inputs of a summing net-work. If the delay (t) were equal to onesample, then the inputs to the sum-ming network are adjacent horizontalsamples. If the delay (t) were equal toone TV line, then the samples becomeadjacent vertical samples. The delay (t)may be equal to a TV field if adjacenttemporal samples were required.

Assuming information is availablein the data to instruct the error detec-tor to operate the switch when a sam-ple is known to be in error, then theoutput of the summing network willreplace the faulty sample (switch inlower position).

Output of the summing network is:

Z = e.g."= 0.5Z' + 0.5Z-1= 0.5 (eiw' +

to cos wt.

For t = (1/13.5) MHz, or 74ns, thegraph of the transfer function isshown in Figure 7. The curve is acosine with an origin at zero fre-quency, a null at one -quarter the sam-


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Figure 7. Error concealment, averaging adjacent horizontalcomponent luminance samples.

piing frequency (in this case3.375MHz), and a negative valueabove one -quarter sampling frequencywhich produces an error in the out-put.

This effect is shown in time inFigure 8 where t = 74ns. For a fre-quency of f = 0.1/t or 1.35MHz,averaged horizontal samples producea resultant shown at time Z° which isreasonably accurate. For a frequencyof f = 0.4/t or 5.4MHz, the averagedsample is inaccurate and would pro-duce a visual error on criticalmaterial.

OINCORRECTLYCALCULATEDWULF

TIEN

MIMI CT L VCALCULATEDSAMPLE

O

AMPEX

Figure 8. Error concealment, averaging adjacent samples.

Error concealment -NTSCThe NTSC signal, sampled at four

times the subcarrier frequency, willhave a sampling structure in one fieldof the TV picture as shown in Figure1. The sampling phase as depicted ison the I- and Q -axes, but it may just aswell be on the (R - Y)-, (B - Y) -axes.Each sample represents the arithmeticsum of the luminance value and thecolor difference value at that samplinginstant. If the samples were alternatedbetween channels A and B, the twochannels of a digital video recordersystem, and Channel A on a section of

Line 23 were in dropout, requiringreconstruction of the signal fromhorizontal samples on Channel B, thetransfer function is:

H = 1 Cos cut,Where t = 1/4f., = 7Ons

The curve of the transfer function isa cosine with an origin at zero fre-quency, a null at the subcarrier fre-quency and a negative value abovesubcarrier frequency. (See Figure 9.) Itcan be seen from the graph for low fre-quency values of luminance that the

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Figure 9. Error concealment, averaging adjacent horizontalcomposite NTSC samples.

0.

10

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11,1, PIA

RESPONSE Of COLON DififfIENCE CHANNEL

AJJA LOG ENCOOI RI

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Figure 11. Error concealment, averaging adjacent horizontalsamples.

compensation is adequate; however,the chroma information is eliminatedand information above the chroma in-formation has the incorrect value andwill, therefore, result in a distortion.By taking the values of the averagesamples from the line above and theline below Lines 22 and 24, applyingthem to a digital high-pass filter to re-move the luminance component andsubtracting the result from the valuesof the averaged horizontal samples,the chroma component may be recon-stituted. This process reduces thechroma vertical resolution, and ameans must be provided to ensurethat the samples above and belowafter high-pass filtering are indeedchrominance information; otherwisethe vertical spurious signal that isgenerated may appear subjectivelyworse than the original dropout. Amethod of adaptive comb filtering thatcould be used for NTSC has been de-scribed' and, as the author concludes,should be adequate for all but the mostcritical TV material.

Error concealment-PALIf the PAL signal were sampled on

the (U + V) -axes, the sampling struc-ture of one field would appear asshown in Figure 2. An advantage ofsampling at 45° to the U- and V -axes is

--Q-13 si A mirlLJ L J L, J LJ L-

El B El

rlL J LJ

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Figure 10. Error concealment, 625 -line, PAL, 4 x

Figure 12. Derivation of scanning frequencies from 13.5MHz.

that the sampling phase is the same asthe burst phase. Each channel is thenorganized to have samples in pairswith the same interleaving as de-scribed before for NTSC. Referring toFigure 10, it can be seen that if Chan-nel A on Line 23 were in dropout, thefirst sample lost may be replaced bythe sample immediately below it onLine 24, and the second sample maybe replaced by the sample immediate-ly above it on Line 22. The system suf-fers a loss of vertical resolution, butdoes have the advantage that arith-metic computation is not required togenerate the replaced sample.

A luminance horizontal transitionin the picture will produce a 2f,, com-ponent on Line 23, occurring at8.8MHz;- this may be satisfactorily at-tenuated by the DIA low-pass filter.The integrating action of the low-passfilter produces the correct verticalspatial resolution for the two samples.

Error concealment-component system

The three component signals areanalogous to monochrome TV signals.The luminance signal with 13.5MHzsampling rate has samples spacedevery 74ns apart. The chrominancesignal sampled at 6.75MHz hassamples spaced every 148ns apart. For

a multichannel recorder, the datawould be scrambled such that adja-cent samples appear on alternatechannels both horizontally and ver-tically.

For horizontal -only interpolation ofthe luminance signal, the transfercharacteristic would be a cosineresponse as described in the exampleof Figure 7 with a null at 3.375MHz.The result would be adequate for thelow -frequency luminance informa-tion; but, again because of thenegative value above 3.375MHz, anundesirable spurious signal would beproduced. Higher order digital filterscould be used to move the null furtherup in the frequency spectrum and pro-vide a more uniform response in thepassband; it should be realized,however, that the shape of the curvealways remains symmetrical. Conse-quently, moving the zero crossoverpoint up will increase the amplitudeof the alias in the negative direction.

Using horizontal -only interpolationfor the chrominance, the cosine -shaped curve has a null at 1.69MHz,for a 6.75MHz original sampling rate,and the negative values of the cosineare above that frequency. If thechrominance bandpass of the finalanalog transmission system is con-sidered, NTSC, PAL or SECAM, the


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alias is outside the chrominance pass -band and is considerably attenuated,as shown in Figure 11. Consequently,the color difference information willnot be degraded as a result of thedropout when observed through thewindow of the final analog trans-mission format.

If the samples surrounding the errorhave considerably lower verticalresolution than horizontal resolution,by at least a factor of 2 -to -1, then ver-tical interpolation for concealmentwill produce adequate correctionwithout loss of horizontal resolution.The decision as to the selection of datafor concealment for each of the threesignals depends upon the picture con-tent of the signals. Under extremeconditions, a region of indecision willresult, and an imperfect result may oc-cur in one of the signals requiring cor-rection.

This capability of selection is notavailable with the composite digitalsignals. Only specific samples, eitherhorizontally or with reduced spatialresolution vertically, or some com-puted value of horizontal and verticalsamples, can produce the correct, ornear correct, result. The compositesignal is picture dependent, particu-larly in the presence of chrominanceinformation.

Variable speedpicture composite system

The production of a broadcast -quality composite signal from a video-tape recorder at speeds varying fromstop through slow motion to, say, twotimes normal speed, requires amechanism that guarantees that thehead scans the track or tracks to prn-vide one continuous active field ofvideo information in real time. In ahelical recorder, this requires a scantracking system. To identify the fieldrecovered from tape, it will benecessary to code the field informa-tion during recording.

If we assume the tape is stationaryand the heads are scanning across atrack or tracks that correspond to thefirst field of the first frame (Lines 1through 263) of a NTSC TV signal (SeeFigure 1), then it will be necessary tocompute the other three fields of theNTSC 4 -field sequence to generate thecomplete NTSC picture in real time. Itcan be seen that if the signal con-tained no chrominance information,then the samples of Line 285 on Field2 may be computed by averaging theindividual samples of Lines 22 and 23.

Line 286 may be computed byaveraging adjacent samples fromLines 23 and 24; the process continu-ing in real time down the field untilField 2 is completely reconstituted.Field 1 would maintain its full verticalresolution as it is read off the tape in

real time. Field 2, however, wouldhave a cosine response with a null oc-curring at half the number of activelines of the 263 -line TV field. Anegative value, or a new alias, wouldcommence at this null and continue tothe vertical resolution of the full TVfield. Unfortunately, the dissimilarresolutions between the two fieldswould show up as a disturbing 30Hzflicker on the reproduced picture forhigher frequency vertical informationand would not be considered accept-able in a production environment.

A method of overcoming this dis-turbance has been developed bysubjecting both fields to similar proc-essing=. During stop motion and slowmotion with Field 1 coming from thetape, outgoing Field 1 is computed bya coefficient of 0.75 (the actual line inreal time plus 0.25 of the line below).Thus, Line 22 on the video outputwould be made upon a sample -by-

sample basis of 0.75 of Line 22 plus0.25 of Line 23. For Field 2, Line 285would be computed from 0.75 of Line23 and 0.25 of Line 22. It is seen thatboth fields have the same arithmeticcoefficient. The lines of both fields aredisplaced correctly, and the total pic-ture on the output effectively movesup by one -quarter of a line of a field.The sampling points move down withrespect to the original scanning. Theprocess causes a slight reduction ofoverall vertical resolution but, as thetwo fields have identical resolution,the 30Hz flicker component iseliminated.

For the PAL system, it will be re-quired to construct seven fields of thePAL 8 -field sequence from the onefield that is being scanned by therotary heads. For stop -motion opera-tion, the field recovered from tape willbe synchronous with TV field rate.For slow-motion operation or variablespeed operation, it may be necessaryto include a field store in thereproduce electronics to guaranteethat at least one field of signal is avail-able at all times for the playback proc-essing electronics. The processingelectronics will naturally introduce adegradation in quality; therefore, thefield that is recovered from tapeshould be subjected to similar proc-essing so as not to produce a 15Hzflicker on NTSC or 6.25Hz flicker onPAL.

One of the simplest methods to com-prehend, but not necessarily to imple-ment, is to decode the signal from itscomposite form to the three com-ponents and have these componentvalues available at every sampling in-stant of the 4 and 8 fields. The instan-taneous components may then be re -encoded to produce the new com-posite signal with its correct 4- and8 -field sequence. Such decoding for


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NTSC has been described by Kaiser'and decoding and re -encoding forPAL by Weston'.

Normally these distortions may beunnoticeable but, at the time when themachine is in slow-motion mode andgoing to play mode, a decision mustbe made to switch back to the normalplayback processing circuitry. Duringthis transition period, the change ofquality will be markedly noticeable onthe composite signals. Further proc-essing is necessary to produce the twofields from the single field that is re-covered from tape.

As the component signal repeats ona 2 -field basis, the processing circuitryfor generating the two fields from theone field on tape or in memory is theonly processing required to produce astandard signal. As processing in thehorizontal direction is not required,there is no degradation of horizontalresolution. As no more than two fieldsare required, there is no degradationof temporal resolution, apart from theinherent degradation caused by the2 -field repetition rate of picture.

The digital component standardused in this discussion is based on aluminance sampling rate of 13.5MHz,which is a multiple of 2.25MHz, thefrequency from which the horizontalscanning frequencies of both the

625 -and 525 -line TV services can bederived precisely (Figure 12). As thissampling frequency is common toboth TV systems, and if both 525- and625 -line systems adopt the samenumber of active samples per TV line,then the signal processing circuitry ofa component VTR, indeed most com-ponent digital TV equipment, wouldbe common for existing broadcast TVsystems throughout the world.

By using a mechanical design forthe VTR scanner in which the ratio ofscanner speed to TV field rate is closeto the inverse of the ratios of the twofield rates, 50Hz and 60Hz, then acommon head -to -tape speed willresult. A common machine for world-wide digital component systemsresults in savings of manufacturingand inventory costs to the supplier. Inturn, this is reflected in a lower capitalcost for the equipment by the user.

Conversion between 525- and625 -line standards, by the user, willproduce superior results if only fieldinterpolation is required, for decodingof individual samples is unnecessary.

ConclusionA digital composite TV signal is the

most efficient in terms of tape con-sumption, for an analog color TV sig-nal is the most efficient in terms of sig-

nal bandwidth. A digital componentsignal, because the data is kept asthree separate independent signals, isextremely rugged. There is no interac-tion of luminance and chrominance,and the picture repeats on a 2 -fieldbasis which is identical to the scan-ning standard of the TV system.Where any form of electronic pictureprocessing is performed, such as instop -motion, slow-motion, and slight-ly faster than normal speed, the pro-cessing operations are simpler to per-form on a component signal and pro-duce superior results. It would appearthat, as a production tool, a variablespeed VTR operating with a digitalcomponent TV signal would providegreater flexibility than the same typeof machine operating with a digitalcomposite signal. :r4D1Reprinted with permission of SMPTE Journal, Volume91, Number 9, September 1982. °Copyright 1982 by theSociety of Motion Picture and Television Engineers.Portions of this paper were presented at the SecondAnnual WOSU Broadcast Engineering Conferenceheld in July 1982 at Ohio State University. The con-ference was coordinated by John Battison, director ofengineering, WOSU-AM/FM/TV.

ReferencesA. Kaiser, "Comb Filter Improvement with SpuriousChrome Deletion," SMPTE Journal, January 1977.M.G. Croll, "The General Design of a Digital Stills.Storage System For Use With An Electronic RostrumColour Camera," BBC RD 1980/13.M. Weston, "A PAL/YUV Digital System for 625 -lineInternational Connections," EBU Technical Review,June 1977.

Success means having theright connections.

If your microphone goes dead during a performance, you'll neverhear the end of it. That's why Shure designs and builds microphonecables to insure optimum audio performance under the worstpossible conditions.

This design superiority is most apparent in the critical area wherethe cable and connector meet-the cable connector interface. Here,special design attention insures long -life durability and flexibility.On Shure's "Triple -Flee " cables, for example, a unique flex reliefallows you to use this thin cable without it breaking or kinking.

Shure cables are also subjected to the most rigorous tests in theindustry for appearance, strength and durability. For example, theymust undergo a variety of environmental torture tests, includingtemperature extremes of - 20° to + 165° F and humidity of 95 to99%. In addition, they are subjected to a series of stress tests includ-ing rocking, pulling and twisting to insure strength and long -lifeflexibility.

And, to guard against on-stage signal loss and external noiseinterference, Shure cables are designed to pass rigid capacitance,leakage, and shielding requirements.

It's no wonder Shure "Audio Connection" cables are the industrystandard. Shure Brothers Inc., 222 Hartrey Ave., Evanston, IL60204, (312) 866-2553.

5111PRE'THE SOUND OF THE PROFESSIONALS "...WORLDWIDE



The newPhilips LDK6

The first "total"automatic camera.

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setup adjustments... plus it hasmultiple diagnostic systems andmany oter automatic and operatingfeatures.The LDK6's advanced designprovides unprecedented reliability

f1 and =lexibility. It launches a new era1 for broadcast and production.

If you are :nterested in the most advancedstucio/field camera available today, andthe best investment for the '80s ...pu: you -self behind the LDK6.

bum-A Call or write for details.Plilips Television Systems, Inc.900 Corporate DriveMahwah, New Jersey 07430201-529-1550

PHILIPSCircle (27) on Reply Card

And thafs the

viluposmosuammeippwv

Meet the Press-NBC-11/20/47 Jokn Cameron Swayze-LIBC-`amel News Caravan D48 to 1956to present

Army vs McCarthy HearingsApril 1954

Vietnam War

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0.0

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Huntley/Brinkley Peport ABC News10/15/56 to 7/5/ 70

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Dc.ze Garroway-Garroway at Large1949, Tcday Show 1952 to 1961

Ken-ndy-Nixon Debates-ABC -10/3160

U.S. iancit, Men on the Moon J uly1969

Garroway was introducing early risers bc a snow called Today andConrac was introducing its first black and white monitor.

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News and newspeocde changed year after year, decade upon decade.All the while, Conrac was earning a position if trust and respect through-out the broadcast ccmmun ty.

Special acknowledgement to CBS, NBC. ABC.

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Today, C

onrac is working on the next generation of broadcast m

oni-tors. T

o give you the hig-iest resolution. The truest colors. T

he bestvalue.

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eply Card

Until the late 1970s, production ofelectronic graphics relied heavilyupon original artwork created in theconventional manner by artists usingthe time -proven tools of their trade-the pen, brush and sketch pad. Theuse of digital electronics for thegeneration of original material waslimited to composition of geometricpatterns and alphanumeric figures bydigital character generators with astorage capacity of several TV lines.When storage of a TV field or framewas required in post -productionassembly and editing of takes orscenes, analog signals were trans-ferred from camera -original andcharacter -generator signals to a

magnetic videodisc. For this purpose,the Ampex HS -100 and HS -200 pro-grammable rigid disc systems werethe workhorses of the trade.

In fact, for every post -productionoperation and broadcast networksporting event, the availability of adisc system was a must, regardless ofits inability to withstand the rigors oftransportation, variations in temper-ature and humidity, and the at-tendant maintenance problems. Ofcourse, the compelling attractions forproduction and post -production ap-plications were the variable speeds forslow-motion and fast -motion, time-lapse and playback. Thus, when com-bined with matting and chroma-key

special effects equipment, editorswere enabled to create many effects,including those involving graphicsproviding the original artwork hadbeen completed in advance.

Consequently, because of the needfor advance preparation, the timerestriction imposed in film editing bythe necessary pre -production prepara-tion remained, albeit some shortcutswere possible through the use of elec-tronic processing.

The development of digital, solid-state frame -store equipment in the '70sheralded a radical change in the ap-proach to the use of special effectsand graphic arts in broadcasting, aswell as in commercial production.

Electronicvideographics:

A perspectiveBy Blair Benson, TV technology consultant, Norwalk, CT

In the KRON-TV 4 newsroom, artist Warren Lamm creates digitalvideographics on an Aurora system.

The top graphic illustrates infiltration of DBCP into thecommunity water supply. The lower graphic displayslocal temperatures around the Bay area. The Aurorasystem is connected with local and national earth sta-tions to provide local viewers with a complete weatherpicture.


4th generation conventional TB: 4th generation Y -68e Total E ror Corrm-tot

Comparing video from aconventional TBC to video froma Y-68822 Total Error Correctoris like comparing apples tooranges. A time base corrector,as the name implies, correctstiming errors. The Y-68832Total Error Corrector correctstiming errors and virtually allVTR induced errors.

The major cause of videoquality loss in 3/4 VTR's isinherent in the color underprocess. This process separatesthe input color video signalinto its luma and chromacomponents, converts thechroma frequency for recordingand playback and recombinesthe luma and chroma for colorvideo output. The worst part isthat this quality loss iscumulative, in that it iscompounded with each passthrough a VTR o' conventionalTBC.

Total Error CorrectionThe Y-68832 TEC is designedspecifically to overcome multiple

Fortel Incorporated6649 Peacht.-ee Incustrial BoulevardNorcross. Georgia 30092-9990Telephone (404) 447-4422Telex 804822

generation quality loss fromcolor under VTR's. The Y-68832TEC utilizes "dub" (Y-688) inputand cutput as well as encodedvideo. The "dub" mode allowsprocessing of component(Y-688) video bypassing theseparation, frequencyconversion and recombinationcycle. "Dub" signals processedthrough the Y-68832 TEC arebetter than encoded videosignals because they ccntainmore information and are lessdegraded.

The Y-68832 TEC also utilizesadvanced signal processingtechniques, some manufacturedunder exclusive licensefromFaroudja Laboratories. Thesetechniques reduce chromenoise by up to 20dB, correctluma/chroma timing auto-matically, reduce luma noiseby up to 10dB, improve chromarise times, reduce second orderringing and eliminate luma/chroma crosstalk. Someprocessing is used during eachpass through the Y-688, while

the balance of the processingis used for the last copy or forbroadcast to correct any minordegradations which haveoccurred.

A Difference You Can SeeThe improved quality of Y-68832TECvideo can be seen in firstgeneration playcack. Ii oecomesmore obvious in successivegenerations. It is particularlynoticeable in third and fourthgenerations because con-ventonal TBC video h ES gottenworse with each pass, whilefourth generation Y-6833 TECvideo approximates originalquality.

The Y-6883' TEC is simply theTrost powerful 'poi available forextending multi -generationquality from color under VTR's.

For more information on theY-68832 TEC cr an on -sitedemonstration, circle thereader's card. =or immediateresponse write or call corteltoday. Circle (21)) on Reply Card

Evolution of digital video effectsDigital video techniques found their

first use in broadcasting for framestorage in Digital Noise Reducers(DNRs), standards converters andframe synchronizers. The possibilityof using the frame store for video ef-fects was realized by CBS' develop-ment of its Action Track special ef-fects gimmickry, using techniques em-ployed in its DNR. The Action Trackwas first used for the Super Bowl profootball game and the Masters GolfTournament in 1978 to provide a still-

frame trace of a football and a golf -balltrajectory. (See BE, April 1979, pp.54-55.)

This was followed by a broader ap-plication of frame stores for modifica-tion of picture size and shape, andmovement of matted picture materialto different positions at varying rates,in a TV raster. The first of thesedevices was introduced by Vital In-dustries in 1977. Shortly thereafter,MCl/Quantel extended the capabilityof its standards converter to provide,first, a limited degree of picture sizechange, and, subsequently, a completegamut of picture -manipulation effects.Concurrently, Quantel, using its basicstandards converter design, and NECbegan marketing similar equipment inthe United States.

TEACH YOUR EDITORNEW TRICKS

Here is a simple, cost-effective wayto add a full range of special effects

to your post -production editing routines.FOICtiF

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Now, directly from the keyboard of yourediting controller, you can mix, wipe,dissolve, key and produce complextransitions. Through either standard oroptional interfacing, ECHOIab's SE/3 AP -controlled production switcher can adda new level of sophisticated capabilityto virtually any inexpensive editor.

Contact Closure Interface - Permitsyour editor to initiate a wide range ofmix, wipe, key and transition effects.

Customized Serial Interfaces - Avail-able for many editing controllers, includ-ing Videomedia Z6000, Convergence103, 104 Series, United Media Com-mander II and Sony BVE 800. Givesyour editor complete functional controlof the switcher. You can create complexanimation sequences and/or accesscomplex multiple transitions previously

stored in the SE/3's 5000 steps of pro-grammable memory - all directly fromyour editor.

The SE/3 is the only switcher in itsclass with serial -editing interfacescompletely self-contained. There areno costly, external boxes or computersto purchase.

External Computer Interface - Inaddition to the editing interfaces, ageneral-purpose serial interface protocolis available for full remote control of theSE/3 by an external computer.

Future Interfacing Capabilities -ECHOiab is rapidly expanding its line ofediting interfaces and is dedicated tosupporting the full SMPTE editing stan-dard when it becomes available in thefinal form.

SEi3 with ContactClosure Interface

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Because of the high cost (approxi-mately $200,000), the first new digitaleffects devices were acquired only bybroadcasters, such as networks andtheir flagship stations in the nation'smajor population centers where thecost of the facility per viewer was lowenough to warrant the expense. Onthe other hand, post -production com-panies were normally not prepared tocommit for high capital expenditures.However, by virtue of efficientaround -the -clock scheduling of thenew digital facilities, they were able torealize an early return on the large in-vestment entailed.

Video effects supplantfilm opticals

The digital special effects genera-tion and processing equipment pro-vided a variety of picture manipula-

TheDatamax

fromMiller

L. Matthew Miller AssociatesLtd. previewed its new DatamaxUV-1/Zgrass computer graphicssystem at the New York Video Ex-po. Available in the New York areafor the first time, the new systemallows the artist with little or noknowledge of computers to tie in-to new technology at half the costof comparable systems. Thegraphics language provides theartist with a simple form of anima-tion by displaying snaps one afteranother, comparable to flip bookanimation, with the added capa-bility of varying the speed and se-quence in which the snaps aredisplayed.

