hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZyhnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZyhnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZyhnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZyhnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

Ãm≥tU¿Uv

tIcf k¿°m¿

hnZym`ymkhIp∏v

Xbmdm°nbXv

kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW ]cnioe\ kanXn (SCERT)°pth≠n

sF.Sn@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tIcfw

2012

X

]Xn⁄

C¥y Fs‚ cmPyamWv. F√m C¥ym°mcpw Fs‚

ktlmZco ktlmZc∑mcmWv.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln°p∂p;

kºq¿Whpw sshhn[y]q¿Whpamb AXns‚

]mcºcyØn¬ Rm≥ A`nam\w sIm≈p∂p.

Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm]nXm°sfbpw Kpcp°∑mscbpw

apXn¿∂hscbpw _lpam\n°pw.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPyØns‚bpw Fs‚ \m´pImcpsSbpw

t£aØn\pw sFizcyØn\pwth≠n ]bXv\n°pw.

P\KWa\ A[n\mbI Pbtl

`mcX mKyhn[mXm,

]©m_kn‘p KpPdmØ admTm

ZmhnU DXv°e _wKm,

hn‘ylnamNe bap\mKwKm,

D—ePe[nXcwKm,

Xhip`\mta PmtK,

Xhip` Binj amtK,

Kmtl Xh PbKmYm

P\KWawKeZmbI, Pbtl

`mcX mKyhn[mXm

Pbtl, Pbtl, Pbtl,

Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

Prepared by :

IT@School ProjectPoojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-12, Keralafor State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala

First Edition : 2012

Website : www.itschool.gov.in, www.scertkerala.gov.in

email : contact@itschool.gov.in, scertkerala@asianetindia.com

Phone : 0471-2529800, 0471-2341883, Fax: 0471-2529810, 0471-2341869

Type setting : IT@School Project

Layout : IT@School Project

Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi

© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

tZiobKm\w

]nbs∏´ Ip´nItf,

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS klmban√mØ Hcp temIw C∂v

k¶ev]n°m≥ t]mepamIn√. temIw AXnthKw \ΩpsS ssI°pºnfnte°v

HXpßns°m≠ncn°pIbmWv. am‰Øns‚ Cu KXnthKhpambn s]mcpØs∏tS≠Xv

\ΩpsS BhiyamWv. ImeL´Øns‚ Cu Bhiyw I≠dn™mWv ]Ømw¢mknse

sF.kn.Sn. ]mT]pkvXIw Xbmdm°nbn´p≈Xv.

Km^nIv Unssk\nßns‚ BZy]mTßfpw \n߃ hc® NnX߃°v

\nßsfgpXnb Xnc°Ybv°\pkcn®v Ne\w \¬Imhp∂ A\ntaj≥ kt¶Xhpw

Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. Hm^okv tkm^v‰vshbdpIfpsS

XpS¿]T\ambn ‘Um‰mt_kv amt\Pvsa‚ v ’ F∂ Bibhpw \ap°nhnsS

]cnNbs∏Smw.

ss]ب t]mKmanßns‚ hnhn[ hi߃ Ign™ c≠p h¿jßfmbn

\mw ]cnNbs∏´p hcnIbmWt√m. Cu `mjbn¬ IqSpX¬ t]mKmapIƒ

Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ ]cnioe\ßfpw Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. hnhn[

tkm^v‰vshb¿ Bπnt°j\pIfpw t]mKmanMpw ioen°ptºmƒ Iºyq´¿ F∂

b¥sØ°pdn®pw AXns‚ ]h¿Ø\sØ°pdn®pw Adnbm≥ kzm`mhnIambpw

Xm¬]cyap≠mIpw. Iºyq´dn\IsØ b¥`mKßsf∏‰nbpw Iºyq´¿ irwJeIƒ

Xbmdm°p∂Xns\∏‰nbpap≈ `mKßfpw AXn\mbn Cu ]mT]pkvXIØn¬

Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.

sh_vt]PpIsf°pdn®pw sh_vssk‰pIsf°pdn®pw \mw a\ nem°nbn p≠v.

C\n \ΩpsS ]nbs∏´ hnZymebØn\v Hcp sh_vssk‰v Xbmdm°nbmtem?

sh_vssk‰pIfpsS D≈S°hpw cq]Iev]\bpw \√ coXnbn¬ ssIImcyw sNøm≥

klmbn°p∂ Nne tkm^v‰vshbdpIƒ AhXcn∏n°pIbmWv ‘\aps°mcp

sh_vssk‰ v ’ F∂ A[ymbw.

C¥ybpsS `q]Sw \n߃ I≠ncn°pw. tIcfØns‚bpw. ]t£, FXt]¿

\nßfpsS ]©mbØns‚ `q]Sw I≠n´p≠v ? ]mtZinIXeØnep≈

hnIk\mkqXW߃°v imkvXobambn Xbmdm°nb hn`h `q]S߃

BhiyamWv. kaKamb `qhn⁄m\ hn`h `q]S߃ Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈

‘IyqPnk v ’ F∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿ Cu h¿jw Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. knaptej≥

tkm^v‰vshbdmb sÃt√dnbw, KWnX ]T\ tkm^v‰vshbdmb PntbmPn_

XpSßnbhbpw Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p.

Cu ]mT]pkvXIØnse ]h¿Ø\ßsf√mw ]cnioen®v hnhchn\nab

kmt¶XnIcwKØv \nßfptSXmb kw`mh\Iƒ \¬Im≥ Ignbs´.

F√mh¿°pw hnPbw Biwkn®psIm≠v.

s]m^. sI. F. lmjnw

UbdIvS¿

Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn.

aplΩZv AkvemwPn√m tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Be-∏p-g.

jm\hmkv. sI

amÿ sSbn\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ]me°mSv

]Zo]vIpam¿ am´camÿ sSbn-\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw

lssk\m¿ a¶S

amÿ sSbn-\¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw

]tamZv. sI. hnamÿ sSbn-\¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tImgnt°mSv

_m_p. hn. sIPn√m tIm¿Unt\‰¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tImgnt°mSv

A_vZpƒ l°owamÿ sSbn-\¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw

tIm˛Hm¿Unt\‰¿

chni¶¿ Sn. F

A°mZanIv Hm^ok¿ (sF.kn.Sn)

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mP-IvSv,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

AwK߃

NnXoIcWw

kptcjv. C

Im¿´q-Wn-Ãv, ]≈n-°-c

tImgn-t°m-Sv.

]mT]pkvXI cN\mkanXn

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy X

sNb¿am≥sI. A≥h¿ kmZØv

FIvkn-Iyq- ohv Ub-d-IvS¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

i¶¿Zmkv. sI.hnPn√m tIm¿Unt\‰¿

sF.Sn@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw

hmkptZh≥. sI. ]n

amÿ sSbn-\¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Xr»q¿

tSmWn B‚Wnamÿ sSbn-\¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tIm´bw

lcnIrjvW≥. B¿. Fkvamÿ sSbn\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Xncph\¥]pcw

i_cojv. sIamÿ sSbn\¿ (tIm˛Hm¿Unt\j≥)

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw.

cmtPjv sI. Hamÿ sSbn\¿ (tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-j≥)sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Ip´\mSv.

aplΩZv A_vZpƒ \mk¿amÿ sSbn-\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tImgn-t°mSv.

1. angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw ............................................. 07- 16

2. hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ ........................... 17˛25-

3. Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw ............................................... 26˛36

4. Iºyq´¿ mj ........................................................ 37˛48

5. Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w ............................................... 49˛62

6. hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw ......................................... 63˛73

7. hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw.......................................... 74˛83

8. \aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v .......................................... 84˛96

9. temIw ssI°pºnfn¬ ............................................ 97˛111

D≈S°w

`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\

`mKw IV- I

auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃

51-I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm ]uc-s‚bpw

I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv :

(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw

tZio-b-]-Xm-I-sbbpw tZio-b-Km-\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(J) kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZi-ob-k-a-c-Øn\v ]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb

al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°pIbpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøp-I;

(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-WvU-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw

kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I;

(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥

Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I;

(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw ]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°-Xo-

Xambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb

kmtlm-Z-cy-at\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kvXoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-

Øp∂ BNm-c߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°p-I;

(N) \ΩpsS kΩn-i-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw

\ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I;

(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]IrXym D≈

]cnÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw

ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I;

(P) imkvXo-b-amb ImgvN-∏mSpw am\-hn-I-X-bpw, At\z-j-W-Øn\pw ]cn-jvI-c-W-

Øn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;

(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv AIaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI;

(R) cmjvSw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v \nc-¥cw

Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ F√m

afießfnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.

(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v ]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m c£y-_m-e-I-t\m,

AXXp kwKXnt]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£m-I¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-

\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

7

angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw

7

Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp

sImfmjv \n¿an-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v

\n߃°-dn-bm-at√m? t]mÿ \n¿am-W-

Øn\v hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-amb tkm v‰vshb-

dmWv Pnºv F∂pw \n߃°-dn-bmw. \nXy-

Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[

D¬∏-∂-ß-fn¬ Ah D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Iº-

\n-bpsS temtKm Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-

∂Xv \n߃ I≠n-´nt√? hnhn[ ÿm]-\-

ß-fnepw Ah-bpsS ÿm]\ temtKm Bte-

J\w sNbvXn-cn-°pw. hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏n\p

Iogn-ep≈ sF.-Sn. @ kvIqƒ t]mP-IvSns‚

temtKm C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂pw Uu¨temUv

sNbvXv Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb-dneqsS Xpd∂v

hep-Xm°n t\m°q. temtKmbpsS hy‡X

Ipd-bp-∂Xmbn \n߃°v A\p-`-h-s∏-´n-

´pt≠m? F¥m-bn-cn°mw CXn\v ImcWw?

CØ-c-Øn¬ hy‡X Ipd-bp-∂Xv \nß-

fpsS ]h¿Ø-\sØ tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-

®n-´pt≠m? angnhv \jvS-s∏-SmsX NnX-߃

\n¿an-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-ß-

sf-°p-dn®v \n߃ tI´n- n-t√? NphsS \¬In-

bn-cn-°p∂ Ipdn-∏n-s‚bpw Kq∏v N¿®bp

sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp \nK-a-\-

Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-a-t√m.

dmÃdpw shIvSdpw

NnX-߃ c≠p-hn-[-Øn¬ Iºyq-´-dn¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Ahsb dmÿ ^b-ep-

I-sf∂pw shIvS¿ ^b-ep-I-sf∂pw ]d-

bmw. NnX-a-S-ßp∂ ]X-e-Ønse Hmtcm

_nµp-hn-s‚bpw \ndw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-

°p∂ ^b-ep-I-fmWv dmÿ ^b-ep-Iƒ.

ChnsS NnXsØ At\Iw ka-N-Xp-c-ß-

fmbn hn`Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn

]Øv sk‚o-ao‰¿ \ofhpw F´v sk‚o-ao-

‰¿ hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hcp NnX-Øns‚ \ofw

IqSnb hisØ 1000 `mK-ßfpw \ofw

Ipd™ hisØ 800 `mK-ß-fp-ambn hn`-

Pn-°mw. At∏mƒ Hmtcm NXp-c-Øn-

s‚bpw ]c-∏-fhv 0.1 NXp-ci an√o-ao-‰¿

Bbn-cn-°pw. Hcp sk‚o-ao-‰-dn¬ 100 mK-

ß-fp-≠m-hpw. NnX-Øn\v 100 Dots perCentimetre hen-∏aps≠∂p \ap°v ]d-

bmw. F∂m¬ Iºyq-´-dn¬ C©v ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ IW-°m°n h∂-Xp-sIm≠v

dots per inch (dpi) F∂ IW-°n-emWv

NnX-Øns‚ hen∏w IW-°m°mdp-≈-Xv.

\map-≠m-°p∂ NnX-Øn\v FX dpi D≠m-

h-W-sa∂v \ap°v \n›-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Hcp NnX-Øn\v dpi IqSp-tºmƒ AXns‚

1 angn-hm¿∂ NnX-temIw

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

8

kq£va-Xbpw wKnbpw h¿[n-°pw. A®-Sn-°p-tºmƒ hy‡-X-bp-≠m-h-W-sa-¶n¬ Db¿∂

dpi D≈ NnX-ß-fmhWw.

dmÿ coXn-bn-ep≈ NnX-Øn¬ Hcp hc hc-bv°p-tºmƒ AXbpw `mKsØ NXpc-

߃°v \ndw \¬Ip-I-bmWv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Iºyq-´¿ sNøp-∂-Xv. NnXw hep-Xm-hp-

tºmƒ Cu NXp-c-ßfpw hep-Xm-hp-∂p. Pnºn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb NnXw hep-Xm-°p-tºmƒ

CXv hy‡-am-Ipw.

F∂m¬ shIvS¿ ^b-en¬ tcJ-bpsS \ndhpw AK-_n-µp-°-fpsS ÿm\hpw

amX-amWv Iºyq-´¿ tcJ-s∏-SpØn hbv°p-∂-Xv. NnXw Zriy-am-hp-tºmƒ AK-_n-µp-°-

fpsS ÿm\hpw \ndhpw a\- n-em°n Ah-bv°n-S-bn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ _nµp-°fpw Iºyq-

´¿ hc®psIm≈pw. Hcp shIvS¿ NnXw hep-Xm-°p-tºmƒ hep-Xm-°nb ]X-e-Øn¬

]pXn-b _nµp-°ƒ Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-Spw. NnX-Øns‚ hen∏w IqSp-∂-X-\p-

k-cn®v _nµp-°-fpsS FÆw h¿[n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ NnX-Øns‚ hy‡X Ipd-bp-∂n√.

tcJ-Iƒ, NXp-c-߃, hrØ-߃, hI-tc-J-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Pyman-Xob cq]-ß-fm-bmWv

shIvS¿ NnX-ßsf Iºyq-´¿ kq£n-°p-∂-Xv.

Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v hc-bv°p∂ NnX-ßsf ]nIvk-ep-I-fpsS kaq-l-am-

bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ C¶vkvtI∏n¬ hc-bv°p∂ hcbpw h´hpw NXp-c-hp-

sa√mw KWn-X-k-a-hm-Iy-ß-fpsS cq]-Øn-emWv C¶vkvtI∏v tkm^v‰vshb¿

Hm¿Øphbv°p-∂-Xv. CXmWv shIvS¿ CtaPp-Iƒ hep-Xm-°n-bmepw angnhv \jvS-s∏-Sm-

Ø-Xn\v ]n∂nse cl-kyw.

°p∂ tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fm-Wv. Ch-bn¬

Hm∏¨ Hm^okv tUm, C¶vkvtI-∏v, Ub

F∂nh Hm∏¨ tkmgvkv tkm^v‰vvshbdp-

I-fm-Wv.

C¶vvkvtI∏v tkm^v‰vvshb-dn¬ NnX-

߃ \n¿an -°p -∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v

t\m°mw. Graphics sa\p -hn¬ \n∂v

Inkscape Vector Graphic Editor Xpd-°mw.

NnX-߃ hep-Xm°mw; angnhv \jvS-s∏-SmsX

shIvS¿, dmÿ NnX-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-

X-Iƒ \mw a\- n-em°n Ign-™p. angnhv

\jvS-s∏-SmØ shIvS¿ NnX-߃ \n¿an

°m\pw, FUn‰v sNøm\pw ]tXyI tkm v‰vv

shb¿ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Hm∏¨ Hm^okv tUm,

tImd¬ tUm, C¶vkvtI∏v, AtUm_v

C√-kvtS-‰¿, Ub (Dia) XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw

shIvS¿ NnX-߃ \n¿an-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-

NnXw 1.1

9

angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw

9

C¶vkvtI∏v PmeIw \nco -£n°q

(NnXw 1.1) apºv ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Pnºv tkm^‰v

shb-dp-ambn Fs¥√mw kmay-ßfpw hyXym-

k-ßfpamWv CXn-\p-≈-sX∂v Is≠Øn

NphsS \¬Inb ]´nI 1.1 ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°q.

Pnºn¬ \n߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Sqfp-I-

sf√mw C¶vkvtI-∏n -ept≠m? Pnºn¬

C√mØ Sqfp-Iƒ C¶vkv-tI-∏n¬ ImWm-≥

Ign-bp-∂pt≠m? Pnºnse SqfpIƒ \n߃

ap≥ ¢m-kn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-Xm-W-t√m. C\n

C¶vkvtI-∏nse Sqfp-Iƒ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

A°-an´p kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ Sqfp-I-fpsS apI-

fn¬ aukv t]mbn‚¿ FØn®v Ah-bpsS

t]cv Is≠-Øq. Ah Hmtcm∂pw D]-tbm-

Kn®p t\m°n D]-tbm-Khpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

(]-´nI 1.2).

]h¿Ø\w 1

temtKm \n¿amWw:

600X150 ]nIvk¬ hen -∏ -Øn¬

\n¿an® Hcp temtKm-bmWv NnXØn¬

(NnXw 1.3) ImWp-∂-Xv. CXv C¶vkvtI∏v

tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ \n¿an®p t\m°mw. Cu

temtKm \n¿an-°m≥ Fs¥√mw Sqfp-Iƒ D]-

tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠m-hmw. kq£va-ambn \nco-£n®v

\nß-fpsS Dulw NphsS Ipdn°q.

♦ ...........................................................

♦ ...........................................................

]h¿Ø-\-Iaw

♦ C¶vkvtI∏v tkm^vSvshb¿ Xpd∂v

\n›nX hen-∏-Øn¬ Hcp Iym≥hmkv

\n¿an-°p-I. CXn-\mbn File sa\p-hn-

ep≈ Document Properties ¢n°p

kmay-߃ hyXym-k-߃

• hnhn[ Sqfp-Ifpw

Iym≥hm-kp-ap-≠v.

• C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ Htc Pme-

I-Øn¬Ø-s∂-bmWv Sqfp-

Ifpw Iym≥hm-kpw.

F∂m¬ Pnºn¬ Ch

hyXykvX Pme-I-Øn-em-

Wv.

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• ............................................

• ............................................

• ............................................

]´nI 1.1

NnXw 1.2

Sqƒ t]cv D]-tbmKw

1. ske-£≥ Sqƒ Hcp H_vPIvSv skeIvSv

sNøm≥

2. ............................ ............................................

3. ............................ ............................................

4. ............................ ............................................

5. ............................ ............................................

6. ............................ ............................................

