Iéxta índa Tóta Iéxta índa Tóta

The Language of the People

Abbreviatures abl. - ablative acc. - accusative Cl. - Classic Gaulish dat. - dative f. - feminine IT. – Iéxta inda Tóta m. - masculine nom. - nominative pl. - plural s. - singular Alphabet Aa (Aa), Bb (Bb), Cc (Cc), Dd (Dd), Ee (Ee), Ff (Ff), Gg (Gg), Ii (Ii), Ll (Ll), Mm (Mm), Nn

(Nn), Oo (Oo), Pp (Pp), Rr (Rr), Ss (Ss), Tt (TT), Vu (Vu), Xx (Xx)

As general rule, stress falls on the second to last syllable.

All final long vowels, when not lost, become short. Gender All neuter nouns become masculine. s. Cl. tegos dunnon > IT. tégo dúnno pl. Cl. tegesā dunnā > IT. téges dúnnes Feminine: s. Cl. trebā klutā > IT. tréba clúta; pl. Cl. trebās klutās > IT. trébas clútas Cases Nominative and accusative fuse (Cl. nom. ṷiros - acc. ṷiron > IT. nom./acc. uíro). Genitive endings disappear, being replaced by direct genitives. The direct genitive consists of putting two nouns after each other, with the first noun denoting the object that is being possessed and the second the object/person that possesses the first. Examples: IT. tréba uíro Cl. trebā ṷirī the man’s/a man’s dwelling IT. toráto prénno Cl. toraton prennī the tree’s/a tree’s fruit IT. pénnes épes Cl. pennā epon horses’ heads

IT. túnnes móro Cl. tunnās mores waves of the sea Dative and ablative are substituted by prep. + nominative. Examples: Cl. dat. ṷirūy abl. aṷ ṷirū IT. dat. ri uíro abl. ó uíro Adjectives: all masculines end in –o, all feminies in –a. They are placed after the noun and must agree in gender and number with their noun. Number There are two numbers: singular and plural. Singular: from the Cl. accusative minus its last consonant; in masculine and neuter nous, the last vowel will always be -o; in feminine nouns, -a. Noχs, noχtos (mt): night s. nom. s. acc. pl. nom. pl. acc. Cl. noχs noχtan noχtes noχtas IT. nóxto, not *nóxta nóxtes Merkā, -ās (fā): girl s. nom. s. acc. pl. nom. pl. acc. Cl. mercā merkan merkās merkās IT. mérca mérces Metelon, -ī (no): scythe s. nom. s. acc. pl. nom. pl. acc. Cl. metelon metelon metelā metelā IT. metélo metéles Legos, -esos (ns): place s. nom. s. acc. pl. nom. pl. acc. Cl. legos legos legesā legesā IT. légo léges Altraṷū, -onos (mn): foster-father s. nom. s. acc. pl. nom. pl. acc. Cl. altraṷū altraṷonan altraṷones altraṷonās IT. altrauóno, not *altrauona altrauónes Anamū, -onos (fn): soul s. nom. s. acc. pl. nom. pl. acc. Cl. anamū anamonan anamones anamonās IT. anamóno, not *anamona anamónes Biđđis, -ēs (mi): finger s. nom. s. acc. pl. nom. pl. acc. Cl. biđđis biđđin biđđīs biđđīs

IT. bísso, not *bissi bísses Plural: its ending is -es for masculine and neuter nouns (taken from athematic pl. acc.) and -as for the feminine ones. Synthetic dual disappears. Verbal system Modes: Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Voices: Active Passive Tenses: Indicative 1 Present 2 Past 3 Future Subjunctive 1 Present 2 Past 3 Future Imperative Non-finite forms: Participle 1 Present active 2 Present passive Gerund Verbal noun

Personal pronouns Possessive adjectives

Possessive pronouns Subjective case Objective case

Singular I me my mine mí mí mo móuo you you your yours tú te to tóuo he him his his is is ío ío she her her hers sí sí ía ía

Plural we we our ours ní ní énso énso you you you yours súi súi suéso suéso they they they theirs ís ís ióno ióno they they they theirs

sía sía iáno iáno Raton Mātron Surati Raton moy biyetū Mātron Mātribo yon kanū sin kantalon Mammyās noybās andematēs, Andematēs nāmanton metelās. Snādīntu ā Mātronās tegesos Eti papon ṷo togon trebātyon. Ráto’ndas Mátras Ráto’ndas Mátras ad mí biéto máto Ió cáno rí-ndas Mátras so cantálo sin: Mámmias nóibas uermátas, Metélas uermátas índos namántos Anegónto, a Matrónas, índo tégo Ac pápo dónio ío trébad uo so tógo sin. Aṷis magūy esāt tarātoṷs ṷiduās ollodunnās ad agyan in tegyāy aryī esyo. Ṷiduā esāt ṷerdrutā, ṷrankās andeṷeχtās esānt, yoṷinkoṷiros guđđū adpiseto nemos. Suánto éiad ri mágo ágia tre céto uerdúnno ad ágia’ndo tégo ío tigérno. Indo céto éiad uerdrúto, uráncas éiand ueruéxtas, so uíro iouínco ne ínte sádo piséssed índo némo. The article IT has no indefinite article (e. g. uíro alone is usually to be translated as 'a man') but it does have a definite article corresponding reasonably well to Eng. 'the'. This is placed before the noun like a number of other pronominals as the possessive ( ío 'his' etc.) and pápo 'every' (e.g. pápo mápo 'every son') but unlike normal adjectives: e. g. índo uíro cóilo 'the thin man', índas mnas técas 'the beautiful women', in-índes téges máres 'in the big houses'. Like other adjectives the definite article agrees with its nouns in number and gender. Its forms are as follows: masc. fem. sing. ind(o), -(i)nd(o) ind(a), -(i)nd(a) pl. indes, -(i)ndes indas, -(i)ndas

a) Indo (m. s.) / inda (f. s.) - used before a noun beginning with a consonant (e.g. índo cáto 'the battle', índa rigána 'the queen', índo uáto 'the prophet', índa uidlúa ' the witch').

b) Ind' (m./f. s.) - used before a noun beginning with a vowel (e.g. ind'épo 'the horse', ind'anamóno 'the soul').

c) Hyphenated forms - used in combination with a preposition, e. g. apé-ndo tégo 'around the house', ad-índes uíres 'towards the men', in-ind'ápio 'in the enclosure', uo-ndas clócas 'under the stones', ri-ndes déues 'for the gods'.

If a noun is followed by a determined genitive, that is, a genitive which itself has an article or a possessive pronoun or which is a proper name, the first noun as a rule never takes the article, e. g., índo mágo 'the plain', mágo índo cáto máro, 'the plain of the great battle'; uláto océlo ind'énso tóta 'the chief prince of our country'. Rule: within an IT phrase, there is no more than one article allowed.

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