The Datamax has the capabilityfor interfacing with NTSC video aswell as RGB, allowing it to com-municate with such peripherals asa terminal, disc drive, printer, plot-ter, modem, VTR, productionswitcher, voice synthesizer,digitizer or Sandin image pro-cessor. A powerful tool foranimators, photographers, film-makers and video editors whowould rather create than push but-tons, the UV -1 cost-effectivelyallows the artist to operate ithimself, eliminating the need for afull-time dedicated computeroperator.

Circle (12) on Reply Ca 'd


FULL PRODUCTION FEATURESFULL JVC VALUE

JVC's 3/4"-U TapeHandlers introducednew standards of stability, reliability,and value into the world of professionalvideo. With full direct drive...no pulleys,no belts, no idlers...they simplified tapehandling and made it better.

Now, JVC brings you three moreTapeHandlers with features that make

them even finer values than before:The time code head brings SMPTEPRECISION EDITING within everyone'sreach. Head switching is in the verticalinterval to eliminate undesirable switch-ing points. The tracking meter and tapecounter add convenience. And the bal-anced audio with XLR connectorsinsure that your production will soundas professional as it looks.

The CR-8250U Recorder/Editor with15x search speed is designed to makeediting easier than ever.

Atcompanying the CR-8250U arethe CR-6650U full -function recorderwith assemble -editing capability, theCP-5550U player with on -air quality,and the VE-90A Editing Controller with

ceJVC COMPANY OF AMERICA

Professional Video Division

WARNING TO PURCHASERS. The unauthorizec recording of copyrigntedbroadcast programming for commercial purposes is copyright infringement

1982 JVC COMPANY OF AMERICA


TV reception simulated

joystick control, keypad entry, fade in/fade out capability, and optional printerinterface for edit display listing. Write:

JVC COMPANY OF AMERICAProfessional Video Division, Dept. IN)2/83

41 Slater Drive, Elmwood Park, NJ 07407JVC CANADA, Scarborough, ONT

For faster action, call toll -free800-821-7700, Ext. 7005

The electronic magic of the new CHYRON IV isat your fingertips: 512 color choices...animation...multi -color characters...independent backgroundgraphics...advanced camera font compose...digitaldrawing tablet...special effects...as well as thewidest assortment of font styles and sizes available.And you don't have to be a magician to work themagic. CHYRON IV is still easy to use, totallyversatile, and provides unsurpassed resolution.

Perhaps best of all, earlier models of CHYRON IV

can be retrofitted to provide all of the features ofthe new CHYRON IV

So, isn't it time to bring a little magic into yourtelevision production? Call or write for all thedetails on today's most sophisticated and versatileelectronic graphics system. CHYRON IV. Themagician's choice.Follow the Leaders with

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A DIVISION OF CHYRON CORPORATION265 Spagnoli Road, Melville, New York 11747 516-249-3296 Telex: 144522 Chyron MelvAmpex International is exclusive distributor for

rELESYSTEMS Chyron Graphics Systems outside the U.S.A.



tions that heretofore had been possi-ble only by traditional film animationtechniques. The availability of thesenew electronic facilities to the elec-tronic editor drastically shortened thetime, compared to film optics with theattendant film processing, from thecreative conception of a video effectto the completion in the electronicmedium on videotape. This hasresulted in the emergence of video -graphics as the dominant creativemedium for special effects in TV pro-ductions.

It is of interest to note that intheatrical productions video effectsare being used to an increasingdegree, although at a slower rate thanfor television. Evidence of this is in re-cent features such as Disney's TRON,which, although not a box-office

triumph, serves as an extensivecatalog of the range of computer -proc-essed and generated graphics and ef-fects available to the creative director.

Nevertheless, even though there hasbeen relatively no limitation on therange of graphics and x -y -z manipula-tion possible in video, the mediumwas not freed completely from itsdependence upon artists' drawingsas an important input to the TVsystem until the emergence of theelectronic equivalent of the artists'tools, and an interface with thealready available digital effectssystems. Subsequently, with thedevelopment of video paint systems inthe late 1970s, electronic graphics pro-gressed from an adjunct or sup-plementary tool to motion pictureanimation production to a new art

form that can completely supplant thetime-consuming sketch preparationby in-betweeners, and the inking andpainting of cells, followed by com-plicated film shooting and opticalspecial effects production.

Thus, by means of the electronicequivalent of the artist's sketch padand brush, the creative person isdivorced from any requirements formanipulation of electronic controlsand the accompanying need for inter-pretation relative to artistic effects.Furthermore, the system flexibilitycan be enhanced by means of video in-put for integration of artwork or livematerial from a camera, and selectedstill frames from videotape.

Videographics developmentExperimental computerized video -

The Ampex ADO (Ampex Digital Optics) system uses advanced digital techniques and computer graphic principles to achieve true im-age perspective in 3-D. The rotating knob on the joystick controls the depth of perspective, transforming a square image into aparallelogram. Horizontal and vertical deflection of the joystick alters the horizontal and vertical aspect ratios of the video picture,respectively. All size, position and expansion controls are at the operator's fingertips.


ACTION

'44141.11

ACTIONLive -action animation is 'llustrated by the Via Video System One. This system consists of an electronic easel and pen, a 13 -inch -highresolution monitor, dual 8 -inch floppy disc drives, high definition camera input source and master control keyboard-all for approx-imately $35,000. The heart of this system is its S-100 color graphic encoder board that minimizes RF noise, color crawl and chroma-smearing, while reducing interference between chrominance and luminance signals.

COOLING BASENEW.!. NOW AVAILABLE

Stantron's NEW "COOLING BASE" provides(approximately) 530 CFM free air delivery.

The installation/attaching of the "COOLINGBASE" to the bottom of "STANTRON" cabinetsELIMINATES THE NECESSITY OF USINGTHE AVAILABLE PANEL SPACE.

The tube axial intake fan(our model #TA530)draws cooling air through aluminum filtersLOCATED AT THE FRONT AND REAR OFTHE "COOLING BASE."

Our "GR" aluminum grill (including filter) isused at the front and rear of the "COOLINGBASE."

The "COOLING BASE' may be used withany of the floor standing "STANTRON"cabinets and can be installed at our factory orby the customer at his facility

Our C1101 caster and,or H101 levelers maybe ordered/used with the new "COOLINGBASE"

The "COOLING BASE" may be color coor-dinated with our cabinets. Please see the"STANTRON" color chart.

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The ENG/VCR news teamthat will take you to the top.

Meet the ideal news team.The camera is the proven, com-

pact HL -83. The VCR, our newM -format HM -100, or any high per-formance -1/4" U-matic or 1" VTR ofyour choice. All are totally compatiblewith the HL -83 by means of the sepa-rate Y and I/Q (with optional systemadapter) and encoded NTSC videooutputs.

The HL -83 is extremely compactand well balanced. It's about the sizeand weight of competitive one -tubecameras-yet, it's a high performancethree -tube, prism optics design. And ituses proven, readily available compo-nents. Inside are 2/3" Plumbicon* orSaticon** pickup tubes coupled to

advanced Ikegami circuitry that deliv-ers usable pictures in low light with upto 18 dB of gain. Automatic white bal-ance corrects colorimetry over a widecolor temperature range with thetouch of a single button-there's noneed to fumble with filters.

And with the HL -83's low -powerrequirement (16W), you can keepon shooting for up to 3 hours with anon -board Nicad battery.

The HM -100 VCR captures theimage intact with a very respectableluminance'chrominance S/N ratio ofbetter thar 47/48 dB. Audio is betterthan 50 dB. This flexible, lightweightrecorder (9.0 lbs) can be carried on ashoulder strap or mounted on -board

for use as a one-piece system.Add the available ML -79/83

Microlink ENG microwave system forgo -anywhere flexibility. Or set up forEFP with a full feature multicore basestation and a 4.5" viewfinder. There'salso provision for future systemscapability with the optional systemadapter. Ikegami never stands still.

Put together the HL -83 camerasystem of your choice. Then headstraight to the top.

Itia!HL -83 Camera Systems

Ikegami Electronics (USA) Inc.. 37 Brook Avenue, Maywood, NJ 07607Northeast: (201) 368-9171 Midwest: (219) 277-8240 West Coast: (213) 534-0050 LJ Southwest: (713) 445-0100 Southeast: (813) 884-2046

TM of N.V. Philips ** TM of Hitachi. Ltd.

Circle (34) on Reply Card February 1983 Broadcast Engineering 45

graphics systems were demonstratedby a number of research organiza-tions, and in fact, were used in themid -70s for a number of non -broad-cast applications. However, much ofthe pioneer work for application to TVbroadcasting was conducted by theNew York Institute of Technology onLong Island, with the encouragementand cooperation of CBS. Theirdevelopments were further refined byAmpex with guidance as to users' re-quirements by CBS, which ultimatelyresulted in the Ampex Digital Optics(ADO) system.

This was followed by a proliferationof graphic arts animation systems tothe extent that their ever-increasinguse by the networks for sports andnews pressed stations to follow suit ontheir local news originations andlocally produced commercials. Sur-prisingly, the high cost of the digitalequipment proved to be no deterrentto its use by individual stationsbecause of the salability of thefacilities to local spot commercial pro-ducers. The financial burden on thestation was further reduced by thereduction in the cost of frame storeswhich, in turn, was reflected in thesystem cost.

Thus, a full complement of digitalblack boxes has become a part of thenormal inventory of equipment for the

Bosch -Fernsehgraphicssystem

At SMPTE-'82/New York, Bosch-Fernseh demonstrated its newFPS -1000 digital art/graphicssystem, a low cost system thatcan be used as a stand-alonegraphics station or be connectedto an existing character genera-tor.

It includes a special-purposecolor graphics computer and a10Mbyte disc drive with a re-movable cartridge, and will acceptany standard electronictablet/stylus, including theGraphics Compose digitizer tabletfor the Bosch Compositor I char-acter generator.

The artist has access to:

a master palette of 65,000colors, of which any 16 can bedisplayed;five brush sizes and styles;coloring by manual painting orautomatic filling; and

automatic graphics routines, in-cluding dots, lines, circles, dia-monds and rectangles.The system's operating modes

are displayed as a menu on amonitor. Up to 64 full frames ofvideo can be stored on each of thesystem's disc cartridges. Trans-ferring or recap ing pictures to andfrom the disc requires a simplestylus depression. Screen resolu-tion of the system is 640x480.

This new compact McCurdy switcheris some big production.You're looking at the McCurdy MCS-1004..The biggest production in compact,small production switchers available.The McCurdy MCS-1004 is a ten -input,4 -bus unit with broadcast performancequality and a host of standard featuresincluding mix and key functions, on -airtally, momentary pushbutton controls,auto mix/auto key with adjustable rate,and color background generator.

And :t all fits snugly into a compact19" x 7" x 3.5" separate controlpanel which you can use in astandard equipment rack or ona desktop.Now, when you want big productionquality in a small production switcher,you know who to come to: McCurdy.For all the details on our MCS-1C04,just call us. we put it all together.

MRI SYSTEMS LTD. MRI SYSTEMS INC.Toronto (416)751-6262 Chicago (312)640-7077

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46 Broadcast Engineering February 1983 Circle (35) on Reply Card

THEY DON'T BUILD THESECLASSIC VTR'S ANYMORE.BUT AFA REBUILDS THEM

BETTER THAN NEW!If you've despaired of ever owning

the legendaryAMPEX VR-1200 or VR-2000 because of its price, take hope.

Now you can have a previouslyowned classic AMPEX VTR from AFAfor about half of what it originally cost.

An AFA VTR is perfect in every

"good as new'!..They're better! We'veadded improvements not availablewhen those models were originallymade.

If you operate aTV station, corpo-rate or institutional video center or aproduction facility, you want the best

way: VR-1200 s or VR-2000's ...Ampex and AFA. Now boththat we have fully and lovingly can be yours. Call us today forrebuilt. And they're not just prices, availability, delivery.

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LARGEST REBUILDERS OF VTR'S IN THE WORLD!Circle (36) on Reply Card

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Call or write today for moreinformation.

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networks, local stations and produc-tion companies.

Video paint systemsOne of the several companies ex-

perimenting with the use of computer -generated graphics for industrial andeducational applications not directlyrelated to broadcasting, the Xerox Re-search Center in Palo Alto, CA, wascalled upon to provide graphics forNASA's use in press briefings andcoverage of space exploration.

The Xerox SuperPaint video -graphics system, designed and built in1977 under the direction of Dr.Richard Shoup, was first used on net-work and local television during thePioneer Venus and Saturn Fly-bys in1978 to display in animation the on-board scientific experiments and find-ings. The inputs were from computer -generated graphics and alpha -numerics, and artwork scanned by acolor TV camera.

As a result of the success of theNASA project, Shoup and several col-leagues formed their own company,Aurora Imaging Systems, in 1980, toapply the new technology to the TVfield. Aurora's first Digital Video -graphics System was installed atKRON-TV and used with great suc-cess on local TV news shows and pro-gram originations.

The drawing, editing and all com-mands in the Aurora system are in-puted to the system by lightly preisinga stylus on an artist's tablet, or canvas.The artist's drawing efforts frommanipulation of the stylus appear on avideo monitor in front of the artist. Anadjacent monitor provides a selectionof colors, brush sizes and shapes, andediting functions for selection by theartist.

The artwork is stored on a digitalvideodisc where it can be recalled fordisplay of selected still frames or ani-mation sequences. Area coloring, pic-ture manipulation and zoom, andother ancillory functions can beselected and controlled by the artist.

The zoom can be used for operationon fine detail, thus providing a highprecision of line structure. A varietyof lettering fonts with drop shadowand proportional spacing are avail-able for editing and overlay with othergraphic material.

The video paint system introducedby Aurora was followed by systemsbased upon the same design conceptsand operating features. The first ofthese were the Quantel/MicroAssociates DFA-7000 and the AmpexVideo Art (AVA), followed by severalother companies, also using theartist's tablet as the creative format forthe origination of digital videograph-ics. All of the systems, in addition tothe paint pad or artist's tablet, usemicroprocessors and computers totransform the artist's conceptionsfrom analog visual information todigital video signals. By the use of amenu display on a companionmonitor to the graphics presentationor on the same monitor, the artist,with his stylus, can select the mode ofoperation. This can include manysuch sophisticated details as the sizeand shape of brushes, the texture ofpaint or water color, and the genera-tion of geometric patterns of a widevariety stored in the computer pro-gram.

The development and application ofdigital video processing and computertechnology in the fields of special ef-fects and creation of graphics hasresulted in the means for bypassing oreliminating the traditional motion pic-ture film optical procedures. Conse-quently, the time necessary for pro-duction of graphics in broadcasting,as well as for theatrical films, can bereduced drastically. And of equal im-portance, the inherent ease in whichthe video images can be created,modified and edited has provided theartistic talent with an unparalleledfreedom from the restrictions of con-ventional animation and graphics artsgeneration. I :7::)))11

Videographics/video effectsSince 1978 there has been a

rapid proliferation of electronicvideographic systems specificallydesigned for TV usage. In ourFebruary issue last year, wereported on the major systems ofinterest to broadcasters andcovered in depth the ABCspecialized system for whichDubner won an Emmy award.

This year we have discussedsome of the changing re-quirements of broadcasters in the

areas of videographics and videoeffects, both in features and inequipment. But, we have not re-viewed all the current equipmentavailable. If you would like to re-ceive literature on specific equip-ment, you may do so by using theReader Service Card and data inour September 1982 Buyers'Guide. In more restricted cate-gories, you may use Table I (page50) and the Reader Service Card inthe current issue.



Mocel 5104 16 in/4/2/1 Model 51C4 24 in/4 2/1

YOUR REPUTATION,The 5100 Series is a complete rangeof TV and broadcast audio consoles,

from 16 in/4 sub -group to 48 in/8sub -group, with optional multitrack

facilities. A wide selection of stand-ard facilities and options are avail-able. Choose mono or stereo input

modules, 2 or 4 band EQ, 4 or 8Aux sends, imiter/noise gate and

continuously variable high and lowpass filters on every input, VCA sub -

grouping or NECAM computerizedaudio editing and mixing, to mention

a few. The audio performanceand the mechanical engineering

is in the best Neve tradition. Pricesstart at less than $40,000.

When you choose a Neve 5100Series Audio Console for your broad-cast facility in 1983, you need notworry about being outpaced by newtechnologies. The 5100 Series is theabsolute state-of-the-art in audio con-sole technology, yet already provenin many North American installationsand around the world. Take a closelook at the others. Can you afford tochoose outdated technology? Afterall, it's your reputation.

AND OURS!

Al NeveRupert Neve Incorporated Berkshire Industrial Park, Bethel, Connecticut 06801 Tel (203)744-6230 Telex 969638

Rupert Neve Incorporated 7533 Sunset Blvd., Hollywood, California 90046 Tel (213)874-8124 Telex: 194942Neve Electronics International Ltd. Cambridge House, Melbourne, Royston, Hertfordshire, SG8 6AU England Tel (0763)60776

Rupert Neve GmbH 6100 Darmstadt Bismarckstrasse 114, West Germany TeL (06151)81764Circle (38) on Reply Card

Max Berry (left), director of Audio VisualSystems Engineering, ABC, New York; andHarvey Dubner, receiving the 1982 EmmyAward for Engineering Development, for theDubner CBG-2. The CBG-2 has establisheditself as a prominent character gen-erator/graphic animation system. By in-corporating a character generator, a digitalpainting system and 3 -dimensional imagecreation and rotation software into onesystem, the CBG-2 enables the creation ofcomplex animation sequences that can beplayed back, in real time, at 60f/s.

Table I.Equipment sources

Animation equipmentAnimation Video,

Div. Of Convergence 335Aurora Systems 336Computer Operations 337Convergence 338Cromenco 406

Forox 407 Robert Bosch GmbH 373Grove Video 339 British Videotex & Teletext 374Interand, Telestrator Div. 340 Colorgraphics Weather Systems . . 375International Video 341 Comprehensive Video Supply 376Kavouras 342 Computer Graphics Lab 409Lyon Lamb Video Animation Computer Operations 377

System 343 Dubner Computer Systems 378MPB Technologies 344 Interand Telestrator Div 379Precision Echo 345 Kavouras 380Warren R. Smith 346 L. Matthew MillerAssociates 381Symtec 347 Logica 382Texscan 348 Lyon Lamb Video AnimationTexscan/MSI 349 System 383UMC Electronics,

Broadcast Products Div 350MCl/QuantelMPB Technologies

384385

Via Video 351 McInnis, Skinner & Associates .386Zei-Mark 352 Quanta 387

Soil 388Digital video effects Spectra Computer Systems 389ADDA 353 Symtec 390Ampex 354 Texscan/MSI 391All Mobile Video 355 Thomson-CSF 408Robert Bosch GmbH 356 Video Associates Labs 392Central Dynamics 357Computer Operations 358 Weather display systemsDubner Computer Systems 359 Colorgraphics Weather Systems . . . 393Fernseh 360 Computer Video Systems 394Grass Valley Group 361 Denrad Technical Group 395Grove Video 362 Dubner Computer Systems 396Industrial Sciences Inc. (ISI) 363 Information Processing SystemsI nterand, Telestrator Div. 364 Of California 397Lang Video Systems 365 Interand Telestrator Div 398MCl/Quantel 366 Kavouras 399MPB Technologies 367 McInnis, Skinner & Associates . . .. 400NEC America, Broadcast Satellite Broadcast Network/

Equip. Div. 368 Weathermation 401Texscan/MSI 369 Sperry Weather Systems 402Vital Industries 370 Technology Service, Commercial

Operations 403Electronic graphics systems Texas Electronics 404All Mobile Video 371 Weather Services 405Aurora Systems 372 :r:))))I

SYNC GENERATORS WITHTOTALLY ELIMINATING OR REDUCING

THE NEED FOR DISTRIBUTION AMPLIFIERS MULTIPLE OUTPUTSFour of the six black burst outputs on the 6006B are phase adjustable from the front panel. This enables cameras to bephased from the EQUIPMENT RACK with a clear view of the scopes and monitors. Both horizontal and subcarrierphases are adjustable. If you have ever done system timing by adjusting phase at camera heads, you will know how muchof a convenience feature this is.

If your cameras require drives instead of black burst, there is the standard 6006A. In the same family, the 6006C, hascolor bars and an audio tone generator. The 6006 has no genlock.

All four generators save you a lot of distribution amplifiers. They all have:

GENLOCK (EXCEPT 6006) FIVE SUBCARRIER OUTPUTS, FOUR PHASE ADJUSTABLE FIVE H. DRIVE OR SYNC OUTPUTS, FOUR ADJUSTABLE FIVE VERTICAL DRIVE OUTPUTS TWO OUTPUTS EACH FOR THE OTHER DRIVES TWO BLACK BURST OUTPUTS

Prices: 6006 $1,250. 6006A $1,390. 6006B $1,990. 6006C $1,990.

CROSSPOINT LATCH CORP.

95 Progress Street Union, N.J. 07083 (201) 683-1510 Telex 181160



Introducing our newklystrons for UHF TV- 32kW of high efficiency power and

no beryllium oxide ceramics

K.3230 and K3221 join our family ofhigh efziciency klystrons.

* Power output 32 kW

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K3270 BCD up to 15 kW power outputK3271 BCD up to 25 kW power output

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Another innovative, cost-effective productfrom EEV,the Company that has continuously

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EEVAchievement in electron tube technology

EEV. INC.7 Westchester Plaza, Elmsford, N.Y. 10523.

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INTRODUCING11-MATIC

SPECIAL EFFECTSWITHOUT

SIDE EFFECTS.

4.1

Sony, the inventor of the U-matic® format, aswell as every link in the chain, has evolutionizedU-matic again.

Now, for the first time ever, you can make in-stant broadcast -quality edits of those dramaticevents which call for freeze frame, slow motion,fast forward or reverse, without transferring to 1".

And the implications of this in terms of savingtime and money are enormous.

TWO NEW WORDS IN 3/4" VTR'S:DYNAMIC TRACKING.®

At the heart of the new, fully integrated, plug -compatible Sony editing system is the BVU-820videocassette recorder.

It retains all the outstanding qualities of theBVU-800 series. Including up to 4th play speedin shuttle, which is more than twice as fast as everbefore-to stop, instantly, without slewing orbreaking up.

But there's one brilliant addition-DynamicTracking. Which means U-matic users now havethe ability to broadcast special effects-somethingwhich, until now, has only been associated withmore expensive reel-to-reel broadcast VTR's.

TOTAL FLEXIBILITY AT YOURFINGERTIPS.

If the BVU-820 is the heart of the system,then the BVE-800 is most assuredly the brain. Notmerely because of its 128 multi -event edit memory,

but because of the way it gives you total motioncontrol of three VTR's.

The BVE-800 is expandable and upgradeableand includes full A/B sync roll capability; timecode or CTL editing; built-in BVS-500 Audio/Video switcher control logic and something elseonly Sony can offer:

A price that's at least $5,000 less than its near-est competitor.

A CHAIN WITH NO WEAK LINKS.The Sony U-matic editing system features

another marvel of Sony technology, the BVT-800Digital Timebase Corrector.

Without it, the BVU-820 is capable of up to10x play speed-fully viewable.

With it, it's capable of up to 40x play speedfully viewable, and full play speed in reverse to 3xforward with broadcast quality.

For all the facts on the state *.of the art, from the people whoinvented it, call Sony Broadcast -

in New York/New Jersey at(201) 368-5085; in Chicago at(312) 860-7800; in Los Angelesat (213) 537-4300; in Atlanta at(404) 451-7671; or in Dallas at(214) 659-3600.SONY

Broadcast

Sony, U-matic and Dynamic Tracking are registered trademarks of the Sony Corp. ©1982 Sony Corp. of America, 9 W. 57th St., New 'fork, NY 10019.