7. ............................ ............................................

8. ............................ ............................................

9. ........................... ............................................

]´nI 1.2

NnXw 1.3

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

10

sNøp-I. Xpd∂p hcp∂ Pme-I-Øn¬

custom size F∂ mKØv Bhiy-amb

am‰w hcpØn PmeIw ASbv°pI.

(Pme-I -Ønse Template F∂

`mKØp\n∂pw hyXykvX hen-∏-Øn-

ep≈ Iym≥hmkv Xncs™Sp°mw).

♦ Create Rectangle Tool D]-tbm-

Kn®v NnXw 1.3 ¬ ImWp∂ hen-∏

Øn¬ aq∂v NXp-c-߃ \n¿an-°p-I.

♦ NXp-c-߃ skeIvSv sNbvXv ToolsControls Bar ¬ D≈ Height (H), Width(W) F∂o `mK-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm NXp-c-

Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb Object Size\¬In hen∏w Iao-I-cn-°p-I.

♦ NXp-c-߃ Xnc-s™-SpØv If¿ s]√-

‰n¬ ¢n°p sNbvXp A\p-tbm-Py-amb

\nd-߃ \¬Ip-I.

♦ Text Tool D]-tbm-Kn®v IT@ School

F∂v NXp-c-Øn-\-IØv ssS∏psNøpI.

♦ Select and Transform Object Tool

D]tbm-Kn®v sSIvÃv skeIvSv

sNbvXv NXp-c-ß-fpsS hen-∏-Øn-\-\p-

k-cn®v hen∏w Iao-I-cn-°p-I.

♦ If¿ s]√-‰n¬ \n∂pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb

\ndw \¬In A£cw `wKn-bm-°p-I.

♦ \nß-fpsS t^mƒU-dn¬ ^b¬ tkhv

sNøp-I.

♦ Zoom in or out Tool D]tbm-Kn®v

hep-Xm-°pI

t\csØ \n߃ tiJ-cn® temtKm

Pnºv tkm^v‰vshbdneqsS Xpd∂v Zoom inSqfp-]-tbm-Kn®v hep-Xm-°n-b-t∏mƒ e`n®Xpw,

C¶vkvtI∏n¬ Xbm-dm°nb temtKm

hepXm°nbt∏mƒ e`n®Xpw Xmc-Xayw

sNøq. F¥v hyXym-k-amWv ImWm≥ Ign-

bp-∂Xv? \nß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ NphsS

Ipdnbv°pI.

♦ ...........................................................

♦ ...........................................................

♦ ...........................................................

C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ \n¿an® tem-tKmsb

Atßm-´p-an -tßm´pw \o°nh®pt\m°q.

Fs¥-¶nepw ]iv\w A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?

H_vP-Sp-Isf F√mw H∂n®p Nen-∏n-°m≥

km[n-°p-∂n-√, At√? NphsS \¬Inb

Ipdn∏v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ hc-bv°p∂ hcbpw h´hpw

NXp-c-hp-sa√mw Hmtcm Hm_vP-IvSp-I-fm-Wv.

h¿Ivkvs]-bn-knse F√m H_vP-IvSp-I-

sfbpw H∂n®v skeIvSv sNøm≥ Editsa\p-hnse Select all (ctrl+A) D]-tbm-Kn-

°mw. h¿Ivkvt]-knse Hcp ]tXyI

`mKsØ H_vP-IvSp-Isf amXw H∂n®v

skeIvSpsNøm≥ skeIvSv Sqƒ FSpØv

UmKv sNøp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ NXp-c-Øn-

\p≈n¬ hcp∂ F√m H_vP-IvSp-Ifpw

skeIvSv sNø-s∏-Spw. H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬

H_vP-IvSp-Isf skeIvSv sNøp-∂-Xn\v

shift Io Aa¿Øn-∏n -Sn®v skeIvS v

sNtø≠ H_vP-IvSp-Isf Hmtcm-∂mbn

¢n°p sNøpI. Cßs\ H∂n®v skeIvSv

sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ mKw Ftßm-´p-th-W-

sa -¶nepw UmKv sNbvXv \o°mw.

skevIvSv sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ H_vP-IvSp-

Isf H‰- bq-Wn-‰mbn am‰p-∂-Xn\v Objectsa\p-hnse group ^Mvj≥ D]-tbm-Kn-

°pI (Ctrl+G).

C¶vkvtI∏n¬ anI® NnX-߃ Xbm-

dm-°m≥ k¿K-ti-jn-s°m∏w hnhn[ Sqfp-I-

fp-sSbpw sa\p Hm]vj-\p-I-fp-sSbpw D]-tbmK-

coXn \∂mbn Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww. IqSmsX

X¥-]-c-ambn Ahsb D]tbmKn-°m-\p≈

tijnbpw t\S-Ww. CXv km[y-am-I-W-sa-

¶n¬ \nc-¥c iahpw £abpw Bh-iy-amWv.

XpS¿∂p≈ `mKØv \¬In-bn -cn -°p∂

]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hmtcm∂pw sNbvXv t\m°n

\n߃°pw Cu tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°mhp

∂-XmWv.

11

angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw

11

]h¿Ø\w 2

KWn-X-imkvX ¢mkp-I-fn¬ tKmf-

߃, kvXw`-߃, kvXq]n-I-Iƒ XpS-ßn-

b-h-sb-∏‰n \n߃ ]Tn-®n-´nt√? CØcw

cq]-߃ Zznam\ ]X-e-amb IS-em-kn¬

hc®p t\m°n -bn -´pt≠m? Chsb

Xnam\am°m≥ F¥v X¥-amWv D]tbm-

Kn-°p-∂Xv? \ngepw shfn-®hpw \¬In-bmWv

km[m-cW Cu NnX-߃°v Xnam\cq]w

\¬Ip-∂-Xv. C¶vkvtI∏v D]tbm-Kn®v Hcp

tKmfw Fßs\ \n¿an-°m-sa∂v t\m°mw.

♦ Create Circle Tool D]-tbm-Kn®v

Hcp hrØw hc®v A\p-tbm-Py-amb

\ndw \¬Ip-I.

♦ Gradient Tool skeIvSv sNbvXv Sqƒ

I¨tSmƒkv _mdn¬ Intb‰v tdUn-

b¬ tKUn-b‚ v skeIvSv sNøp-I.

(NnXw 1.5)

♦ hrØ-Øn-\p -≈n¬ U_nƒ ¢n°p

sNøp-I. \ne-hn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-Øn- p≈

\nd-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn Hcp tKUn-

b‚ v e`n-°pw.

tKUn-b‚p-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂

aq∂p t\mUp-Iƒ ImWp-∂nt√? Ah Edit

Path by Node Tool D]-tbm-Kn®v Nen-∏n-

®p-t\m-°q. F¥p am‰-amWv ImWp-∂Xv?

c≠v hc-Ifpw tNcp∂ `mKsØ NXp-cm-Ir-

Xn-bn-ep≈ t\mUv skeIvSv sNbvXv If¿

s]√-‰n¬ ¢n°v sNøq. a‰p≈ t\mUp-I-fn-

te-sX-¶nepw H∂v skeIvSv sNbvXv as‰mcp

\ndw sXc-s™-Sp-°q. If-dp-Iƒ amdn amdn

D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu ]h¿Ø\w XpS-cp-I. Fß-

s\-bp≈ \nd-߃ Fhn-sS-sb√mw sXc-

s™-Sp-Ø-t∏m-gmWv hrØw Hcp tKmf-ambn

tXm∂n-bXv? t\mUp-Iƒ Nen-∏n®v \ng-en-

s‚bpw shfn-®-Øn-s‚bpw ÿm\w hyXym-

k-s∏-SpØn t\m°q, a‰v cq]-ßfpw CtX

t]mse \n¿an®p t\m°p-a-t√m. knen≠¿

\n¿an-°p-tºmƒ path sa\p-hnse union F∂

sa\p Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa∂v So®-dns‚

klm-b-tØmsS Is≠Øn sNbvXv t\m°q.

]h¿Ø\w 3

Poh-imkvX ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Aao-_-sb-

Ip-dn®v ]Tn-®n-´nt√? F¥mWv Aao-_-bpsS

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ? \n›nX cq]-an-√mØ Hcp

GI-tImi Pohn -bm -Wt√m Aao -_.

C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ Hcp Aao-_bpsS cq]w

Fßs\ hc-b v°m -sa∂p t\m°mw.

(NnXw 1.6)

]h¿Ø-\-Iaw:

♦ Draw Bezier Line Tool D]-tbm-Kn v

Hcp _lp- pPw hc-bv¡pI

♦ Edit path by Node Tool D]-tbm-Kn¨v

Hmtcm hihpw A\p-tbmPyambn hf-

bv¡p-Ibpw t\mUp-I-fpsS Øm\w Iao-

I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I.

♦ tKUn-bâ v Sqfn ¢n¡p-sNbvXv tdUn-

b tKUn-bâ v sXc-sª-Sp¯v A\p-

tbmPy-amb \ndw \ÂIp-I.

♦ kÀ¡nÄ SqÄ D]-tbm-Kn v tImi-aÀahpw

t^\hpw aäpw hc¨v tKUn-bâ v SqÄ

D]-tbm-Kn¨v \ndw \ÂIp-I.

♦ Object →→→→→ Fill and Stroke kt¦Xw D]-

tbm-Kn¨v tImi-Z-hy-¯n\v tbmPn¨

\ndw \ÂIp-I. (NnXw 1.7, 1.8)

NnXw 1.4

NnXw 1.5

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

12

]cnN-b-s∏-´m¬ Cu tPmen Ffp-∏-Øn¬

sNømw. ]I¿s∏-Sp-°m≥ Edit → DuplicateD]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. AXn-\p-tijw ske-£≥

Sqƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v H_vP-IvSns\ am‰nh®p

t\m°q. CØ-c-Øn¬ C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ Xbm-

dm-°nb H_vP-IvSp -Isf Kq∏v sNbvXv

Uyqπnt°‰v sNbvXv FX FÆw Aao-_sb

thW-sa-¶nepw \n¿an®pIqsS?

♦ `mK-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ F¥mWv

sNtø-≠Xv? Is≠Øn sNøq.

Hcp hrØsØ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw

Aao-_-bpsS NnXw hc-bv°mtam F∂v

]co£n-°q. \n߃ hc® Aao-_-bpsS

]I¿s∏-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ F¥v sNø-W-sa∂v

Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? Nne kt¶-X-߃ IqSn

^n√pw kvtSm°pw

NnXw \nco-£n°q (NnXw 1.7). hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ IdpØ hc-bmWv Cu H_vP-

IvSns‚ kvtSm°v. \oe-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ mKw n√pw. Ch-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ Hm]vj-

\p-Iƒ e`n-°m≥ Object → Fill and Stroke F∂ Ia-Øn¬ Xpd-°p∂ Ub-temKv

t_mIvkv (NnXw 1.8) Xpd-°p-I. H_vPIvSv skeIvSv sNbvXv AXnse Sm_p-Ifpw Hm]vj-

\p-Ifpw ]co-£n®p t\m°n D]-tbm-K-߃ a\- n-em-°q.

NnXw 1.7 NnXw 1.8

NnXw 1.6

13

angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw

13

c≠n-e-[nIw H_vP-IvSp-Iƒ apI-fn¬ apI-

fn-embn ASp°n h®v GsX-¶n-ep-sam-scÆw

skeIvSv sNbvXv Page Down, Page up, End,Home F∂o Key Iƒ Aa¿Øn t\m°q.

\nß-fpsS \nco-£Ww ]´nI 1.3 ¬ tcJ-

s∏-SpØq.

km[m-c-W-bmbn Ah-km\w D≠m-°p∂

H_vP-IvSm-Wv apI-fn¬ D≠m-hp-I. (NnXw

1.9). F∂m¬ Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬

CXns\ Xmsg-bm-t°-≠n-h-cpw. AXn-\mbn

B H_vP-IvSns\ skeIvSv sNbvXv

Object → Lower F∂ Hm]vj≥ D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-I. AXn\p ]I-c-ambn Page DownKey ]kv sNbvXmepw aXn.

]h¿Ø\w 4

kvIqfpI-fpsS tK‰p-Iƒs°m-∏-ap≈

Iam\w I≠n-´nt√? AØ-c-samcp Iam\w

BWv ChnsS \¬In -bn -c n -°p -∂Xv

(NnXw 1. 10) CXv hc-bv°p-∂-Xn\v \n߃

CXphsc ]cn-N-b-s∏´ GsX√mw Sqfp

-Iƒ thW-sa∂v N¿®sNbvXv NphsS

Ipdnbv-°p-I.

Bh-iy-amb Sqfp-Iƒ:

♦ hrØw hc-bv°m-\p≈ Sqƒ

♦ .............................................................................

♦ .............................................................................

♦ .............................................................................

♦ .............................................................................

NphsS \¬Inb ]h¿Ø-\-Iahpw

NnXhpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏SpØn (NnXw 1.12)

\nß-fpsS kvIqfns‚ Iam\w C¶v kvtI∏n¬

\n¿an°pat√m.

]h¿Ø-\-Iaw

♦ Hcp hrØw hc-bv°pI.

♦ Edit Path Node D]-tbm-Kn®v AXns\

Hcp A¿[-hr-Ø-am-°p-I.

♦ Edit → Duplicate F∂ Ia-Ønse c≠v

XhW Uyqπn-t°‰v FSpØv hen∏w

Ipd®v NnXw 1.12 ¬ L´w 3 ¬ Im-Wp-

∂-Xp-t]mse Iao-I-cn-°p-I.

♦ kvIqfns‚ t]cv sSIvÃv Sqfp-]-tbm-Kn®v

ssS∏psNøpI.

♦ a[y -`m -KsØ A¿[-hr -Øhpw

kvIqfns‚ t]cpw H∂n®v skeIvSv

sNøp-I. Text → Put on path Hm]vj≥

sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. Ct∏mƒ a[y-`m-

KsØ A¿[hr-Ø-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-eqsS

kvIqfns‚ t]cv IaoIcn -°-s∏-´n -

´p-≠m-Ipw. t]cn-\p-ap-∂n-embn Bh-iy-

Øn\v ÿew- \¬In IrXy -ambn

NnXw 1.9

NnXw 1.10

Io D≠mb am‰w

Page Down skeIvSv sNbvX H_vPIvSv

]n∂n-ep≈ H_vP-IvSns‚

]nd-In-embn.

]´nI 1.3

Page Up .................................................

End .................................................

Home .................................................

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

14

NnXw 1.13

NnXw 1.14

]h¿Ø\w 5

C¶vkvtI∏n¬ hc® Hcp ]qhmWv

NphsS ImWp-∂-Xv (-NnXw 1.13). \n߃ CXp-

hsc ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Sqfp-Iƒ°v ]pdsa a‰p Nne

Sqfp-Iƒ IqSn Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-

°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Iaw ]cn-tim-[n®v (NnXw

1.14) NnXw hc®v \nß-fpsS t^mƒU-dn¬

tkhv sNøpI.

NnXw 1.12

hc® NnX-Ønse skeIvSv sNbvX H_vP-

IvSp-Isf amX-ambn dmÿ NnX-ambn

tkhv sNøp -∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v

t\m°mw. AXn-\mbn NnX-Ønse Bh-

iy-amb `mKw amXw skeIvSv sNøp-I.

F∂n´v File → Export Bitmap F∂

Hm]vj≥ FSp-°p-I. Selection F∂ Sm_v

skeIvSv sNbvXv ^b¬ \maw \¬In

Export sNøp-I. B mKw amX-ambn .pngt^m¿am-‰n¬ tkhv sNø-s∏-Spw. (NnXw

1 .11) . Export Bitmap Ub-temKv

t_mIvknse a‰p kuI-cy-߃ Fs¥m-

s°-sb∂v \nco-£n-°q. Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-

K -߃ Fs¥-√m -sa∂v ]tbm -Kn®p

t\m°n Is≠-Øq.

NnXw 1.11

Iao-I-cn-°p-I.

♦ a[y-`m-KsØ A¿[-hrØw amX-ambn

skeIvSv sNbvXv AXns‚ kvtSm°v

Ifdpw ^n¬ Ifdpw Hgn-hm-°p-I.

♦ a‰v c≠v hrØ-߃ amX-ambn H∂n®v

skeIvSv sNbvXv Path → DifferenceHm]vj\n¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXp t\m°q.

♦ NphsS \¬Inb Ipdn∏v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-

Sp-Øn (NnXw 1.11) .png t^m¿am-‰n¬

tkhv sNøpI.

15

angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw

15

]h¿Ø-\-Iaw

♦ s]≥kn¬ Sqƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v apI-

fnepw Xmsgbpw ¢n°p-sNbvXv Hcp hc

\n¿an°p-I.

♦ hc skeIvSv sNbvXv Edit → Clone→ Create Tiled Clones Hm]vj≥ sXc-

s™-Sp-°p-I. Ct∏mƒ e`n-°p∂ Ub-

temKv t_mIvkn¬ Symmetry Sm_n¬

PM:Reflection sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. Row,column 1X2 \¬In Create ¢n°p

sNbvXv Ub-temKv t_mIvkv

AS-bv°pI.

♦ hc skeIvSv sNbvXv Edit → Clone→ select original Hm]vj≥ sXc-s™-

Sp-°p-I. XpS¿∂v Edit Path by NodeSqƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hc-bn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv

hcsb Hcp hi-tØ°v hen-®p-t\m-°q.

knsa-Sn-°mbn c≠p hi-tØ°pw hc-

h-f-bp-∂Xv ImWmw. CXns\ Hcp CX-

fns‚ cq]-Øn-em-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I. H∂n®v

skeIvSv sNbvXv Hcp ^n¬ Ifdpw

\¬Ip-I.

♦ Ct∏mƒ e`n® CX-fns\ H∂n®v

skeIvSv sNbvXv Edit → Clone →Unlink Clone F∂ Hm]vj≥ sXc-

s™-Sp-°pI. XpS¿∂v Path → Union\¬IpI. Ct∏mƒ CXƒ Hcp kzX¥

H_vPIvSmbn amdpw.

♦ C\n AXns‚ Uyqπn-t°‰v tIm∏n-Iƒ

FSpØv object sa\p-hnse Rotate,Flip XpS-ßnb kt¶-X-߃ D]-tbm-

Kn®v Hcp ]qhns‚ BIr-Xn -bn¬

\ncØn hbv°p-I.

