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Identifying Risk in Domestic AbusePart A: Theory
Tayside Violence Against Women Training Consortium
Spring 2011
Spring/Summer 2010
Contents
Linking domestic abuse and risk
What might prevent me recognising
risks?
What makes certain things
a risk?
What are the main risk
factors I need to look out for?
Identifying risks
Fire drills
Loos
Mobile phones
Participation
Confidentiality
Self care & time out
Housekeeping
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Understanding intimate partner violence:
intimate terrorism/DA
violent resistance
situational couple violence
97% intimate terrorism; 56% situational
1970s Pittsburgh sample
Johnson,2001
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Indicating subjectivity: barriers to identification exercise
Recognising indicators: building a picture
- There are a range of hidden or explicit things that can be indicators
- A range of these things might not be indicators- Recognition of your personal and subjective
thresholds- That, out of context, indicators are hard to
identify- Something implicit in how we socially prioritise
certain types or forms of abuse over others.
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SPECSSS+ factors
Separation: heightened risk periodPregnancy/new birth: initiation/escalation periodEscalation: repeat victimisationCultural issues/sensitivityStalking: link with murderSexual assault: link between sexual assault and riskSuicide: heightened risk+ Additional factors
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SPECSSS - separation
Attempts to leave an abusive partner, with children, is one of the most significant factors associated with severe domestic violence and death.
(Websdale, 1999).
The data on time-since-separation suggests that women are particularly at risk within the first two months.
(Wilson and Daly, 1993; URHC Murder Review Analysis, 2002).
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SPECSSS - pregnancy
• Pregnancy is often a time when abuse begins or intensifies (Mezey, 1997)
• About 30% of domestic abuse starts in pregnancy.
• Pregnant women had a greater risk of both minor and severe violence than non-pregnant women
(Gelles, 1988)
• Domestic abuse is associated with increases in rates of miscarriage, low birth weight, premature birth, foetal injury and foetal death (Mezey 1997)
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SPECSSS - escalationIn terms of victimisation, women who experience domestic abuse are more likely to become repeat victims than any other type of crime.
Research indicates that abuse tends to escalate as it is repeated. Analysis indicates that the time between incidents decreases as the number of contacts escalate.
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SPECSSS – cultural issues
Women's needs may also differ and centre around language, cultural, immigration and/or structural issues.
Further questions should be asked of women who are particularly vulnerable or socially isolated in terms of:
• Disability (physical or mental) • Difficulties speaking/reading English • Isolated from friends and/or family • Living in an isolated community (rural, ethnic, traveller,
gay/lesbian/transgender for example) • Insecure immigration status • Substance misuse difficulties
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Time for a wee cup of tea!
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SPECSSS - stalking
Stalking is revealed to be related to lethal and near lethal violence against women and, coupled with physical assault, is significantly associated with murder and attempted murder.
(Campbell et al. 1999; Sully Cold Case Murder Reviews, 2001)
Stalking must be considered a high risk factor for both femicide and attempt femicide, and abused women should be advised accordingly.
(Campbell et al. 1999)
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SPECSSS – sexual violence
The analysis of domestic sexual assaults demonstrates that those who are sexually
assaulted are subjected to more serious injury. (MPS Survey 2001)
Those who report a domestic sexual assault tend to have a history of other forms of domestic abuse, whether or not it has been reported previously.
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SPECSSS - suicideThere is a link between dangerousness to self and dangerousness to others; that is the two factors co-exist more often than expected on the basis of chance. (Menzies, Webster & Sepejak, 1985)
“Men perpetrate familial massacres, killing spouse and children together; women do not. Men commonly hunt down and kill wives who have left them; women hardly ever behave similarly.
(Dobash et al. 1992)
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Additional factors
- Threats of harm or death (and woman’s perception of risk/sense of fear).
- Recent substance misuse (perpetrator or victim)
- Risk to children, child abuse & animal abuse- Level of psychological control- Past physical assault of intimate partner or
other- Use of weapons- Breaking contact and non-contact orders- Your perception of risk
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Thank you for your time and attention
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Identifying Risk in Domestic Abuse: Practice
Tayside Violence Against Women Training Consortium
Spring 2011
Spring/Summer 2010
Fire drills
Loos
Mobile phones
Group agreed contract
Self care & time out
Housekeeping
Spring/Summer 2010
Contents
Putting the theory into practice: risk assessing a case of domestic abuse
Exploring the dynamic nature of risk assessment
Exploring the links between the SPECSSS+ factors and the CAADA DASH-
RIC tool
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Putting theory into practice:the case study
• Everyone needs a copy of the woman’s statement
• Work through this as a group and decide which risks you would identify.
• After you have done this, try to complete a basic safety plan for Julia.
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Stage 1 – Risk Assessment
• As a group, read through the woman’s statement, and discuss the risks you identify.
• Note down all the risk factors you identify on flipchart paper.
Additional questions to think about whilst you do so:What additional questions might you want to ask the woman, if she were here?Who else might you want to contact, and what other information would you ask them for?
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Stage 2 – Risk Review and Safety Planning
Once you have reviewed the risk work together as a group to complete a safety plan for the woman. Everyone should contribute ideas to the safety plan for the woman, and you should draw on each other’s knowledge of local services/options.
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Time for a wee cup of tea!
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Step 3
• Take the second part of the information.• Review your risk assessment.• Write down: how would your assessment
change? How would this affect your safety plan?
Future related training you may be interested in: A Practitioner’s Guide to Domestic Abuse19th April, 3rd May, 30th MayFor a training calendar, please mail [email protected]
www.caada.org.uk
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Thank you for your time and attention