A turntableupdate

By Bill Rhodes, r-litorial director; and Carl Bentz, technical editor

The BE Septembers Buyers' Guideand our product files list a number ofcompanies manufacturing turntablesapplicable to the broadcast industry.A mailing was made to these com-panies requesting the latest productdata and photos for this update. Notall of these sources responded, due topressures of getting ready for the up-coming NAB -'83 convention.

Table I is a listing of sources forturntables of interest to broadcastersand professionals in audio. TablesHA, IIB, IIC and IID summarize keyspecifications for selected turntables.

Table I.Turntable sources

AKAI America 305 LPB 318Alice (Stancoll Ltd.), UK* 306 Lenco 323Bang & Olufsen of America 307 McCurdy Radio Industries* 319Broadcast Electronics ORK) 308 MCI/Sony` 320

Mechanikai Laboratorium,Clyde Electronics Ltd., UK` 310 Hungary 321Denon/Nippon Columba 311 Micro-Trak 322EMT -Franz, West Germany/ RCA Broadcast Systems 324

Gotham Audio 312 Ramko Research' 325Elektroimpex, Hungary 313 Russco Electronics Mfg. 326Enertec/Schlumberger, France . ... 314 Sonetec, France' 327Harris Broadcast 315 Technics (Panasonic) 328JVC Company 316 Thorens/Gertatewerke Lahr,Kustom Kraft 317 West Germany 329

Table IIA.Phonograph turnta )Ies

Manufacturer Broadcast Electronics EMTModel Number ORK Galaxy ORK 12C ORK 16SA ORK Custom 2

-FranzEMT 950(1)

Drive System Rim idler Rim idler Rim idle- Rim idler DirectMotor Type dc Hall effect ac synchronous ac synch' ronous ac synchronous dc servoSpeeds(rpm) Variable(15-55) 3(78,45,33'/s) 2(45,331/2 ) 2(45,33'/a) 3(78,45,331/2)Speed Display LED Lever position Indicator lamps Indicator lamp Lighted push-buttonSpeed Accuracy 99.5% 99.5% 99.5% *0.1%Pitch Control 210% of speed No No No LimitedStart TIme(331/3rpm) 1/16rev. 1/16rev. 1/16rev. 1116rev. 0.2sRumble -55dB per NAB -48dB per NAE -48dB per NAB -52dB per NAB 70dB, weightedWow/Flutter 0 06%/0.08% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.05%, DIN 45507Platter Diameter 12" 12" 16" 12" 13"Platter Weight 5 lb 5.5 lb 8.5 lb 5.5 lbSpeed Change Control Electronic Mechanical lever Mechanipal lever Mechanical lever Push-buttonStart/Stop Control Push-button Switch or lever Switch or lever Switch or lever Push-buttonBase Size 16%"Wx17 -/1e 15"Wx15.5"D 20"Wx18 75"D 15"Wx15.75"D 27.6"Wx18.4"Dx13.2"HClearance 2 5" below table -c p 5" below frame 6.25" below frame 5" below frameTonearm Recommended Any Any Any Any EMT 929Dust Cover No No No No Yes

(1) EMT systems include preamp electronics.


ACRODYNE'83

Rand McNally & CompanyR L83 03 P 1

SCREEN

LPTV . . . of course!Acrodyne versatility accommodates the consultingengineer and LPTV operator with a complete line oftransmitter products, peripheral equ pment anctechnical services specifically tailored for the LPTVindustry.

Advanced technologies, pioneered and field -provenThroughout the world, support the technical expertiseand reliability that is traditionally Acrodyne.=or more information write or call our MarketingDepartment.

ACRODYNEAcrodyne IndustriesA Unit of Whittaker Corporation,16 Township Line Road3Iue Bell, Pennsylvania 19422')15/542-7000 523-259Telex 846358

:Nrcle (41) on Reply COM

The Broadcast Electronics 12C turntable featuresthree standard speeds, instant start (full speed inless than 1/8 -revolution), rugged construction with on-ly three moving parts, and rim drive to assureminimum rumble and maximum starting torque. New-ly styled, the 12C is finished in gray with a black feltpad and a durable polycarbonate overlay on the shiftplate, which is a satin -finished extrusion.

Table IIB.Phonograph turntables

Manufacturer EMT -Franz Herds Broadcast LPB McMartin Industries Micro-TrakModel Number EMT 948(1) CB 1201 S -7A TT -12C 740

Drive System Direct Rim idler Rim idler Rim idler Rim idlerMotor Type dc servo Hysteresis sychronous ac synchronous ac synchronous ac synchronousSpeeds(rpm) Variable & 3 fixed. 3(78,45,331/3) 3(78,45,331/2) 3(78,45,331/2) 3(78,45,331/2)Speed Display Switch position Position of lever Position of lever Position of lever Position of leverSpeed Accuracy ± 0.1% of fixed ± 0.3% 99.5%Pitch Control Possible No No No NoStart Time(331/3rpm) 0 5s 1/16rev. 1/16rev. 1/16rev. 1/16rev.Rumble 70dB, DIN 45539 - 45dB per NAB -48dB per NAB -48dB per NAB - 36dB per NABWow/Flutter ± 0.075%, DIN 45507 0.1% 0.1 % 0.1 0.3%Platter Diameter 12.9" 12" 12" 12" 12"Platter Weight 6.9 lb 5.5 lb 5.5 lb 6.5 lbSpeed Change Control Electronic Mechanical lever Mechanical lever Mechanical lever Mechanical leverStart/Stop Control Push-button Switch or lever Switch or lever Switch or lever Switch or leverBase Size 18.3"Wx18.9"Dx9.4"H 16"Wx16"D 15.5"Wx15.5"D 15"Wx15.5"D 15.5"Wx15.5"DClearance 6 2" below panel 5.5" below chassis 5" below chassis 7.5" below chassisTonearm Recommended Included Any Any Any Micro-Trak 303Dust Cover Yes No No No No

AA GRASS VALLEY GROUP

GVG makes editing "X -CITING"Computer editing systems have signific-antly increased post -production cap-abilities, yet editor control of the productionswitcher has remained limited to a fewbasic effects. The full power of theswitcher could only be reached throughless than precise manual control. Until GVGintroduced the E-MEMim Effects MemorySystem.

The 1600-1X; powerful effectscontrol with any editing system!The E-MEM system standard in every1600-1X permits automated control of allswitcher functions plus the exciting produc-tion power of effects dissolves andsequencing. The E-MEM Serial Interfacemakes all this switcher power availablethrough the computer editing system. Evenlimited capability editing systems can haveframe accurate effects control using GPI(contact closure) interface.

Put the 1600-1X to work for you and dis-cover the excitement of a complete editingsystem.

GVG Sales Offices: Edison, NJ /201)549-9600; Atlanta, GA (404)321-4318; Elkhart, IN (219)264-0931; Arden Hills,MN (612)483-2594; Fort Worth, TX (817)921-9411; Pak, Alto, CA (415)968-6680; Woodland Hills, CA (213)999-2303

THE GRASS VALLEY GROUP, INC.PO BOX 1114 GRASS VALLEY CALIFORNIA 95945 USA TEL C916)273E1421 TWX 9105.30E12E10A T1XTPONIX COMPANY



Gotham Audio provides the EMT 938 turntable system broadcast discreproducer and the EMT 948 broadcast turntable. The 938 features threespeeds, quick start without auxiliary platter, and built-in equalizeramplifiers with balanced studio outputs. It is for use with magnetic pickupcartridges with standard mounting, or is optionally equipped with the EMTTSD 15 dynamic pickup cartridge. The 948 is designed to accommodate thelimited space available in many broadcast studios. The 948 platter is drivendirectly, with the platter shaft rigidly connected to the motor rotor, so thatquick -starting is assured. Three fixed speeds or variable speeds are possi-ble, depending on options selected. Remote control is also possible.

Table IIC.Phonograph turntables

Manufacturer MIcroTrak Ramko Research Russco

S1,1500MK2fTechnIcs SP-10MKII/TechnIcs Mark V Broadcast Studio -ProModel Number 720

Drive System Rim idler Direct Direct Belt -isolated rim Rim idler

Motor Type ac sychronous dc servo dc servo dc Hall effect ac synchronous

Speeds(rpm) 3(78,45,331/2) 2(45,331/2) 3(78,45,33'/.) 2(45,331/2) 2(45,331/2)

Speed Display Position of lever LED LED Indicator lamps

Speed Accuracy 0.002% error 0.002% error

Pitch Control No ± 9.9%, 0.1% steps ± 10% No

Start Time(331/2 rpm) 1/16rev. 0.7s 1/12rev. 1/36rev. 1/16rev.

Rumble - 36c113 per NAB - 73dB per DIN B - 70dB per DIN B -68dB oer DIN B - 38dB per NAB

Wow/Flutter 0 3% 0.02% 0.025% 0.075% 0.2%

Platter Diameter 12" 12" 12"

Platter Weight 5 5 lb 6.5 lb 6.5 lb

Speed Change Control Mechanical lever Electronic Electronic Electronic Mechanical lever

Start/Stop Control Switch or lever Push-button Push-button Push-button Switch or lever

Base Size 15.5"Wx15.5"D 15.5"Wx15.5"D 15.5"Wx15.5"D

Clearance 65" below chassis 4" below tabletop 7.5. below chassis

Tonearm Recommended Micrc-Trak 303 Included Any Any Any

Dust Cover No Yes Optional No No

GRASS VALLEY GROUP

"At Grass Valley Group we believe that television terminal equipment shouldrepresent the highest degree of long-term reliability and stability."

We build the 3400 Series DAs that way.

-4001W-444P3411Pfli4'}

40:kW ff-14 att

iffe1 I -

- 11211

j"It

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c

1;ttir,

Featu -Ping:*Video Delay DA*Ecoromical Viceo DA*Regenerative Pulse DP.*Precision Video DA

Most of the ter inte-ciangeable DAs in the3400 line feature an optional pre:ision multi-stage variable equali?er sub -module thatcompensates fcr the I3sses associated withvideo coaxial caoles.

O. IG Sales Offices: Edison, NJ (201)549-9600; Atlanta, GA (404)321-4318; Elkhart, IN (:19)264-0931; Arden Hills,Ml. 1612)483-2594; Fort Worth, TX (817).921-9411; Palo Alt), CA (415)9:8-6680; WoodlandHills, CA '213)999-2303

THE GRASS VALLEY GROUP, INC.PO EIDX 1114 GRASS VALLEY CALIFORNIA 95945 US... TEL C91E027313421 TWX 910530E12E10

A TEKTRONIX COMPANY



TechnicsSP-10MKIII

THERE'S A VIDEOPATCHING SYSTEMTHAT'SBETTER.

HERE IT IS.

HERE'S WHY:ULAOnly THE DYNATECHCOAXIAL PATCH Gives YouAll These Features: normal-thruconnection, cross -patching, non -interrupting on-line monitoring oflive circuits, AND Coterm's auto-matic termination of patched -outcircuits within the jack.

All These DYNATECH FeaturesPlus the least amount of noisepick-up, signal degradation andsignal loss. This patented, shieldedjack helps reduce interference dueto EMI, RFI, hum, noise and cross-talk. Unbalanced line, coaxialequipment transmits signals in ex-cess of 400 MHz with negligible in-sertion loss, cross -talk or VSWR.

Normal-Thru Connection elimin-ates patch cords or normallingplugs for dedicated circuits - youget less signal degradation and youget a clean, uncluttered patchfield- reducing the possibility of er-rors when a patch must be made.

To Break The Norm al-Thru Con-nection, you insert a patch cordthat allows cross coniections to Eemade. Sources that are patched -

out are automatia_li terminatedwithin the jack in tke proper iraped-ance. Test probes may he insertedin the jack to monit: r a signal z, icy -out interrupting the live circuit.

TO FIND OUT HOW Dynatech scoaxial patching/switching syster-can fulfill your requirements,CALL OR WRITE TODAY.

DynatechData Systems

7644 Dynatech CourtSpringfield, Virginia 22153703/569-9000

MA.M.1112111S

SP-10MKIII

The Technics SP-10MKII turn-table is well-known. Manymanufacturers of turntablesystems have modeled their prod-ucts after the Technics system,adding their own enhancementsand features. The newest modelfrom Technics, however, is the SP-10MKIII.

Many of the features of theearlier model are retained, but theSP-10MKIII adds a variety of newones. For 331/3 rpm operation, astarting torque of 16kg-cmachieves its proper speed within0.25s, or 30° rotation. The quartz -controlled direct -drive systemallows ±9.9% pitch shift in 0.1%increments. Wow and flutter israted 0.015% with rumble at- 92dB (DIN -B). For older records,78 rpm is available.

The control unit and power sup-ply offer a new approach to turn-table control. Soft -touch switchesfor speed selection and pitch con-trol combine with LED displays onthe front panel. By housing allcontrol circuitry in the remoteunit, reliable low noise operationis possible. Parallel operationalswitches are available on the turn-table itself, for those who needthem.

The quartz -synthesized speedcontrol system allows up to 199discrete speeds for each of the331/3 rpm, 45 rpm and 78.26 rpmsettings, a total of 597. Speed driftremains within ±0.001%. To aidin speed setting, a strobe systemincludes yellow -green indicationsat standard speeds, with red -orange flashing at others.

Continue receiving

BROaDCaSTenaneeRinG

Renewyour subscription

today.Circle (44) on Reply Card


Wayne SmithChief°ha

Engineernnel66

Chicago

Robert Porterplrecfor

ofs

Spanishntecrigine

n INetworkering

Table IID.Phonograph turntables

Manufacturer Technics/PanasonicModel Number S1,1015 SL -1025

Drive System DirectMotor Type dc heteropoleSpeeds(rpm) 3(78,45,33%)Speed Display LEDSpeed Accuracy Quartz controlPitch Control ±9.9Start Time(331/2 rpm) 0 4sRumble -78dB per DIN BWow/Flutter 0008%Platter Diameter 13-11/32"Platter Weight 5 9 lbSpeed Change Control ElectronicStart/Stop Control Push-buttonBase Size 22"Wx18"DClearanceTonearm Recommended EPA-A501H includedDust Cover Optional

Directdc brushless2(45,33%)Strobe IndicatorQuartz control±6%0.7s-78dB per DIN B0.01

13-11/32"4.4 lbElectronicPush-button20.7"Wx16.5"D

EPA -A250 includedOptional

ThorensiGertalawerkTD126 Mk Ill

Beltdc servo3(78 45,331/2)

- 72dB per DIN0.04%12"

4.73 bPush-buttonPush-button

TP16 MkIllAvailable

Personal tastes may lead someengineering and production person-nel to consider purchasing turntablesystems from the higher grade profes-sional audio and high fidelity lines.We have included several manufac-turers of such systems. (See Table I.)

Because some of these manufactur-ers are not in the United States andCanada, their products may beavailable only regionally. For the non-

US and Canadian companies, the

country of manufacture is indicatedfar interested individuals. If USdistributors are known, they aregiven.

Several of the systems from variousmanufacturers are based upon theturntable mechanics of the TechnicsSPIOMKII equipment. An asterisk (C)has been used to reflect those situa-tions.

Reader Service Numbers have beenprovided in Table I for your conven-

The European Lenco L75S is one of aline of continuously variable transcrip-tion turntables. The heart of the systemis a conical drive system powered by aheavy-duty 4 -pole constant velocitymotor. The system is continuouslyvariable from 30-86 rpm, with detents at331/3 rpm, 45 rpm and 78 rpm. An easy -to-

read stroboscope disc is supplied forprecise speed adjustment. (Importedthrough Benjamin Electroproducts,Commack, NY.)

ience. Data for models not describedin Tables IIA, IIB, IIC and IID areavailable free from the manufacturers.Reader Service Numbers in Table Iand our Reader Service Card provideyou an easy means of obtaining ap-propriate data.

I =':))))1

Unwanted and unexpected noisecan ruin an audio track! There is away to eliminate much of the noiseand save your track with the UREI565T "Little Dipper" filter set.

This active filter set was designedwith the aid of a computer to let youremove extremely narrow bands ofthe audio spectrum. The result is easyelimination of coherent noise such asAC hum, sync leakage, etc. with noapparent effect on the sound qualityof music or voice!

Save That Audio Trackwith the UREI 565T

The 565T's four separate, continu-ously tunable cascaded filters alsohelp eliminate much of the semi-coherent noise that can sneak into anaudio track like camera noise or thebuzz from lighting. Even noises fromsubways, jet aircraft, tape hiss, etc.can be greatly reduced!

Make the UREI 565T a standardtool in your post -production. It's readyto save your tracks!

For more information on the 565Tand other UREI signal processing

equipment, see your authorized UREIsound professional or contact:

From One Pro to Another

United Recording Electronics Industriesa URC Company8460 San Fernando RoadSun Valley, California 91352(213) 767-1000 Telex: 472 0889 UREI SNVYCanada: E.S. Gould Marketing, Montreal

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The maximumfor the minimum

In designing the HK -302, Ikegami kept the frills-and the price-to a minimum while maximizing theperformance. And that helps keep a moderate equip-ment budget from interfering with first -quality programorigination.

However, staying with the basics doesn't meansacrificing advanced tcchnology. The HK -302's highlyefficient optical system coupled to 2/i" low capac.tancediode -gun Plumbicon'' tubes and high transconduct-ance FET pre -amps deliver sharp, low noise pictures(S/N 57dB) with excellent colorimetry. And the com-pact camera head includes a full range of operationalautomatics to ensure consistent signal quality.

Built-in test, maintenance and operational fea-tures are integral parts of this camera's "basics" aswell. A comprehensive test pulse system lets you ad-just the video with the pick-up tubes off or removed.

Complete monitoring circuitry and a broadcas: qualitysync gene-ator with genlock are also standard fea-tures.

To add to the versatil ts, of the HK -302, use theIkegami automatic highligli compression option. Itensures highly detailed pic:u-es even in high contrastscenes.

With the HK -3C2 you con't have :o mortgageyour station to afford prime time 'performance. So ifyou're looking for the ma).in:ium .n studio productioncapability with a min mum of cost and maintenance,look over the Ikegami HK -302. For complete informationand a demonstration, contact Ikegami.

Ikegami K-302Ikegami Electronics (USA) Inc.. 37 Brook Avenue, Maywood, NJ 07607. (201. 358-9171

Northeast: (201) 365-9171 L1 West Coast: (213) 534-0050 L Southwest: (713) 445-0100 L1 Southeast: (912) 924-0061 Li Canada (201) 368-9179


*Registered TM of N.V. Philips

St

11,11.1P--

Optimizingthe broadcast phono systemBy Roger Karwoski, operations manager/chief engineer, KBIA, Columbia, MO

Have you checked your station'sphono systems lately? These devicesare generally reliable enough thatmany of us probably forget to properlymaintain them, and, thus, there maybe a tendency for performance to godownhill over time. Let's review somemajor points on the care and feedingof the broadcast phono system.

Lubrication and cleaningIf you haven't established a regular

lubrication routine for your station'sturntables, it's time to do so. Dig outthose instruction sheets on yourequipment and follow the manufac-turer's directions.

If your turntables are the rim -drivetype, you'll probably need to lubricatethe main turntable shaft and the drivemotor every one to three months. Theidler should be inspected at thesetimes to see if it moves freely on itsshaft. If not, it should be removed,

Lu

OFFSETANGLE

Figure 1. Geometry of a pivoted tonearm.

SPINDLE

0

cleaned and relubricated. It is impor-tant not to overlubricate any of theseparts, because oil will probably over-flow and contaminate the idler and/orturntable rim.

Cleaning of the idler driving surfaceand inside rim of the table should bedone every week or two, depending onuse.

Direct -drive turntable systems re-quire little in the way of lubrication.Usually they come with their own oilthat needs to be applied to the motorevery six to eight months.

No matter what type of turntabledrive you use, it is a wise move toclean up the outside of the system:Carefully dust off the tonearmassembly with a fine brush and cleanthe platter surface.

While you're performing a regularcleaning routine, it is wise also tocheck the condition of the stylus. If itis bent or otherwise damaged, replaceit. Otherwise, continued operationwill probably damage your records.Despite the fact that it is a "diamond,"the stylus does wear out. It is difficultto say how often a stylus should bereplaced; factors such as verticaltracking force and quality of the stylusaffect life. However, a worn stylus willeasily become audible. Keep a usehistory of stylus life at your station,just as you do for your transmittertubes. Then replace the stylus wellbefore it affects the playback quality.

Alignment crucialIn order for a phono cartridge to do

its job properly, it must sit in the samerelationship to the record surface asdid the cutting stylus when the record

2.6" 4.76"

NULL1

NULL2

STYLUSTIP

Figure 2. Dual -null template. Bond a piece of graph paper to a stiff piece of card-board and mark as shown, then carefully punch the spindle hole. To use, puttemplate over turntable spindle and rotate turntable to place the stylus tip at nullpoint one. Adjust the offset angle and overhang of the cartridge so that the front andsides of the cartridge are squared with the graph lines. Rotate turntable to place thestylus at null point two and again adjust the alignment of the cartridge. Continueback and forth between the null points until the cartridge is aligned at both points.

master was made. Proper alignmentof the cartridge is important in orderto minimize distortion. The alignmentaccuracy needed for optimal perform-ance is precise. A British author', J. K.Stevens, has calculated that a 2° errorin mounting position will double theharmonic distortion to almost 2%! Letus review the important aspects of thenecessary alignment.

Lateral Tracking Angle (LTA)The movement of a playback stylus

in a pivoted tonearm is only an ap-proximation of the movement of thecutting stylus. The cutting stylusmoves tangentially to the recordgroove. The playback stylus andtonearm must have the propergeometric setup to approximate thismovement. The Lateral TrackingAngle (LTA) references this relation-ship. A good setup will haveminimum LTA error. Factors such asstylus overhang and offset angle playkey factors in this alignment. (SeeFigure 1.)

When aligning a tonearm/cartridgesetup, it is always best to start with thesuggested setup instructions from thetonearm manufacturer concerning themounting position of the arm pivotand stylus overhang. If these prove in-adequate, then it is time to reviewyour geometry.

Perhaps the earliest mathematicaltreatment of tonearm geometry wasdone by H. G. Baerwald in 1941.Subsequent studies have essentiallyconcurred with his study. One of themost interesting findings to note isthat a pivoted tonearm should be setup so that the LTA error is zero (thestylus should be tangent to the groove)at two positions on a phonographrecord. These null points vary depend-ing on the size of the record. For a12 -inch LP, these null radii are at2.6 -inch and 4.76 -inch.

Assuming the tonearm is mountedin the proper relationship to the turn-table, then the use of a simple tem-plate will aid in proper alignment.Figure 2 shows how to make one foryourself, or you can buy any of anumber of different alignment aidsavailable commercially. (See Table I.)The design of any template or align-ment device is based on certain as-sumptions, most notably theminimum and maximum modulatedgroove radii. Thus, tonearm geometrywill vary slightly based on whatassumptions were made by thedesigner. Fortunately, errors in LTAresult in generating mainly even -orderdistortion-something that the humanear readily forgives.

Formulas for determining thegeometry of the tonearm setup, as wellas tables for setting of overhang andoffset angles, have been written about


ART BIGGS ONMASTER CONTROLAUTOMATION.

In the 1950's, two broadcasting engineersin Tulsa built a small, crude, mechanicaldevice to automate station breaks. One ofthose engineers, Art Biggs, is now VicePresident, Engineering, Corinthian Broad-casting-and his interest in master controlautomation remains strong. The respected,34 -year veteran of the industry works withthe engineering staffs of all six Corinthianstations, of which two-WISH-TV, Indiana-polis, and KX7V Sacramento-are nowusing BIAS Master Control Automation.