♦ CX-fp-I-sf√mw H∂n®v skeIvSv sNbvXv

Path → Union \¬Ip-I.

Hcp ]tXyI tImW-f-hn¬ IrXyambn

sdmt´‰v sN-øm-\mbn Object → TransformskeIvSv sNøp-tºmƒ e`n-°p∂ Ub-

temKv t_mIvknse Rotate Sm_nse

kt¶-X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. H_vP-Iv‰n¬

U_nƒ ¢n°p sNbvXpw CX-fns\ Bh-

iy-amb coXn-bn¬ Iao-I-cn-°mw.

C\n Fs¥√mw sNbvXm¬ CXns\

NnX-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Hcp ]qhm°n am‰mw?

CXp-hsc ]Tn® a‰p kt¶-X-߃ ]tbm-P-

\-s∏-SpØn NnXw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

A[n-I-]-h¿Ø\w

A\n-ta-j≥ \n¿am-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb NnX-

߃ hc-bv°p-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ \s√mcp

tkm^‰vvshbdmWv C¶vkvtI∏v. AØ-c-Øn-semcp

NnXsØ Cu tkm^‰vvshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®p hc®p

t\m°q. A\n-ta-j-\n¬ Hcp NnXsØ Nen-∏n-°-

W-sa-¶n¬ AXns‚ Nen-∏n-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ mK-

߃ sht∆sd hc-®p-≠m-°-Ww. C¶vkvtI-∏n¬

hc-bv°p∂ NnX-߃ F√mw hnhn[ H_vP-IvSp-I-

fpsS Iq´-am-sW∂v Adn-bm-at√m? Bh-iy-ap≈

H_vP-IvSp-Isf Kq∏v sNøm\pw \mw ]Tn-®p-Ign™p.

C\n hc® NnX-Ønse skeIvSv sNbvX

H_vPIvSp-Isf amX-ambn dmÿ NnX-ambn tkhv

sNøp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v \n߃°-dnbmw. A\n-

ta-j-\p-th≠n Hcp ]£nsb kz¥-ambn hc-®p-

t\m-°q. AXns‚ DS¬, NndIp-Iƒ, sIm°v, IÆv

F∂nh ]tXyIw tkhv sNbvXp-t\m-°q. Cßs\

tkhv sNbvX `mK-ß-ƒ \nß-fpsS A\ntaj≥

]mT-`m-KØv ]tbm-P-\s∏SpØmw. NnXw 1.15

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

16

XpS¿ ]-h¿Ø-\-߃

♦ \nß-fpsS kvIqfns‚ temtKm

C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ \n¿an®v dmÿ ^b-

embn \nß-fpsS t^mƒU-dn¬ tkhv

sNøp-I. Cu temtKm \nß-fpsS kvIqƒ

sh_vssk-‰ns‚ tlmwt]-Pn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øp-I.

♦ Poh-imkvXw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse

‘kpc-£bpw NnIn-’bpw’ F∂ ]mT-

`m-K-Øp≈ ^mtKmsskt‰m-knkv L´-

߃ hy‡-am-°p∂ NnXw hc®v \nß-

fpsS t^mƒU-dn¬ tkhv sNøp-I.

♦ \f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y-bnse lwkhpw

Za-b-¥nbpw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-jWw

ae-bmfw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-®n-´p-≠-t√m. lwkw ]d-∂p-h-cp∂

ZriyØns‚ A\n-ta-j-\p-th≠n lwk-

Øns‚ hyXykvX `mK-߃ C¶vkvtI-

∏n¬ Xbm-dm°n hyXykvX ^b-ep-I-

fmbn tkhv sNøp-I.

hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ

17

]T\ ]h¿Ø\ßfpambn _‘s∏´v

]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂ H∂mWt√m hnhc

tiJcWw. hnhctiJcWØn\pw hniI

e\Øn\pw \nch[n am¿K߃ D≠v.

CØcØnep≈ Hcp ]T\]h¿Ø\amWv

HºXmwXcØn¬ Ip´nIfpsS BtcmKy

ioesØ kw_‘n®v \n߃ \SØnbXv.

Hcp ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´v tiJcn°p∂

hnhc߃ icnbmb coXnbn¬ ]´nIs∏Sp

Ønbm¬ amXta AXn¬\n∂v e`n°p∂

hniIe\߃ IrXyambncn°pIbp≈q.

Ip´nIfpsS BtcmKyioehpambn

_‘s∏´v HºXmw ¢mkn¬ \SØnb

hnhctiJcWw ]´nIs∏SpØnbt∏mƒ

Fs¥√mw ]iv\ßfmWv \n߃ t\cn´Xv?

♦ ]´nIbpsS hen∏w

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

Ch ]cnlcn°m≥ F¥p am¿KamWv

\n߃ kzoIcn®Xv?

♦ sk¬ ^oknwKv

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

hnhc߃ ]´nIs∏SpØptºmgp

≠mIp∂ CØcw ]iv\߃ ]cnlcn

°p∂Xn\v Hcp ]pXnb coXn ]cnNb

s∏´mtem.

hnhc߃ ]´nIs∏SpØm≥ Um‰m t^mw

Um‰m t^mw D]tbmKn®v Hcp ]´nI

Xbmdm°p∂sXßs\sb∂v \ap°v

]cntim[n°mw. \nßfpsS ¢mknse

Ip´nIfpsS t]cv, ho´pt]cv, hb v, hnemkw,

c£I¿Ømhns‚ t]cv F∂nh

Dƒs∏SpØn Hcp ]´nI Um‰mt^mw

D]tbmKn®v Xbmdm°n t\m°mw. CXn\mbn

Hm∏¨ Hm^okv kvs]Uvjo‰n¬

Bhiyap≈ XehmNI߃ ssS∏psNbvXv

skeIvSv sNøpI. (NnXw 2.1).

2 hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

18

XpS¿∂v Data → Data Form F∂

IaØn¬ Um‰mt^mw PmeIw Xpd°pI.

(NnXw 2.2)

X e h m N I ß ƒ ° \ p k c n ® p ≈

t_mIvkpIƒ Um‰mt^man¬ ImWp∂nt√?

CXnse F√m ^o¬Unepw Um‰

ssS∏psNbvXv New _´¨ Aa¿ØpI.

]´nIbn¬ h∂ am‰w \nco£n°q.

CØcØn¬ Um‰mt^mw D]tbmKn®v a‰p

]´nIIfnepw hnhc߃ tcJs∏SpØn

]cnioen°q.

sl¬ØvIm¿Uv Xbmdm°mw

kºq¿W ImbnI£aXm ]≤XnbpsS

`mKambn Ip´nIfpsS Dbchpw Xq°hpw

Xn´s∏SpØm≥ Xocpam\n®p. Cu ZØ߃

]´nIs∏SpØn \nßfpsS ¢mknse

Ip´nIfpsS sl¬Øv Im¿Uv

Xbmdm°p∂Xns\°pdn®v BtemNn

®mtem? sl¬Øv Im¿Unte°mhiyamb

hnhc߃ ]´nIs∏SpØp∂Xn\v

Um‰mt^mw kt¶Xw D]tbmKn°mw.

CXn¬ Fs¥√mw hnhcßfmWv

Dƒs∏SptØ≠Xv?

hnhctiJcWØn\p≈ amXrIm

t^mw ImWq.

Cu amXrIbn¬ Hcp t^mdw Hm∏¨

Hm^okv ssd‰dn¬ Xbmdm°n \nßfpsS

¢mknse Ip´nIfpsS hnhcw tiJcn°q.

Xbmdm°m≥ t]mIp∂ sl¬Øv Im¿Un¬

Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw t_mUnamkv

C≥UIvkv, CXns\ ASnÿm\am°nbp≈

a‰p Nne hniIe\߃ F∂nh IqSn

Dƒs∏SpØn Im¿Uns\ sa®s∏´Xm°mw.

AXn\pth≠n e`yamb ZØßsf

]´nIs∏SpØn hniIe\w sNtø≠

Xp≠v. hnhctiJcW t^mdØneqsS e`n®

ZØ߃ Um‰mt^mw kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v

kvs]Uvjo‰n¬ ]´nIs∏SpØpat√m.

ep°vA]v ^Mvj≥ h¿KoIcWØn\v

Cu ]´nIbn¬\n∂pw BMI ASnÿm\

Øn¬ Ip´nIsf `mc°pdhp≈h¿ (UnderWeight), km[mcW `mcap≈h¿ (NormalWeight), AanX`mcap≈h¿ (Over Weight),s]mÆØSnbp≈h¿ (Obesity) F∂nßs\

XcwXncn°mw. CXn\mbn \n߃

Xbmdm°nb ]´nIbn¬ F√mhcpsSbpw

BMI IW°m°q. (BMI IW°m°m≥

IntemKmanep≈ `mcsØ ao‰dnep≈

DbcØns‚ h¿Kw sIm≠v lcn®m¬

aXnbmIpw). BMI bpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬

apIfn¬ kqNn∏n®t]mse Ip´nIsf

XcwXncn°p∂Xn\mbn kvs]Uvjo‰nse

ep°vA]v kt¶Xw (Lookup)

NnXw 2.1

NnXw 2.2

sl¬Øv Im¿Uv hnhctiJcW mdw

AUvanj≥ \º¿ ......................................................

t]cv ......................................................

¢mkv, Unhnj≥ ......................................................

Dbcw ......................................................

`mcw ......................................................

hb v ......................................................

hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ

19

D]tbmKn°mw. CXn\mbn \n߃ Xbmdm°nb ]´nIbn¬Øs∂ Hcp ep°vA]v Nm¿´v

Xbmdm°Ww. NphsS tN¿Øncn°p∂ amXrI i≤n°q (NnXw 2.3).

Lookup Chart s‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ Ip´nIsf XcwXncn°mw. CXn\mbn ep°vA]v

Nm¿´v skeIvSv sNbvXv Data sa\phn¬\n∂pw Define Range sXcs™SpØv t]cp\¬In

tkhv sNøpI.

NnXw 2.3

NnXw 2.4

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

20

]´nIbn¬\n∂pw hy‡nKX hnhc߃

Ct∏mƒ \n߃ Xbmdm°nb ]´nI

Hcp hnhck©bambn (Database)

IW°m°mw. Cu Um‰m-t_kn¬ \n∂pw

Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw dnt∏m¿´ v

(DZmlcWambn, sl¬Øv Im¿Uv)

Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ am¿Kw F¥mWv?

Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw hnhc߃ tIm∏n

sNbvXv dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°p∂ ]hrØn

]bmkIcat√? Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw

hnhc߃ Bhiyamb coXnbn¬

IaoIcn°m≥ Ign™m¬ tPmen

Ffp∏Ønem°mw. CXn\p]tbmKn°mhp∂

kt¶Xßfn¬ H∂mWv sabn¬ sa¿Pv.

sl¬Øv Im¿Uv Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈

Um‰mt_kv ]q¿Ønbmbn°gn-™m¬.

sl¬Øv Im¿Un\mhiyamb Hcp sSwtπ‰v

Hm∏¨ Hm^okv ssd‰-dn¬ Xbmdm°mw.

amXrI ASpØ t]Pn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂p.

\n߃ Xbm-dm-°nb sSwtπ‰v ^b-en-

te°v Um‰m-t_-knse hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-

Sp-ØWw. AXn-\mbn Tools sa\phn¬\n∂v

Mail Merge Wizard sXcs™Sp°pI.

XpS¿∂v Zriyamhp∂ PmeIØn¬\n∂pw

Um‰mt_kv

Hcp hkvXphns\°pdn®v ]eXcØnep≈ hnhcßfpsS tiJcsØ Um‰mt_kv

F∂p]dbp∂p. Hcp henb Um‰mt_kv FgpXn Xbmdm°ptºmƒ AXnse hnhc߃

Xnc™v I≠p]nSn°pI ]bmkIcamWv. F∂m¬ Iºyq´¿ Um‰mt_knse hnhc߃

tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v BbmkclnXambn Xnc™v I≠p]nSn°phm≥ Ignbpw.

UnPn‰¬ cq]Øn¬ hnhc߃ tiJcn°p∂Xn\p≈ Hcp]m[nbmWnXv. hyXykvX

hnhc߃ ASßnb ^bepIfpsS tiJcsa∂v CXns\ IW°m°mw.

Um‰mt_knepƒs∏´n´p≈ ^bepIsf km[mcWbmbn tS_nfpIƒ F∂mWv

]dbp∂Xv. Hcp Um‰mt_kn¬ Ht∂m AXne[nItam tS_nfpIfp≠mtb°mw. Hcp

Um‰mt_kv hyXykvXamb bepIfpsS tiJcamsW¶nepw CXnepƒs∏´n´p≈ Hmtcm

tS_nfpIfntebpw D≈S°w Htc kz`mhØnep≈hbmbncn°pw. DZmlcWambn Hcp

kvIqfnse F√m hnhcßfpw Hcp Um‰mt_kn¬ Dƒs°m≈n®n´ps≠∂ncn°s´.

AXnse Ip´nIsf kw_‘n°p∂ hnhcßsf√mw Hcp tS_nfnepw A[ym]Isc

kw_‘n°p∂ hnhc߃ as‰mcp tS_nfnepambncn°pw.

km[mcW ^bepIfn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn Um‰mt_kv ^bepIfpambn t\cn´v

kwhZn°m\mhn√. Um‰mt_kv amt\Pvsa‚ v knÃßfpsStbm Bπnt°j≥

t]mKmapIfpsStbm klmbtØmsSbmWv CXv km[yamhp∂Xv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂

CXn¬ Dƒs°m≈n®ncn°p∂ Um‰ IqSpX¬ kpc£nXambncn°pw.

H∂masØ Ip´nsb kw_‘n°p∂

sk¬ (tjUv sNbvXncn°p∂Xv) skeIvSv

sNbvXtijw Insert sa\phn¬\n∂pw

Function sXcs™Sp°pI. ]Xy£amIp∂

enÃn¬\n∂pw Lookup sXcs™SpØv

apt∂m´pt]mIpI. XpS¿∂phcp∂

PmeIßfn¬ (NnXw 2.4) aq∂v Imcy߃

Bhiys∏Sp∂Xp ImWmw. (SearchCriterion, Search Vector, Result Vector) Ch

F¥ns\bmWv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv?

Search Criterion : GXv ZØØns‚

ASnÿm\ØnemWv Ip´nsb XcwXncn

t°≠Xv,

Search Vector : Data Range Unss^≥

sNbvXt∏mƒ \¬Inb t]cv.

Bhiyamb hnhc߃ tN¿Øv OK¢n°psNbvXp Ign™m¬ H∂masØ

Ip´nsb kw_‘n°p∂ hnhcw B

sk√n¬ e`yamhp∂p. NphsSbp≈

sk√pIfnepw hnhc߃ e`yamhm≥

F¥mWv sNtø≠Xv? Is≠Øn ]´nI

]q¿Ønbm°q.

hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ

21

Insert Address Block ¢n°psNøpI. ChnsS

AUkv skeIvSv sNøp∂Xn\p≈ _´¨

sXcs™SpØv Add _´¨ ¢n°psNbvXv

\n߃ Xbmdm°nb ]´nI tUmIypsa‚n¬

Dƒs∏SpØpI. At∏mgp≈ Pme-I-Øn¬

Sn°v am¿°p-Iƒ Ds≠¶n¬ Ah Hgn-hm°n

Create Salutation ¢n°p -sN-øp -I.

XpS¿∂phcp∂ PmeIØnsebpw SnIv

am¿°p-Iƒ If™v Edit Document PmeIw

skeIvSv sNøp-I. tijw Edit Document_´¨ ¢n°psNbvXv ][m\ tUmIypsa‚n

te°v XncnsI hcmw. C\n View sa\p-hnse

Data Source ¢n°p sNbvXm¬ (NnXw 2.5)

\mw Dƒs∏SpØnb ]´nI tUmIypsa‚ns‚

apIƒ `mKØv ]Xy£s∏Spw (NnXw 2.6)

]´nIbnse io¿jI߃ Hmtcm

∂mbn ¢n°psNbvXv hen®v ][m\

tUmIypsa‚nse Bhiyamb `mKØv

sIm≠pt]mbn shbv°mw. XpS¿∂v sabn¬

GHSS AVITANALLURHealth Card

Name .............................................................

Address .............................................................

Class .............................................................

Age .............................................................

Height .............................................................

Weight .............................................................

BMI .............................................................

Comment .............................................................

Signature of the Class Teacher

sl¬Øv Im¿Uv amXrI

NnXw 2.5

NnXw 2.6

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

22

IF F∂ Mvj≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Ip´n Xnc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏t´m F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ≠

sk√n¬ ¢n°p-sNbvX tijw IF ^Mvj≥

sXcs™Sp°pI. Xpd∂phcp∂

PmeIßfn¬ Test o¬Un¬ B Ip´nbpsS

Dbcw tcJs∏SpØnb sk√ns‚ hne

F¥mbncn°Wsa∂pw (H2>=160),Then_Value F∂ o¬Un¬ ‘SELECTED’F∂pw Otherwise_value F∂Xn¬ ‘NOTSELECTED’ F∂pw tcJs∏SpØn OK¢n°psNøq. Ct∏mƒ B sk√n¬ F¥mWv

Zriyamhp∂Xv? NphsSbp≈ sk√pIfn¬

a‰p Ip´nIsf kw_‘n°p∂ hnhcw

Fßs\ tcJs∏SpØmw. Cu tU‰m

t_kn¬\n∂pw NphsS ImWn®n

cn°p∂ amXrIbn¬ F√m Ip´nIƒ°pap≈

k¿´n^n°‰v sabn¬sa¿Pv kwhn[m\ap]

tbmKn®v Xbmdm°q.

