1. INDIAN ECONOMY AND PLANNING Indian Agriculture Policies with
special reference to Green Revolution and Trends & Compositions
of Indian Crops. Prepared by- Pranvi (19) Puniya (20)
Ritambra(22)
2. Agriculture Policies in India What are Agriculture Policies?
Agricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic
agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. What is
the need of such policies? Government usually implement
agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome
in the domestic agricultural product markets. Evolution of
Agriculture Policies 1960s-1970s: Widespread adoption of high
yielding rice and wheat; Irrigated areas expanded; Use of
fertilizers & pesticides increased. 1980s: Production gains
from Green Revolution technologies.
3. Different Policy Instruments Regulated Markets Input
Subsidies Trade Policies Minimum Support Price Food Subsidies
4. Recent Policy Developments India announced its first
comprehensive agricultural policy statement in 2000 the National
Agricultural Policy (NAP). Over the next two decades, it aims to
attain: A growth rate in excess of 4 per cent per annum in the
agriculture sector. Growth that is based on efficient use of
resources. Growth with equity. Growth that is sustainable
technologically, environmentally and economically.
5. Various Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes are
being implemented by the Government of India and the State
Governments for development of agriculture and allied activities as
per guidelines of the Agriculture Policy. Initiatives taken: Market
Information Network has been launched. Common guidelines have been
issued for National Watershed Development Project. A Technology
Mission for the Integrated Development of Horticulture in the
North-Eastern Region has been launched. Increasing availability,
flexibility and security in the flow of credit to the farmers. All
eligible farmers are proposed to be covered under the Kisan Credit
Cards scheme within the next 3 years. A personal insurance package
is proposed to be extended to Card Holders covering them against
risk to life and injury.
6. GREEN REVOLUTION Green Revolution in India began in the
1960s, through the introduction of high-yield crop varieties
High-yielding wheat was first introduced to India in 1963 by
American agronomist Dr. Norman E Borlaug, who is known as "the
Father of the Green Revolution".
7. India's programme of Green Revolution was led by Dr. M.S.
Swaminathan, known as "the Father of the Green Revolution in
India". The methods adopted included the use of high yielding
varieties of seeds along with the use of modern farming methods.
The production of wheat has produced the best results in fueling
self-sufficiency of India. Due to the rise in use of chemical
pesticides and
8. WHAT ARE THE PROBLEM FACED IN GREEN REVOLUTION? LOW
IRRIGATION The well irrigated and permanently irrigated area was
only 17% in 1951. The green revolution was possible due to adequate
water supply through irrigation. FREQUENT FAMINES Famines in India
were very frequent during the period 1940s to 1970s. Due to faulty
distribution of food, farmers did not receive the true value for
their labour. Majority of the population did not get enough food.
Malnutrition and starvation was a huge problem.
9. LACK OF FINANCE Small and marginal farmers found it very
difficult to get finance and credit at economical rate from the
government and banks. Hence, fell as an easy prey to the money
lenders.
10. LIMITATIONS OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION It was concentrated
only on one crop , ie , wheat. It had no regional imbalances. It
promoted the use of chemical fertilizer s. It caused a decrease in
the ground wate r table due to the use of fertilizers. It caused
land degradation leading to pollution. It caused a lot of health
problems. It was costly in nature.
11. COMPOSITION OF INDIAN CROPS FOODGRAIN CROPS COMMERCIAL
CROPS
12. ABOUT THESE CROP: Around 66 percent of the total cultivated
area is under food grain crops (cereals and pulses). Commercial
agriculture was developed in the pre-independent phase by the
British to generate income, also kept flourishing during the post
independent period. Commercial agriculture not only catered to the
domestic market but has also been one of the major earners of
foreign exchange for the country.
13. CROP DIVERSIFICATION Crop diversification is intended to
give a wider choice in the production of a variety of crops in a
given area so as to expand production of various crops. Crop
diversification in India is generally viewed as a shift from
traditionally grown less remunerative crops to more remunerative
crops The crop shift (diversification) also takes place due to
governmental policies and thrust on some crops over a given
time.
14. FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PATTERNS Household Related Factors
Price Related Factors Resource Related Factors Technology Related
Factors
15. BACKGROUND: Indian economy has undergone structural changes
over time with the anticipated decline in the share of agriculture
in the GDP. Despite a fall in its share from 55.1 per cent in
1950-51 to 17.0 per cent in 2008-09, the importance of agriculture
has not diminished for two major reasons: First, the country
achieved self-sufficiency in food production at the macro level.
Second, the dependence of the rural workforce on agriculture for
employment has not declined in proportion to the sectoral TRENDS OF
INDIAN CROPS
16. VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTS SINCE MID 2000s There has been a
renewed policy thrust from the government since mid 2000s to revive
agricultural growth through various development programmes such as:
The National Food Security Mission. The National Agriculture
Development Programme (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana). The Pulses
Development Programme. These programmes are likely to affect
agricultural growth and farmers income in the country by providing
greater flexibility to the state governments to allocate resources
to the priority areas of development.
17. CHANGE IN CROPPING PATTERN AND CROP OUTPUT AT NATIONAL
LEVEL The increased demand for food because of increase in
population and urbanisation puts agricultural land under stress
resulting in crop intensification and substitution of food crops
with commercial crops. In fact, it is striking to observe that area
under food grains in gross cropped area (GCA) declined by 12.02 per
cent mainly due to fall in area under coarse cereals by 13.34 per
cent between triennium ending (TE) 1970-71 and TE 2007-08. Wheat
has gained importance with area allocation of only 10.42 per cent
in TE 1970-71, and it steadily increased to 14.18 per cent in TE
2007-08. Area under rice remained more or less constant during the
period under study. Interestingly, area lost by food grains was
used for the cultivation of oilseeds, fruits, vegetables and
non-food crops to the extent of 4.0 per cent, 2.86 per cent and
7.02 per cent, respectively,
18. CONCULSION: The analysis of data reveals that the cropping
pattern in India has undergone significant changes over time. There
is a marked shift from the cultivation of food grains to commercial
crops. Among food grains, the area under coarse cereals declined by
13.3 per cent between 1970-71 and 2007-08. Similarly, the
performance of pulses in terms of area and output was not
impressive during the study period. The use of technological
inventions in the cultivation of other crops was also not so
conspicuous in pulses. The use of modern varieties, irrigation and
fertilisers were important factors that ensured higher growth in
crop production. However, technological and institutional support
for a few crops like rice and wheat brought significant changes in
crop area and output composition in some regions. The results of
crop output growth model indicate that the enhanced capital
formation, better irrigation facilities, normal rainfall and
improved fertiliser consumption helped to improve crop output in
the country.