EVEN FORMER SKEPTICS LIKE IT"At first, some of the engineering staff wereenthusiastic, some were skeptical. But withinthree weeks after it was released to them,they did their first total day's operation onthe MCA system. And now, even the mostskeptical depend upon it:'

CREATES TOGETHERNESS"MCA brings the traffic department andtechnical department closer together. Thismakes everything go more smoothly foreveryone:'

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WHO NEEDS IT?"How do you know if you need MCA? If thechief engineer is constantly trouble -shootingswitching errors or one engineer is a totalslave to switcher buttons, MCA can cer-tainly help. It also liberates personnel frommany manual chores, such as log -keeping,to make their time more productive:'

FOR BIAS OR NON -BIAS SYSTEMS"All of our stations are on the BIAS traffic sys-tem, so by using the BIAS MCA we're dealingwith one manufacturer, one computer, andone system that embraces the master controloperation, the traffic operation, the finan-cial operation, word processing, film inven-tory. One source for everything:'

For a free brochure on how BIAS MasterControl Automation can interface with youron -air switcher and traffic system, write BIASMarketing.

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for many years. One of the most com-prehensive articles in recent yearsthat readers may want to consult waswritten by Martin Kessler and B.Pisha2.

Vertical Tracking Angle (VTA)Vertical Tracking Angle (VTA), the

angle between the direction of stylusvibration and true vertical (See Figure3), has been the subject of much dis-cussion in recent years. Ideally theVTA of a playback stylus shouldmatch the VTA of the cutting stylus.The major problem in this regard hasbeen in accurately measuring thatangle. The test methods available formeasuring VTA have, in the past,given results differing by as much as10°! In 1979, James White and AuthurGust'' of the CBS Technology Centerdevised a more precise method ofVTA measurement based on the FMdistortion that VTA errors produce.The procedure can be used with ex-isting test records and is reported tobe consistent within ± 5%.

Although playback VTA is pre-dominantly fixed by the design of thecartridge, the height of the tonearmpivot will have some effect on thisalignment. The correct VTA of arecord is determined by the cuttinglathe used. One survey measuredrecording angles that varied from 15°to 22°. Hi-fi enthusiasts correct thisproblem of VTA discrepancies byshimming a record with cardboarddiscs in a trial -and -error process to op-timize the playback sound of eachdisc.

So what is a broadcaster to do? Withelliptical and Shibata-type styli,another parameter enters into play:Stylus Rake Angle (SRA). SRA is theangle that the vertical center line ofthe stylus footprint, or contact area,makes with the groove ridges. Withconical styli that make circular foot-prints, this parameter is not pertinent.(See Figure 4.) Recent tests done byJon Risch and Bruce Maier of Disc -

washer Laboratories suggest that SRAis a much more critical alignmentthan VTA. The Discwasher staff sur-veyed a number of cutting lathes fortheir SRAs and found them to varybetween 91° and 95°. This forward tiltis done to facilitate chip (cutawaystrand) removal. The Discwasher re-port suggests proper tonearm car-tridge setup with a SRA of 92° as acompromise alignment.

In light of this, then, it would seemthat the proper compromise adjust-ment of a cartridge's VTA/SRA wouldbe to first align the pivot height so thatthe top of the cartridge is level (90°SRA), then raise the pivot an addi-tional amount that would increase theSRA an additional 2°. Thus a tonearmwith an effective length of 240mmwould be raised an additional 8.38mm

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(amount to raise = Sin (2°) x effectivelength).

Vertical Tracking Force (VTF)Vertical Tracking Force (VTF), the

downward force a cartridge exerts ona record, is generally specified in arange of values. Many people tend toadjust the VTF to its minimum valuewith the thought that this willminimize record wear. This may notbe the case. If the cartridge mistracksduring heavily modulated passages ona record (loses contact with the wallsof the record groove), then the damagedone to the record while the stylus

bangs around inside the record groovewill be far greater than any wear fromnormal stylus motion. Usually it isbest to err on the high side when itcomes to VTF (staying within manu-facturer's specifications, of course).

One additional item concerningVTF: The V stands for vertical. Thiswill be so only if the turntable base hasbeen leveled. The periodic use of abubble level is recommended to main-tain a level turntable.

Test recordsNow that your turntable system is

aligned mechanically, it is time to

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VERTICALMODULATION

ARC

DIAMOND-.STYLUS

- STYLUSRAKEANGLE

ACTUALPIVOTPOINT

VERTICALTRACKING

ANGLE

RECORD GROOVE

VERTICAL CONTACT SURFACE

Figure 3. Relationship of stylus VerticalTracking Angle (VTA) and Stylus RakeAngle (SRA).

COMMON0.7 mil

SPHERICAL

WTOP OF

RECORD

COMMON2 x 0.7 mIl

ELLIPTICAL

RECORD GROOVE

Figure 4. Footprints (contact areas) ofconical (left) and elliptical (right) styli.

make electrical adjustments. Thesenecessitate the use of a good testrecord. Two of my favorites are theCBS Laboratories STR 151, BroadcastTest Record and the STR 112, SquareWave, Tracking, and IntermodulationTests. These records offer all the ma-jor test signals needed for routine ad-justments such as:

Wow -and -flutter measurements.Used with a wow -and -flutter meter, oreven used just by ear, this frequencyband will confirm the soundness ofyour turntable's mechanical rotationsystem. Problems in this area usuallyresult from defective or dirty driveshafts or idler wheels.

Rumble and hum measurements.The first time I made this measure-ment, early in my broadcast career, Iwas shocked at how high it was com-pared to most specifications providedby turntable manufacturers. The rum-ble figures quoted are usually weight-ed measurements. For instance, theDIN A -weighting standard calls for a12dB/octave roll -off above and below315Hz. (Weighting is used to approx-imate the characteristics of the ear atlow levels.) Any excessive hum or hissin the phono system is indicative ofsomething gone awry. Loose orbroken cables or connectors or brokenground leads are usually firstsuspects.

Reference level adjustment. Thisprovides a reference level or "0 VU"level at which the majority of recordsare cut. Channel gain, phase andbalance can be easily checked and set.

Frequency response measure -


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Table I.Phono-alignment-tool manufacturers

Company nameGeo-Disc, Mobile Fidelity Sound LabCart-a-lign, Spencer Broadcast 331Geometric Soundtracker, Dennesen 332Omnidisc, Telarc 333

ReaderServiceNumber

330

ments. Spot frequencies are providedthat give an indication of the overallresponse of your cartridge andpreamp. Poor frequency responsemay indicate electrical problems

within the preamp or a poor interfacebetween the cartridge and preamp.Magnetic phono cartridges are de-signed to work into a particularcapacitive load, generally 250-300pF.

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This capacitance is made up of thewiring capacitance of the tonearm,connecting cables and the preamp'scircuitry. If the total capacitance isgreatly less or more than thecartridge's specified load, poor fre-quency response will likely result.

Tracking. High level modulatedbands that can be used to test thetracking capabilities of your cartridgeand for anti -skate adjustments. It isalso useful to compare trackingcapabilities as you evaluate other car-tridges.

Intermodulation measurements.Variable amplitude bands consistingof two tone SMPTE-type intermodula-tion test signals. This is also useful incartridge comparisons as well assystem checkouts.

Peak capability testing. Thisconsists of pulsed 3kHz tone burstsrecorded 10dB above standardreference level. Any clipping of thissignal is a good indication of insuffi-cient headroom in the system.

And finally:clean, clean, clean

So here we are with a wonderfullyaligned machine-in excellentmechanical and electrical condition.Don't blow it now! Perhaps the mostcommon form of distortion in a phonosystem is caused by dirt, dust, finger-prints, hair, etc., caught in the stylus,preventing it from accurately follow-ing the record groove's track. Don'tunderestimate the need for record andstylus cleaning. Many good productsare available on the market. Ourfavorite is the Discwasher D4 system.The system is effective and is sold toradio stations and libraries at 50% ofthe retail price.

This past summer, we ran out of D4solution and, because of some internalordering problems of our own, wewent without the solution for a coupleof months. In the interim, I sub-stituted distilled water mixed with alittle alcohol. When the new solutioncame in, the difference was quitenoticeable: A record that had ex-cessive surface noise was cleanedwith the water/alcohol mix to no avail.The D4 did the trick; the record wassubstantially quieter. The folks in therecord cleaning accessory businessknow what they are talking about.

References and bibliography'J.K. Stevenson, "Pickup Arm Design," WirelessWorld, May 1966.

'Martin D. Kessler and B.V. Pisha, "Tonearm Geome-try Demystified," Audio, March 1980.

'James V. White and Authur J. Gust, "Measurement ofFM Distortion in Phonographs," Audio EngineeringSociety, March 1979.'James V. White and Authur J. Gust, "Three FMMethods for Measuring Tracking Angles of PhonoPickups," Audio Engineering Society, April 1979.S.K. Pramanik, "Understanding Tonearms," Audio,June 1980.Jon M. Risch and Bruce R. Maier, "More Than One Ver-tical Tracking Angle," Audio, March 1981.1 :T:))))1



' Ns N.N

Ns N.N.

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Ns. N..

Ita IWO Mt ONO a WPM tOW a 11.0 Marla/ NE

MO a Oa IMON Mk at in nn an PaAM NM MIM a WM MK Oa

ow TMO MA MY at Oat OM

art OR tel Mai WO WV Of .7 I

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DigitalTest

Generator

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Price/ Performance at its PeakIf cost effectiveness of your equipmentdollar is as important to you as state-of-the-art technology, then you cannotafford to ignore the DTG-1100N.In just one rack unit you get 35 computergenerated, precision video test signals andmicroprocessor controlled signal selection.The user-friendly front panel menu andstatus indicators let you look and select...easy as 1-2-3!Full remote cortrol is also available.

NEW FOR NAB '83The VIP -1101N Vertical Interval Processor isa sophisticated, versatile companion for theDTG-1100N Dicital Test Generator. It is astand-alone unit featuring a digital sync generatorwhich always maintains RS170A in the digitallygenerated black output. Microprocessor controlwith digital read-out allows insertion/deletion ofVIT signals or data in lines 10 to 21 of eitherfield. The unit is scheduled to be shown at NAB '83.Don't miss it!

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The Data -Film keyboard provides human interface to the system.

It is recognized that videotape hasmade rapid advances to become theprimary recording media for televi-sion. Nevertheless, there is still aplace for film because of its inherentadvantages and because of the bulk ofprogramming still available on film.

However, stations still using filmmust be certain that their material isin top condition in order to deliver thequality signal expected by today'sviewers. At WLS-TV we still use a lotof film for programs and commer-cials, and we have established pro-cedures to ensure that our film is intop quality for broadcasting. Our pur-chase of a RTI TV -120 film care sys-tem has greatly simplified our work.

Quality control and reliability areparamount in film usage, as it is inevery area of the broadcast industry.That's where the TV -120 film editing/maintenance system comes into play.For us, a well -planned quality controlprogram based on the TV -120 pro-vides a high degree of reliability tofilm usage and reduces much of thetedium of film preparation for the sta-tion film editor. Besides the ability toimprove film library maintenance byreducing some of the stress placed onfilm editors, the TV -120 offers othererror -reducing advantages such astiming verification, increased produc-tivity and proper film materialmaintenance on a routine basis. Nowinspection, cleaning and evaluation offilmed materials can proceed fourtimes faster than with manualrewinds.

Program andcommercial maintenance

WLS-TV currently holds approx-imately 1200 feature titles under con-tract. Whenever a feature film comes

Field report:

TV -120for quality

filmmaintenance

By William Rapp, film director, WLS-TV 7, Chicago, IL

into the station, it is generally runthrough the TV -120 system first. Thefilm is screened for technical quality,cleaned and its total length deter-mined. Even if the program isscreened initially on a projector, itwill be processed by the TV -120 beforedecisions are made in regard to keep-ing the print or returning it for areplacement.

The cleaning function of themachine would justify the investmentin the system, because on -air quality isimportant to WLS-TV. Yet, whilecleaning occurs, the evaluation proc-ess, under control of the Data FilmComputer in the TV -120, detects andtotals various faults-such as splices,sprocket defects, tape defects andsound track physical defects. The timein terms of total frames is alsocalculated. When the evaluation test iscompleted, the computer prints out areport card. This card provides a hard

copy for the film library records andinformation that can be used to deter-mine whether the film is accepted orreturned to the distributor for areplacement copy. At WLS-TV, if thefeature is not yet scheduled, the newlycleaned print is stored in a dustproofcabinet in the film storage vault untilit is needed for airing.

A scheduled feature will bescreened by the film editor for place-ment of commercials and bumpers.During the screening, the TV -120gives the editor exact frame times foreach segment, and cleans the materialagain. Once the editor is completedwith his work, the program is placedon the ready rack for on -air use. Afterairing, another pass on the TV -120 toremove any inserted segments pro-duces a final condition report and en-sures that the film is returned to thefilm vault in a clean and ready statefor its next scheduled use.

The RTI TV -120 film care system wits Data -Film computer. The card printer is at right.


OFF AIR

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same color temperature and intensity.Once Vie PM5539 matches all your

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At last, a oractical solution to theage-old problem of color balancingyour picture monitors-the PM5539color analyzer.

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Sol Gelfond, WLS-TV film editor, usesthe TV -120 for inspecting film and print-ing a film condition report.

In the case of commercials, theTV -120 is used heavily in the screen-ing process. Content, physical defectsand SMPTE variations can all be con-sidered at once. Once an item hasbeen approved by WLS-TV's Broad-cast Standards and Practices Group,the individual commercial pieces arethen prepared for use in Telecine inthe RCA 1624 film cartridge playbacksystem. Just as with feature-lengthmaterials, the commercial films havebeen subjected to more than onecleaning pass before they move into

Lori King, WLS-TV, puts overnight ratings into the MIS computer.

telecine for on -air use. (In fact, no filmgoes into the telecine departmentwithout having been cleaned.)

At WLS-TV our RTI system hasbecome invaluable. An incident, oc-curring around the time we purchasedour TV -120 equipment, points out oneof the helpful features of the system. Afeature-length film, received in seem-ingly good condition before ourTV -120 acquisition, aired with amotorboating sound. The defect hadnot been detected during viewing on anormal projector. When we used the

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TV -120 and its overscanned viewerscreen to evaluate the audio track andsprockets along with the visualframes, we found that the audio trackcontained an audio pulse printed in.Because of this confirmation, we wereable to get a replacement print for ourlibrary.

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The HarrisTC-85...whenyou want morefrom yourcameras thanjust prettypictures.

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Jan Gilbert, WLS-TV film editor, picksspots for bumpers in a feature film onMoviola equipment.

TV -120improved

The TV -2000 film editing system.The Data -Film 820 equipment isnot shown.

The many features of the TV -120that made it desirable for TV filmdepartments have been retainedin the TV -2000 film editing system.The TV -2000, just introduced,works hand -in -hand with the Data -film 820 microcomputer film con-dition analysis system, to providethe operator with a printed recordof the film condition. The FCD-560digital defect evaluation unit findspoor splices, cue tabs and filmdefects at speeds up to 1600 feetper second. Quik-Trac is availableto allow monitoring at twicesound speed with intelligibleaudio.

The major changes incor-porated into the TV -2000 involveoperator conveniences. TheDigital Segment Time Displayallows the operator to advance toa preset point, for example, thelocation where a commercial is tobe inserted, with the machineautomatically stopping at thedesired frame. In conjunction withthe Data -Film 820 unit, a hardcopy of film timings, outtakes andother valuable information is pro-vided. Also, soft touch push-buttons have been added, as wellas an LED Cue Tab counter, stop -on -splice and defect -bypass con-trols. An optional fluid cleaner at-tachment is available.

we want to know information such asthe following:date of the evaluation (month, dayand year);

total length of the film (hours, min-utes and seconds);

total number of tape defects;total number of sprocket hole de-fects;

total number of sound track physicaldefects;

total number of splices; andtotal number of all defects.

This one report, done on a regularbasis including each airing andregular maintenance, provides themanager and editor with a system todetect potential problems before theyoccur. Checking through the reportcards indicates when a new print isneeded, and whether a complete pro-gram or only certain reels needreplacement.

However, the fault -sensing systemsof the TV -120 do not replace the prac-ticed eye of an experienced filmeditor. His eye may be as critical asthe most sensitive equipment, and his

knowledge and comments valuable.For these reasons, the printed cardsprovided from the microprocessor -controlled system include a space forthe editor to note other information.The comments can be crucial in re-jecting or accepting a print at WLS-TV.

Saving timeAnother valuable option is the

Quick-Trac speech processor in theaudio monitor system. The processorallows the film to be viewed at twicesound speed, yet the audio has no lossof clarity. Thus, any screening taskmay be done in half the usual time. Amuch more productive atmosphere iscreated by use of the TV -120 even if itwere only used for the tedious job ofsearching for audio cues.

Two questions come to mind re-garding the use of film in the TV facili-ty. First, how can film compete withthe constant influx of videotape intothe TV industry? The answer is that itshould not compete with tape. Filmmay he easily edited into any format

The author (standing) and Michael Ozog use the MIS computer to search for featurefilm ratings.


The new Saticon II camera tube.Clearly superior to lead oxide.

Compare the unretouched photos be-low and see for yourself how the new RCASaticon* II camera tube reduces specular high-light memory, without red trail.

You no longer have to choose betweenlead oxide's good handling of highlights andSaticon's well known superiority in other criticalperformance factors. Now it's a whole new ballgame.

Computer -aided deposition and advan-ced material purification technologies havegiven Saticon II a considerably improved photo-conductor. Your benefits: less highlight trail,reduced highlight memory (as much as 75%less than that experienced with earlier Saticontubes), improved resistance to image burn.

What's more, you still get all of the recog-nized advantages of Saticon: high resolution,

Good. Plumbicon XQ1427.Photograph of direct reflection of floodlamps, produced by camera with CTScircuitry. Note highlight memory withred trail.

distortion -free colors, very low lag, and ex-tremely long tube life. And Saticon II is backedby a warranty that's second to none. RCA offersfull replacement for any failure in normal usefor six months, compared with only two monthsfor Plumbicon".

Your choice is now clear. For more informa-tion on the complete Saticon line, contact yourRCA distributor or write to RCA Camera TubeMarketing, New Holland Avenue, Lancaster,PA 17603. Or call (800) 233-0155. In Penna.,phone collect to (717) 397-7661. Overseas,contact RCA Brussels, Belgium. Sao Paulo,Brazil. Sunbury -on -Thames, Middlesex, Eng-land. Paris, France. Munich, W. Germany.Hong Kong. Mexico 16 DF, Mexico.Used by permission of trade mark owner.

Y3411-

i CO

Better. Sajcon II BC4390.Same subject and conditions a5 in photo-graph at left. Note reduced highrght mem-ory without red trail.

Manufacturer's listed featuresfor the TV -120

The TV -120 film care systemcombines most of the facets offilm care and programming re -

FEED

0

quirements into one machine.Figure 1 illustrates the system iiblock form. Both film reels ars

TRANSPORTCONTROL

TAKE-UP

OUIK TRACPROCESSOR

DEFECTDETECTOR

CUETABDET.

LARGE -SCREENPREVIEWER

DIGITALTIMER

SURFACEFILM

CLEANING

ULTRASONICFILM

SENSOR CAPSTANMOTOR

DATA FILMCOMPUTER

KEYBOARD

pp%iRDER

ELECTRONIC SIGNAL

Figure 1. Block diagram showing the RTI TV -120 system with Data -Film option.

under the control of the TV -120system computer, the Data -Filmunit. A capstan moves the film at atypical sound speed of 24fps forviewing on an oversized previewscreen (40 square inches) or atvariable editing speeds from 0 to400fpm. The film gate uses a16 -sided crown glass prism to pro-vide flickerless viewing. The gateand viewer are overscanned toallow the operator to viewsprockets and sound track areasof the film in addition to the videoframes.

A sprocketless digital counteris used to display film lengths inhours -minutes -seconds -framesformat. An optional digital displaypresents the number of tape,sprocket and sound track defects,as well as the total number ofsplices. With a Data -Film printerunit, the fault information isprinted on cards for a permanentrecord, including film total time,fault times and types andestimated number of repairs. Thefilm is cleaned at the same timeas the computer condition checkis made.

Film audio may be heardthrough a monitoring system. Anoptional Quik-Trac speech pro-cessor allows the film to run up totwice normal speed with a normalvoice pitch.

AA GRASS VALLEY GROUP

VERSATILITY

in the all -new program quality 10x1 routing switcher by Grass Valley Group...the TEN-XTM!

The TEN -X is available video -only...Video -plus -audio, and... Audiobreakaway, or... Add audio later toyour video -only version.

TEN -X control from GVG includes...local and remote, or... Build yourown remote panel.

The TEN -X operates by local orremote control simultaneously.

Also, your local -control TEN -X mayhave remote control simply pluggedin late-. Or, vice -versa; buy TEN -Xwith remote control now, plug inlocal control later.

VERSATILITY: the last word in 10x1utility routing switching by GrassValley Group.

GVG Sales Offices: Edison, NJ (201)549-9600; Atlanta, GA (404)321-4318; Elkhart, IN (219)264-0931; Amen Hills,MN (612)483-2594; Fort Worth, TX (817)921-9411; Palo Alto, CA (415)968-6680; Woodland Hills, CA (213)999-2303.

THE GRASS VALLEY GROUP, INC.. PO. BOX 1114 GRASS VALLEY CALIFORNIA 59945 USA TEL T9161., B42I TWX 910 530E12E10

A TEKTRONIX COMPANYCircle (62) on Reply Card


Phil Carlson, WLS-TV engineer, loads a film in telecine for airing.

required. At WLS-TV, any featurecould be scheduled for a time slot in-volving any of four different formats.By using our TV -120, we can quicklyadjust to the needed formattingwithout having to re-edit (and re-record) an entire hour or more ofvideotape.

Second, what is the future of film intelevision? This question is not as easi-

ly answered. Only time will tell. A re-cent special report in the Wall StreetJournal indicates that a 60 -minute pro-duction will cost about $500,000 iffilm is used, whereas videotapetechnology will cut about $100,000 offthat price. The Journal further statesthat ABC, CBS and NBC plan to doeven more of their production workon tape. Yet, some producers insist

that film mediums give them visualcapabilities not possible with direct -to -tape procedures. With so many pro-gram sources available on film, manysmaller markets will continue to relyon film for their programming ofmovie and special feature presenta-tions. With the TV -120 film editing/maintenance system available to aidin improving reliability of an exten-sive film library, film should continueto be a viable source of TV programm-ing for a few more years. 1:1:4))11

Editor's note:The field report is an exclusive BE feature for broad-

casters. Each will be prepared by the staf4 of a broad-cast station, production facility or consulting firm.The intent is to have the equipment tested on -site. Theauthor is at liberty to discuss his research with in-dustry leaders and to visit other broadcasters and/orthe manufacturer to track down pertinent facts.

In each field report, the author will discuss the fullapplicability of the equipment to broadcasting, in-cluding personal opinions on good features andserious limitations- if any.

In essence, these field reports are prepared by theindustry and for the Industry. Manufacturers' supportwill be limited to providing loan equipment and toaiding the author If support is requested in some area.

It is the responsibility of Broadcast Engineering topublish the results of any piece tested, whetherpositive or negative. No report should be consideredan endorsement by Broadcast Engineering for oragainst a product.

The TV -120 film care system covered r, the reportwas introduced to broadcasters early in 1978, with amajor showing at NAB-'79/Dallas. For details on thesystem, contact Research Technology International,4700 Chase, Lincolnwood, IL 60646.

GRASS VALLEY GROUP AAMt Grass Valley Group we believe that television terminal equipment shou:d represent the highestdegree of long-term reliability and stability."

We build the 3240 Video Processor that way.Featuring:*Sync and burst regeneration

*Automatic gain control*Complete remote cortrol capability


A total of twelx.e optional modules and remote panels,plus fourteen separate status indicators and controls,offer a unique cegree of flexibility for the system cesignrequirements cf today...and the evolutionary changesof tomorrow.