Um‰m-t_kv Xbm-dm°mw

Hcp ]tXyI BhiyØn\mbn

tiJcn®p h®ncn°p∂ hnhcßfpsS

Iq´amb Um‰mt_kns‚ sNdnb cq]߃

]cn-N-b-s∏-´p-h-t√m? Hcp Um‰m-t_-kn¬

\n∂p-≈ hnh-c-߃ ]e Bh-iy-߃°v

]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXnbpw a\ n

em°nbt√m? kvs]Uvjo‰v D]tbmKn®v

Um‰mt_kv Xbmdm°p∂Xn\v Nne

]cnanXnIƒ D≠v. \mw apºv Xbmdm°nb

Um‰mt_kn¬ c≠v Ip´nIƒ°v Htc

AUvanj≥ \º¿ sX‰mbn \¬Inbm¬

F¥mWv kw`hn°pI? Cu hneIƒ tkhv

sNøp∂Xmbn ImWmw. ImcWw

AØcØn¬ Hcp ]cntim[\ \SØm\p≈

\n¿tZiw ChnsS Dƒs∏SpØnbn´n√. Hcp

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Master/Kumari. Rajeev. K,Standard 10 A is Selected to participate inthe Volly Ball Team Selection Camp 2012.His/Her height is 162 cm.

Place Signature of Class TeacherDate

sa¿Pv hnkm¿Unte°v Xncn®pt]mIp∂

Xn\p≈ PmeIØn¬ ¢n°psNbvXm¬

e`n°p∂ ]pXnb PmeIØn¬ Save MergeDocument sXcs™SpØv tkhv sNøpI.

Ct∏mƒ e`n® bense ]pXnb t]PpIƒ

]cntim[n°q. e`yamb sl¬Øv Im¿Uv

C\n ]n‚ v sNømw.

\n߃ Xbmdm°nb Um‰mt_kns‚

klmbtØmsS C\n Fs¥√mw

dnt∏m¿´pIƒ Xbmdm°mw?

♦ sFU‚n‰n Im¿Uv

♦ kz`mh k¿´n^n°‰v

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

CØcØnep≈ ]pXnb dnt∏m¿´pIƒ

Xbmdm°n ]cnioen°pat√m?

XcwXncn°m≥ ]pXnb coXn

kvIqƒ thmfnt_mƒ Sow

sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn\p≈ ]cnioe\ Iymºv

Bcw`n°pIbmWv. Hmtcm ¢mkn¬\n∂pw

160 sk‚oao‰dn¬ IqSpX¬ Dbcap≈

hscbmWv Iymºn¬ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xv.

Iymºnte°v sXcs™Sp°s∏Sp∂

Ip´nIƒ°v ¢mkv So®¿ Hcp k¿´n^n°‰v

\¬tI≠Xp≠v.

\nßfpsS ssIhiap≈ ]´nI

D]tbmKn®v CXv Fßs\ Xbmdm°mw?

]´nIbn¬ Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw DbcØn\v

t\tcbp≈ tImfØn¬ Dbcw 160

sk‚oao‰dn¬ IqSpXemsW¶n¬ SelectedF∂pw 160 sk‚oao‰dn¬ IpdhmsW¶n¬

Not Selected F∂pw tcJs∏SpØnbm¬

sabn¬sa¿Pv kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v

k¿´n^n°‰v Xbmdm°mat√m. Cßs\

tcJs∏SpØm≥ F¥mWv am¿Kw?

CXn\p]tbmKn°mhp∂ Hcp kwhn[m\

amWv I≠ojW¬ tÉvsa‚ v. CXn\mbn

hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ

23

Hm∏¨ Hm^okv Um‰mt_kns‚

PmeIw (NnXw 2.7) \nco£n°q. CXn¬

Fs¥√mw Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ kuIcy

ßfmWv D≈Xv? Is≠Øn ]´nIs∏SpØq.

Tables : ]´nI Xbmdm°p∂Xn\v

Quaries : Nne ]tXyI hnhc߃

sXcbp∂Xn\v

Forms : .......................................................................

Reports : .......................................................................

]´nI Xbmdm°mw

Hm∏¨ Hm^okv Um‰mt_kn¬ ]´nI

Xbmdm°m≥ aq∂v am¿KßfmWp≈Xv.

Chbn¬ H∂masØ am¿Kw (Create Tablein Design View) sXcs™Sp°q. ]´nIbn¬

Dƒs∏SptØ≠ hnhcßfpsS io¿jI

ßfpw Ah GXpXcØn¬s∏´ hnhcßfm

bncn°Wsa∂pw \ap°v Xocpam\n°mw.

DZmlcWambn AUvanj≥ \º¿ F∂Xv

kwJym]camb hnhcamWv (Numeric), t]cv

F∂Xv A£c]camb hnhcamWv (Text).

Ip´nIfpsS AUvanj≥ \º¿, t]cv,

¢mkv , kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂ XobXn,

NnXw 2.7

henb Um‰mt_knse hnhc߃

kpc£nXambn ssIImcyw sNtø≠n

hcptºmƒ Cßs\ ]eXcØnep≈

]cntim[\Iƒ Bhiyambn hcpw.

DZmlcWambn Htc hneIƒ Bh¿Øn

°mXncn°¬, A°ßƒ amXw

Dƒs∏SptØ≠ sk√p-I-fn¬ A£c߃

Hgnhm°¬ F∂nßs\ ]eXpw.

CØcw ]iv\-߃IqSn ]cn-K-Wn®v

kpc£nXambn Hcp Um‰mt_kns\

ssIImcyw sNøm≥ klmbn°p∂

tkm v‰vshbdpIsf s]mXpsh Um‰mt_kv

amt\Pvsa‚ v knÃw (DBMS) F∂p]dbp∂p.

CØcØnep≈ Hcp tkm^v‰vshbdmWv

Hm∏¨ Hm^okv Um‰mt_kv. Officesa\phn¬\n∂pw Hm∏¨ Hm^okv

Um‰mt_kv (Open Office Database)Xpd∂pt\m°q. Fs¥√mamWv tkm^v‰v

shb¿ Bhiys∏Sp∂Xv? Hmtcm PmeIhpw

]cntim[n®v Bhiyamb hnhc߃ \¬In

]pXnb Um‰mt_kv \n¿an°q. \n߃

\n¿an® Um‰mt_kv Xpd∂p Xcp∂Xn

\papºv AXp tkhv sNøm≥

Bhiys∏Sp∂nt√, F¥mbncn°pw

ImcWw? N¿®sNøq.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

24

]´nIbnte°v hnhc߃ tN¿°m≥ t^mw

\n߃ Xbmdm°nb ]´nIbnte°v

hnhc߃ tN¿°m≥ t^mw (Form) F∂

kt¶Xw D]tbmKn°mw. Hm∏¨ Hm^okv

Um‰mt_kv PmeIØn¬ Form F∂

_´¨ ¢n°psNbvXv heXphiØp\n∂pw

c≠masØ am¿Kw (Use Wizard to createform) sXcs™SpØv apt∂m´pt]mIq.

\n߃ Xbmdm°nb ]´nIbpw

Ahbn¬\n∂v t^man¬ Dƒs∏SptØ≠

hnhcßfpw sXcs™Sp°m≥ Ignbpw.

Arrangement of the main form F∂-

Xn¬\n∂v Hcp teHu´v sXc-s™-SpØv

apt∂m-´p-t]m-Iq. t^man\v Bhiyamb

\ndhpw teHu´pw sXcs™SpØv t^mw

tkhv sNøpI (NnXw 2.9).

Cu t^mw D]tbmKn®v ZØ߃

]´nIs∏SpØn t\m°q. \n߃

Xbmdm°nb t^manse Hmtcm ^o¬Unepw

NnXw 2.8

c£mI¿Ømhns‚ t]cv F∂nh

Dƒs∏Sp∂ Hcp ]´nI Hm∏¨ Hm^okv

Um‰mt_kn¬ Xbmdm°mw. CXn\mbn

]´nIbn¬ Dƒs∏SptØ≠ io¿jIßfpw

AhbpsS hn`mKßfpw \¬In ]´nI

Nn´s∏SpØpIbmWv th≠Xv. Hmtcm sk‰v

hnhcßsfbpw a‰p≈hbn¬\n∂v

Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v Hcp ZØsØ ss]adn

Io Bbn \n¿hNnt°≠Xp≠v. CXv

Bh¿Øn°m≥ ]mSn√mØXpw (Unique) Hgn-

hm-°m≥ ]mSn-√m-ØXpw (Not Null) Bb

ZØamWv. \nßfpsS ]´nIbn¬ GXv

ZØamWv ss]adn Io Bbn

\n¿hNnt°≠Xv? B ZØsØ kqNn-∏n-

°p∂ io¿jIØns‚ CSXp`mKØv ssd‰v

¢n°psNbvXv ss]adn Io F∂ hn`mKw

sXcs™Sp°pI. (NnXw 2.8). XpS¿∂v Hcp

t]cp\¬In ]´nI tkhv sNøm≥

ad°cptX.

hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ

25

NnXw 2.9

hnhc߃ tN¿Øtijw Sm_v Io

D]tbmKn®v ASpØ ^o¬Unte°v

t]mImhp∂XmWv. Hcp Ip´nsb

kw_‘n°p∂ hnhcw tN¿Øtijw

Sm_v As√¶n¬ F‚¿ Io Aa¿Øp∂

tXmsS Cu hnhc߃ \n߃ apºv

Xbmdm°nb ]´nIbn¬ tiJcn®n´p

≠mIpw. CØcØn¬ hnhc߃ tcJs∏Sp

Ønbtijw ]´nI Xpd∂pt\m°q. Cßs\

Xbmdm°nb ]´nI \mw apºv ]cnioen®

sabn¬sa¿Pv t]mep≈ kt¶X߃

D]tbmKn®v a‰mhiy߃°pw ]tbmP\

s∏SpØmw. \nßfpsS ]T\]h¿Ø\

Øns‚ `mKambn Hm∏¨ Hm^okv

Um‰mt_kv D]tbmKn®v IqSpX¬

Um‰mt_kpIƒ Xbmdm°n ]cnioen

°pat√m?

XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃

♦ \nßfpsS ¢mknse Ip´nIfpsS

Xncn®dnbn¬ Im¿Uv Xbmdm°p∂

Xn\mhiyamb ZØ߃ tiJcn®v

Hm∏¨ Hm^okv Um‰mt_kv

D]tbmKn®v Um‰mt_kv Xbmdm°pI.

sabn¬sa¿Pv kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v

Xncn®dnb¬ Im¿Uv Xbmdm°n ]n‚ v

sNøpI.

♦ Hcp hm¿Unse hoSp-I-fnse IpSn-sh≈

tkmX- p-Isf kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnh-c-

߃ tiJ-cn®v Hm∏¨ Hm^okv Um‰m

t_kn¬ tS_nfpw AXn-te°v hnh-c-

߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ t^mapw \n¿an®v

]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

26

AXncmWn∏mSw IpSn]m¿∏ptIµambn

amdnbt∏mƒ q]IrXnbnep≠mb am‰ßƒ

FX at\mlcambmWv Fkv.sI.

s]m‰°mS v Bhnjv°cn®ncn°p∂Xv!

\n߃ Xmakn°p∂ ]tZiØpw am‰ßƒ

h∂psIm≠ncn°p∂nt√? \nßfpsS

]tZiØv CØ-c -Øn¬ h∂n -´p≈

`qanimkvX]chpw a\pjy\n¿anXhpamb

am‰ -ß-sf√mw `q]S cq]Øn¬

tcJs∏SpØm≥ km[n°ptam? GXp-Xcw

`q]-S-Øn-emWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI? CXv Xocp-

am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \ap°v hnhn-[-Xcw

`q]-S-ß-sf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

km[m-cW `q]Sw

\n߃°p kp]cnNnXamb GsX-¶-nep-

samcp km[m -cW `q]Sw (wall map)\nco£n®v AXn¬ Fs¥√mw ImcyßfmWv

Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈sX∂v Is≠Øq

(NnXw 3.1).

♦ tdmUpIƒ

♦ sdbn¬th

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

‘Hcp henb NXp∏p\new ImeItaW Xq¿∂p≠mb Hcp IpSn]m¿∏p tIµamWv

AXncmWn∏mSw. ]pcmX\ImeØv Hcp sNdnb ]pg, AXneqsS Hcp ssa¬ ]Sn™mdp≈

kapZØnte°v HgpInt®¿∂ncp∂p. iXm_vZ߃°nSbn¬ B ]pg h‰n, sNfnsI´n

aqSn hensbmcp tXmSmbn Xo¿∂p. B mKØn\v ]pgh°Øv F∂mWv Ct∏mgpw ]d™p

hcp∂Xv. B tXmSpw ItaW Xq¿∂v Xq¿∂v AhnSsa√mw NXp∏p\neßfmbn

Øo¿∂p. B NXp∏p\neßfpw Xq¿∂p XpSßnbt∏mƒ B ]mS-ß-fn¬ a\pjy≥

]thin®p. ]bXv\Øns‚ ]mSpIƒ sXfn™p. AhnsS Icnºn≥ tXm´

ßfpw, F≈v, Xphc XpSßnb [m\y߃ hnfbp∂ Ifßfpw, thensI´nb hf∏pIfpw

D≠mbnh∂p...’

Hcp tZiØns‚ IY

Fkv. sI s]m‰°mSv

3 Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw

Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw

27

D]-Kl `q]Sw

www.wikimapia.org F∂ sh_vssk‰v

kµ¿in®v \nßfpsS ]tZiw Is≠Øn

\nco£n°q. Hcp km[mcW `q]SsØ

At]£n®v Fs¥√mw hnhcßfmWv

IqSpXembn CXn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈Xv

F∂p Is≠Øq.

♦ hoSv

♦ ]©m-bØv tdmUv

♦ Ipfw

♦ ...............................................................................

hn°nam∏nbbn¬ ÿe߃,

tdmUpIƒ, ÿm]\߃, Bcm[\meb

߃ apXembhbpsS t]cpIƒ ASbmf

s∏SpØm≥ km[n -°pw. \nß-fpsS

kvIqfns‚ ÿm\w q]SØn¬ Is≠-ØpI.

NnXw 3.1

NnXw 3.2 D]-Kl ho£Ww

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

28

kvIqfns‚ t]cv Fß-s\-bmWv hn°n am∏n-

b-bn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ØpI?

hn°n-am-∏n-b-bn¬ Fs‚ kvIqfpw

hn°n-am-∏nb Xpd∂v Search sNbvtXm,

aukv kvtImƒ hgntbm \nß-fpsS

kvIqfns‚ ÿm\w Is≠-Ømw. Satelliteview, map view F∂o c≠p-co-Xn-bn¬ q]Sw

\nco-£n-°m≥ CXn¬ kuIcyw Hcp-°n-bn-

´p-≠v. kvIqfns‚ ÿm\w Is≠-Øn-°-gn-

™m¬]ns∂ q]-S-Øn-\-IØv apI-ƒ`mKØv

e`y-am-Ip∂ SqfpI-fn¬ Edit Map se Addplace FSp°p-I.

NnXw 3.3 q]S ho£Ww

NnXw 3.4

NnXw 3.5

Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw

29

aukv ¢n°p-IƒsIm≠v t]mbn‚p-Iƒ

krjvSn®v \nß-fpsS kvIqfncn°p∂ ÿew

AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ømw. CXp-t]mse \nß-fpsS

hoSv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ÿehpw `q]SØn¬

AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Save _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøptºmƒ

Xpd∂phcp∂ PmeIØn¬ ÿesØ

Ipdn®p≈ hnhc߃IqSn Dƒs∏SpØn

tkhv sNøq.

IyqPnkv (QGIS) `q]Sw

C\n keralaresourcemaps.in F∂

sh_vssk‰v kµ¿in®v ]me°mSv Pn√bnse

aeºpg tªm°nse AItØØd

Kma]©mbØns‚ sh_v IyqPnkv (webQGIS) `q]Sw t\m°p. B ]©mbØns‚

`qhnhc hyhÿsb°pdn®v `q]SØn¬

Dƒs∏SpØnb hnhcßsf√mwXs∂ taJe

Xncn®v CSXphiØv \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv

t\m°pI. Fs¥√mw taJeIfpambn

_‘s∏´ hnhcßfmWv IyqPnkv `q]-S-

Øn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv?

Hcp taJebnse hnhcßsf

`q]SØn¬ ]Z¿in∏n°p∂Xn\v B

taJebpsS CSXp hiØp≈ sN°vt_m

NnXw 3.6

GIS se hnhn[ hnhc ]mfn-Iƒ

♦ AXn¿Øn ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ

♦ ]©m-b-Ønse BkvXn-Iƒ

♦ tªm°ns‚ AXn¿Øn

♦ I\m-ep-Iƒ

♦ IS¬ AXn¿Øn

♦ sN°v Umw sIt´≠ ÿe-߃

♦ ag-°p-gn-Iƒ Ipgn-t°≠ ÿe-߃

♦ ........................................................................

♦ ........................................................................

♦ ........................................................................

XpSßn [mcmfw ]mfnIƒ QGIS am∏n¬

ImWmw.

Ivkn¬ aukv ¢n°p-sN-bvXm¬ aXnbmIpw.

Hmtcm taJesb°pdn®pap≈ Fs¥√mw

hntijW߃ (Attributes) `q]SØn¬

Dƒs∏SpØnbn´ps≠∂v B taJe

]h¿Ø\£aam°nbpw `q]SØn¬

¢n°psNbvXpw Is≠ØpI.

Ct∏mƒ \mw aq∂pXcw q]S߃ ]cn-

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

30

tim-[n-®t√m? Ch-bn¬ ]Ir-Xn-Z-Øhpw a\p-

jy-\n¿an-X-hp-amb `utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-

j-X-Ifpw Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]c-am-h[n

hnh-c-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp -Øn-bn -cn -°p-∂Xv

IyqPnkv (QGIS) `q]Sß-fn -em -sW∂v

t_m[y-ambt√m? IyqPnkv `q]SØn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp∂ hnh-c-ß-sf-√mw-Xs∂ ]mtZ-

in -Im-kq-X-W-Øn\pw a‰p hni-I-e-\-

߃°pw D]-tbm-Kn -°m≥ km[n-°pw.

]Ømw-Xcw kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛II se c≠mw

A[ym-b-Øn¬ CØcw `q]Sß-fpsS D]-

tbm-K-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ i≤n-

°p-a-t√m. IyqPnkv q]-S-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-

bpsS Nne D]-tbm-K-ßsf-°p-dn®pw C\n a\-

n-em-°mw.

NnXw 3.7 Bbn \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂

hm¿Uv `q]Sw i≤n-°q. AXn¬ kqNn-∏n-

°p∂ ][m\ tdmUv (Main Road) It≠m?

