1. 1. INDIAN ECONOMY AND PLANNING Indian Agriculture Policies with special reference to Green Revolution and Trends & Compositions of Indian Crops. Prepared by- Pranvi (19) Puniya (20) Ritambra(22)
2. 2. Agriculture Policies in India What are Agriculture Policies? Agricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. What is the need of such policies? Government usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets. Evolution of Agriculture Policies 1960s-1970s: Widespread adoption of high yielding rice and wheat; Irrigated areas expanded; Use of fertilizers & pesticides increased. 1980s: Production gains from Green Revolution technologies.
3. 3. Different Policy Instruments Regulated Markets Input Subsidies Trade Policies Minimum Support Price Food Subsidies
4. 4. Recent Policy Developments India announced its first comprehensive agricultural policy statement in 2000 the National Agricultural Policy (NAP). Over the next two decades, it aims to attain: A growth rate in excess of 4 per cent per annum in the agriculture sector. Growth that is based on efficient use of resources. Growth with equity. Growth that is sustainable technologically, environmentally and economically.
5. 5. Various Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes are being implemented by the Government of India and the State Governments for development of agriculture and allied activities as per guidelines of the Agriculture Policy. Initiatives taken: Market Information Network has been launched. Common guidelines have been issued for National Watershed Development Project. A Technology Mission for the Integrated Development of Horticulture in the North-Eastern Region has been launched. Increasing availability, flexibility and security in the flow of credit to the farmers. All eligible farmers are proposed to be covered under the Kisan Credit Cards scheme within the next 3 years. A personal insurance package is proposed to be extended to Card Holders covering them against risk to life and injury.
6. 6. GREEN REVOLUTION Green Revolution in India began in the 1960s, through the introduction of high-yield crop varieties High-yielding wheat was first introduced to India in 1963 by American agronomist Dr. Norman E Borlaug, who is known as "the Father of the Green Revolution".
7. 7. India's programme of Green Revolution was led by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, known as "the Father of the Green Revolution in India". The methods adopted included the use of high yielding varieties of seeds along with the use of modern farming methods. The production of wheat has produced the best results in fueling self-sufficiency of India. Due to the rise in use of chemical pesticides and
8. 8. WHAT ARE THE PROBLEM FACED IN GREEN REVOLUTION? LOW IRRIGATION The well irrigated and permanently irrigated area was only 17% in 1951. The green revolution was possible due to adequate water supply through irrigation. FREQUENT FAMINES Famines in India were very frequent during the period 1940s to 1970s. Due to faulty distribution of food, farmers did not receive the true value for their labour. Majority of the population did not get enough food. Malnutrition and starvation was a huge problem.
9. 9. LACK OF FINANCE Small and marginal farmers found it very difficult to get finance and credit at economical rate from the government and banks. Hence, fell as an easy prey to the money lenders.
10. 10. LIMITATIONS OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION It was concentrated only on one crop , ie , wheat. It had no regional imbalances. It promoted the use of chemical fertilizer s. It caused a decrease in the ground wate r table due to the use of fertilizers. It caused land degradation leading to pollution. It caused a lot of health problems. It was costly in nature.
11. 11. COMPOSITION OF INDIAN CROPS FOODGRAIN CROPS COMMERCIAL CROPS
12. 12. ABOUT THESE CROP: Around 66 percent of the total cultivated area is under food grain crops (cereals and pulses). Commercial agriculture was developed in the pre-independent phase by the British to generate income, also kept flourishing during the post independent period. Commercial agriculture not only catered to the domestic market but has also been one of the major earners of foreign exchange for the country.
13. 13. CROP DIVERSIFICATION Crop diversification is intended to give a wider choice in the production of a variety of crops in a given area so as to expand production of various crops. Crop diversification in India is generally viewed as a shift from traditionally grown less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops The crop shift (diversification) also takes place due to governmental policies and thrust on some crops over a given time.
14. 14. FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PATTERNS Household Related Factors Price Related Factors Resource Related Factors Technology Related Factors
15. 15. BACKGROUND: Indian economy has undergone structural changes over time with the anticipated decline in the share of agriculture in the GDP. Despite a fall in its share from 55.1 per cent in 1950-51 to 17.0 per cent in 2008-09, the importance of agriculture has not diminished for two major reasons: First, the country achieved self-sufficiency in food production at the macro level. Second, the dependence of the rural workforce on agriculture for employment has not declined in proportion to the sectoral TRENDS OF INDIAN CROPS
16. 16. VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTS SINCE MID 2000s There has been a renewed policy thrust from the government since mid 2000s to revive agricultural growth through various development programmes such as: The National Food Security Mission. The National Agriculture Development Programme (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana). The Pulses Development Programme. These programmes are likely to affect agricultural growth and farmers income in the country by providing greater flexibility to the state governments to allocate resources to the priority areas of development.
17. 17. CHANGE IN CROPPING PATTERN AND CROP OUTPUT AT NATIONAL LEVEL The increased demand for food because of increase in population and urbanisation puts agricultural land under stress resulting in crop intensification and substitution of food crops with commercial crops. In fact, it is striking to observe that area under food grains in gross cropped area (GCA) declined by 12.02 per cent mainly due to fall in area under coarse cereals by 13.34 per cent between triennium ending (TE) 1970-71 and TE 2007-08. Wheat has gained importance with area allocation of only 10.42 per cent in TE 1970-71, and it steadily increased to 14.18 per cent in TE 2007-08. Area under rice remained more or less constant during the period under study. Interestingly, area lost by food grains was used for the cultivation of oilseeds, fruits, vegetables and non-food crops to the extent of 4.0 per cent, 2.86 per cent and 7.02 per cent, respectively,
18. 18. CONCULSION: The analysis of data reveals that the cropping pattern in India has undergone significant changes over time. There is a marked shift from the cultivation of food grains to commercial crops. Among food grains, the area under coarse cereals declined by 13.3 per cent between 1970-71 and 2007-08. Similarly, the performance of pulses in terms of area and output was not impressive during the study period. The use of technological inventions in the cultivation of other crops was also not so conspicuous in pulses. The use of modern varieties, irrigation and fertilisers were important factors that ensured higher growth in crop production. However, technological and institutional support for a few crops like rice and wheat brought significant changes in crop area and output composition in some regions. The results of crop output growth model indicate that the enhanced capital formation, better irrigation facilities, normal rainfall and improved fertiliser consumption helped to improve crop output in the country.
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