GVG Sales Ottices: Edison, NJ (201)549-9600; Atlanta, GA (404)32:-4318; Elkhart, IN (219)264-0931: Arden Hills,MN (612)483-2594; Fort Worth, TX (817)921-9411; Palo Alto, CA (4151968-6680; Woodland Hills, CA (213)999-2303

THE GRASS VALLEY GROUP, INC.PO BOX 1114 GRASS VALLEY CALIFORNIA 95945 USA TEL (91612-2313421 TWX 9-05308280

A TEKraovix COMPANY


1 THE CASEFOR

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EXCALIBUR cases are

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ARTICLEREPRINTS

Interested in reprints of anarticle out of this oranother issue? Reprints ofarticles about yourcompany or the industrycan be valuable sales andmarketing tools. Forinformation, call or writeMark Raduziner, IntertecPublishing Corp., P.O. Box12901, Overland Park,Kansas 66212; (913)888-4664.

Nov. 12, 1982University of KansasLawrence, KS KITS

communicationsseminar

Ey Brad Dick, chief engineer, KANU, Lawrence, KS

Leading broadcasterstake time to look at the future

during KU's day devoted tocommunications technology.

Speaking before a crowd of radio -TV students and professional broad-casters at the University of Kansas re-cently, Joseph Flaherty, vice presidentof engineering, CBS -TV, said that to-day's broadcasters are no longer limit-ed in their scope of possibilities bytechnology, but rather by their ownimaginations. "Technology limitationsof the past are quickly disappearing,"he said. "The question is no longerwhat can we do, but what should we

As the opening speaker at the 1982University of Kansas Telecommunica-tions Day, Flaherty said that the shift - Joseph Flaherty


We Couldn't Have Said ItAny Better Ourselves."We selected the SatCom Technologies 7 meter antenna because this

antenna meets PBS's standards for sidelobe performanceand mechanical reliaoility"

Mr. Ralph L. MlaskaManager Systems EngineerPBS Washington, D.C.

"Excellent performance and easy to install."Mr. Bill BakerVP/EngineeringKAMC-TV Lubbock, TX

"We are very pleased with this quality made 9.2 meter antenna."Mr. Ray McMillanChief EngineerKENS-TV San Antonio, TX

"The technica quality of our antenna is excellent and nas broughtnew flexibility and a more competitive edge T'.0 our programming."

Mr Dave FrasierTechnical Operations Mgr.WWBT-TV Richmond, VA

"We purchased the SatCom Technologies 7 meter antenna becauseit is wel des gned and has the advanced features we need."

Mr. Charles W. MyersChief EngineerWHO -TV Des Moines, 1A(lowa)

-Our 9.2 meter antenna gives us life -like pictures from the satellite.We bel'eve this is the technology of the future and SatComTechnologies is in the forefront."

Dr. Hugh VanEatonPresidentKVHP-TV Lake Charles, LA

SatCom Technologies, Inc.2912 Pacific Drive, Norcross, GA 30071 an RSi Company(404) 448-2116 Telex 70-8496

Circle fi.%) on Reply Card

ing direction of technology must bedirected by the creative side of the in-dustry-artists, journalists and thebusiness community-not by the tech-nologists. The current relationship be-tween technology and the users oftechnology has never existed before,and it is important that the users con-trol its direction and proportion it tothe needs of society, he said. Radioused to report the news, Flaherty said,and television reported history. Sincethe development of modern broadcastequipment, however, he said that hesaw television as the predominantmedium for news coverage.

Flaherty described the changes thathave taken place in the world oftechnology since the first TV broad-cast some 20 years ago. Since thattime, the TV industry has seen a black -and -white broadcast system changeinto a sophisticated, full -color system.He saw two primary reasons for therapid change in our TV capabilities:solid-state electronics and rocketdelivery capability for satellites.

Pointing to the similarity in cost vs.performance and size of the modernhand-held calculator and its bulky, ex-pensive predecessor, Flaherty saidthat the TV industry was now ex -

wick. How manydcts can you spot

in this videotape?

No one canSEE defects by justlooking at a videocassette.

Defects show up when the tapeis played. And then it's too late.

So RTI has come up withsomething to help you. It's ournew Professional VideotapeEvaluator/Cleaner.

It spots defects BEFORE it'stoo late.

Now you can record on tape thatyou KNOW FOR SURE is notdefective. As newspeople say, "thebuilding only burns once:'

It also helps frequently usedtapes look good time after time. Thismakes YOU look good time after time.

Our machine also cleans andburnishes your tapes. So you canextend their life. And it helps keepyour recorder heads clean by reducingtape -borne dirt.

It's fast and easy to operate.Just insert your cassette, pressthe button and the tape whirrsthrough at 25 times normal speed.

LED readouts display defectcounts such as wrinkles, oxidevoids and edge damage. At the sametime, your tapes are gently cleaned.

The machine is about the size ofa desktop copier. It comes inU-Matic, VHS and Beta models.

When you see how it helps youspot defects-you'll be glad youspotted this ad.

For moremore information aboutthe new Professional VideotapeEvaluator/Cleaner, please write orphone us free at 800/323-7520:'

,,/ RTI ZeS,..RCI-1

T E. RN AT NON A L

4700 Chase, Lincolnwood, Illinois 60646*Illinois, Alaska, Hawaii or outside the U.S.A., call 312/677-3000.


Dick Smith

periencing similar benefits. The wide-spread use of the modern small, port-able, high quality video camera andtape recorder is a primary reason forthe change in television's ability tocover breaking news stories. Withoutthis single product, television wouldstill be reporting history.

Flaherty pointed to the future bydescribing the efforts currently beingundertaken to develop even moresophisticated videographic capbilitiesand high definition television (HDTV).He noted the use of computer graph-ics for recent election coverage andthe use by CBS of the Ampex AVAelectronic videographics system.

He also highlighted the features ofHDTV as it will be demonstrated atthe Montreux TV Symposium in May.This new system of television willcreate a totally new cinematographyexperience, according to Flaherty.The four major improvements ofHDTV include improved color rendi-tion, improved resolution, widescreenaspect ratios and stereophonic sound."The wider aspect ratio, which will bemore like that of movie theaters, plusthe 1125 -line resolution, will makeHDTV the next TV production fron-tier," he said.

Noting that the transition fromblack -and -white television to color on-ly took 20 years, Flaherty warned thestudents and professionals not tobecome complacent about technology.With the current color system now on-ly 18 years old, one has only to realizethat that growth took place in an eraof vacuum tubes and early solid-statetechnology. "There is no possibility itcan take that long today," he said.

Other speakers at the program wereDick Smith, president, Satellite Pro-gramming Network (SPN); Jim

Continued on page 82


sth 'At

aboutt°me?

Ampex says'yes'with an important announcement next month.


Bestdressed \for sound. Oman

PZM' redundant, clip -on microphone.This new microphone technology providesbetter reach, better sensitivity and morefreedom, especially for on-camera interviews.

For information, write:

crown1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart, IN 46517, (219) 294-5571


," A 'Tbell 111Mmit

Revox PR99.Not just another pretty faceplate.

Before you buy a compact audio recorder, be sure to compare what you're getting onthe inside. Look at the chassis, the headblock, the motors, the switches, the PC boards,and the wiring. When you do, you'll notice a differencebetween the PR99 and everythingelse in its price range. The PR99 looks better because it must adhere to stricter stand-ards of quality. Standards that have made Studer Revox the world's most respectedname in audio recording.

PR99 features: Balanced and floating line in and line out Calibrate/uncalibrateswitches Servo controlled capstan motor Edit mode switch Tape dump Self sync Optional remote control and vari-speed Cabinet. console and rack mount versions.

(2 REVOXAMERICA INC.

STUDER REVOX OF AMERICA, INC. 1425 Elm Hill Pike Nashville, TN 37210 (615) 254-5651


Jim Perkins

Perkins, Hurst/ABC Broadcasting;and Wallace Dunlap, Westinghouse.Each of the speakers provided his ownunique perspectives on areas of radioand TV broadcasting. One major areaof interest was that of CATV program-ming and delivery. Smith related hisexperiences in the expansion of arelatively small cable programmingcompany to the point where, today,SPN supplies more than 5 millionhomes with TV programming. Callinghis company a growing enterprise, hesaid that it was still the best keptsecret in the industry. Smith's serviceprovides a variety of programming, in-cluding foreign language programsand, most recently, data transmis-sions for the Keyfax system.

Perkins described the Hurst/ABC ef-fort in expanding the Home View Net-work. This network would allow ABCTV affiliates to broadcast subscriptionprogramming directly to the viewers'homes during their off -air periods.This service would provide program-ming, on a subscription basis, whichcould be taped on automatic Sonyvideotape recorders. Users would pro-gram the recorder to select specificprograms that would be broadcast ona scrambled basis during the late nighthours.

Perkins described the businessphilosophy of Hurst/ABC by saying,"We create audiences for advertisers."He referred to present cable program-ming services as continuing to pro-vide horizontal markets to horizontaladvertisers. He believed that this wassimply a way to get advertisers to paya higher price for smaller audiences.Instead of paralleling other networksand current cable programmers, hesaid that Hurst/ABC develops verticalmarkets with specific demographiccharacteristics that advertisers canuse to their best advantage.


Listen through it.Not to it.

O 0

WM333133/011313

AMC 131. vae eee va, 33:13.3 .11330. 3 733. RAMO ,narara

Ire .

J MODEL 9100A

NIKIIPIWY e

33133034

410 033

OPTINIOD-ANI

OfballNM roe 13.111133131

0

INTRODUCING OPTIMOD-AM MODEL 9100AOrban's new second generation OPTIMOD-AM introduces a remarkable new sound to the

AM band: a dramatically open, effortless, defined, FM-like sound combined with extremely com-petitive loudness; RMS levels as much as 3dB higher than those produced by our previous processor.Yet you listen to the music, not the processor!

The new 9100A combines the best ideas from our previous 9000A with some of those in-troduced in the popular OPTIMOD-FM 8100A. Performance is further extended with newdevelopments in distortion -cancelled multiband clipping and receiver equalization. The bottom -line isa processor that develops its FM -like sound on real world auto, table, and portable radios. And a pro-cessor that solves broadcasters' real -world problems, including sloppy operator gain -riding, inconsis-tent source material, and transmitters that tilt, overshoot and ring.

The new 9100A is available in single -chassis stereo or stereo-convertible mono versions.Sum -and -difference stereo processing means highest mono loudness from any of the AM stereosystems. Integrated construction and high -precision parts assure accurate dynamic tracking of thesum -and -difference channels, guaranteeing separation of at least 20dB (50-10,000Hz)-with betterthan 30dB typical. Compare before you buy!

There's much more to the 9100A's exciting technical story than we can possibly tell here.See your Orban broadcast products dealer, or contact us directly for further details:

Orban Associates Inc.. 645 Bryant St., San Francisco, CA 94107. Toll Free (800) 227-4498,In California (415) 957-1067. Telex: 17-1480, Cable: ORBANAUDIO

otbanORBAN PROCESSING KEEPS YOU COMPETITIVE



UnLimiterThe Model 201 is the limiter thatdoesn't limit-doesn't limit smooth-ness, doesn't limit versatility, doesn'tlimit your control over your signal.

It does limit program peaks to apreset ceiling value while main-taining the average program levelwithin desired limits. Indepen-dently. It does limit distortion. Itdoes give you repeatable settingswith controls calibrated in db.

That's why the Model 201 AudioLimiter is favored by recordingstudios and broadcast productionfacilities, both in this countryand overseas. Another thing theylike is the price.

To find out more about the(Un)Limiter, call or write us today.

Inovonics Inc.50313 Vandell Way TelephoneCampbell, CA 95008 14081 374-8300 1


VARIABLE SPEEDS,UNVARIED QUALITY!

MARK IFVA RI. SPEED

a'?

-.11.314K/1

RUSSCO has your next turntable ready to deliver. The MARK V gives yousuch quick starts and quiet operation you'll think you're using a cartmachine! Speeds are adjustable plus or minus 10% with a bright LEDreadout. One look at the specs and you'll agree, this is the best turn-table investment in the industry. Choose from 3 RUSSCO ruggedmodels with heavy cast aluminum platters and lightweight prices. Butget our facts first.

CRUSSCOELECTRONICS INCORPORATED

5690 E. Shields Ave., Fresno, Calif. 93727 Phone (209) 291-5591

Wallace Dunlap

Hurst/ABC is now programmingtwo services-ARTS and Daytime-todevelop those vertical services.Perkins cited research showing that asmuch as 40% of his viewers would notbe watching television if they were notable to receive the ARTS or Daytimeservices. "Obviously, this aspect couldbe good reason for a cable service tocarry the companies' programming,"he said.

Dunlap addressed the issues ofhardware and software costs in theTV industry. He described thedevelopment of Westinghouse's cablecompany and why the companydecided it was impossible to begincable operations from the ground up.Rather, Westinghouse purchasedTeleprompter in order to take advan-tage of that company's technology andhardware capabilities. He referred tocable as narrowcasting, as opposed tobroadcasting. The audience is morefragmented than it is in broadcastingand, therefore, requires a different ap-proach both from marketing and pro-gramming, he said.

Dunlap cautioned students to beaware of the costs involved indeveloping modern cable systems.Pointing out that $100,000/mile coststo install cable service in an urban en-vironment were typical, he said thatthe heavy capitalization makes cable ahardware -intensive business.

The afternoon sessions were de-voted to the presentation of the GroverCobb Award for Broadcasting Serviceto Jerry Holley, vice-president forbroadcasting, Stauffer Communica-tions; and an address by EdwardFritts, president, National Associationof Broadcasters.

After being exposed to the intensityof the full day of sessions, one studentremarked that he had never learned somuch from such well-known expertsin such a short time.



I :r.0)11

Asnur

.

U701LINEARITY

UNIT

ASACA/SHIBASOKUTV Test Signal Generator

to fit your individual needs .

INTERCHANGEABLE MODULES-CUSTOMIZE YOUR SYSTEM-L p to 38 different signals.

AMMO n =MINIM 41111111101,101140111.6.

n- ID

U702SIN2UNIT

U703COLOR BAR

UNIT

U704SINE WAVE

UNIT

ASACA/SHIBASOKU TG 7 TV test signal generator is amain frame which accommodates interchangeable modules,and by using it together with these modules, it generates TVtest signals which are used for the adjustment, testing andmeasurement of video equipment.

Features The sync signal generator contained in the main frame

allows color lock and gen-lock with the VBS or sync withcolor burst.

The model contains a built-in dual axis balanced moduiatrand this allows the chroma phase to be varied from 0-360".

The subcarrier oscillator is incorporated into an oven andits frequency stability is within ±5Hz.

U705SQUARE WAVE

UNIT

U706NOISE TEST

UNIT

0

U707/1 VITS GENERATOR

Independent output terminals provide video component,sync signal, color burst level signals to be connected to anexternal programmable attenuator, each output level cancontrol with external signals independently.

The main frame and plug-in modules are coupled with DCcircuit and so there is no bounce from the signal selection.

Switches provided on the front panel enable selectionhorizontal or vertical drive for a trigger pulse output.

The maximum variety of test signals can be generatedwith the minimum number of modules.

Optional IEEE -488 Bus unit provides automated programcontrol.

1\511:11®ASACA/SHIBASOKU CORP OF- AMERICA

12509 Beatrice Street, Los Angeles. California 90066Sales, Service: (800) 423-6347 (213) 827-7144


The Community Radio of Saratoga Springs, NY, facility. The AM and FM studios occupy the original 1 -story building in thebackground. The new addition houses the cable operation.

Case study:

Automation atWKAJNAM/WASNI-FM

By Tim Lyman, general manager, WKAJ-AM/WASM-FM, Saratoga Springs, NY

WKAJ/WASM, licensed in a city of25,000, is like other small market radiostations, except:

It exists in the shadow of one of thecountry's largest metro areas (Alba-ny, Troy, Schenectady).

Six years ago, the FM side wasbilling in the low 5 -digits, annually.

It competes with 26 other radio sta-tions, including group operatorssuch as General Electric and theCapital Cities Group.Some broadcasters would consider

these exceptions to be liabilities. Thus,this is a story of survival and innovationthrough automation.

Upon joining this group, I found anAM station that lacked luster and an FMstation that was in search of a format.The previous program manager, in anattempt to please everybody, designed adiscordant format that combined jazz,classical, disco, etc. I believed that thestation needed consistency and efficien-cy. The station needed automation, notprogram automation as opposed to

business automation, just automation.Radio has waited a long time for the

two types to become one-a true inter-face between program and businessautomation. I'm talking about pushing abutton, and the computer doing thefollowing: scans orders entered to date and

compiles a list of all spots to bebroadcast for a given day;

schedules these spots to a well-

crafted log, observing all rules ofproduct separation and station for-mat;

transmits this log to the programautomation (loading);

makes a permanent record of eachevent performed by the programautomation (archiving);

compiles a list of errors, includingthose errors that would be missedby the program automation (such aswrong cart in the specified source/tray); and

creates a billing document for eachcustomer that reflects exactly the

spots that were successfully aired.

The beginningI proposed this concept, in stages, to

stockholders at WKAPWASM. Myplan was to buy program automationonly for the FM side and to set thatsystem earning dollars as soon as possi-ble for funds to automate the AM sta-tion. Finally we would acquire a businessautomation system that would tie ittogether. The multiphase approachwasn't as much due to fiscal prudity as itwas to technical necessity. It seemed, in1979, that it might take years for the in-terface between business and programautomation to emerge from technolo-gy, and it did.

Selling stockholders on the idea ofbuying new equipment costing morethan $50,000, considering the conditionof the station's billings. proved to bemuch easier than one would have guess-ed. Automation would cost no more peryear than a good employee, and wouldprovide fewer management problems.


Precision Echo Presents The VideoCompression System With One Feature AllOthers Lack: Affordability.Everyone today is facing the budget squeeze one way

or another. Networks, affiliatesand independents. Cable com-panies. Production and postproduction houses. One curi-ous thing about budgetsqueezes is that they have away of making equipment purchase decisionsboth easierand harder. Easier when it's clear that a particular itemcosts too much for the times. But harder when you arelooking at equipment you know you need, but can't findthe bucks for.The Squeezer: MeetingYour Needs With A UniqueSet of SpecialEffects Features.The Squeezer, from

Precision Echo, is aprogrammable videocompression and posi-tioning system thatcompresses an imagedown to four selectablesizes, places that imageanywhere within the

screen on command, crops any part of it to any size, andputs a variable -sized border of any color around it onrequest. It can even flip the image horizontally or freezethe action. Exclusive dual joy stick controls make image

manipulation simple. And theutility of its design makes TheSqueezer a versatile toolwhether rack mounted in aproduction facility or used inmobile applications.

The Squeezer: An Affordable Alternative.There's very little that you'll find on The Squeezer that

you couldn't find on an ADDA, Vital, or a Quantel sys-tem. Except the price tag. Those other systems cost any-where from $40,000 to $200,000. The Squeezer costsunder $19,000. For broadcast programming, news and

sports production,cable TV, educationaland industrial applica-tions, nothing comesclose to the costefficiency of TheSqueezer.The Squeezer from

Precision Echo. High onquality and costefficiency.

PRECISION ECHOA Name Worth Repeating

3105 Patrick Henry DriveSanta Clara, CA 95054 (408) 988-0516, TWX: 910/338-2328

Circla (76) on Reply Card

TheWholeTruthat half the cost.

True:The AL -57 is the only microprocessorcontrolled portable spectrum analyzerin its price range.True:The AL -57 does notcompromise laboratoryperformance for fieldoperation.True:The AL -57 is the result ofover a decade of experienceand three successfulgenerations of spectrumanalyzers.

Here's the whole trutCompare the AL -57 wother spectrum

Specification

Price

Frequency RangeDispersion

Frequency Accuracy

Amplitude Dynamic RangeAverage Noise Level

Accuracy (worst case total)Resolution (minimum)Short Term StabilityNoise Sidebands

Operating PowerSize In'Weight Lbs

Internal BatteryExternal 12V DC oper

PhaselockAudio

Frequency MarkersDigital StoragePreset Frequency Bands

Two Log Ranges

Rugged Carrying Casew/Front Panel Cover

Camera MountPortability

$7,500.001-1600 MHz

20 KHz-1000 MHz±.005%**70 dB

-117 dBm (10 KHz resolution)-±3.5 dB.3 KHz

.2 KHz (phaselocked)

- 60 dB 10 KHz away

115/230V AC, 12V DC1367

40

Standard

Standard

StandardStandard

Standard

Optional

Standard

Standard

StandardStandardFully portable

HP 85586 1821-

$10,915.000.1-1500 MHz

50 KHz-1000 MHz

20% of Dispersion ± 5 MHz70 dB

-107 dBm (10 KHz resolution)-±3.5 dB1 KHz

1 KHz

- 65 dB 50 KHz away

115/230VAC205940

Not offered

Not offered

Not offered

Not offered

Not offered

Optional

Not offered

Standard

OptionalStandardRequires an inverterfor field use

Information obtained from manufacturer's published specifications. Using internal cyrstal comb markers.

Texscan

Tektronix 496*

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Greg Dean, Computer Concepts president (left), discusses Total Station Automa-tion with the author. Note the Broadcast System computer and printer in thebackground.

Some would argue that we needed toeconomize, that we should not have en-joyed the extravagance of modernequipment. But, I believed strongly thatcompromises would not represent thecommitment to success that we needed. Ihad my first system (a Control 16 from

Broadcast Electronics) within a fewweeks of that meeting. Over the subse-quent three years, our ratings went up,our spot rates were adjusted upward andour billings greatly increased.

There were rough spots. For example,the brain of the FM equipment had to be

programmed with about 5000 events.With each event requiring severalkeystrokes, programming amounted to alot of typing. This marathon on thekeyboard might have been tolerable ifreserved to an occasional chore.However, when periodic maintenancewas required, the automation had to becompletely powered down (even the bat-tery pack used for backup power). Withpower completely off, all 5000 events inmemory vanished. This meant thatsomeone had to retype several thousandkeystrokes or the maintenance was notperformed, with an increased risk ofequipment failure.

I asked a simple question as to whywe couldn't save this data in memorythat was not so fragile. The people atBroadcast Electronics then intro-duced an innovation to the industry,and WKAJ/WASM was among thefirst to have it. This innovationrecorded the load list magnetically onthe ubiquitous cart machine found invirtually every radio station. After apower -off situation, I needed merelyto feed these carts back into thesystem, eliminating rekeyboarding.The data could be saved and recalledfrom carts at the rate of 30 characters(360 words/minute, roughly).

To make the safety copy of the loadlist, I took over the production studio,where a cart machine had been in -

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Kent Jones, station owner, demonstrates use of the Broadcast System terminallocated in the control room. This terminal is used to place identification informationon carts, as well as for other program automation functions. In all, the station usesthree terminals for accounting functions and program automation control purposes.

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stalled, and fed it tapes for severalhours. Although recording of theevent memory was at the mercy of un-predictable tape heads, and the pro-duction studio was restricted duringthis chore, it eliminated the typingmarathons. Restoring the ephemeralevent memory was merely a matter offeeding in the correct cart tapes.

More improvementsDespite our improvements, I

thought that there was a better way.So I went back to my plan for totalautomation: to originate the load listusing a log -scheduling business com-puter and to memorize this list on afaster memory, such as disc drives.The business computer wouldremember the details of my load list,and it would reload the system whenpower went down. Furthermore, thebusiness computer would then super-vise the performance of the load listand make permanent records of anyerrors. However, in 1980, such asystem still could not be found.