NnXw 3.7

IyqPnkv (QGIS)

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Hmtcm∂pw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp km[m-cW

`q]Sw Xbm-dm-°n-sb-∂n-cn-°-s´. Cu `q]SØn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb hnh-c-߃ GsX-

¶nepw Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-]-tbm-Kn-°pI ia-I-c-amb Hcp ]hrØn

Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ ÿm\ob hnh-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw C\w-

Xn-cn®v Hmtcm hn-`m-K-sØbpw ]tXyIw ]tXyIw ]mfn-I-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv

`q]Sw \n¿an-°p-∂-sX∂v Icp-Xp-I. Cu hnh-c-]m-fn-Isf Bhiyw hcp-tºmƒ th¿s]-

SpØnbpw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw Iq´n-t®¿Øpw hni-I-e\w sNøm\p≈ kuIcyhpw e`y-

am-Wv. F¶n¬ AØcw `q]-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hnh-c-߃ hos≠-Sp-°epw hni-I-e\w

sNø-ep-sams° Ffp-∏hpw kq£va-X-bp-≈-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cßs\ \ap°v kuI-cy-]-

Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬ hnhn[ ]mfn-I-fn-embn hnh-c-߃ Iao-I-cn-®n-

´p≈ q]-S-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp ][m\ tkm v‰vshb-dmWv Izm≠w

Pn.-sF.-Fkv.

Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw

31

tdmUns‚ hoXn 10 ao‰¿ Iq´m≥ Xocp-am-\n-

°p-∂p-sh∂p Icp-Xp-I. Xocp-am\w \S-∏m-°n-

bm¬ GsX√mw sI´n-S-ßsf AXv _m[n-

°p -sa∂v Is≠-Øm≥ km[n -°ptam?

IyqPnkv `q]Sam-sW-¶n¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw

CXn -\p≈ kuIcyw ]kvXpX

tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ e`y-am-Wv. _^-dnwKv

(Buffering) F∂ kt¶-X -amWv Cu

tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ CXn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

Øp -∂-X v . _^-dnwK v Fß-s\-sb∂v

t\m°mw.

_^-dn-wKv

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mbn \n߃°v

NnXw 3.7 ¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≈ IyqPnkv `q]-

S-Øns‚ UnPn-‰¬ cq]w (QGIS Project) e`y-

am-°mw. CXns\ Izm≠w Pn.-sF.-F-kv. F∂

`qhn-hc hyhÿm tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ Xpd-

°-Ww. IyqPnkv (Quantum GIS) Xpd∂v Filesa\p-hnse Hm∏¨ t]mPIvSphgn \nß-fpsS

Iºyq-´-dnse QGIS Project Xpd-°m-\m-Ipw.

CS -Xp -h -i -Øp≈ seb¿ t_mIvkv

\nco-£n®v `q]-S-Øn-ep≈ GsX√mw ]mfn-

Iƒ Zriy-am-Ip-∂p≠v F∂v Is≠-Øq.

seb¿ t_mIvknse ]mfn-Isf CS-Xp-h-i-

Øp≈ sNIvt_m-Ivkn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv

]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am°n t\m°q.

`q]-S-Øn-ep≈ ][m\ tdmUns‚ hoXn

10 ao‰¿ Iq´p-tºmƒ GsX√mw sI´n-S-ßsf

_m[n-°p-sa∂v Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ coXn-bn¬

Is≠-Ømw.

♦ BZyw Road F∂ ]mfn skeIvSv

sNøp-I.

♦ select single feature button D]-

tbm-Kn®v `q]SØnse ][m\ tdmUv

skeIvSv sNøp-I.

♦ Vector → Geo processing Tools →Buffer(s) F∂ Ia-Øn¬ ¢n°p-

sN-øp-I.

♦ Input vector Layer Bbn Roads sXc-

s™-Sp-°p-I.

NnXw 3.8

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

32

♦ Buffer distance ¬ Main Road \v A[n-

I-ambn \¬Ip∂ hoXn 10 ao‰-dmbn

\¬Ip-I.

♦ output Shapefile F∂nSsØ browse_´¨ ¢n°p-sNbvXv ]mfn°v A\p-tbm-

Py-amb ^b¬\maw (buffer_roads)\¬In tkhp-sN-øp-I. ]pXnb ]mfn

tN¿°p-∂-Xn\pw A\p-hmZw \¬Ip-I.

♦ seb¿ t_mIvkn¬ Road Layer s\

UmKp-sNbvXv buffer_roads ]mfn°p

apI-fn-te-°pw, House Layer s\ RoadLayer \v apI-fn-te°pw Iao-I-cn-°p-I.

C\n `q]Sw \nco£n®v tdmUv hoXn

Iq´ptºmƒ _m[n°p∂ sI´nS߃

GsXms° F∂p Is≠Øm\mIpw?

Bhiysa¶n¬ `q]Sw Zoom in sNømw.

BcpsSsbms° hoSpIfmhpw \„s∏SpI

F∂p Is≠Øm\mbn house ]mfnbn¬

¢n°p sNøpI. Identify Features F∂

Sqfn¬ ¢n°psNbvXtijw _^¿ sebdn

ep≈ Hmtcm hoSpItfbpw kqNn∏n°p∂

t]mbn‚pIfn¬ ho≠pw ¢n°p sNøpI.

hoSpIsf°pdn®v Fs¥√mw hnhcßfmWv

`q]S \n¿amW kabØv Dƒs∏SpØn

bncn°p∂Xv F∂pt\m°q.

]pXnb ]mfn tN¿°mw

`q]SØn¬ hoSpIsf√mw Hcp

]mfnbnemWv ASbmfs∏SpØnbncn°p∂

sX∂v i≤nt®m? hoSpItfmSp tN¿∂v

km[mcWbmbn InWdpIƒ D≠mhpw.

NnXw 3.9

Pnsbm d^d≥knwKv

Hcp ]tZiØns‚ q]Sw kvIm≥ sNbvXv QGIS ¬ Dƒs∏SpØp∂tXmsS AXv Pnsbm

d^d≥kp sNøWw. CXn\mbn B ]tZiØp≈ IrXyambn Xncn®dnbm≥ Ignbp∂

ÿe ASbmf߃ (Landmark) Is≠Øn AhbpsS A£mwihpw tcJmwihpw

t•m_¬ s]mknj\nßv knÃw (GPS) F∂ kt¶Xap]tbmKn®v Is≠Øp∂p. Cu

ASbmfßsf B[mcam°n `q]SsØ kvsIbne∏v sNøp∂p. CXns\bmWv Pnsbm

d^d≥knwKv F∂p]dbp∂Xv. Pnsbm d^d≥knwKv sNbvXp Ign™m¬ `q]SØnse

Hmtcm _nµphns‚bpw ÿm\w Adnbm\pw km[n°pw.

Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw

33

NnXw 3.10

]´nI 3.1

]mfn (Layer) C\w (Layer Type) hntijW߃ (Attributes)

AXncpIƒ _lp-`pPw (Polygon) ]©mbØns‚/hm¿Uns‚ t]cv,

P\kwJy, hoSpIfpsS FÆw apXembh

Ipf߃ _lp- pPw (Polygon) DSaÿX, Pe-e-`y-X,- D-]-tbm-Kw

apXembh

]pcbnS߃ _lp-`pPw (Polygon) k¿sh \º¿, `qan D]tbmKw, aÆn\w,

DSaÿX apXembh

\ZnIƒ hc (Line) t]cv, hoXn, Pe e`yX apXembh

\o¿®m¬ hc (Line) t]cv, hoXn, Pe e`yX apXembh

hgn hc (Line) t]cv. Xcw (][m\ ]mX As√¶n¬

]©mbØv hgn), hoXn, D]cnXew,

apXembh

hoSv _nµp (Point) ho´p\º¿, ho´pt]cv, IpSpw_mwKßfpsS

FÆw, ta¬°qc (RCC or tiled or thatch)

InW¿ _nµp (Point) DSaÿX, Pee`yX, D]tbmKw,

Ahÿ, Bgw, Pe ]cnip≤n apXembh

s]mXp sI´nSw _nµp (Point) t]cv, C\w, sI´nS \º¿ apXembh

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

34

ChnsS InWdpIƒ tcJs∏SpØnbn´n√.

Ah Fßs\ Dƒs∏SpØpw?

♦ QGIS sa\phn¬\n∂v Layer → New →New Shapefile Layer IaØn¬ ¢n°p

sNøpI.

♦ ]Xy£amIp∂ UbtemKv t_mIvkn¬

Layer Type GsX∂v (Xmsg

X∂ncn°p∂ ]´nI t\m°n)

tcJs∏SpØpI.

♦ New Attribute \pXm-sg-bp≈ Namet_mIvkn¬ InW-dn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb

hnti-j-W-߃ (Attributes) \¬Ip-I.

hntijWßfmbn Fs¥√mw

Imcy߃ \¬Im≥ km[n°pw? ]´nIbn¬

\n∂v Is≠Øq. hntijWßfpsS

Xmsgbp≈ type box -¬ IqSpX¬ A\p-_‘

hntijWßfpw tcJs∏SpØmw. A£c

߃ D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ text data Ft∂m

A°ßƒ°v Whole number As√¶n¬

Decimal number Ft∂m \¬Imw. Hmtcm

hntijWw \¬Iptºmgpw Xmsg Add toattributes list F∂ Sm_n¬ ¢n°p

sNøphm≥ ad°cpXv. th≠ hnhcß

sf√mw tcJs∏SpØnb tijw OK _´¨

Aa¿Øn well F∂ ^b¬\maw \¬In

NnXw 3.11

tkhv sNøpI. At∏mƒ well F∂ t]cn¬

Hcp ]mfn CSØv seb¿ t_mIvkn¬

]Xy£amIpw. ]mfnbn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°p

sNbvXv properties Xpd∂v t\m°q. Cu

]mfn°v C\nbpw Fs¥ms° am‰ßƒ

hcpØm≥ Ignbpsa∂v Is≠Øq

(NnXw 3.11).

Cßs\ Xbmdm°nb ]mfnbnemWv

\ap°v InWdpIƒ tcJs∏SptØ≠Xv.

Xmsg-∏-d -bp∂ coXn -bn¬ InW-dp -Iƒ

Hmtcm-∂mbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønt°mfq.

♦ seb¿ t_mIvkn¬\n∂pw well ]mfn

Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I.

♦ Sqƒ_m-dnse toggle editing _´-

Wn¬ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I.

♦ At∏mƒ amXw kPo-h-am-Ip∂ kao-

]-Øp≈ capture point _´¨

Aa¿Øp-I.

♦ hoSn-\-SpØv InW¿ ASbmfs∏Sp

tØ≠ ÿm\Øv ¢n°p sNøpI.

♦ Xpd-∂p-h-cp∂ Attributes PmeIØn¬

( NnXw 3.12 ) Bhiyamb hnhc߃

\evIn OK ¢n°p sNøpI.

Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw

35

CtX coXn Ah-ew -_n -®p -Xs∂

Bh-iy-amb ]mfnIƒ \n¿an®v ]pcbnSw,

Ipfw, \ZnIƒ XpSßnbhsb√mw C\n

\n߃°p Xs∂ `q]SØn¬ Dƒs°m≈n

°mat√m?

NnXw 3.12

`q]Sw IqSpX¬ BI¿jIam°mw.

\Ωƒ Xbmdm°p∂ `q]SØn¬

Xes°´v , tXmXv , Zn°v (North line) ,kqNI߃ (Legend) XpSßnbh Fßs\

hntijW߃ (Attributes)

GIS `q]SØn¬ Dƒt®¿°p∂ Hmtcm

hn`mKw hnhcßfpsSbpw _‘s∏´ a‰p

hntijW߃ IqSn Dƒs°m≈p∂

Xn\p≈ kuIcy߃ e`yamWv.

DZmlcWØn\v `q]SØn¬ Dƒs°m

≈p∂ IrjnbnSßfpsS hntijWß

fmbn k¿th \º¿, hnkvXo¿Ww,

aÆns‚ kz`mhw, Pee`yX, Irjnbn\

߃ XpSßn _‘s∏´ F√m

hnhcßfpw tN¿°p∂Xn\p km[n°pw.

amXa√, `q]SØn¬ tN¿°p∂

hnhcßsf View sa\phnse Identify Fea-tures ¢n°psNbvXv Xncs™Sp°m\mIpw.

\Ωƒ \¬Inb apgph≥ hnhcßfpw

]´nIbmbnØs∂ Layer sa\phnse

Open Attribute Table hgnbpw e`n°pw.

GIS `qhn-hc hyhÿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-hn[w

s\¬Irjn hnI-kn-∏n -°p-∂-Xn -\mbn

Xcnip `qan D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Imcyw

Xocp-am-\n-°-W-sa-∂n-cn-°-s´. `qhn-hc

hyhÿm `q]SØnse Irjn-tbm-Ky-amb

Xcn-ip-\new ImWn-°p∂ ]mfn°p apI-

fn¬ aÆv, tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ, Pe-tkm-

X- p-Iƒ F∂nh ImWn-°p∂ ]mfn-Iƒ

hncn®p (Overlay) t\m°p-∂p.

CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ tdmUv `q]S]mfn°p

apI-fn¬ ]mS-ti-J-c- `q]Sw hncn-®n-´m¬

]pXnb tdmUv \n¿an-°p-tºmƒ Fhn-sS-

sb√mw ]mS-ti-J-c-߃ \nI-∂p-t]m-Ip-

sa∂v Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw. Cßs\ ]mtZ-

in-Im-kq-X-W-Øns‚ Hmtcm kp]-[m\

L -ß-fnepw GIS q]SßfpsS D]-tbmKw

C∂v AXym-h-iy-ambn h∂n-cn-°bmWv.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

36

bmWv Dƒs∏SpØpI? CXn\mbn file →New print Composer FSp°ptºmƒ

ZriyamIp∂ Iwt]mk¿ PmeIØn¬\n∂v

add new map Sqƒ ¢n°p sNbvX tijw

Xmsg Iym≥hmkn¬ Ncn™ Zni-bn¬

click & drag sNøpI. q]Sw ]Xy£amIpw.

\nßfpsS Bhiya\pkcn®v hen∏w

IaoIcn°m\p≈ SqfpIƒ ]tbmP\

s∏SpØmw (NnXw 3.13). heXp hiØp≈

properties box ¬ general, item F∂nh

D]tbmKn®v `q]SØn\v as‰s¥√mw am‰w

hcpØm\mIpsa∂v \n߃ Is≠Øp

at√m?

XesI´v \¬Im≥ Iwt]mk¿

PmeIØnse add new label Sqƒ _´¨

skeIvSv sNbvXv Iym≥hmkn¬ ¢n°p

sNøpI. quantum GIS F∂ te_temSp

IqSnb Hcp sSIvk‰v t_mIvkv ZriyamIp∂p.

heXp hiØp≈ label box ¬ am‰w hcpØn

A\ptbmPyamb t]cp\¬In sSIvk‰v

t_mIvkn¬ am∏ns‚ Xes° v Zriyam°m≥

Ignbpw.

legend Dƒs∏SpØm≥ add new vectlegend _´¨ skeIvS v sNbvXv

Iym≥hmkn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXm¬ amXw

aXnbmIpw.

C\n Sqƒ _mdnse add image skeIvSv

sNbvXv Iym≥hmkn¬ Aa¿Øptºmƒ

heXp hiØp ZriyamIp∂ Picture option¬ \n∂pw A\ptbmPyamb North lineASbmfw Dƒs∏SpØmw. CXpt]mse

Iwt]mk¿ PmeIØnse a‰p Sqƒ

GsX√mw F∂v ]cnNbs∏Spat√m.

File → Export as Image Xpd∂v

A\ptbmPyamb t^m¿am‰n¬ \mw \n¿an®

`q]Sw Save sNbvXv kq£n°mw.

XpS¿ ]-h¿Ø-\-߃

♦ Kma ]©mbØns‚ `q]SØn¬

\nßfpsS hoSpw kao] ÿeßfpw

Dƒs°m≈p∂ QGIS `q]Sw Xbm

dm°pI.

♦ Izm≠w Pn.sF.Fkn¬ Xbmdm°nb

kvIqƒ hm¿Uns‚ q]SØn¬ kvIqfn\v

50 ao‰¿ Np‰fhn¬ FX InWdpIƒ

Ds≠∂v BhrØn hniIe\ØneqsS

Is≠ØpI.

♦ C≥UybpsS `q]IrXn hn`mK߃

hyXykvX \ndßfn¬ \n¿an°pI.

♦ ‘C≥Uy kmºØnI qanimkvXw’ F∂

A[ymbØnse C¥y tKmXºv Irjn

sNøp∂ ]tZi߃ (t]Pv 87) Pn.

sF. Fkv. tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v

\n¿an°pI.

NnXw 3.13

Iºyq´¿ mj

37

ss]ب F∂ Iºyq´¿`mjbpsS

klmbtØmsS PymanXob cq]߃

\n¿an°p∂ hn[w \mw A`ykn®n´p≠t√m?

AXpt]mseXs∂ Iu≠vUu¨ t¢m°v

\n¿an°p∂Xn\pw efnXamb KWnX

InbIƒ sNøp∂Xn\pw \mw ap≥

¢mkpIfn¬ ss]ب`mj D]tbmKn®p

Ign™p.

F´v, H≥]Xv ¢mkpIfn¬ ]cnNbs∏´

Nne ss]ب \n¿tZißfpw AhbpsS

D]tbmKhpw Xmsg ]´nIIfn¬ \¬Inbn

cn°p∂p.

