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Basic laws of fluids, fluid properties andvacuum, plumbing, symbols and typicalfluid power systems set the stage for thestudy of components, symbols and basiccircuits.

Following chapters go through Reservoir,Filters, Pumps, Relief and Unloadingvalves, Directional Control Valves, Slip-inCartridge valves, Infinitely Variable Direc-tional Control Valves, Flow Controls andFlow dividers, Pressure Control valves, Ac-

tuators, Accumulators, Air-Oil Systems andIntensifiers, Miscellaneous Fluid PowerComponents and Air Logic Controls.

Each chapter shows generic cutaways of apart and gives an explanation of how itfunctions. In most cases there is a circuitshowing how this component fits in a typicalsystem. There is a natural flow from thepower source to output devices that allowsthe student to see how the different parts

work together.Multiple choice questions at the end ofeach chapter test the students retention ofpertinent information on the parts dis-cussed.

A section on circuit reading, Brain Teasersand Formula makeup the rest of the trainingexperience.

Each student now has a ready reference forfuture reading and refreshing on most FluidPower components.

A l m o s t Ev e r y t h i n g Yo uN e e d t o K n o w A b o u t

P ne u m a t i c a n d H y d r a u l i cS y s t e m s

HYDRA-PNEUCONSULTING, INC.

A generic tr aining bookfor MaintenanceMechanics and

Technic ians That Work onFluid Power Systems

IndustrialFluid

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INTRODUCES

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Fixed Displacement Pumps GerotorThe newest design of a gear pump is called a Gerotor

(Generated Rotor). A cutaway and symbol is shown in Fig. 8-6. This pumpdesign is not common in the market place. At present there is only one ortwo manufacturers that offer this type. As a fluid motor it is one of the mostcommon designs and is offered by over fifteen different companies.

A Gerotor pump uses a driven gear of say seven teeth inside aninternal tooth gear with eight teeth. The driven gear rotates inside the inter-nal tooth gear and they both turn the same direction. Because of the ma-chined shapes the driven gear always makes contact with the internal toothgear at different points as they rotate. As the example shows this allowscavities to form and close as the gears turn.

In the example in Fig. 8-6 as the driven gear turns clockwise theinternal tooth gear turns the same way at one tooth per revolution slower.This action causes cavities to form on the left hand that start reducing pres-

sure in this area. This reduced pressure (vacuum) causes atmospheric pres-sure to push fluid in and fill the forming cavities. Kidney shaped cavities inthis sector, both sides of the teeth, allows fluid to fill the cavities for 180 around the Inlet side.

As the gears continue turning the cavities formed on the left sidestart closing on the right hand side. This forces fluid through the kidneyshaped openings and to the Outlet port.

Like the othe r gear pumps a Gerotor pump is un-balanced andhas no way to overcome clearances due to wear. Though a Gerotor pumpstarts out 85-90% efficient it deteriorates as it runs and constantly losesvolume.

Gerotor pumps can have more than one pumping section in acommon housing. This allows for different flows or pressures to some cir-cuits for speed and force changes

Another point on the aforementioned pumps is they are not ca-pable of variable volume except by physical or speed change. The next twotypes of pumps are capable of changing volume while running the samespeed. These pumps can also reduce flow on a pressure build-up signal andalmost eliminate the need for a relief valve.

Chapter 1 Fluid Power BasicsWhat is Fluid Power?Who uses Fluid Power?Who is responsible for Fluid PowerWhat are the advantagesand disadvantages of Fluid Power?Which to use hydraulics or pneumatics?Basic laws governing Fluid PowerPascals lawWork and PowerCompressibility of fluidsBoyles lawCharles lawStatic head

pressureVa cuumQuiz

Chapter 2 Hydraulic FluidsWhat do hydraulic fluids do?Transmit energyLubricateSealHow are hydraulic fluids specified?ViscosityViscosity indexPour pointCommon fluid additivesLubricity adders Viscosity modifiersOxidation resistanceWear inhibitorsAnti -foam inhibitorsRust inhibitorsFluid Temperature Considera-tionsOther types of hydraulic fluidsFire resistant fluidsWaterHigh water content fluidWater in oilemulsionsWater glycolS yntheticsHan dling new fluidStorin g hydraulic fluid sQuiz

Chapter 3 PlumbingPlumbing a Fluid Power systemConsiderations when plumbing a plant air systemPipe types and size

Standard pipe layoutsGrid piping systemLoop piping systemUnit distribution systemTypical air piping sideviewPneumatic machine plumbingConsiderations when plumbing a hydraulic systemPipe types and sizes HoseGeneral rules for sizing hydraulic linesPump inlet lineReturn li nesWorking pressure linesQuiz

Chapter 4 ISO Symbols and GlossaryFluid Power schematic symbolsBasic informationReservoirsFiltersPu mpsFlow metersRelief and unloading valvesDirectional control valvesCheck valves.Spool valvesProportional valvesServo valvesCartridge valvesPrefill valvesFlow control valvesSequence valvesCounter balance valvesActuatorsCylindersRotary actuatorsPneumatic and hydraulic motorsFlow dividersSpool typeMotor type