In January of 1981, my plan toautomate the Saratoga stations ar-rived at its second milestone: anotherautomation system was purchased forthe AM station. Now, whateverbusiness computer WKAJ/WASM wasto select, its task of communicationswith the program automation had

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The logger output of the WASM Control 16 is a list of each event performed by theprogram automation, along with error and diagnostic messages. This same informa-tion is also recorded on discette by the Broadcast System for automatic examina-tion.

lexicon

doubled in complexity.just as soon as the FM automation

system was installed, programmedand earning money, I began searchingfor a vender that could properly han-dle our needs. What I didn't realize atthe time was that I should have beenshopping for software instead of hard-ware. So I started with the big sup-pliers-IBM and others. When askedabout their software for handlingproblems faced in radio, such soft-ware was still under consideration.Furthermore, their computers wouldneed a black box to communicate withour automation systems. And that in-terface would be expensive.

It was then that we approached aKansas City company, Computer Con-cepts, which specializes in businesscomputer systems for radio stations.They seemed to have the interfacealready developed to link our businessand program automation systems. Butthat alone was not sufficient. I alsowanted to know about vender sup-port, so I checked with other stationsthat had the Broadcast System fromComputer Concepts. The responseswere impressive, so, I selected thesystem I wanted: three terminals andsoftware for traffic, accounting,payroll and general ledger. The prob-lem of talking to the two automationdevices was handled with an encoder

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Communicationsin automation

By Walter Dean, production manager, Computer Concepts, Shawnee Mission, KS

The concept of interfacing business andprogram automation is termed Total Sta-tion Automation (TSA) by Computer Con-cepts. There were sound reasons for us-ing this concept in implementing theWKAJ/WASM plans, including the avoid-ance of some errors. The author toucheson some of the factors considered in in-tegrating his company's BroadcastSystem into the station's program.

Load list entry errors. Probably themost common errors associated withautomation are typos made during entryof the load list. Because the BroadcastSystem compiles all logs and then loadsthese logs into the Control 16sautomatically, these load -list errors areeliminated.

Billing errors. Another problem com-mon with automation is the largeamount of uncertainty associated withbilling for spots in which airing cannotbe proved. This uncertainty is eliminatedbecause the Broadcast System

business computer automatically andcontinuously monitors log performanceby the Control 16 equipment. The systemwill not bill a customer for any spot thatfails to air and, because the systemrecords the exact time that each spotairs, precise affidavits can be providedon demand to any customer. Further-more, the system automatically flagsany missed spots so that they can berescheduled as make -goods. Thus, thecustomer is billed only when the spot isaired successfully.

Wrong cart error. Another problemcommon with automatic cart machinesis that operators inadvertently putwrong carts into specific trays. Thus,when such trays are activated, thewrong commercial is broadcast, an errorthat would go undetected by theautomation system. The BroadcastSystem, however, flags this as a wrongcustomer error, with details on whichcustomer should have aired instead. Aswith any failure in getting a customer'sspot on the air, the system automatical-ly makes a note for the operator that themissed spot should be rescheduled as a

make -good. The customer is not billeduntil that spot is finally aired.

Mechanical failures. The BroadcastSystem constantly monitors the Control16s. Any mechanical failure will bereported in the following ways: check diagnostic code- A memo has

been transmitted by the automationthat may require attention (such asthat dead air has been detected).

data is garbled-Vital data (such asthe customer number) has not beenproperly recorded on a commercial.

commercial was not broadcast-Forsome reason, the cart refused toplay...perhaps because the trip tonewas recorded over the stop tone, etc.Fast load -list dumps. A few automa-

tion devices will create a safety copy oftheir load list (on cartridge tapes, for ex-ample) so that the load list can bereloaded in the event of required power -down. Although this approach is betterthan no protection at all, it still takesseveral hours to create the tapes, oftentying up a production room. Further-more, in the unfortunate event that thetapes have to be used, it takes the sameamount of time to load the informationback into the equipment. The BroadcastSystem, on the other hand, performs thissafety backup automatically using afast Winchester hard disc. This meansthe entire load list can be reloaded intothe Control 16 in a few minutes. Thus,preventive maintenance is more likely tobe performed on schedule.

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The author inspects the controller of theWKAJ Control 16. The performance ofthe WASM and WKAJ Control 16s ismonitored simultaneously by a singleBroadcast System. This monitoring is in-visible to traffic and accounting users ofthe system.

interface, from Broadcast Electronics,for the cartridge tape load/dumps. Itplayed traffic cop to route messagesbetween the computer and the Control16 system. With stockholder approval,I had the system in three months.

The working systemAt the time of this writing, the

system has been operational forseveral months, and working well. Arecent episode illustrates how well.One evening at about 5 p.m., the closeof our business day, a salespersonrushed in with an order that requiredearly morning airing the next day andinvolved 60 spots of advertising over a4 -week program. For manual systems,such an order might have been im-possible to handle. Our system accom-modated it in four minutes: two toenter the order into the computer andtwo for scheduling the morning log. Inanother two minutes, this log could beloaded into the Control 16s. Thehardest thing I did was to assign asource and tray number!

But if the particular order had re-quired airplay right then, I wouldhave merely entered the assignedsource and tray number somewhere inthe Control 16's subprogram. Thecomputer would catch the spot andflag it for proper billing later on.

As a result of this newly foundpower, we are increasing our listenerbase; increasing our billing; and ouradvertisers are happier, because theyare being billed accurately. And final-ly, our advertisers know that the timesreflected on the invoices are exact.

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The missingmilliwattsBy Rod Wheeler, chief engineer, KSAK-FM, Walnut, CA

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KSAK, licensed in 1974, has grownquite a bit in its short history. The sta-tion's studios, operated by the MountSan Antonio Community CollegeDistrict, originally consisted of two 12'x 12' offices. One served as mainstudio and newsroom and the other asproduction room and office. Recentlythe facilities have been enlarged to a30' x 40' area, with the main studiolarger than the whole original station.KSAK now has a separate air studio,newsroom, office, meeting room, andproduction facilities.

In 1974, the station was used fivedays a week, 14 hours a day, servingseveral classes in telecommunica-tions. Now, programming has ex-panded to seven days a week, 24 hoursa day, serving the telecommunicationsdepartment.

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Visit Harris at the 1983 NAB, Las Vegas,in the North Hall.

"Since it handles all the engineering,the 9000 frees our announcers toconcentrate on their primary function-communicating with the listeners.And it frees our operators from time-consuming logging chores. In short,the Harris 9000 is a reliable, efficientboard operator that works 24 hours aday, seven days a week. With oursmall staff, we could not get alongwithout it."

Put a reliable Harris 9000 ProgramAutomation System to work for you.For more information, contact HarrisCorporation, Broadcast ProductsDivision, P. 0. Box 4290, Quincy,Illinois 62301. 217/222-8200.

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Photos: KSAK staff

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A Bird wattmeter tells the story prior toadjustments -0.6W reflected on the10W scale.

The author adjusts the Gates FMC -1antenna from an aerial lift device. Theadjusting donut is visible above his lefthand.

The author makes final adjustments atthe Shadow Mountain antenna/transmit-ter site.



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A separate newsroom is visually connected with the main studio.

Reel-to-reel and cassette audiotape equipment interface to the production roomaudio board.

Recently, the power output was im-proved a little too. Not to say that it'smore than 3.5W, but a little closer toit. A mismatch had caused us to havehigh reflected power. To the averageengineer, a reflected power of 0.6Wwould bring cheers of joy. However,to us, that 0.6W represented 7% of ourpower. (KSAK runs 3.5W ERP; thetransmitter puts out 8.3W; and it hasan antenna efficiency of 42%. So,0.6W reflected out of the 8.3W was0.25W ERP or a 7% loss.)

The solution was simple: Adjust theGates FMC -1 antenna for best SWR. Acall to Gates obtained the needed in-structions. The antenna has a match-ing coaxial section on its base. Thiscoax section must be disassembledand a "donut" of what appears to beTeflon must be moved onto the centerconductor to achieve best SWR. Thecollege provided a Hi -Ranger to getme to the antenna. The coax was dis-connected and the inner conductorremoved. Then the tuning "donut" wasmoved. This was done several timesuntil the lowest reflected power wasachieved. The final figure was approx-imately 0.05W reflected.

Well, I could not tell it, but the sta-tion manager claims he can tell thedifference. It was a good experience,but now to get rid of those 50mW!

:r:))))1

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Cable copyright decisionshould stand, broadcasters say

The NAB opposes motions to re-verse or stay the Copyright RoyaltyTribunal's decision involving its newroyalty rate schedule for cable sys-tems carrying distant TV signals,which took effect Jan. 1, 1983.

Motions for stay and reversal werefiled in the US District Court of Ap-peals for the District of Columbia Cir-cuit by the National Cable TelevisionAssociation (NCTA) and others. NABhas asked the court to deny the re-quests.

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FCC should rescind banon cableMetwork

common ownershipThe NAB said the FCC should re-

scind its ban on common ownership ofcable TV systems and national TV net-works. In comments filed with thecommission, NAB said that there is asubstantial, detailed record support-ing this position, which is favored bythe FCC's Office of Plans and Policy,the special FCC Network Inquiry staffand the Justice Department.

NAB said this record reflects themany reasons why the present pro-hibition undermines the public in-terest and why rescinding the rulewould produce important publicbenefits with only a remote risk ofabuse. It said that as a practical mat-ter, "the network/cable ownership banis a solution in search of a problem."

It said that the high level of competi-

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TRANSMITTING TUBES3CX1000A7 . . .526.00 4CX1500A ....674.00 807 5.50 ML7007A . . . .3390.003CX1500A7 . . . .460.00 4CX1500B 460.00 810 72.00 7527 110.003CX2500A3 .. . .426.00 4CX3000A 862.00 811A 11 00 7527A 160.003CX2500F3 .. . .435.00 4CX5000A . . . .1018.00 813 40.00 8008 22.003CX3000A1 .. . .420.00 4CX5000J . . . .1550.00 828 80.00 8122 110.003CX3000A7 .. . .540.00 4CX10000D . . .1265.00 8296 16 00 8773 6413.003CX3000F1 . . . .495.00 4CX15000A ...1495.00 833A 80.00 8791 445.003CX3000F7 ....650.00 4CX20000A . . .1475.00 866A 6.80 8791V1 445.003CX10000A3 . .1230.00 4CX35000C . . .5950.00 872A 19.50 8792 798.003CX10000A7 . .1420.00 4CX40000G . . .6722.00 889RA 1775.00 8792V1 770.003CX10000U7 . .2175.00 4X150A 49.50 892R 2200.00 8806 3053.003CX15000A3 . .1350.00 4X500A 320.00 4055 125.00 8807 2954.003CX15000A7 . .1475.00 4-65A 62.00 4055VI 125.00 8873 190.003CX20000A7 ..1855.00 4-125A 75.00 5671 5685.00 8874 185.003-400Z 82.00 4-250A 90.00 5762 675.00 8875 195.003-500Z 88.00 4-400A 88.00 5867A 143.00 8890 3053.003-1000Z 367.00 4-400AX 160.00 5894A 55.00 8891 3355.004CX250B 60.00 4-4006 110.00 6076 695.00 8916 3465.004CX250BC 68.00 4-400C 88.00 6076A 625.00 8976 2975.004CX250K 125.00 4-500A 212.00 6146A 7.25 8977 2700.004CX250R 115.00 4-1000A 415.00 6146B 7.50 8984 6875.004CX300A 182.00 5CX1500A 655.00 6155 75.00 8985 1755.004CX300Y 214.00 5CX3000A . .1075.00 6156 90.00 8986 1450.004CX350A 118.00 5-500A 250.00 6166A (7007) . .2900.00 8988 3200.004CX350F 118.00 9C25 10,285.00 6181 4025.00 8990 1455.004CX1000A 395.00 575A 27.00 6696A 2790.00 9007 4125.004CX1000K 494.00 805 50.00 6697A replace with 8773 9011 1755.00

RCA CAMERA TUBESPART NO. PRICE PART NO. PRICE PART NO. PRICE PART NO. PRICEBC4386 series 2500.00 BC4809 775.00 BC4993R . . 2455.00 BC7735 250.00BC4390 series 1850.00 BC4809B 775.00 BC4994 series 2455.00 BC8134 850.00BC4391 series 2160.00 BC4908 series 1850.00 5820A/L 3060.00 BC8134B 850.00BC4532U .... 1320.00 BC4909 2145.00 7295C 2835.00 8480 1365.00BC4592 series 2225.00 BC4992 series 2225.00 7389C 2855.00 BC8480 2015.00BC4593R ... 2400.00 BC8507 295.00BC4594 series 2400.00 BC8541 . ... 395.00

NEW CUSTOMERS -we accept telephone orders. Inquire about our convenient Net 30 terms.Prices and items subject to change or withdrawal without prior notice.

ATTENTION NAB

OVERSEAS

VISITORSMeet multilingualexport representa-tives at our exhibitbooth No. 1761. onApril 10-13 in LasVegas. They areprepared to negoti-ate special exportprices and offer youC.I.F. destinationquotations.

ATTENTION

DISTRIBUTORS

and

REPRESENTATIVESMeet our BroadcastSales Manager atthe NAB Show. He isprepared to offerspecial discountsand commissions.

VISIT US ATBOOTH 1761

TOLL FREE, 800-526-6362EAST COAST Except New Jersey)7 DAYS -24 HOUR

EMERGENCY PHONE SERVICETOLL FREE 800-421.7549WEST COAST (Except California)

CALVERT ELECTRONICS, INC.ONE BRANCA ROAD, EAST RUTHERFORD, NJ 07073

800-526-6362 201-460.8800 TWX 710-989.0116/ERFD TELEX 4990274West Coast: 1355 Redondo Avenue, Suite 6, Long Beach, CA 90804 213-498-3504/3184

England: Imperial House, Victoria Rd., Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1NY Telephone: 0245 358585 Telex: 995849

o Circle (101) on Reply Card

tion that presently exists in cable tele-vision would continue after lifting therule. If the networks are allowed tobecome cable system owners, theywill have to propose multiple chan-nels of diverse programming, in-cluding local access and offerings thatcompete with their own program-ming, in order to compete successful-ly for cable franchises, according toNAB.

International boardrecommends meeting

with JapaneseThe NAB's International Committee

has recommended that the associationcosponsor a high level meeting inNew York this year with Japanesebroadcasters. The purpose, accordingto Chairman Arch L. Madsen, presi-dent, Bonneville Int'l. Corporation,Salt Lake City, UT, would be to "bringtogether the two free nations most ac-tive in international communication."

Many topics were discussed withKalman Schaefer, assistant to the FCCchairman for international com-munications, including the following:the implementation of the agreementreached in Rio de Janeiro and theproblem of Cuban interference; theforthcoming DBS meeting in Genevain 1983, which will cover the alloca-

tion of orbit locations and frequen-cies; and the UN Committee on thePeaceful Uses of Outer Space.

The strengthening of relationshipswith the Inter -American Associationof Broadcasters (IAAB), the Asia -Pacific Broadcasting Union (APBU),the European Broadcasting Union(EBU) and other internationalorganizations, was also covered.

Other matters of importance werethe progress made in UNESCO's at-tempts to inhibit the free flow of infor-mation, and plans for a major NAB in-ternational convention session onApril 13.

FCC land mobile reportoverestimates spectrum needs

The FCC Private Radio Bureau's(PRB) interim staff report on "FuturePrivate Land Mobile Telecom-munications" overestimates futurespectrum needs, according to theNAB.

In a filing with the commission,NAB said PRB has overlooked newtechnologies such as amplitude corn-pandored single sideband and hasbased its findings on current ineffi-cient spectrum occupancy. NAB saidthat no new spectrum is required tomeet the estimated demand as long asnew technologies and techniques areemployed by land mobile services.

24 -HR.PROFESSIONAL

SERVICE FORCOLLINS &

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TRANSMITTERSContinental Electronics offersparts and engineering servicefor all Collins AM & FMtransmitters.

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31 Progress Court, Scarborough, Ontario M 16 3VS Phone: 416439-9333 Telex: 021/0652543;


February 1983 Broadcast Eigineering 107

SHOKSTOR The case thatcovers the Super Bowl

and never drops the ball.

Slam. Bang. Crunch.No wonder fumbles happen on

the field.The real wonder is that Shok-Stop

cases can take the same kind ofpunishment on the way to the field-and still protect your sensitive broad-cast equipment.

It's because our case design incor-porates "concertina" folds whichabsorb shock energy by "giving"slightly ckifing impact.

And the outer material is a toughbut resilient polyethylene that

returns to Is original st-ape to awaitthe next :alt.

Inside, cushiony foam adds yetanother layer of protection. With 98"blank foam" cases and hundreds ofcustom patterns, we can transportvirtually any piece of broadcastequipmen7with snug assurance.

What's more, only Shok-Sloplatches, handles and hinges can eas-ily be repaired in the fiela. Becausesomething as important as a SuperBowl broadcast shouldn't hinge ona hinge.

With water -tight Shok-Stop caseson your team, you'll sleep better thenight before the big game.

So call today for full information.Tnermodyne International, Ltd.20850 S. Alameda, Long Beach,CA 90810. (213) 603-1976

TTHERMODYNEINTERNATIONAL LTDSuperiority in every case.

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FIIMIghftNational Radio

Broadcasters' Association

1705 De Sales Street. NWWashington. DC 20036

1.202-4662030

Deregulation food for thoughtRecently the FCC reminded broad-

casters that they are licensed to servethe public interest rather than theirprivate interests. A radio broadcasterused his station to further his non -broadcast business with a concert pro-motion. The broadcaster chargedhimself much less for the commer-cials promoting his concerts than hecharged other concert promoters inhis market when they had concerts topromote.

The commission ruled that the sta-tion owner's conduct was contrary tothe public interest because he was us-ing his broadcast license in a mannerdesigned to gain a competitive advan-tage in his non -broadcast business.

According to the NRBA, the com-mission's deregulation order and thederegulation bills in Congress do notand will not free radio broadcastersfrom the all -encompassing public in-terest standard that the Communica-tions Act of 1934 mandates. As long as

that standard exists, NRBA saidbroadcasters will be subject to what-ever interpretation of public interest isin vogue with three out of the five FCCcommissioners and/or the courts.

Only the full and true deregulationof radio that NRBA seeks and that canonly be achieved through legislationwill eliminate the current constraintson radio broadcasters. Meanwhile,broadcasters should remember theystill are not deregulated. The commis-sion has shown that it is still con-cerned about the commercial prac-tices followed by its licensees and willpunish station owners whose policies,in its view, treat competitors "unfair-ly."

Accordingly, licensees engaging innon -broadcast businesses on their sta-tions should make certain that theircompetitors may gain access to thestation on the same terms.

Courtesy of NRBASpecial Report, Nov. 29, 1982

The Canadian Associationof Broadcasters

(4165Sparks, Eighth Floor

Box CP 627, Stn. BOttawa, Canada KIP 5S2

1-613-233-4035

CAB recommends face-liftfor broadcasting system

Private broadcasters are recom-

'RadioTafor professionals

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30 Chapin Road, P.O. Box 699 Pine Brook, NJ 07058 Phone: 201/882-0584 In Canada, Electro & Optical Systems Ltd.,

31 Progress Court, Scarborough, Ontario M 16 3VS Phone: 416/439-9333 Telex: 021/06525431



Nowyour ENG units can affordthe same "line" microphones

bought by every major network!You can pay as muz.ri as $1,50C ormore to get a good. _or_g-reacl-:line rucrophonp, you can pu:the new Audio- Tecarnta AT815in every production unit f DT

under $230 each, or Iha phantorn-powered AT815R for under$300 each.

What you'll hear i3 perform-ance closely rivalling- our moreexper_sive bretzre = Eo close,in fact, that every majzr netwc righas tr_ed and bought our linemicrophones. Ar_dsome advantagrs which can bevery important in the field..

For instance, tie phantom -

powered AT81EF_ can interfacewith supply voltages from 9to 52 volts without adapters orextra circuits. SO you don't haveto rebuild present equIpmentto put it on the air. Vie alsc havea neat 2 -battery 9V powersupply you can use. VVien cnebattery is in use, the ether is onstandby. For your pe ace of mind.

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The AT815 and AT815R weighbarely:Dv-1:E: 9 ounces, to makethem easy to "t_shpole" or handhold. An each comes with afoam winr_screen which slips onin a second. Olt:. optional shockmount Dar_be added as wet.And the A:81ER has a bass roll-off s-A,11-xr.: if needed to co:1:mlrumie

Bothrr.odels are designedtotake the rough-and-tumble lifeof an EING urr_t -:...r remote filmcrew, and beep delivering excel-lent sound Witt the narrowdirectivity:Art:kb makes linemicm-Jitiones sc useful in. sup-pressir:g noise and "reachingout" beyond rc:mal mike range.

If you tliDucrbt line mic:o-phones vaeire °-_t of react-of your DII:dget. ask yourAucho-Tec:-inica sound Ispecialist -to sl-n.yw youthe AT81E 3r AT815R.We think you'l agree 1,

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mending fast action by the federalgovernment to overhaul obsoletebroadcasting and copyright legisla-tion so that the whole broadcastingsystem can cope with the communica-tions revolution.

The CAB made its recommenda-tions, covering radio, television andcable, in a policy paper sent to Com-munications Minister Francis Fox.The timing of the CAB's release of thepaper is before the communicationsminister's recommendations to thecabinet on broadcasting and culturalpolicies, and the likely emergence of agovernment "green paper" in the newyear.

CAB Chairman Don Brinton, presi-dent of CanWest Broadcasting of Win-nipeg, said that work by the associa-tion's internal committees has beenunder way for almost a year toprepare and refine its policy recom-mendations to the federal govern-ment.

With respect to television, the CABpaper recommends incentives, ratherthan more stringent regulations, toenhance Canadian production. It alsoinsists that broaccasters must have ex-clusive rights for certain programs intheir licensed service areas, if they are

to generate the revenues needed tofinance expensive new productions.

The CAB also recommends that therole of broadcasters and cableoperators be re -aligned. The primaryrole of broadcasters is to produce pro-grams, and the main role of cable is todeliver those programs, the paperpoints out. "We believe that cable -originated services should be licensedthrough a competitive hearing proc-ess, with assured access to cable chan-nels for the successful licensees,"Brinton said.

Concerning radio, the CAB paperurges early introduction of a singleAM stereo transmission standard,equal access to cable for AM and FMstations, and recommends less rigidradio regulations to enable Canadianbroadcasters to cope more effectivelywith new technologies.

The paper also states that privatebroadcasters favor federal jurisdictionover all forms of broadcasting andsuggests that the federal cabinetshould have the power to issue broadpolicy directives to the CRTC, pro-viding that the public has an oppor-tunity to comment before directivesare issued.

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Phone: 416/439-9333 Telex: 021/06525431



newproducts

DegausserAlthough the MaxERASE-16 from

Christie Electric erases computer tapesin 30 seconds each, on a continuousbasis, it serves videotape andaudiotape users as well. Reels of tapefrom 1/4 to 21/2 -inch widths and 16 -inchdiameters may be erased to a - 95dBlevel on materials with coercivitiesfrom 300 to 750 + oersteds.


Signal generatorThe SG 505 Option 2 signal

generator from Tektronix duplicatesthe standard SG 505 operation with anadditional high level, fully balancedoutput at 500, 1500 or 600(2. Thegenerator continues to operate withthe AA 501 distortion analyzer to ex-tend THD measurements withminimum operator adjustments.


Video recorderThe Frezzi On -Cam FOC-1 VTR

from Frezzolini Electronics attaches toa variety of cameras with a standardAnton/Bauer battery bracket, pro-viding camera operators freedomfrom cables. Based upon the JVC VHS

C Format recorder, Frezzolini hasmade modifications allowing the newmounting system.


Audio mixerThe 5990 broadcast mixer has been

designed by Integrated Sound Systemsfor remote use or radio production ap-plications. Three independent,modular input sections accept aphono and line -level input with3 -band equalization, volume controland stereo send/receive capability.