\n¿tZiw DZmlcWw D]tbmKw

import from turtle import* F√m turtle Km^nIvkv

samUyqfpIfpw t]mKm-an¬

Dƒs∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v

raw_input a=raw_input(“Enter your Name:”)‘a’F∂ NcØnte°v Hcp t]cv

Iot_m¿Uv hgn C≥]p´mbn

kzoIcn°p∂Xn\v

if if(n>10) print “Greater than TEN” else

print ”Less than TEN”

‘n’F∂ NcØnse kwJy ]Øn¬

IqSpXemsW¶n¬ “Greater

than TEN” F∂pw kwJy ]Øn¬

IpdhmsW¶n¬ “Less than TEN”

F∂pw ]n‚p sNøp∂Xn\v

‘i’F∂ NcØn¬ 0,1,2,3,4

F∂o kwJyIƒ tiJcn°p∂

Xn\v

range i=range(5)

‘i’F∂ NcØn¬ tiJcn®

kwJyIƒ ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\vfor for i in range(11):

print i

time samUyqƒ t]mKman¬

Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\vimport import time

turtle Km^nIvkv Pme-I-Øn¬

‘s’ F∂ Nc-Ønse hne ]n‚ v

sNøp-∂-Xn\v

write() write(s)

]´nI 4.1 : \mw CXphsc ]cnNbs∏´ Nne ss]ب \n¿tZi߃

4 Iºyq- ¿ `mj

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

38

]h¿Ø\w : Nne ss]ب \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw ]´nI 4.2 ¬ \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. Bhiyambh Iq´nt®¿Øv ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

ss]ب `mjbnse IqSpX¬ Nne

hkvXpXIƒ C\n \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

for \p]Icw while

Hcp t]mKman¬ Dƒs∏´n´p≈

GsX¶nepw \n¿tZi߃ Hcp \n›nX

XhW Bh¿Øn®p ]h¿Øn°Wsa¶n¬

for \n¿tZiamWv D]tbmKnt°≠sX∂v

\mw a\ nem°nbn´p≠v. ss]ب

t]mKmw 1 t]mKmw 2

from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45) circle(50)

from turtle import*clear()i=0while(i<8): rt(45) circle(50) i=i+1

Dƒs∏sSbp≈ Iºyq´¿ `mjIfn¬ for\n¿tZisØt∏mseXs∂ while F∂

\n¿tZihpw CXn\mbn D]tbmKn°mdp≠v.

Htc t]mKmw for, while F∂nh D]tbmKn®v

\n¿an®ncn°p∂Xv Xmsg \¬Ip∂p. c≠p

t]mKmapIfpw ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°q.

Programming sa\phn¬\n∂v IDLE Xpd∂p

t]mKmw ssS∏p-sNbvXv ]h¿Øn∏n®m¬

aXn.

ss]ب \n¿tZiw D]tbmKw

a=range(1,10)

]´n-I. 4.2

1 apX¬ 10 hscbp≈ kwJyIƒ a F∂ NcØn¬

tiJcn°p∂Xn\v

i=i+1 NcØn¬ (i) tiJcn®ncn°p∂ kwJytbmSv 1Iq´m≥

a=range(2,21,2)

\n¿tZi߃ Hcp \n›nX XhW Bh¿Øn®v

]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\p≈ ss]ب \n¿tZiwfor

a=range(3,31,3)

for i in ranges(5,51,5) print i

clear()

circle(100)

a=range(10,1,-2)

write(s, font=(“Arial”,30)) turtle Km^nIvkv Pme-I-Øn¬ ‘s’ F∂ Nc-

Ønse hne hyXykvX coXn-Ifn¬ ]n‚ v sNøp-∂-

Xn\v

]´nI 4.3

Iºyq´¿ mj

39

t]mKmapIƒ ]h¿Øn∏n®tijw

Xmsg∏dbp∂h Is≠ØpI.

♦ GXv Bh¿Ø\ \n¿tZitØm

sSm∏amWv range ^Mvj≥

D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂Xv?

♦ c≠masØ t]mKman¬ i=i+1 F∂

\n¿tZiw \¬Inbn´ns√¶n¬ F¥p

kw`hn°pambncp∂p?

♦ t]mKmw 2 ¬ i=0 F∂ \n¿tZiw

F¥n-\mWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?

^Mvj\pIƒ ss]ØWn¬

Im¬°v, ssd‰¿ XpSßnb tkm v‰vsh

bdpIfn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ SUM,AVERAGE, COUNT XpSßnb Mvj\pIƒ

\mw ]cnNbs∏´n´p≠t√m? CXpt]mse

KWnXInbIƒ Ffp∏am°p∂Xpw ho≠pw

ho≠pw D]tbmKn°m≥ Ignbp∂Xpamb

for \n¿tZiØn\IsØ for \n¿tZiw

Hcp for \n¿tZiØn\IØv Hcp \n›nX XhW Bh¿Øn®p ]h¿Ønt°≠

\n¿tZi߃ IaoIcn°m≥ \mw Ign™ ¢mkpIfn¬ ]cnioen®n´p≠v.

AXpt]mseXs∂ for \n¿tZiØn\IØv ho≠pw for \n¿tZi߃ \¬Im\mIpw.

HºXmw¢mkn¬ Iºyq´¿ IfsagpØv F∂ ]mT`mKØv ]cnNbs∏´ ]h¿Ø\w

c≠pcoXnIfn¬ Xmsg\¬Ip∂p. t]mKmapIfnse ASbmfs∏SpØnb `mK߃

XmcXayw sNbvXv Hcp for \n¿tZiØn\IØv as‰mcp for \n¿tZiw Dƒs∏SpØp∂hn[w

Xncn®dnbm\mIpw. coXn 2 \nco£n°pI. CXn¬ for i in range(8): F∂ for\n¿tZiØn\IØv ho≠pw for j in range(30,91,10): F∂ for \n¿tZiw

\¬Inbncn°p∂Xp ImWmw.

coXn 2 se Hmtcm \n¿tZißfpw FX XhW ]h¿Øn°p∂ps≠∂v Xmsg ]´nIbn¬

\¬Inbncn°p∂p.

\n¿tZiw FX XhW ]h¿Øn°p∂p?

from turtle import*

clear()

for i in range(8):

rt(45)

for j in range(30,91,10):

circle(j)

1

1

8

56

coXn 1 coXn 2

from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45)

circle(30)circle(40)circle(50)circle(60)circle(70)circle(80)circle(90)

from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45) for j in range(30,91,10): circle(j)

]´nI 4.4

]´nI 4.5

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

40

^Mvj\pIƒ ss]ب `mjbnepw

\n¿an°m≥ Ignbpw. Cßs\ \n¿an-°p∂

^Mvj\pIƒ a‰p t]mKmapIfn¬

]h¿Øn∏n°m\pw Ignbpw.

c≠p kwJyIfpsS XpI

ImWp∂Xn\p≈ ^Mvj≥ NphsS

\¬Inbncn°p∂p (t]mKmw 3).

Cu t]mKmanse Hmtcm

hcnIfpsSbpw D]tbmKw Xmsg ]´nIbn¬

\¬Inbncn°p∂p.

t]mKmw 3

def sum(a,b):

c=a+b

return c

]pXnb t]mKman¬ ss]ب ^Mvj≥

Dƒs∏SpØp∂ hn[w

apIfn¬ \¬Inb XpI ImWp∂

Xn\p≈ ^Mvj≥ (t]mKmw 3)

ssS∏psNbvXv myfunction.py F∂t]cn¬

kz¥w t]cn-ep≈ t^mƒU-dn¬ tkhv

sNøpI. AXn\ptijw Xmsg \¬Inbn

cn°p∂ t]mKmw (t]mKmw 4) CtX

t^mƒUdn¬ Xbmdm°n ]h¿Øn∏n®p

t\m°pI. Cu t]mKmanse Hmtcm

\n¿tZihpw ss]ب sj√n¬

]h¿Øn∏n®mepw aXn.

]h¿Ø\w

t]mKmw 4s‚ Hu´v]p´v \nco£n®v

]´nI.4.7 ]q¿Ønbm°pI. AXn\ptijw

c≠p kwJyIfpsS KpW\^ew

ImWp∂Xn\p≈ ^Mvj≥ myfunction.pyF∂ t]mKmant\mSv Iq´nt®¿°pI.

kvSnßpIƒ

kvSnßv F∂m¬ A£ccq]Ønep≈

Um‰bmWv. D≤-c-Wn-bn¬ \¬Ip∂ kwJy-

Ifpw kvSnßp-I-fm-Wv. apIfn¬ \¬Inb

t]mKman¬ (t]mKmw 4) ¬ print

t]mKmw 4

import myfunction

print myfunction.sum(3,4)

print myfunction.sum(‘3’,‘4’)

print myfunction.sum(30,40)

print myfunction.sum(‘a’,‘b’)

\n¿tZiw D]tbmKw

def sum(a,b): c≠v NcßfpsS hneIƒ

kzoIcn°m≥ Ignbp∂

sum F∂ t]cnep≈

^Mvj≥ \n¿an°p∂

Xn\p≈ \n¿tZiw

c=a+b e`yamb c≠v hneIƒ

XΩn¬ Iq´n c F∂

NcØn¬ tiJcn°p

∂Xn\v

return c Cu ^Mvj≥ ]tbmP\

s∏SpØp∂ t]mKman\v

c≠v hneIƒ XΩn¬

Iq´nbm¬ In´p∂

hneIƒ Xncn®p \¬I¬

]´n-I. 4.6

\n¿tZiw D]tbmKw

import myfunction

print myfunction.sum(3,4)

print myfunction.sum(30,40)

print myfunction.sum(‘a’,‘b’)

]´n-I. 4.7

Iºyq´¿ mj

41

myfunction.sum(“Good”,“morning”)F∂ \n¿tZiw IqSn tN¿Øv

]h¿Øn∏n®m¬ Hu´v]p´mbn GoodmorningF∂pIqSn ]n‚p sNøpw.

^Mvj\nte°v C≥]p´mbn \¬Ip∂ Um‰,

kwJyIfs√∂v ss]ب Xncn®dn™Xp

sIm≠mWv CXv kw`hn®Xv. ss]ØWn¬

‘+’ Nn”w c≠p kwJyIsf Iq´p∂Xn\p

amXa√ c≠p kvSnßpIƒ Iq´nt®¿°p

∂Xn\pw D]tbmKn°p∂p.

]h¿Ø\w : kvSnßv ]ncanUv

kvSnßv ]ncanUv \n¿an°p∂Xn\p≈

]h¿Ø\w NphsS (t]mKmw 5)

\¬Inbncn°p∂p. ssS∏psNbvXv ]h¿Øn

∏n°pI.

t]mKmw 5

s=raw_input(“Enter Your Name:”)n=len(s)for i in range(n+1): print s[:i]

ss]ب samUyqfpIƒ

Km^nIv t]mKmapIfn¬ from turtle import* F∂ \n¿tZiw XpS°Øn¬

Dƒs∏SpØnbncp∂Xv Hm¿°pat√m. AXpt]mseXs∂ kabhpambn _‘s∏´

\n¿tZi߃ Dƒs∏Sp∂ t]mKmapIfn¬ import time F∂ \n¿tZihpw XpS°Øn¬

\¬Imdp≠mbncp∂Xpw i≤n®ncn°pw. Time, turtle XpSßnb ss]ب samUyqfpIƒ

t]mKman¬ Dƒs∏SpØm\mWv CØcw \n¿tZi߃ t]mKman¬ tN¿°p∂Xv.

DZmlcWambn time F∂ samUyqƒ import time F∂ \n¿tZiw D]tbmKn®v Hcp

t]mKman¬ Dƒs∏SpØptºmƒ kabhpambn _‘s∏ v Cu samUyqfn¬ Dƒs∏´n´p≈

F√m Mvj\pIfpw ]pXnb t]mKman¬ e`yamIpw. \mw \n¿an°p∂ t]mKmapIfpw

CØcØn¬ import F∂ \n¿tZiØns‚ klmbtØmsS ]pXnb as‰mcp t]mKman¬

Dƒs∏SpØmw.

ss]ب t]mKmw \ΩpsS knÃ-Øn¬ C≥Ãmƒ sNøp-tºmƒ t\csØ Xbm-dm-

°n-h® \nc-h[n samUyq-fp-Iƒ AtXm-sSm∏w e`y-am-Ipw. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ samUyq-fp-

Iƒ GXp t]mKm-an-te°pw kuI-cy-]-Z-ambn import sNømw. F∂m¬ \mw \n¿an°p∂

Hcp ss]ب ^b¬ as‰mcp ss]ب ^ben¬ import sNøWsa¶n¬ c≠p

^bepIfpw Htc t^mƒUdnembncn°Ww.

kvSnßn\IsØ KWnXw

kvSnßpIƒ Hcp ]tXyI coXnbnemWv tiJcn°s∏Sp∂Xv. Nne kvSnßv \n¿tZi

ßfpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv i≤n°pI.

print a[0]

print a*3

print a[:2]

print a[2:]

print a[-1]

print a.upper()

print a.lower()]´nI 4.8

\n¿tZiw D]tbmKw

a=“Good” a F∂ NcØn¬ Good F∂ kvSnßv tiJcn°p∂Xn\v

print a a bnse D≈S°w ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\v

a bn¬ tiJcn® kvSnßnse BZysØ A£cw ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\v

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

42

CtX t]mKmw while D]tbmKn®v

Xbmdm°nbXv Xmsg (t]mKmw 6)

\¬Inbncn°p∂p. t]mKmw ]h¿Øn∏n®v

sX‰ps≠¶n¬ XncpØpI.

ss]ب tImUv P\-td-‰¿

ss]ب t]mKmapIƒ WYSIWYG(What You See Is What You Get)amXrIbn¬ \n¿an°m≥ klmbn°p∂ Hcp

tkm^v‰vshbdmWv wxglade. Cu tkm^v‰v

shb¿ Programming sa\phnemWv

Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈Xv. tkm^v‰vshb¿

Xpd°ptºmƒ Sqƒt_mIvtkmSpIqSnb

][m\ PmeItØmsSm∏w (NnXw 4.1)

Properties PmeIhpw (NnXw 4.2)

wxglade:Tree PmeIhpw (NnXw 4.3) Hcpan®v

Xpd∂phcpw.

wxglade D]tbmKn®p≈ ss]ب

t]mKmw \n¿amWw

Hcp ss]ب t]mKmw

]h¿Øn∏n®t∏mƒ e`n® PmeIamWv

(NnXw 4.4) \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv. wxglade

t]mKmw 6

s=raw_input(“Enter Your Name:”)n=len(s)i=1while(i<n): print s[:i] i=i+1

tkm^v‰ vshbdns‚ klmbtØmsS

bmWv Cu ss]ب t]mKmw

\n¿an®Xv.

NnXw 4.4 se PmeIw \n¿an°p∂

Xn\v wxglade D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ s^bnw

NnXw 4.2

NnXw 4.3NnXw 4.1

Iºyq´¿ mj

43

\n¿amWw, te_-ep-Iƒ, _ -Wp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-

bh Dƒs∏-Sp -ج F∂o Imcy -߃

Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ch Xmsg hnh-cn-

°p-∂p.

s^bnw \n¿amWw wxglade ¬

♦ Programming sa\phn¬\n∂v wxgladetkm^v‰ vshb¿ Xpd°pI. aq∂v

PmeI߃ Xpd∂phcpw (][m\

PmeIw (NnXw 4.1), Properties PmeIw

(NnXw 4.2), wxglade : Tree PmeIw

(NnXw 4.3) F∂nh).

♦ ][m\ PmeIØn¬\n∂v (NnXw 4.1)

Add a Frame _´¨ ¢n°psNøpI.

♦ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Pme-I-Øn¬\n∂pw

(NnXw 4.5) wxFrame Hm]vj≥

skeIvS v sNbvXv OK _´¨

Aa¿ØpI. At∏mƒ <design>s^bnw PmeIw e`y-amIpw (NnXw 4.6).

♦ CtX kabØv wxglade:TreePmeIØn¬ (NnXw 4.3) D≠mIp∂

hnjz¬ t]mKm-ap-Iƒ

hnjz¬ t]mKm-ap-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ t]mKmanMv Ffp∏amIp∂p. CXv Iºyq´¿

t]mKmapIƒ Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ WYSIWYG amXrIIfmWv. km[mcW t]mKmanMv

`mjIfn¬ Hcp NXpcw hcbv°p∂Xn\v _‘s∏´ tImUpIfSßnb \n¿tZi߃

ssS∏psNøWw. F∂m¬ hnjzssekv sNbvX t]mKmanMv `mjbn¬ Hcp NXpcw

hcbv°p∂Xn\v ssd‰dnsebpw a‰pwt]mse UmKv B‚ v tUm]v aXnbmIpw.

][m\s∏´ F√m t]mKmanMv mjIfpw hnjzssekv sNbvXn´p≠v. C++ F∂ Iºyq´¿

`mjbpsS hnjzssekv sNbvX cq]amWv Visual C++, en\Ivknse t]mKmanMv

sa\phn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈ wxglade F∂ tkm^v‰vshbdns‚ klmbtØmsS

ss]ب, C++. Perl, XRC, Lisp F∂o `mjIfnep≈ t]mKmapIƒ WYSIWYGamXrIbn¬ Xbmdm°mw.

am‰w \nco£n°pI (NnXw 4.7). ]pXnb

s^bnans‚ t]cpw Sizer Dw

]Xy£s∏´n´p-≠m-Ipw.

NnXw 4.4

NnXw 4.5

NnXw 4.6

NnXw 4.7

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

44

te_-ep-I-fpw _´-Wp-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v

s^bn -an¬ te_epw sSIvÃv

t_mIvkpw _´Wpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈

am¿Kw Xmsg \¬Ip-∂p.

♦ te_¬ \n¿amWw : ][m\

PmeIØnse (NnXw 4.1) Add a static

Text _´¨ sk-eIvSv sNbvXv

<design> PmeIØnse BZysØ

If-Øn¬ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I. <design>PmeIØnepw wxglade:Tree PmeI

Ønepw te_ens‚ t]cv sXfn™p

hcpw. Properties PmeIØnse

Widget Sm_ns‚ klmbtØmsS

Label 1 F∂Xv Number 1 F∂m°n

am‰pI. c≠m-asØ te_epw CtX Ia-

Øn¬ am‰p-I. (NnXw 4.11 ImWp-I).

♦ wxglade:Tree PmeIØnse Sizer ¬¢n°psNøpI. Properties PmeIØn¬

\n∂pw A\ptbmPyamb Sizer skeIvSv

sNøpI. <design> Frame PmeIw

NnXØnteXp (NnXw 4.10) t]mse

IaoIcn°pI.

s^bnw IaoIcWØn\v Sizer

s^bnw PmeIØnse hcnIfpw \ncIfpw IaoIcn°p∂Xn\mWv SizerD]tbmKn°p∂Xv. Sizer D]tbmKn®v hcnbpw \ncbpw IaoIcn°p∂ hn[w Xmsg

\¬Ip∂p.