Accumulators Accessory itemsMeasuring devicesAir LogicQuiz

Chapter 5 Basic Fluid Power SystemsTwo types of Fluid Power circuits in this manualSchematic drawing of a pneumatic circuit Physical drawing of a pneumatic circuitTypical pneumatic circuitWhy a schematic drawing?Parts of a typical pneumatic sys-temAir logic controlsDirectional control valveLimit valveAir drillsSchematic drawing of a hydrauliccircuitPhysical drawing of a hydraulic circuit Typical hydraulic circuitWhy a schematic drawing?Parts of atypical hydraulic systemDirectional control valvePressure control valvesAccumulatorsConventions used inthis manualColor codingQuiz

Chapter 6 Fluid Reservoirs, Heaters and Coolers Air receiversHydraulic reservoir typesHydraulic reservoir functionRese rvoir cooling formulaTank heating types and formulaAir and water type fluid coolersQuiz

Chapter 7 Fluid Power Filters and Accessory Items Air filters and lubricatorsCompressed air dryers, Deliquescent, Refrigerant and DesiccantFilter ratingBeta RatioFilter placementQuiz

Chapter 8 Fluid Power Pumps and Accessory ItemsPneumatic pumpsAi r compressor installationHydraulic pumpsNon-position displacement pumpsPositivedisplacement pumpsGear, Internal, External, GerotorScrewVane, Un -balanced, BalancedCircuits for fixed volume pumpsVariable volume pumpsVanePistonRadi al, Wobble plate, In-line or Axial, Bent axisLoad sensing, Horsepower or Torque limitingCircuits for pressure compensated pumpsAir bleed valvesClosed loo p bi-directional pumpsBi-rotationa l pumpsCavitation causes and damage, Pump mounting and alignmentPump testingQuiz

Chapter 9 Relief Valves and Unloading ValvesWhy a relief valve?Relief valve termsDirect acting relief valvePilot operated relief valveRemote controlled relief valveSolenoid Operated relief valveProportional relief valveDirect acting unloading valvePilot operated unloadi ng valveHI-LO pump circuitModul ar relief valve symbolsQuiz

Chapter 10Directional Control Valves

Check ValvesPilot to open and pilot to close Check ValvesPilot Operated Check Valves circuitsPre-fillvalvesPre-fill valve circuit2-Way, 3-Way, 4-Way, 5-Way valve flow functions and symbolsValve typesSliding plate, Poppet and SpoolSpool typesSpool valve advant ages and disadvantagesHydrauli c 4-Way spoolvalvesAll ports open, All ports closed, Float center and Tandem centerSolenoid pilot operated valvesCrossover conditionsNFPA and ISO Sub -plate layoutsSchematic bar manifold drawing example Quiz

Chapter 11 Slip-In Cartridge Valves (Logic Valves)What are slip-in cartridge valves? Advantages of slip-in cartridge valves1:2 slip-in cartridge valves and howthey are used 1:1.1 slip-in cartridge valves and their uses1:1 slip -in cartridge valvesand their function as

pressure control sSlip-in cartridge valves as a reducing valve Quiz

Chapter 12 Infinitely Variable Directional Control ValvesWhat are infinitely variable directional control valves? Where are infinitely variable directional control valvesused? Proportional infinitely variable directional control valves Servo infinitely variable directional controlvalves

Chapter 13 Flow Control ValvesFixed orifices N eedle valves Non -compensated flow controls Pressure compensated flow controls Proportional

flow controls Three port flow controls Priority flow controls Spool type flow dividers Motor type flow dividers

Chapter 14 Pressure Control Valves (Except Relief and Unloading Va lves)Sequence valves S equence valve circuit Counter Balance Valves Counter balance valve circuits Reducingvalves Reducing valve circuits Reducing relieving valves Reducing relieving valve circuits Air line regulators

Chapter 15 ActuatorsSingle acting rams, push type and pull type Telescoping cylinders single and double acting Spring return or extend cylinders Diaphrag m actuators Bellows actuators Rotary actuators Hydraulic motors

Chapter 16 Accumulators Non-sep arated, Bladder, Piston and Weight loaded types Accumulator applications by type Accumulator dumpand unloading valves Common accumulator circuits

Chapter 17 Air-Oil and Intensifiers Air-oil tanks and circuits Tandem cylinders and circuits Air to hydraulic and hydraulic to hydraulic single strokeintensifiers Air to air, air to hydraulic and hydraulic to hydraulic reciprocating intensifiers

Chapter 18 Miscellaneous Fluid Power Items

Electri c motors heat engines Shuttle valves Quick exhausts Quick disconnects Pressure gauges Tempera-ture gauges Rotating unions Liquid or gas flow meters Pressure switches Shut off valve Mufflers Accumula-tor dump valves Accumulator unloading and relief valves Machine member

Chapter 19 Air Logic And Or Not Yes Flip -Flop Memory Differentiato r On Delay Timer

Off Delay Timer Frequency Generator Pressure Decay Sensor Sequencer Sequence Valve Anti-Tie e i l ic ci c i

Ph.& Fax: 812-853-3234Email: fluidpower1@hotmail.comURL: http://www.evansville.net/~fluidpwr

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Internal Tooth Gear

Inlet Outlet

Input ShaftDriven Gear

SymbolPositive Displacement Gerotor Pump

Fig. 8-6

Typ ica l Pump Cu taw ay

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