EncoderAssociated with the model 501 Sync

Proc, the new encoder from GrummanAerospace provides YIQ video fordirect recording of RGB graphicsgenerators on 1/2 -inch videotape. Theencoder will also allow encoding anaudio channel into video formultichannel TV sound.


ENG batteryA replacement for the BP90 battery

is available from Portable EnergyProducts. For use with Sony BVU por-

table VTRs and BVP portablecameras, the PEP BP90 replacementincludes nicad cells and is recharge-able on existing Sony BC -210 fastchargers.


Machine controllerDesigned for broadcast, LPTV, in-

dustrial and CATV applications, theC-150 automatic VTR machine con-troller/commercial ad inserter fromMicrotime uses vertical intervalswitching. One C-150 will control upto four machines, based on manual in-structions or encoded tones. A TBCinterface allows TBC mode control aswell.


Power ampsThe QSC Audio Products series one

power amplifiers are for discriminat-ing users wanting superior audio per-formance. Model 1400 is rated at200W output per channel, driving 8(1,with a 20Hz-20kHz response and 0.1%THD performance. Input impedanceis 20k(/ balanced or unbalanced.Crosstalk is - 75dB.

Circle (424) on Reply Card I r:4)))1

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With Our ImageBroadcasters-network and local-have turned to ESD. Sharp, timely, accurate digital

weather displays. National, regional, special event sectors from GOES West or East satellites.A phone call away, all day, every day.

Now, with conventional weather -data graphics in satellite projection. ESD offers more foryour money-more quality, more clout for your forecasts.

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Call ESD: Terry Hambrick or Ken Geremia

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. (301) 423-2113 COD112 Broadcast Engineering February 1983


Component for component,

Standard still offers the best TVROsystem for its price in the industry.

$Li TANTIARO

SATELLITE AIOEO RECEIVER AGILE 24S

SATELLITE RECEIVER AGILE 24M

Agile 24M -S Satellite Receiver -Slave

There are a lot of firms offer-ing so-called "complete" TVROsystems. Only Standard Com-munications has a full product lineTVRO system backed with compe-titive pricing, immediate avail-ability, free demonstration pro-gram, and the kind of field serv-ice/engineering team with morethan a dozen years' experience inhigh technology communications.

Take our proven, reliableAgile 24 stand-alone receiver sys-tem. It features loop -through de-sign capable of driving up to 100slaves at a lower cost per channel

LNBC24

4\7100-00.

than an equivalent number of mas-ters, dual conversion circuitry thatconverts the signal down twice,and 16 dB converter gain.

Our LNBC24 Low NoiseAmplifier/Block Down Converterfeatures GaAs FET technology,100°K noise temperature, 1.5 dBnoise figure, 55 dB gain. It

mounts directly on the earth sta-tion antenna permitting use of low

ODC24

cost cable runs tothe satellite receiver.

Use our ODC24 OutdoorDown Converter with ourAgile 24S slave receiver to blockdownconvert microwave signalsfrom 3.7 to 4.2 GHz to 760 to1260 MHz. By mounting theODC24 on the LNA, longer cableruns to the receiver using low costcable are possible. The ODC24also features 16 dB conversiongain, and a weather resistant hous-ing and built-in heater for allweather operation.

Earth Station >ntenna

Our earth station antennas areunit -molded to assure precisioncontour for increased gain andminimal RMS surface deviations.Models are offered in 3.7, 4.6 and

5.0 meters with polar, computer -controlled azimuth drive or fixedmounts.

Our MIF 24/60 and MIF24/80 filters remove interference

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Agile 24 receiver for 60 MHzand/or 80 MHz filtration of the 70MHz IF stream.

Standard can put you in theTVRO business or improve thequality of your service right now.

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...the TVRO System people


I For the answersto your

Computer Animationand

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see theDubner Computer

\_ ad on page------,i---'--

0


newliteratureNational Association of Broadcasters- Industry report: "Radio Today-and

Tomorrow," (75 pages), $20 for mem-bers, $60 for non-members.


Comprehensive Video Supply- 1982 Catalog: "The Complete

Book of Professional Video Acces-sories," (164 pages), $5.


Siemens Components-Application note: "Control IC's TDA

4700/4718 for Switched -Mode PowerSupplies," (35 pages), free.


Comsearch- Service note/data sheet: "Receive -

Only Earth Station Coordination,"(2 pages), free.


National Association of Broadcasters- Book: "Buying or Building a Broad-

cast Station," (78 pages), members,$10; non-members, $30.


Any way you plan it,the Quad -Eight 248 Series is the affordable

performance leader. TV, Radio, Recording, P.A., or Film, the248 system allows you to tailor the console to your current and future needs.

All of this flexibility, available at a price competitive with the "pre-packaged"consoles. Check it out - more features, Quad -Eight performance, andQuad -Eight reliability.

CALL YOUR DEALER, OR'

Quad -Eight Electronics For the artist in every engineer.11929 Vose Street, North Hollywood, California 91605Telephone: (213) 764-1516 Telex: 662-446 QUADFATHER LSA

Beckman ElectronicTechnologies Group

-Catalog: "1982 Short -Form Catalog"(components), free.


Fiberbilt- Pamphlet: "Protective Shipping

Cases, Catalog 182A," (6 pages),free.


Comsearch- Booklet: "LPTV Tier Study Booklet,"

$50.Circle (440) on Reply Card

National Association of Broadcasters-Report: "Cellular Radio: A Business

Assessment for Broadcasters," (26pages), members, $5; non-members,$15.


Bird Electronic Corporation-Catalog: "MobCat-82, Mobile Com-

munications Support Test Equip-ment," (20 pages), free.


O

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New Series "E" transmitters from Harris . . .

Improved efficiency,superior performance over any

previous UHF -TV transmitters!

The "E" is for efficiency in the newHarris Series "E" UHF -TV transmit-ter line...efficiency that can saveyou thousands of dollars annuallyin power costs (typically $10,000per year for a 55 kW transmitter).

These features are standard ineach of the new "E" models:

Variable visual coupler forhigher klystron efficiency.

"H" type 5 -cavity high efficiencyklystrons.

Mod Anode Pulser to reduceinput power requirements.

100% waveguide diplexer tominimize high power RF losses.

The new VIDEO* SAW 'liter eliminatesconventional receiver equalizers, andoffers the best performance in the industrywith absolutely no costly and time-consuming periodic realignment.

A new and unique Quadrature Correctorcompensates for several types of klystronnon-linearities to supply the quality oftransmitter performance required by mod-ern receivers and subscription televisiondecoders.

Save with Series "E". .today's best valuein UHF -TV transmitters. Available in 30kW, 55 kW, 110 kW and 220 kW models.

Contact Harris Corporation, P.O. Box 4290,Quincy, Illinois 62305-4290. 217/222-8200.

*Visual IF Delay Equalized Output

Visit Harris at the 1983 NAB, Las Vegas, HiNFURISin the North Hall.


ANTENNA IMPEDANCEMEASUREMENTS WITH

INTERFERENCE IMMUNITYThe Model SD -31 Synthesizer/Detector

Is. . .

... designed for antenna impedancemeasurements in presence of stronginterference High-level oscilla-tor compatible with General Radio916 Series, 1606 Series, and Delta01B-1 Impedance Bridges Spe-cial coherent detector circuit rejectsinterfering signals during measure-ments Crystal controlled fre-quency, variable in 500 Hz stepsfrom 100.0 kHz to 1999.5 kHz Receiver for detector can be ex-ternal or optional built-in RX-31 Powered by rechargeable batteries Self-contained portable package Field proven

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EditorialContinued from page 10

On the other hand, he acknowledgesthat traditional boundaries betweenprinted and electronic words arebecoming blurred. The New YorkTimes, for instance, takes to the air-waves each night via satellite topublish in Chicago, California andFlorida. Similarly the Wall Street Jour-nal and Gannett's USA Today also usesuch technology.

So newspapers are already intoradio and television, but thus far theyhave avoided the heavy hand ofgovernment. Not so with traditionalbroadcasters. And therein lies a con-siderable contradition in objectivity inthis situation. As Sulzberger notes,"While most newspaper publishersbelieve in fairness, we have as yet noobligation to publish opposite sides ofan issue, nor are we obliged to makespace available-neither editorial nor,for that matter, advertising space-forother views. Frankly, we can be asbiased or unfair as we wish."

NAB-'83/Las Vegas could become afocal point for broadcasters to mar-shal their forces in the battle forfreedom to communicate. So beprepared to do your part. Study thissituation and be ready to step forwardto express your view if called upon,either at the convention or in anyother directions that should arise.

Communication is not unilater-al. Each month Broadcast En-gineering strives to bring you theinformation you want and need.As we assemble an issue, we drawon widely varying backgrounds inthe journalism and broadcastspheres. Objectivity is a key to ourwork, but we do have opinions,and so do you. This editorial pageis our soapbox to air opinions oncurrent issues.

But the communication loopwill not be complete without yourparticipation. Give us your com-ments on our opinions, as well asyour thoughts on other topics. OurFeedback column will includesome of your responses. Throughthis interaction we will betterserve you, perhaps even solve aproblem or two with the discus-sions. Opinions that differ fromour own are welcome, and so areconfirmations on key issues.

Address comments to: The Edi-tor, Broadcast Engineering, P.O.Box 12901, Overland Park, KS66212.

I :7::))))1LANCASTER AVENUE AT DORSET. DEVON. PA 19333 BOX 826 (2151 687-5550



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businessUS TV to Australia

The first 24 -hour -a -day international TV service viasatellite was launched late last December. Programming,originating from studios in Hollywood, CA, is sent to San-ta Paula, CA, where a COMSAT 13m antenna uplinks tothe INTELSAT Pacific Ocean satellite. The signals arereceived via an 18m antenna in Sydney, Australia, for useby Channel 9 and the Nine Network of Australia.

Russell Watkins, president, Channel 9 Australia, a US -based subsidiary of Publishing and Broadcasting Ltd. inSydney, said, "This new and innovative service marks thebeginning of a valuable cultural and social link betweenAustralia and the United States. News, entertainmentand sports programming from the United States on a full -period basis will expand the viewing choices for theAustralian audience. The immense physical separation ofour two countries was lessened with the inaugeration ofthe Nine Network of Australia."

COMSAT World Systems Division, which provides thesatellite facilities for this venture, is the officiallydesignated US participant in INTELSAT.

East Coast offices openedVia Video, Cupertino, CA, has announced a new East

Coast sales and service office for its System Onevideographics equipment and related products. SystemOne capabilities include real time frame animation, stop -frame animation, multiple type fonts, hard copy ortransparency production and direct output to videothrough the NTSC-1 encoding technology.

The new offices, under the direction of Peter Clark, vicepresident of marketing, are located at 575 Madison Ave.,New York, NY 10022.

Tektronix launches first dealer programUS customers of Tektronix are now able to purchase

some of the company's leading TV test and measurementequipment through the convenience of selected profes-sicrnal video dealerships (PVDs). As a complement to theexisting direct sales organization, the Professional VideoDealer program offers customers the benefit of buyingTektronix TV products from dealers or Tektronix salesengineers.

For now, the dealerships will concentrate their effortson the low technology products that require little applica-tion support, and the sales engineers will continue tofocus on the high technology products. Both organiza-tions can and will handle all products in between.

Although the dealers will primarily handle lowtechnology monitoring products, customers will finddealers have similar technical competence and integritythat they find in Tektronix' sales engineers. "Not justanyone gets to be a Tek PVD," Austin Basso, marketingmanager for the Communications Division, said. "We'velimited the number of possible dealerships, and we'd liketo think we've got the top 60 or so out of the hundreds ofdealers who've applied so far."

After being invited to apply for PVD by the areaTektronix sales engineer, a potential dealer must gothrough an extensive application and selection pro-cedure. The dealer's type of business, territory, servicepolicy, sales force, credit worthiness and businessreferences-among other things-are all carefully re-viewed by the area regional sales manager. Final selec-tion and appointment to a PVD is done by a marketingselection committee in Beaverton, OR. (See Table I for listof current dealers.)

Because dealers carry a wide and varied product line,


Now, I can program, air andcontrol station breaks, localcommercials-in fad totallyautomate my station's sched-uling needs 24 hours a daywith just the touch of a finger.

Unlike costly 2" video cartmachines-this automaticmulti -deck random-accessvideo cart system developedby Lake is compact, modularand has the flexibility I need.

It was a turn key system.I had a choice of formats:

U-Matic/Type M/Type C.La -Kart is expandable andcapable of controlling upto 30 machines. It featuresautomatic frame accurateswitching-plus, total redun-dancy. Best of all, it reducestape costs, programmingtime-and even cuts myoverhead by freeing

operators to perform other duties.La -Kart. It's the affordable

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MONITORS AND RECEIVERSCVM-1250 $614 PVM-411 $919CVM-1900 $835 PVM-4000 $721CVM-2150 $1125 PVM5300 $1659CVM-3000 $5624 PVM-8200MB $1147MED-1900 $1009 PVM-1900 $720

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customers who want to interface their Tek equipmentwith other manufacturers' equipment will be able to drawon the dealer's expertise when configuring their systems.

Dealerships will receive the latest applications and sup-port literature. All products sold to dealerships arebacked by the same warranty users would get if theybought directly through Tektronix. Because of the shift inproduct focus, sales engineers will now be able to spendmore time with customers on site-determining thecustomer's needs and providing greater application sup-port.

Because Tektronix will be able to penetrate moremarkets at relatively lower cost, customers can expect thebenefit to be passed on in the form of increased serviceand sales support from their local sales engineers.

Table I.Tektronix authorized professional video dealers

ALABAMAPro Video Systems

ALASKANVS Systems

CALIFORNIABroadcast MarketingCalifornia Video SalesGeneral Electric SystemsHoffman Video SystemsMerlin Engineering WorksOmega VideoPacific Video ProductsR. E. Snader & AssociatesTri-Tronics

COLORADOCeavco Audio -VideoVideo Teknix

FLORIDAFlorida Video SystemsHubbard Communications

GEORGIAGray Communications

Consultants

ILLINOISHarrisRoscorSwiderski Electronics

MASSACHUSETTSCramer VideoLake Systems

MARYLANDProfessional Products

MICHIGANGeneral Television NetworkThalner Electronic Labs

MINNESOTAEmmons AssociatesTodd CommunicationsVideo Midwest

MISSOURITV EngineeringVideo mastersVMI Company

NEW JERSEYAF AssociatesCentral DynamicsLandy AssociatesTele-MeasurementsTurner Engineering

NEW YORKCamera MartCamera Service CenterLaumic CompanyMPCS Video IndustriesReeves AV SystemsSonocraft

NORTH CAROLINATechnical Video Systems

OHIOKavcoMidwest

OKLAHOMADiversified Electronics

Communications

OREGONVideosonics

PENNSYLVANIAAlpha Video & ElectronicsElectromediaLerro ElectricalPierce -Phelps

TEXASAuta-TronicsBroadcast SystemsMagnetic MediaMZB & Associates

UTAHSkaggs Video Sales

VIRGINIAAVEC Electronics

WASHINGTONBennett EngineeringCustom Video SystemsNorthwest Electronics

WISCONSINVideo Images

Viacom licenses four films to ChinaThe licensing of four feature films to China Central

Television in Beijing, Peoples Republic of China, hasbeen announced by Robert L. Glaser, president of ViacomEnterprises.

In making the announcement. Glaser said, "We firstmet with Xu Chuang Cheng and the Chinese Delegation



in New York City, and further negotiations were enteredinto at MIFED in Milan with Madam Zheng Wei, deputymanager of China Central Television. We were pleased tofind them receptive to the sensitive human intereststorylines which each of these films illustrate, and feelthat this agreement marks a significant cultural com-munications link between our two countries."

The features that China Central Television will broad-cast are Larry, Queen of the Stardust Ballroom, I LoveYou-Goodbye, and Miles To Go Before I Sleep. There arenow 10 million TV sets in China.

CBS station receivessimultaneous reception

WTVH-TV 5, a Meredith Broadcasting unit, has an-nounced plans to install a Simulsat 7m equivalent earthstation for its location in Syracuse, NY. The Simulsatsystem, designed and manufactured by AntennaTechnology Corporation, allows the CBS station toreceive network programming as well as a variety of sup-plemental feeds from any and all satellites, simultaneous-ly. Although the station can air live satellite feeds, it isalso able to tape feeds being delivered via differentsatellites with one earth station.

Orrox-Satcom merger completedOrrox Corporation (ASE-ORR) has completed the

merger of its Satcom subsidiary into the parent company.Satcom now becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Or-rox, which previously held an 82.5% equity interest.

Dr. Bernard Jacobs, previously chairman of Satcom,becomes a vice president of Orrox Corporation and re-mains chairman of the Satcom subsidiary. Philip Aren-son, previously president of Orrox, becomes presidentand chief executive officer of Satcom.

"This merger now allows us new opportunities to moveforward with the Satcom venture," Arenson said. "DBSwill be a huge market both here in the United States andabroad. With the merger, Orrox shareholders will nowbenefit from the whole of Satcom's expected successes.Orrox can also move forward now, knowing that thestrategies and directions of Satcom will be in full accordwith the objectives of Orrox shareholders."

The Satcom subsidiary of Orrox Corporation manufac-tures 12GHz satellite -to -home TV receivers. Through itsCMX Division, Orrox also manufactures computer -assisted videotape editing systems.

Agfa Video Tape appoints MillerAgfa-Gevaert Magnetic Tape Division has announced

the appointment of L. Matthew Miller Associates Ltd. asan authorized distributor for Agfa Video Tape.

Basys moves home officeBasys has recently moved to 2685 Marine Way, Moun-

tain View, CA 94043; 1-415-969-9810. In announcing themove, the company also introduced the opening of itsLondon office. The new office is Basys Intl, Inter CityHouse, 16 Mortimer St., London W1P 4DE; 01-637-2424,Ext. 2495.

Harrison Systems availablein Southern California

To better support the film and TV production industryin Southern California, Harrison Systems has announcedthat Everything Audio wil be exclusive representativesfor the MR and TV series audio consoles. HarrisonSystems of Nashville, TN, will continue to support itsequipment users through its factory West Coast office,manned by Ken Fay at 1-213-622-0331 or 1-415-441-4945.Everything Audio, Encino, CA, may be contacted at1-213-995-4175.

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The most advanced editornow costs less thanstripped -down units.

Mach One® Series II fromBosch-Fernseh. The fastest, easiest -to-use, and most powerful videotapeeditor on the market.

Now, we're making it the mostaffordable editor.

Less is more.Series II is our second generation

Mach One system-with a combina-tion of advanced features no othercomputer -assisted editor can match.Regardless of cost.

Features like dual -channel audiocontrol to give you independentcontrol over two separate audio tracksplus the video channel.

Variable speed control to letyou select any of 16 shuttle -jogspeeds in either direction.

©1982 Fernseh Inc. All rights reserved.

Programmable slow motion tolet you program your selected speedsin the edit list-with the sequencescompletely repeatable.

Updated edit list formatting togive you 6 -digit alphanumeric reelnumbers and various other edit listfeatures.

Cluster -event programming tolet you program complicated multipleevents in a "cluster" treated as asingle event-and preview or record inone pass rather than event -at -a -time.

Screen highlighting to brightenthe edit line you're working on whiledimming the rest of the screen-soyou'll never strain your eyes or yournerves, and never lose your place.

There's no comparison.Despite all its power, all its speed,

all its capability, Mach One Series IIcosts less than many stripped -downeditors. And far less than any remotelycomparable system.


Second best-orsecond generation?

Now you don't have to settle forless editing power than you needbecause your budget can't handleyour first choice. We're making thechoice easy. You can have the secondgeneration instead of the second best.

Your local Bosch-Fernseh officehas full details. Call them. Or get intouch with us directly: Fernseh Inc.,P.O. Box 31816, Salt Lake City, UT84131, (801) 972-8000.

BOSCH

people e-Perfect TimingBen Forrester has been appointed a vice president ofAnixter Communications. Forrester comes to Anixterfrom Scientific-Atlanta, where he was most recently na-tional sales manager.

Peter Kehoe has been chosen to fill the position of fieldservice engineer at Studer Revox America's New York of-fice. Kehoe previously served as a maintenance engineerat the Hit Factory recording studio in New York.

WFSB honorees

WFSB Channel 3 celebrated its 25th year of operationwith special recognition given to 14 employees whojoined the station in its first year of operation, and whoalso are celebrating their 25th anniversary with the com-pany. Shown (left to right, sitting): engineers GeorgeDawson, Arthur Masthay, Raymond McDonald andStuart Babcock; director Jack Guckin. Shown (left toright, standing): engineers Harry Levine, Bill Conticello,Ed Derry, Dick Oeser, Alastair MacDonald, DickHeinze and Ed Gracyalny. Not pictured are MickeyGentile and Ed Walsh.

MZB & Associates has announced that Betty Dirham hasbeen named marketing manager; Rich Hajdu, previouslybroadcast sales manager, has become area manager; andBill Ludwig, formerly with Victor Duncan, has beennamed regional manager for Oklahoma.

Robert Manahan has been promoted to regionalmanager; Jay Crane has been appointed to the newlycreated position of manager of network accounts in theWestern region; and G. Alfred Dodds has been appointedMidwest regional manager, Sony Broadcast ProductsCompany. Manahan was formerly director of marketingfor Compact Video and a regional manager of AmperexElectronics Corporation. Crane has spent the past 13years with Sony Corporation of America, and is a recip-ient of the Sony Samurai Award for his sales achieve-ments as Sony Broadcast's Western regional manager.Dodds will be responsible for directing sales activity in a13 -state region.

Tony Satariano has recently been appointed Easternregional sales manager for Crown International.Satariano's experience includes service with Electro-Voice, InterAudio Systems and Koss.