♦ wxglade:Tree PmeIØn¬ (NnXw 4.7) \n∂pw Sizer ¬ ¢n°psNøpI. PropertiesPmeIØn¬ AXn\\pkrXambn am‰w D≠mIpw (NnXw 4.8). Pme-IØnse Class

\p t\tcbp≈ _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. At∏mƒ e`n°p∂ Select sizer typePmeIØn¬ (NnXw 4.9) \n∂pw A\ptbmPyamb Sizer type sXcs™Sp°pI.

NnXw 4.4 teXpt]mse tdmbpw tImfhpw Dƒs∏Sp∂ s^bnamWv

\n¿an°p∂sX¶n¬ wxFlexGridSizer BWv sXcs™Spt°≠Xv.

♦ AXn\ptijw wxglade:Tree PmeIØnse Sizer ¬ ssd‰v ¢n°psNbvXv

BhiyØn\v tdmbpw tImfhpw Iq´nt®¿°mw.

NnXw 4.8 NnXw 4.9

NnXw 4.10

Iºyq´¿ mj

45

♦ sSIvÃv t_mIvkv tN¿°p-∂-Xn\v :

][m\ Pme-I-Ønse Add a Text Ctrl

_´¨ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I. te_¬

\n¿an® amXr-I-bn¬ Bh-iy-amb ÿe-

ß-fn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv NnXw 4.11 teXp-

t]mse sSIvÃv t_mIvkp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øp-I.

♦ _´-Wp-Iƒ tN¿°p-∂-Xn\v : ][m\

Pme-I-Ønse Add a Button ¬ ¢n°p-

sNbvXv s^bn-an¬ _´-Wp-Iƒ tN¿

°p-I. BZysØ _´¨ (Add) Dƒs∏-

Sp -Øn -bm¬ Properties ¬ c≠p

am‰ -߃ IqSn hcp -tØ-≠-Xp -≠v.

Properties Pme-I-Ønse Widget

Sm_nse Label 1 F∂Xv AddF∂m°n am‰p-I-bmWv BZyw sNtø-

≠-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw Event Sm_n¬

Handler F∂ `mKØv _´-Wn¬

¢n°p-sN-øp-tºmƒ ]h¿Øn-t°≠

^Mvjs‚ t]cv tN¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

( ] -h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ sum F∂mWv

\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv). DØcw sXfn-

tb≠ c≠m-asØ _´¨ skeIvSv

sNbvXv Widget Sm_nse Label 2F∂Xv Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw thWw.

ss]ب tImUv \n¿amWw

NnXw 4.11 se <Design> PmeIØnse

IaoIcWØn\v kam\amb ss]ب

te_ens‚ t]cpw D≈S°hpw am‰mw

Add a static Text _´¨ D]tbmKn®v te_¬ \n¿an°ptºmƒ km[mcWbmbn

Label_1, Label_2 F∂nßs\bp≈ t]cpw D≈S°hpamWv sXfn™phcnI. Cßs\

e`n°p∂ t]cpIƒ Xmsg∏dbp∂ IaØn¬ am‰mhp∂XmWv.

♦ wxglade:Tree PmeIØnse am‰w hcptØ≠ te_en¬ ¢n°psNøpI. PropertiesPmeIØn¬ AXn\\pkrXambn am‰ap≠mIpw.

♦ Properties PmeIØnse Common Sm_n¬ ¢n°psNbvXv t]cv am‰mhp

∂XmWv. D≈S°w am‰p∂Xn\p≈ Hm]vj≥ Widget Sm_n¬ \n∂pw e`n°pw.

NnXw 4.11

NnXw 4.12 NnXw 4.13

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

46

tImUv \n¿an°p∂Xn\p≈ ]h¿Ø\Iaw

Xmsg \¬Ip∂p.

♦ wxglade:Tree PmeIØn¬\n∂pw

Applications ¢n°psNøpI. AXn\p

tijw Properties PmeIØnse

Output path Hm]vj\p t\scbp≈

(NnXw 4.13) _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv

Bhiyamb t^mƒU¿ sXcs™

SpØv ^b¬ \maw \¬IpI. .pyF∂ FIvÃ≥j≥ \n¿_-‘-ambpw

\¬I-Ww.

♦ CtX PmeIØnse Python F∂

Hm]vj≥ skeIvSv sNbvXv GenerateCode _´Wn¬ Aa¿ØpI. \n¿tZin

°s∏´ t^mƒUdn¬ ss]ب

tImUv \n¿an°s∏´n´p≠mIpw. IDLEXpdt∂m Terminal D]tbmKnt®m Cu

t]mKmw ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°pI.

t^mans\ ]h¿Ø\£aam°mw

apIfn¬ \mw \n¿an® t]mKmw

]h¿Øn∏n°p∂ kabØv Ifßfn¬

kwJyIƒ tN¿°m≥ Ignbpw. F∂m¬ Add_´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøptºmƒ XpI

e`yamIpIbn√. Cu ]iv\w ]cnlcn

°p∂Xn\p≈ am¿Kw Xmsg \¬Ip∂p.

♦ \n¿an°s∏´ ss]ب ^b¬

Xpd°pI. sum ^Mvjs‚ tImUv

hcp∂ `mKØv (NnXw 4.14) NnXw 4.15

teXpt]mse am‰w hcpØpI.

sSIvÃv t_mIvkp-Iƒ hgn Iºyq- -dn-te°v

\¬Ip∂ kwJy \yqsa-dnIv Um‰b√.

CØcw kwJy-Iƒ KWnX Inb-Iƒ°v

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv \yqsadnIv Um‰-

bm°n amt‰-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn-\mbn int F∂

^Mvj-\mWv ss]Ø-Wn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂-Xv.

NnXw 4.14

NnXw 4.15

Iºyq´¿ mj

47

♦ t]mKmw ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°pI.

Ct∏mƒ Add _´¨ ]h¿Ø\

£aamIpIbpw DØcw c≠masØ

_´Wn¬ sXfnbpIbpw sNøpw.

♦ NnXw 4.16 teXpt]mse am‰w

hcpØnbpw ]h¿Øn∏n°pI. c≠pw

XΩnep≈ hyXymkw XmcXayw

sNøqI.

]h¿Ø\w

NnXw 4.17 s‚ amXrIbnep≈ PmeIw

e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ ss]ب t]mKmw

te_-ep-Iƒ, sSIvÃv t_mIvkp-Iƒ, _´-Wp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Hm_vP-IvSp-Iƒ Nc-

߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ss]ب `mj-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. NnX-Ønse

t]mKm-an¬ (NnXw 4.18) sum F∂ ^Mvj-\n¬ sSIvÃv t_mIvkp-I-fp-sSbpw

_´-Wns‚bpw t]cv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-°p-I. wxglade : Tree Pme-I-

Ønse H_vP-IvSp-I-fpsS t]cpX-s∂-bmWv t]mKm-an¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.

wxglade s‚ klmbtØmsS \n¿an°pI.

IqSp-X¬ KWnX Inb-Iƒ t]mKm-an¬ Iq´n-

t®¿°p-I.

NnXw 4.18

NnXw 4.16

NnXw 4.17

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

48

F\n°pw Hcp GUI tkm^v‰vshb¿

\n߃ \n¿an® tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v ssd‰dpw Im¬°pw Pnºpsa√mw

Xpd°m\mbmtem! \n߃°mhiyamb Nne t]mKmapIƒ Xpd°p∂Xn\p≈

ss]ب tImUv Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂p.

from Tkinter import *

import os

def callback():

print “called the callback!”

quit()

def callback1():

os.system(‘oowriter’)

def callback2():

os.system(‘oocalc’)

root = Tk()

menu = Menu(root)

root.config(menu=menu)

filemenu = Menu(menu)

menu.add_cascade(label=“File”, menu=filemenu)

filemenu.add_command(label=“New Writer file”, command=callback1)

filemenu.add_command(label=“New Calc file”, command=callback2)

filemenu.add_separator()

filemenu.add_command(label=“Exit”, command=callback)

mainloop()

\n߃°v ]Ømw¢mkn¬ Bhiyap≈ F√m tkm^v‰vshbdpIfpw Xpd°m≥

klmbn°p∂Xn\p≈ ss]ب t]mKmw C\n \n¿an°pat√m.

XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃

♦ Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ t]mKm-ap-I-fpsS

Hu´v]p´v Is≠-Øp-I.

Program 1

a = “o”for i in range (1, 11):

print i * a

Program 2

a = “o”c = “ ”for i in range (0, 11):

print (10-i) * c,(2*i+1)*a

♦ apI-fnse t]mKm-ap-I-fn¬ am‰w hcpØn

NnX-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]mt‰-Wp-

Iƒ \n¿an-°p-I.

****** +ooooo***** ++oooo**** +++ooo*** ++++oo** +++++o*

1111

111111111111

111111111

♦ PIT F∂ hm°ns\ TIP F∂v Xncn-s®-

gp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p≈ t]mKmw NphsS \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu t]mKm-ans\ C≥]p´v

coXn-bn-te°v am‰n-sb-gp-Xp-I.

a = “TIP”n = len (a)s = “”for i in range (n): s = s+a[n-i-1]print s

(1) (2)

(3)

Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w

49

hnhc kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS AXnZpX

amb hf¿®sb°pdn®v \m¬]-Ø-©ne[nIw

h¿j߃°papºv ]kn≤ imkvX

⁄\mb io. tKm¿U¨ aq¿ ]h-Nn-®-

Xns‚ Npcp-°-am-Wn-Xv.

Iºyq´dpw A\p_‘

D]IcWßfpw A\mbmkw

D]tbmKn°p∂hcmWt√m

\Ωƒ. AXpsIm≠pXs∂

A\p_‘ D]IcWßfnepw

Iºyq´dn\pXs∂bpw h∂p

sIm≠ncn°p∂ am‰ßsf

°pdn®v hnhc߃ tiJcn

°p∂Xv ckIcambncn°pat√m.

¢mknse Ip´nIƒ°v hnhn[

Kq∏pIfmbn Xncn™v Iºyq´

dn\pw a‰p]IcW߃°pw

h∂psIm≠ncn°p∂ am‰ßƒ

Is≠Øm\p≈ NpaXe

Gs‰Sp°mw. hnhctiJcW

Øn\v klmbIamb Nne

kqN\IfmWv C\n \¬Ip∂Xv.

aukv

Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ NnXw

i≤n°pI. aukpw AXv LSn∏n°p∂

Xn\p≈ hnhn[ C‚¿t^kpIfpamWv

NnXw 5.1

Hcp sF.kn Nn∏n¬ A[nI Nnehn√msX Dƒs°m≈n°mhp∂ Sm≥knÃdpIfpsS FÆw

Hmtcm c≠p h¿jw IqSptºmgpw Cc´nbv°pw. Cu ]hWX 2015 hscsb¶nepw XpScpIbpw

sNøpw.--

io. tKm¿U¨ C. aq¿, CeIvtSmWnIv amKkn≥, G]n¬ 1965

5 Iºyq- ¿ F∂ b¥w

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

50

NnXØn¬. CXn¬ kocnb¬ IWIv‰dp≈

aukpIƒ Ct∏mƒ D]tbmKn°mtdbn√.

]n.Fkv 2 IWIvSdpIfpw A]Xy£

ambns°m≠ncn°p∂p. ]Icw bp.Fkv._n

aukpIfpw hb¿sekv aukpIfpw

]NmcØnembnhcp∂p.

aukns‚ kmt¶XnIhnZybnepw Gsd

am‰ßƒh∂p. \nßfpsS aukns‚

ASnhiw H∂p ]cntim[n®pt\m°q.

aukn\Snbn¬ ÿm]n® Hcp tKmfØns‚

Ne\w ]n≥XpS¿∂mWv sa°m-\n -°¬

aukpIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv. ]n∂oS v

CØcw aukpIƒ°p ]Icw ]Imiw

]pds∏Sphn®v AXns‚ ]Xn^e\w

D]tbmKn®v ]h¿Øn°p∂ aukpIƒ

\n¿an-°-s∏´p. FXthKamWv kmt¶XnI

hnZyIƒ ImelcWs∏Sp∂Xv!

I∏eSp∏n°p∂Xpt]mse Xs∂!

\map]tbmKn°p∂ Iºyq´dns\

Nnet∏msgms° knÃw F∂p

hnfn°mdnt√? Iot_m¿Uv, aukv, tamWn‰¿,

knÃw bqWn‰ v XpSßn H∂ne[nIw

D]IcW߃ HsØmcpan®v ]h¿Øn

°p∂Xn\memWv Cßs\ hnfn°p∂Xv. Cu

D]IcWßsf√mw Fßs\bmWv knÃw

bqWn‰pambn LSn∏n°p∂Xv?

]pdØp\n∂p≈ I∏epIƒ Icbn

te°v ASp∏n°p∂ ÿeamWt√m

XpdapJw (t]m¿´v). AXpt]mse C≥]p´v,

Hu´ v]p´ v D]IcW߃ (kw`cW

D]IcWßfpw) knÃhpambn LSn∏n°m≥

km[mcWbmbn knÃw bqWn‰n¬

t]m¿´pIfp≠mIpw. Cu C‚¿t^kpIƒ°v

Iot_m¿Uv

Iot_m¿Uv as‰mcp C≥]p´v D]IcWamWv. aukpt]mseXs∂ Iot_m¿UpIfpw

PS/2, USB, Wireless C‚¿t^kpIfn¬ e`yamWv. (Iot_m¿Up

IfpsS PS/2 IWIv‰dpIƒ km[mcWbmbn GXv \ndØnep≈Xmbncn°pw?)

Iot_m¿Un¬ IoIƒ \ncØnh®ncn°p∂ IaamWv Iot_m¿Uv teHu´v. Cw•ojn¬

QWERTY F∂ Iot_m¿Uv te Hu´mWv s]mXpsh F√mh¿°pw kp]cnNnXw.

ssS∏p ssd‰dpIƒ°pth≠n \n¿an® Iot_m¿Uv kwhn[m\amWnXv. ASpØSpØ

IoIƒ thKØn¬ ssS∏p sNøptºmƒ ssS∏pssd‰dpIfnse ssS∏nMv enhdpIƒ

XΩn¬ Ipcpßnt∏mIp∂Xv km[mcWamWv. Cu ]iv\w ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\mbn

Cw•ojn¬ G‰hpw D]tbmKn°-s∏-Sp∂ A£-c-߃ ASpØSpØv hcmXncn°Ø°

coXnbnemWv ChnsS IoIƒ kwhn[m\w sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. ]t£, Iºyq´¿

Iot_m¿Un¬ IoIƒ Cßs\ Ipcpßnt∏mImsdm∂pan√t√m. \ΩpsS

ssIhncepIfpsS ]tXyIXIƒ A\pkcn®v G‰hpw thKØn¬ ssS∏psNøm≥

km[n°p∂ Iot_m¿Uv te Hu´pIƒ ]n∂oSv \n¿an°s∏´p. Dvorak, ColemakXpSßnbh AØcØnep≈hbmWv. Dvorak te Hu´mWv NnXØn¬.

12 e[nIw C¥y≥ `mjIƒ ssS∏psNøp∂Xn\mbn `mcX k¿°mdn\p Iognep≈

kn˛Um°v \n¿an® Iot_m¿Uv te Hu´mWv C≥kvIn]v‰v. `mcXob `mjIfpsS

en]nbnse kmayX Ahew_n®p≠m°nb C≥kvIn]v‰v te Hu´n¬ Cu `mjIfnse

A£-c߃s°√mw Htc Io ÿm\ßfmWv.

NnXw 5.2

Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w

51

GXv D]IcWw?D]IcWØns‚

C‚¿t^kv

]n.Fkv.2

kocnb¬

]mce¬

hn.Pn.F.

bp.Fkv._n.

RJ45

TRS Plug(Tip, Ring, Sleeve jack)

kocnb¬ tamUw

(D]tbmKØnen√)

Nnebn\w tUm´vamSnIvkv

]n‚dpIƒ

]n‚¿

i_vZ C≥]p´v, Hu´v]p´v

t]m¿´pIƒ, A\temKv

kn·¬ sse≥ C≥

NnXw 5.3

s]mP-IvS¿

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

52

tbmPn°p∂ XcØnep≈ t]m¿´pIƒ

Xs∂bmbncn°Ww knÃw bqWn‰n¬

D≠mbncnt°≠Xv. apI-fnep≈ ]´nI ]e-

Xcw C‚¿t -kp-I-sfbpw Ah knÃ-Øn¬

LSn-∏n-°p∂ t]m¿´p-I-sfbpw Ipdn-®m-Wv.

]´n-I-bn¬ hn´p-t]mb `mK-߃ ]qcn-∏n-°p-

a-t√m.

em]vtSm]v, s\‰v_p°v XpSßnb

Iºyq´¿ hIt`Zßfn¬ knÃw bqWn‰pw

tamWn‰dpw Iot_m¿Upsa√mw Hcpan®mWv.

]t£, a‰p]IcW߃ LSn∏n°p∂

t]m¿´pIfn¬ am‰apt≠m? Ah FhnsSsb

√mambmWv kwhn[m\w sNbvXncn°p∂Xv?

]cntim[n®p t\m°pI.

s]´nbv°IØv F¥mWv?

knÃØns‚ Iptdtbsd mK߃ Hcp

s]´n°IØm°n (knÃw Im_n\n‰ v)

sh®XmWt√m knÃw bqWn‰v. Fs¥√mw

`mKßfmWv CXn\IØp≈Xv? Ch \ap°v

hniZambn ]cntim[n°mw.

ssatIm t]mkk¿

CXmWv Iºyq´dns‚ Xet®m¿. \mw

sImSp°p∂ ZØ-߃ \n¿tZi߃°v

A\pkcn®v t]mkkv sNøs∏Sp∂Xv

ChnsS h®mWv. sk≥S¬ t]mkknMv

bqWn‰v (CPU) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xpw Cu

`mKamWv. NnXØn¬ ImWp∂Xv (NnXw

5.4) AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) F∂

Iº\nbpsS Athlon 64 F∂ t]mkkdmWv.

Hcp knÃØnse kn.]n .bp

hns\°pdn®p≈ hnhc߃ Adnbp∂Xn\v

knÃw Im_n-\‰v Xpd-°-W-sa-∂n-√. AXn\v

Sysinfo (Applications → System Tools →Sysinfo) F∂ t]mKmw D]tbmKn°mw. Hcp

Iºyq´dn¬ LSn∏n®ncn°p∂ C‚¬

s]‚ nbw Uph¬ tIm¿ ssatIm

t]mkkdns\°pdn®p≈ hnhc߃ Cu

tkm^v‰vshb¿ ImWn°p∂Xv t\m°pI.