More than 50 UK film industry executives attended acocktail party in Denham, England, in October to markthe retirement of Ron Haig from Lipsner-Smith. Haig hadbeen vice president of the company. 1:14))))

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ad indexADCADM Technology Inc.A.F. AssociatesAcrodyne Industries IncAllied Broadcast EquipmentAmpex CorpAmtel Systems Inc.Andrew Corp.Antenna TechnologyAsaca/Shibasoku Corp. of

America

11

IFC47, 92

55116

13, 15, 811045968

33, 85, 121

JVC Co. of AmericaLaird TelemediaLake SystemsLeader InstrumentsLeitch Video Ltd.Lerro Electrical CorpLexicon Inc. 89,Logitek Electronic SystemMRI Systems LtdMSI/TexscanMcCurdy Radio Industries

4128

1195

698-9

91, 93184688

IBCAudio-Technica U.S. Inc 110 Micro Controls Inc 48Audio Video Engineering Co. 98 M icrodyne Corp. 103Belar Electronic Labs Inc 116 Microphonics 111BIAS Broadcast Div. 63 Midwest Corp. 1

Bosch/Fernseh Inc. 122 R.K. Morrison Co 111Broadcast Electronics Inc 12 Rupert Neve 49Broadcast Video Systems Ltd 72 Opamp Labs 111CMX Orrox 96 Orban Associates Inc 83Calvert Electronics Inc 106 Otari Corp. 31Cetec Antennas 32 Philips Television Systems Inc. 35Christie Electric Corp 64 Philips Test & Measuring 71Chyron Corp. 42 Pinzone Communications 27Colorgraphics Weather Systems 17 Polyline Corp 109Comsonics CE -3 Portable Energy Products 100Conrac Corp 36-37 Potomac Instruments 116Continental Electronics 107 Precision Echo 87Crosspoint Latch Corp 50 Q.E.I. 118Crown International 82 Quad -Eight Electronics 114Data Communications Corp. 63 Quanta Corp. 19Dolby Labs 90 RCA Camera Tube Marketing 75Dubner Computer Systems Inc 67, 114 Research Technology 80Victor Duncan Inc 44 Restoration 111Dynair Electronics Corp 101 Russco Technologies Inc 111Dynatech Data Systems 58 SatCom Technologies Inc. 79EEV, Inc. 51 Schneider/TV Lenses 4ESE 123 Sennheiser Electronic Corp 100ECHOIab, Inc 40 Shure Brothers 34Elephant Industries CE -16 Sony Corp. of America 20-21, 52-53Elector 107, 109, 111 Standard Communications 113Environmental Satellite Data 112 Standard Tape Laboratory 94Excalibur Industries Inc 78 Stantron div. Wyco Metal 44Farrtronics Ltd. 72 Studer ReVox 82Fernseh Inc. 105 Taber Mfg. Co. 104Film/Video Equipment Service Co. 100 Tascam div TEAC Corp ofFortel Inc. 39 America 25Fuji Photo Film USA Inc 95 Teledyne Energy Systems 94General Electric Video 29 Telex Communications Inc. 16Graham Patten Systems Inc. 98 Thermodyne International Ltd 108Grass Valley Group Inc 7, 56-57, 76-77 Thomson-CSF Components Corp 117Hallikainen & Friends 66 Tiner Communications Services, Inc. . . .. 102Harris Corp. 73, 99, 115 U.R E I 60Hitachi Denshi America Ltd. 3 Utah Scientific 105ITC/3M 97 Videotek Inc. 64Ikegami Electronics Inc. 45, 61 Vital Industries 65Inovonics Inc 84 Ward -Beck Systems Ltd. BCInternational Wholesalers 120 Winsted Corp. 104


Coming events

March 17.22National Association of Televi-sion Programming Executives(NATPE) 20th Annual Conference,Las Vegas Hilton, Las Vegas, NV

April 10.13NAB 61st Annual Convention, LasVegas Convention Center, LasVegas, NV

April 17.21NPR Annual Conference, HyattRegency, Minneapolis, MN

May 28 -June 213th Intl TV Symposium andTechnical Exposition, Montreux,Switzerland

May 30American Women in Radio andTelevision 32nd Annual Conven-tion, Royal York, Toronto, Canada

June 12-15National Cable TelevisionAssociation (NCTA) Annual Con-vention, Houston, TX

BROaDCaSTenaneemnG

Advertising Sales Offices

NEW YORK, NEW YORKJoe Concert,Phone: (212) 682-6630Anita K. GoldPhone: (212) 682-6040630 Third Ave., Eighth FloorNew York, NY 10017

KANSAS CITY, MISSOURIJan Winters,P.O. Box 12901, Overland Park, KS 66212Phone: (913)888-4664

SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIAHerbert A. Schiff,Schiff & Associates1408 Santa Monica Mall, Suite 200Santa Monica, CA 90401Phone: (213) 393-9285

LONDON, ENGLANDJohn Ashcroft & Co., John Ashcroft12 Bear StreetLeicester Square, London WC2H 7ASEnglandPhone: 930-0525Telex: 895-2387

AMSTERDAM, HOLLANDJohn Ashcroft & Co., John J. LucassenAkerdijk 150A, 1171 PV-Badhoevedorp,HollandPhone:0-2968-6226Telex: 11640

TOKYO, JAPANSumio OkaInternational Media Representatives, Ltd.,2-29, Toranomon 1-chome, MinatckkuTokyo 105, JapanPhone: 502-0656

TAIWAN, R.O.C.Antony LiuLong Life Advertisement Agency Co.P.O. Box 36-10948F-3.50.sec 5Naking E RoadTaipei, TaiwanTelephone: (02) 760-2468Telex: 25923 FondlandCable: Longad Taipei

NORWOOD, AUSTRALIAHastwell, Williamson, Rouse Pty. Ltd.P.O. Box 419Norwood 5067, AustraliaPhone: 332-3322Telex: AA87113

professionalservices

VIR JAMES P.C.CONSULTING RADIO ENGINEERSApplications and Field EngineeringComputerized Frequency Surveys

4940 E. 39th Ave.Phone: (Area Code 303) 393-0468

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ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORPORATIONJansky & Bailey

Telecommunications Consulting

Member AFCCE

5390 Cherokee AvenueAlexandria, Virginia 2231417031 642-4000

R. L. HOOVERConsulting Telecommunications

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301-983-0054Member AFCCE

RADIO ENGINEERING CO.CONSULTANTS

C NORWOOD J. PATTERSON1900 VIEW DRIVE

SANTA YNEZ, CA 93460(804) 688-2333

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B E S COMPANY100 Star Trail. New Port Richey. Fla. 33553. 813.868-2989

-J5a oloR®©h nlq uc;RADIO CONSULTING ENGINEERS

STATION DESIGN AND SERVICEELECTRONIC PRODUCT DESIGN

Edward A. Schober. P.E.402 Tenth Avenue. Haddon Heights. NJ 08035

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STEIGER, HURRAY &ASSOCIATES INC.

Broadcast Technical ConsultantsANTENNA SYSTEM SPECIALISTS

6816 Westview DriveCleveland, OH 44141

(216) 526-7187

RALPH E. EVANS ASSOCIATESCONSULTING COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERS

216 N. Green Bay RoadSuite 208

Thiensville, WI 53082Phone: (414) 242-6000 Member AFCCE

CHARLES F. KOCHER, P.E.Consulting Radio and TV Engineer

Allocation EngineeringAntenna Systems

27235 Berkshire DriveSouthfield, Michigan 48076

(313) 357.2304Member AFCCE

MIDWEST ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES

150 Wesley Hd.,Creve Coeur, IL. 61611,

309-698-3160.Member AFCCE

SMITH and POWSTENKOBroadcasting and Telecommunications

Consultants

2000 N Street. N.W.Washington, D. C. 20036

(202) 293-7742

D. L. MARKLEY& Associates, Inc.CONSULTING ENGINEERS

206 North BerganPeoria. Illinois 61604

(3091673-7511Member AFCCE

McCLANATHAN & ASSOCIATES, INC.Consulting Engineers

APPLICATIONS & FIELD ENGINEERINGTURNKEY INSTALLATIONS -RADIO & TV

DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA DESIGNP.O. Box 750

PORTLAND, OREGON 97207Phone: 503/246-8080 Member AFCCE

TWX 910-464-6112/Front!

(1/19VVC141(1 iraCAM FM TV LPTV

ComputerizedAllocation Studies/Directories1302 18th St., N.W., Suite 502

Washington, D.C. 20036(800) 368-5754 (202) 296-4790

Established 1971


classifiedAdvertising rates in Classified Section are 75 cents

per word, each insertion, and must be accompaniedby cash to insure publication.

Each initial or abbreviation counts a full word.Minimum classified charge, $10.00.

For ads on which replies are sent to us for forward-ing (blind ads), there is an additional charge of $10.00per insertion, to cover department number, processingof replies, and mailing costs.

Classified columns are not open to advertising ofany products regularly produced by manufacturersunless used and no longer owned by the manufactureror distributor.

TRAINING

ELECTRONICS DEGREE by correspondence. EarnA.S.E.T., then B.S.E.T. Free catalog. Grantham Collegeof Engineering, 2500 La Cienega, Los Angeles, Califor-nia 90034. 7 -82 -On

FCC GENERAL RADIOTELEPHONE operators licensethrough cassette recorded lessons at home plus oneweek seminar in Boston, Washington, Detroit orPhiladelphia. Our twentieth year teaching FCC licensecourses. Bob Johnson Radio License Preparation,1201 Ninth, Manhattan Beach, Calif. 90286, Telephone(213)379-4461. 8-81-tfn

SERVICES

ONE STOP FOR ALL YOUR PROFESSIONAL AUDIOREQUIREMENTS. Bottom line oriented. F.T.C. BrewerCompany, P.O. Box 8057, Pensacola, Florida 32506.

7-714f

HELIAX-STYROFLEX. Large stock -bargain prices -tested and certified. Write for price and stock lists.Sierra Western Electric, Box 23872, Oakland, Calif.94623. Telephone (415) 832-3527. 1-73-tf

TRANSMITTER TUBES REPROCESSED -Save 40 to50%. 3CX2500, 4CX5000, 4CX15000 and many others.Write for details. FREELAND PRODUCTS CO., Rt. 7,Box 628, Covington, LA 70433. (504) 893-1243. 6-79-tfn

HEAD RELAPPING SERVICE. We expertly refinish allprofessional non -glass heads. Fine hard crafted workby professionals. 1/4" heads -$35, 1/2" -$135, 1" -$250, 2" 16TK -$460, 2" 24TK -$590. Price Includesshipping. Compare our prices over buying new heads.TUCKER ENTERPRISES, P.O. Box 10120, Alexandria,Virginia 22310-0120. 1-83-tfn

MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE

COPPER STRAP, WIRE, SCREEN. Check our prices.(317)962-8596 ask for copper sales. 1-83-61

QUALITY BROADCAST EQUIPMENT: New and Used,Buy and Sell! Transmission, Video and Audio. Formedmy own company. Call Ray LaRue, (404) 563-9331.

10-82-tfn

EARN EXTRA $75.00 PER HOUR or more. ForSale -G.E. searchlight. Very good condition, great forpromotions. Al Cornelia, 605-348-4684. 2-83-2t

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

17-1 ANGINIEUX LENS, 15-1 Unitol lens 3 ITE tripods,IVC #200 camera + CCU. Best offer. 415/388-0838.

2-83-2t

SONY EQUIPMENT -one VO 2600, one Tr 100, two VP1100, one SL 8200. All in excellent shape, Call1-800-382-2723 and ask for Rosemary. 2-83-1t

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE (CONT.)

THE SOURCE FOR QUALITY CABLE AND Connectors.Video Cable, Audio Cable, BNC Adapters. EX.: Equiv.Beldon #8281, $295/M, UG-255/U BNC male -UHFFemale, $1.95 ea. Call for catalog. C2 Labs, 55Railroad Ave., Garnerville, N.Y. 10932, (914) 947-1554.

11.82 -tin

IVC 7000P CAMERA with tubes, mini -control unit, autoiris, two 200 foot cables, one 100 foot. Angenieux 15two 1 zoom lens, body support brace. Never used onmobile. Call Bob Canaday at (515) 255-2122. 1282.6t

HITACHI VCR, FP1020 PORTABLE CAMERA, SV-340VCR, OP -1020 operation panel, power belt andcharger, IFS -2860 infielder. Call 714-986-6861 after 4:30or weekends. Ontario, Calif. 2-83-1t

FOR SALE (3) RCA TK-76B cameras, each with15x9.5D1 Angenieux zoom lens with remote operationadaptor kits, 5" studio viewfinders, AC power sup-plies, and shoulder pads. $12,000 each. Call BobSwayze, WJRT-TV, 2302 Lapeer Rd., Fling, Mi., 48503,(313) 233-3130. 2-83-1t

1) ONE HARRIS 2.5 KW transmitter, 1975, $10,000.00.2) One Harris MS -15 exciter, $2,000.00. 3) One HarrisTE-3 exciter, $500.00. 4) One Harris 3 bay antenna, 92.1MHZ, $1,600.00. For further information call Bill Pearl,WNGS FM, 305-844.6343. 2-83-1t

COLOR CAMERAS -2 JVC KY2700 w/10x1 lens, etc.$4750.00/obo. Panasonic series 700 ,A" editingsystem with two decks $12,500.00/obo. 213/639-6470.

283-1tBOSCH FERNSEH KCN 40 portable broadcast camerawith Canon 10:1 only $4995. Sony BVU 100 $1650. SonyVO 3800 $995. Complete Portable SEG package withtriple monitors, SEG, M-67, much more only $3500.(212) 843-6839. 2-83-2t

CHRISTIE "REFLEX20" CHARGER -10 pcs.5695.00/ea. Schematic $25.00. Ampex VPR20 packs(x 13.8V/7AH -adaptable to ± 12 or +24/28V), unused$149.00/ea. 1/4" tape on 7" reels. Standard bias, lownoise 2/$1.00. 40¢ SASE for listing of heads,transports and other. ATE, 735 Loma Verde, Palo Alto,CA 94303. 415-493-5930. 2-83-2t

WANTED TO BUY

WANTED: Pre -1928 radio equipment and tubes.August J. Link, Surcom Associates, 305 WisconsinAve., Oceanside, CA 92054, (714) 722-6162. 3-76-tf

HIGHEST PRICES PAID for 112 Phase Monitors andfor clean, 12 year old or less, 1 KW and 10 KW AMTransmitters. All duty and transportation paid.Surplus Equipment Sales, 2 Thorncliffe Park Dr., Unit28, Toronto, Canada M4H 1H2, 416-421-5631. 2-79-tfn

WANTED: STATION LIBRARIE'S OF MUSIC, 16" El's,12" Transcriptions, 45's, 78's, LP's. Boyd Robeson,2425 W. Maple, Wichita, KS 67213, (316) 942-3673,722-7765. 5-82-tfn

HELP WANTED

SYSTEM DESIGN ENGINEER -CCTV. Must be able tospecify, design, supervise installation and de -bug topquality industrial CCTV systems. Experience required.SYSTEM ENGINEER -AUDIO VISUAL and PROFES-SIONAL AUDIO. Hands on experience with audio/visual equipment a must. Digital knowledge helpfulbut not required. Responsibilities include completeJob oversee and client interface. Both positions pro-vide paid health, life insurance, vacation, etc. Pleasecall collect 201-288-6130, Stylist Systems, Teterboro,N.J. 981 -If n

FOR SALENEW 43' EQUIPMENT READY MOBILE UNIT- Dual Tandems With Air Ride Suspension- Two 200 Amp Electrical Systems Regulated,

Metered And Isolated- 48,000 BTU Cooling, 15kW Heating

DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS AVAILABLE.REINO KOKKILA PHONE: 416-252-3761APPLIED ELECTRONICS LTD.299 EVANS AVE., TORONTO, ONT. TLX: 06-967578

HELP WANTED (CONT.)

DIGITAL DESIGN/MAINTENANCE ENGINEER. MajorPost Production Facility, located in Florida, with thelatest in digital equipment has opening for experi-enced Television Engineer with heavy digital back-ground for a combination design and maintenanceposition. Salary open. Contact: Michael Orsburn,Director of Engineering, (305)920-0800. 1-83-3t

ENGINEERINGPOSITIONS

($15,000.00 - $60,000.00)

We specialize in the placement ofTECHNICAL ENGINEERS with TVStations, Groups, Networks,Satellite Programmers, Produc-tion Facilities, Corporate and In-dustrial TV, Mfrs and CATV. Alllevels and positions: Director,Chief, Asst. Chief, Studio Super-visor, Maintenance and Technical.(Our service does not includeoperational or program person-nel). All locations nationwide. Em-ployers pay all fees - Confidential,Professional. Over $4,000,000.00 inSalaried Positions Placed. Employ-ee and Employer inquiries invited.

Phone/Resume - ALAN KORNISH(717) 655-1458

Key SystemsWestminster Road, Wilkes-Barre, Pa 18702

ENGINEERS, TV Systems Engineers, ElectronicTechnicians, Technical Supervisors, Maintenance. Im-mediate openings. Experienced. Full time. Fullbenefits, plus Pension. Excellent salary plus commis-sions. Send resume to Technical Operations, Inc., P.O.Box 840, New Hyde Park, N.Y. 11040, or call PersonnelMgr. (516)352-2238. 9-80-tfn

VIDEO SALES -Major N.J. video dealer offers achallenging opportunity for professional video salespeople. Previous industrial and/or broadcast ex-perience required. Salary commensurate with ex-perience. Commission, car, excellent fringe benefits.Reply in confidence to: Video Corporation of America,1913 Route 27, P.O. Box 697, Edison, N.J. 08818.

1-83-tfn

MAINTENANCE ENGINEER. If you are an experiencedqualified maintenance engineer, we would like to hearfrom you. We offer up to 32K for a 35 hour week for theright person. Excellent benefits and working condi-tions. Send resume to: Richard Pfister, ChiefEngineer, VVTTG, Metromedia, Inc., 5151 WisconsinAve., NW, Washington, DC 20016. E.O.E. 2-831t

TOP DOLLAR FOR RIGHT PERSON. We're a majormarket, state-of-the-art TV production facility withCMX, Chyron IV, Grass Valley, DVE, Quantel, Ikegamicameras, Sony 1", RCA TR600's, and BVU-800's. Weneed a very experienced engineer strong on mainte-nance and some operation. We're good, we're growingand we're going to make the right person a very attrac-tive 13rCiaosal. Call (216) 568-4134, Mr Schwartz.

2-83-1t

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: Christian satellite andbroadcast network has openings for master controlengineers. Minimum two years experience required.Send resume to Ben Miller, Director of Engineering,Trinity Broadcasting Network, P.O. Box "A", SantaAna, CA 92711. An Equal Opportunity Employer.

2-83-21

BROADCAST ENGINEER, FM & TELEVISION -Publicradio & television station in southeast Alaska seeksqualified engineer to maintain existing 5 -year oldphysical plant. Primary responsibility is FM stationwith assistance provided to television staff. Reportsto Chief Engineer. Send resumes & references to:Chief Engineer, KTOO (FM) TV, 224 4th St., Juneau, AK99801. 2-83-2t


HELP WANTED (CONT.)

VIDEOTECHNICIANBench and Field Technicians -minimum of 5 years' experience.Capable of 1/2", 1/4", 1" VTR's main-tenance; industrial and studiocamera maintenance.Please send resume Includingsalary history and requirements tothe attention of Bob Hemenway.

LAKE SYSTEMSCORPORATIONP.O. Box 65Newton, MA 02160

An Equal Opportunity Employer

TELEVISION MAINTENANCE ENGINEER needed forCBS affiliate on California's coast. Requires FCC 1stor General license with prior knowledge and experi-ence with UHF -TV transmitters, microwave, 34" & 2"video tape, Mini -cam, and other TV equipment. Digitalknowledge desirable. Send resume to: Ken Warren,C.E., KMST-TV, P.O. Box 1938, Monterey, California93940. EOE. 1-83-2t

VIDEO ENGINEER. Immediate opening at one ofSoutheast's largest produciton companies. We'relooking for a person with strong maintenance back-ground, 2 to 4 years' experience in studio and field pro-duction, knowledge of Sony 1" videotape, ikegamicameras, Datatron editing. Send resume to: CinetelProductions, 320-B Troy Circle, Knoxville, TN 37919.

2-83-2t

RegionalSales Engineer

United States subsidiary of lead-ing European audio company isseeking Northeastern RegionalSales Engineer to be based inNew York City or. possibly, Bos-ton area. Position requires expe-rience with broadcast audio and/or music recording studio sys-tems. Previous sales/manage-ment experience helpful; strongaudio engineering backgroundpreferred but not essential. Mustbe willing to travel part time. Ex-cellent salary potential, outstand-ing benefits, good chance for tripsto Swiss factory. Send resume inconfidence to: Studer RevoxAmerica, Inc.; Attn: Tom Mintner;155 Avenue of the Americas; NewYork. NY 10013.

STUDERAn Equal Opportunity Employer

n THE COUNTDOWN HAS STARTED n

nil for Direct Broadcast pinil Satellite Engineers!

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Satellite Television Corporation is launching a large and very challenging enter-prise...the development of a new Direct Broadcast Satellite Service designed tobring home subscription television to the Ame -ican people. Outstanding groundfloor opportunities at our Washington, D.C. facility will give you responsibilityand high visibility in a field with broad technical and management horizons.SENIOR DIGITAL ENGINEER - BSEEIndividual will provide digital engineering for :he STC LSI descrambler moduledevelopment and function as the STC technical representative during LSIdesign and production. Individual will supervise the following: design and pro-duction of STC encryptors for the Broadcast Center, product improvementprojects, and implementation of the STC Broadcast Center Monitor and ControlsSystems.

Position requires knowledge of circuit design, D/A and A/D converters, digitaltelecommunications and video techniques and LSI design, plus 9-12 years ofexperience with design and production of digital circuits and LSI implementation.

SENIOR BROADCAST ENGINEER - BSEEIndividual will play a major part in design, specification and implementation ofbroadcast systems to be incorporated into STC's Broadcast Center complex.This will include extensive and advanced automated program facilities, editingfacilities, and program production facilities. This individual will also be involvedin equipment evaluation and selection as well as participate in industry develop-ment of emerging new technologies such as teletext and high definition television.

Position requires a minimum of 5 years of broadcast project experienceCandidate should have established familiarity with state-of-the-art broadcastvideo equipment and technical standards. Design, testing and implementationof complex video systems using latest construction techniques is also required.

SENIOR SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT ENGINEER - BSEE, MSEE

Individual will participate in the design and development efforts at STC in thearea of baseband signal processing and signal design for the video, audio, dataand control information related to STC's signal format. This individual will pre-pare system technical requirements and specifications for the DBS HomeTerminal signal processor; exercise computer and analytic models and developvarious baseband signal processors for DBS Home Terminals; and develop testand evaluation plans for subjective and objective video tests of signal process-ing prototypes.

Position requires 5 years of video -signal processing experience. Candidatewill be familiar with the state-of-the-art and be able to do independent designand development work.SENIOR TELEVISION SYSTEM ENGINEER - BSEE, MSEEThis is a key position in the engineering group that is responsible for advancedtelevision system technologies, including the research and development invideo -signal processing and high definition television/enhanced definition tele-vision. The engineer in this position will also participate in high definition tele-vision transmission experiment through satellites. This individual should have arecord of accomplishment in digital and/or analog television signal processingso as to make significant technical contributions.

Position requires 5 years of experience in television signal processing andexperience in prototype development is desirable.

Many other satellite engineering positions are available at STC.

Satellite Television Corporation offers a competitive starting salary as well asliberal fringe benefits including Retirement, Medical/Dental coverage, ESOP.Savings Plan, Credit Union, etc. Interested applicants should send resumes.including salary history, to STC/COMSAT, Sheila Ryan, Dept. BE -83, 950 L'EnfantPlaza, SW, Washington, D C. 20024.

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Service is schedulled to begin in '85. We are hiring now! riririririririririririririririririririririririririririririririririri

Satellite Television Corporation riA COMSAT Company ri

An Equal Opportunity Employer

nnnnnnnnnnnrinnnririnnnraFebruary 1983 Broadcast Engineering 127

NOW.. The leading magazineof broadcast technology,

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DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA HANDBOOKby Robert A. Jones, PE .41

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Based on the recent Broadcast Engineeringseries, this 104 page volume focuses on theessentials of directional antennas then expandsto encompass the entire arena of design, froma two tower array through twelve towersystems. Chapters cover such important areasas:

Design of nightime directional antennas. Calculating RMS efficiency. The FCC's Standard Method of calculating directional

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After 34years in broadcasting,McCurdy has built more than

a sound reputation.

PE1000 AT 240/242First portable console with full studiocapability.

INTERCOMSMicroprocessor basedprogrammable intercom systems.

SS 8900Multi -track production console forrecording or television.

Universa: audio amplifiers.

SS 400First pre-packaged complete mastercontrol system.

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AUTOMATIONComputer based, multi -bus networkrousing systems.

1004Small video production or editing suite mixers.

Over the years, McCurdy Radio Industriesand AVL Digital have become the leading namesin the design and manufacture of quality audioand video control products.

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The Look of MajorMarket Audio! Java.In an era of escalating technological innovation Ward -Beck continues to expandhorizons for :he broadcasting industry. Fulfilling the ever more sophisticatedrequirements of major tElevisior production facilities around the wcrld promptsus to develop increasingly comprehensive designs.Illustrating e scale of c_rrent eigineering concepts is this custom 64 input,24 track console system for the innovative studio complex at Golden WestTelevision in .-Iollywood.

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Documents

BRoaDcasT ift. 411 PICTURE PERFECT. one 8 Broadcast Engineering February 1983. The Lerro organization of Philadelphia is proud to have engineered and completely assembled "The Super