C\n \nßfpsS knÃw IqSn

]cntim[n®v Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂ ]´nI

]qcn∏n°pI.

NnXw 5.4

NnXw 5.5

NnXØn¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂

knÃw

\nßfp]tbm-Kn-°p∂

knÃw

ssatIm t]mkkdns‚

\n¿amXmhv

tamUens‚ t]cv

Intel

Pentium Dual-Core

1200 MHz

1024 KB

t¢m°v td‰v

Iymjv saΩdn (L2)

]´nI 5.1

Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w

53

Hcp knÃw Im_n\‰v Xpd∂p

t\m°nbm¬ ap≥]v NnXßfn¬

ImWn®ncn°p∂t]mebp≈ t]mkk

dpIƒ \ap°v ]pdØp ImWm\mhn√.

Iºyq´¿ ]h¿Øn°ptºmƒ t]mkkdp

Iƒ AXy[nIw NqSmIp∂Xn\m¬ Ahbv°v

]tXyIw ioXoIcW kwhn[m\߃

D≠mbncn°pw. ssatIm t]mkkdpIƒ

XWp∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ lo‰ v kn¶pw

^m\pamWv NnXØn¬.

]h¿Ø\w 1

kvIqfn¬ e`yamb knÃ߃

]cntim[n®v ssatIm t]mkkdpIfpsS

\n¿amXmhv, tamU¬ F∂nh ]´nIs∏Sp

ØqI. FX t]mkk¿ \n¿amXm°sf

\n߃°v enÃp sNøm\mIp∂p≠v?aZ¿t_m¿Uv ˛ D]IcWßfpsS t]m‰Ω

Iptdtbsd D]IcW߃ tN¿∂mWv

Hcp knÃw D≠mIp∂Xv F∂v \mw

I≠pIgn™p. ]t£ Cu D]IcWß

sfsb√mw H∂n®v tN¿°p∂Xv BcmWv?

AsXmcp C‚tK‰Uv CeIvtSm

WnIv k¿°o´ v t_m¿UmWv. knÃ

Ønse F√m LSIßfpw Cu t_m¿Unte

°mWv LSn∏n°p∂Xv.

BZyIme Iºyq´dpIfnse√mw

AXnse Hmtcm LSIsØ

\nb¥n°p∂Xn\pw Hmtcm ]h¿Ø\w

\SØp∂Xn\pw sNdnb t]mKmapIƒ

Dƒs°m≈n®p≈ sht∆sd C‚tK‰Uv

NnXw 5.6

t¢m°v td‰v

Hcp knÃØn¬ kn.]n.bphn¬\n∂pw

as‰√m LSIßfnte°pw Xncn®pw

FXamXw hnhcßfmWv Hmtcm

sk°‚nepw ]hln°p∂Xv F∂v

BtemNn®p t\m°q. Hcp ASp°pw

Nn´bpan√msXbmsW¶n¬ Cu hnhcß

sf√mw Hmtcm D]IcWØnepw FØp

∂Xpw D]IcW߃ Ah FSp°p∂Xp

sa√mw BsI Ipg™pt]mInt√?

Fßs\bmWv knÃØn¬ ]h¿Ø\w

IaoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv?

knÃØns‚ kn.]n.bphn\v AIØv

LSn∏n®ncn°p∂ Hcp Izm¿Svkv t¢m°mWv

Cu kwLmS\w km[yam°p∂Xv.

CXns‚ anSn∏n\\pkcn®mWv knÃØn

\IsØ Hmtcm D]IcWhpw ]h¿Øn

°p∂Xv. Cu t¢m°ns‚ ]ƒkv \nc°mWv

t]mkkdns‚ t¢m°v td‰v (^oIz≥kn).

CXv Af°p∂Xv sl¿S vkv F∂

bqWn‰nemWv. DZmlcWambn, s]‚nbw

IV, 3.2 Ghz.

kn.]n.bp Imjv

kn.]n.bp hfsc thKØn¬ ]h¿Øn

°p∂ D]IcWamWv. ]t£, ]et∏mgpw

a‰p D]IcW߃°v kn.]n.bphns\m∏w

FØm\mImdn√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂

kn.]n.bphn\v Bhiyamb hnhc߃

In´m≥ ImeXmakhpw t\cnSp∂p. CXv

]cnlcn°p∂Xn\v F¥mWv D]mbw?

kn.]n.bphn\IØpXs∂ sNdnb hnhc

kw`cW kwhn[m\߃ D≠m°pI.

knÃw D]tbmKn°p∂bmƒ G‰hpw

IqSpX¬ D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂ ZØßfpw

\n¿tZißfpw ChnsS Xs∂

kq£n°mat√m. CXns\bmWv kn.]n.bp

Imjv F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. CXns‚ kw`cW

tijnbmWv ]´nIbn¬ Imjv saΩdn

F∂bnSØv \mw I≠Xv.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

54

k¿°o´v (IC) Nn∏pIƒ D≠mbncp∂p.

]n∂oSv CØcØnep≈ At\Iw Nn∏pIsf

H∂n®p tN¿Ø henb k¶o¿Wamb

Nn∏pIƒ \n¿an°s∏´p. ChbmWv VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated Chips)Nn∏pIƒ. Hcp aZ¿t_m¿Un¬ ][m\ambpw

c≠v hn.F¬.Fkv.sF Nn∏pIfmWv D≈Xv.

Ch saΩdn \nb¥W l∫v (t\m¿Øv

_nUvPv/tlmÃv _nUvPv), I/O l∫v

(kuØv _nUvPv) F∂nhbm-Wv. Cu

Nn∏pIƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ \n¿am-Xm-hns‚

t]cn-emWv B t_m¿Uv Adn-b-s∏SpI.

Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂ NnXw t\m°pI

(NnXw 5.7).

\nßfpsS Iºyq -´ -dn¬ D]tbmKn

®ncn°p∂ aZ¿t_m¿Uv GXv Nn∏v

sk‰p≈XmWv? Sysinfo F∂ t]mKmw

]h¿Øn∏n®v Hardware F∂ C\w

]cntim[n°pI. sImSpØncn°p∂ NnXw

t\m°q. (NnXw 5.8).

C\n ]´nI 5.2 A\ptbmPyambn

]qcn∏n°pI.

]´nIbn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂ Nn∏v

sk‰pIfp≈ Hcp aZ¿t_m¿Uns\ Intel82945 Nn]vsk‰v t_m¿Uv F∂p hnfn°p∂p.

]h¿Ø\w 2

hnhn[Xcw aZ¿t_m¿UpIƒ

]cntim[n®v NnXw 5.7 ¬ sImSpØncn°p∂

F√m t…m´pIfpw c≠v VLSI Nn∏pIfpw

Xncn®dnbpI. hymhkmbnI ASnÿm\

Øn¬ CØcw VLSI Nn∏pIƒ D¬]m-

C≥]p´v Hu´v]p´v t]m¿´pIƒ

BUv Hm¨ Im¿UpIƒ°p≈ t…m´pIƒ

]h¿ IWIvS¿ --˛ 1

s]mkk¿ t…m´v

I/O l∫vsaΩdn I¨tSmƒ l∫v

(XWp∏n°m\p≈ ^m\S°w)

]h¿ IWIvS¿ --˛ 2

_tbmkv

_m‰dn_tbmkv

dmw IWIvSv sNøm\p≈ t…m´pIƒ

lm¿Uv UnkvIv. kn.Un ssUhv, ^vtfm∏n ssUhv F∂nh IWIvSv sNøp∂Xn\p≈ t…m´pIƒ

NnXw 5.7

Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w

55

Zn∏n°p∂Xv Bsc-√m-amWv F∂v At\zjn®v

Hcp ]´nI Xbmdm°pI. CtX \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ

Xs∂-bmtWm aZ¿t_m¿Uv hn]-W\w

sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv?

hnhc kw`cWØn\v lm¿Uv UnkvIv

NnXØn¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂

D]IcWw Xncn®dnbm≥ km[n°p∂pt≠m?

Hm∏td‰nwK v knÃw, Bπnt°j≥

tkm v‰vshbdpIƒ, \mw \n¿an® bepIƒ

F∂pth≠ Iºyq´dnep≈ Hs´√m

Imcyßfpw ChnsS kq£n®ncn°p∂p.

Hcp Zfin¬ (kv]n≥Un¬) LSn∏n°

s∏´ Ht∂m AXne[nItam UnkvIpIƒ˛

CXmWv lm¿Uv UnkvIns‚ s]mXpLS\.

UnkvIpIfn¬ Hcp Im¥nI hkvXp

]qinbncn°pw. Cu Im¥nI hkvXphns\

Im¥h¬°cn°pI hgnbmWv UnkvIpI

fn¬ hnhc߃ tcJs∏SpØp∂Xv.

apIfn¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂

knÃw\nßfp]tbm-Kn-°p∂

knÃw

Nn∏v sk‰v \n¿amXmhv

saΩdn \nb¥W l∫v

(tlmÃv _nUvPv)

I/O l∫v

PCI, USB _nUvPpIƒ

Intel Corporation

82945 G/GZ/P/PL

N10/ICH7

]´nI 5.2

NnXw 5.8

NnXw 5.9

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

56

lm¿Uv UnkvIv ]m¿´oj\pIƒ F∂p

]dbp∂Xv. Nnet∏mƒ Hcp Hm∏td‰nwKv

knÃØn\pXs∂ ]e ]m¿´oj\pIƒ

th≠nhcpw. Hcp km[mcW ·q/en\Ivkv

knÃØn¬

♦ dq´v (/) ˛ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃØns‚

t]mKmw ^bepIƒ kq£n°p

∂Xn\v.

♦ tlmw (/home) ˛ D]tbm‡mhv

\n¿an°p∂ ^bepIƒ kq£n°p

∂Xn\v

♦ Swap - Hcp AXn-thK ^b¬ knÃw.

hnh-c-߃ Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn kq£n-

°p-∂-Xn-\v.

F∂o ]m¿´oj\pIƒ D≠mbncn°p∂

XmWv A`nImayw. (NneXn¬ dq´v, swapF∂nh amXambncn°pw D≠mIpI).

s]≥ssUhpIƒ, saΩdn Im¿UpIƒ,

kn.Un/Un. -hn .Un F∂nhbpw Um‰m

kw`cW D]IcWßfmWv. kn.Un/

Un.hn.Unbnep≈ hnhc߃ hmbn°p

Ibpw AXn-te°v FgpXpIbpw sNøm\p]

tbmKn°p∂ D]-I-c -W-amWv kn.Un/

Un.-hn.Un ssUhv.

]h¿Ø\w 3

s]≥ssU-hp-Iƒ hmßp-tºmƒXs∂

AXn-semcp ^b¬ knÃw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

CXp-am‰n \ap°v as‰mcp ^b¬ knkv‰w

\n¿an-°-W-sa-∂n-cn-°-s´. CXn-\mbn Diskutility (System → Administration → Disk

UnkvIpIfn¬\n∂v hmbns®Sp

°p∂Xn\pw AXnte°v FgpXnt®¿°p∂

Xn\pw slUpIfpap≠mIpw. (NnXw

t\m°pI). UnkvIpIsfbpw slUpIsfbpw

tamt´mdp]tbmKn®v Id°p∂XphgnbmWv

UnkvIpIfpsS F√m `mKØpw

FØm\mIp∂Xv.

]m¿´nj\pIfpw ^b¬ knÃhpw

\mw Hcp ]pXnb lm¿Uv UnkvIv

hmßnsb∂ncn°s´. hmßptºmƒ Cu

lm¿Uv UnkvIv iq\yambncn°pat√m.

Ct∏mgnXn¬ hnhn[ tkm^v‰vshbdpIfm¬

\n¿an°s∏Sp∂ ^bepIsfm∂pw kq£n

°m≥ IgnbpIbn√. UnkvIn¬ ^bepIƒ

FhnsSsb√mamWv kq£n°s∏Sp∂Xv

F∂v ImWn°p∂ ÿe kqN\Isfm∂pw

Xs∂bn√ F∂XmWv ]iv\w. ^bepIƒ

kq£n°p∂Xn\pw Xncns®Sp°p∂Xn\pw

Ch BhiyhpamWv.

GXp ^b¬ FhnsSsb√mambn

kq£n®ncn°p∂p F∂dnbp∂Xn\v Cu

ssUhns\ ]e tªm°pIfmbn

(sks‹‚pIƒ F∂pw hnfn°mw) Xncnt°

≠Xp≠v. Cu tªm°pIƒs°√mw AUkv

sImSp°pIbpw thWw. Cßs\ sNøp∂

]InbbmWv t^m¿am‰nMv. CØcØn

ep≈ tªm°pIfm°p∂Xpw AUkv

sImSp°p∂Xpw Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃhpw

AXn\p tbmPn°p∂ coXnbnemWv.

Cßs\ Hmtcm Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃhpw

AXn\p tbmPn°p∂ coXnbn¬ lm¿Uv

UnkvIns\ t^m¿am‰ v sNbvXncn°p

∂Xns\bmWv AXmXns‚ ^b¬ knÃw

F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. Nne Hm∏td‰nwK v

knÃßfpsS b¬ knÃ߃ apIfnep≈

]´nIbnep≠v.

Hcp lm¿Uv UnkvIn¬ ]eXcw

Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃ߃ C≥Ãmƒ sNtø≠n

h∂mtem? At∏mƒ ]eXcw ^b¬

knÃßfpw th≠nhcpw. CXn\mbn lm¿Uv

UnkvIns\ ]e `mKßfmbn Xncnt°

≠nbpw hcpw. CØcw `mKßsfbmWv

Hm∏td‰nwKv

knÃw

D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂

^b¬ knÃ߃

·q/en\Ivkv Ext3, Ext4

ssatImtkm v‰v

hn≥tUmkv (c) FAT 32, NTFS

B∏nƒ HPFS, HPFS+a°nt‚mjv (c)

]´nI 5.3

Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w

57

utility) F∂ t]mKmap]-tbm-Kn°mw.

t^m¿am‰v sNøp∂Xn\papºv ssUhv

A¨au≠v sNøm≥ ad°cpXv.

4 Pn._n. kw`-c-W-ti-jn-bp≈ Hcp

s]≥ssU-hn¬ NTFS, Ext3 F∂o ^b¬

knÃ-ß-fp≈ c≠p ]m¿´o-j-\p-Iƒ \n¿an-

°Ww. apIfn¬- sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ NnXw

t\m°p-I.

dm≥Uw BIvkkv saΩdn

Iºyq´dn¬ hnhc߃ ssIImcyw

sNøp∂Xv ssatIm t]mkkdmWv F∂v

\mw I≠pIgn™p. hfscb[nIw thKX

IqSnb D]IcWamWv CXv. AXpsIm≠v

t]mkkv sNøm\p≈ ZØßfpw

\n¿tZißfpw AtX thKXbn¬Xs∂

CXn\v e`yamt°≠Xp≠v. ]t£,

hnhc߃ FhnsSbmWp≈Xv? Ah

lm¿Uv UnkvIntem, kn.Un ssUhntem,

A∏t∏mƒ \mw sImSp°p∂tXm

Hs°bmImw. t]mkkdn\v hnhc߃

ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\v as‰mcp D]IcWw

IqSn Chbv°nSbn¬ BhiyamWv. Cu

D]IcWamWv dmw AYhm dm≥Uw

BIvkkv saΩdn.

♦ Iºyq´¿ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\v

Bhiyamb hnhc߃ dmante°v

FSpØph®v, AhnsS\n∂v Bhiy

Øn\v t]mkkdn\v e`yam°pIbmWv

sNøp∂Xv. knÃw ]h¿Øn°p∂

Xn\v Bhiyamb Hm∏td‰nwK v

knÃwt]mepw Cßs\ dmante°v

am‰p∂p≠v. Cu ]InbbmWv _q´nMv.

♦ dmans‚ GXp`mKØv kq£n°

s∏´n´p≈ hnhcßfpw t\cn´pXs∂

FSp°m\mIpw. (Hcp HmUntbm

Imk‰n¬ Bdp ]m´pIƒ tiJcn°

s∏´ncn°p∂p F∂p IcpXpI.

CXn¬\n∂pw \memasØ ]m´mWv

\ap°v Bhiysa¶n¬ Fßs\

Atßm´v FØpw? BZysØ aq∂p

]m´pIfn¬IqSnbpw IS∂pt]mtI≠n

hcpw. CØcØnep≈ saΩdnbmWv

kocnb¬ BIvkkv saΩdn. dm≥Uw

BIvkkv saΩdnbn¬ \memasØ

]m´ns\ t\cn´p Xs∂ FSp°mw).

NnXw 5.10

NnXw 5.11

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

58

NnXw 5.13NnXw 5.12

apIfn¬

ImWn®ncn

°p∂ knÃw

\nßfp]tbm-

Kn-°p∂

knÃw

e`yamb

kw`cWtijn

D]tbmKs∏´Xv

kzm]v tijn

D]tbmKn°s∏´Xv

938 MB

225 MB

0

956 MB

]´nI 5.4

Iq´nt®¿t°≠nbncn°p∂p. CXn\mbn

NnXw 5.13 ¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂Xp

t]msebp≈ D]IcW߃ e`yamWv.

Cßs\ Iq´nt®¿°p∂ LSIßfmWv

BUv Hm¨ Im¿UpIƒ. NneXcw BUv

Hm¨ Im¿UpIƒ ]´nI 5.5 ¬ sImSpØn

cn°p∂p.

BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

knÃw ]h¿Øn°mXncn°ptºmƒ

AXnep≈ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃØns‚bpw

a‰pw t]mKmapIƒ lm¿Uv UnkvIn\

IØmbncn°pw kq£n°p∂Xv F∂v \mw

I≠pIgn™p. Cu t]mKmapIsf dmante°v

am‰p∂ ]InbbmWv _q´nwKv. ]t£,

knÃØnse lm¿Uv UnkvIn¬ Chbp≠v

F∂pw Ahsb dmante°v am‰Ww F∂pw

\n¿tZ -in -°p∂ t]mKmw FhnsSbm

Wp≈Xv?

CXp sNøp∂Xv aZ¿t_m¿Un¬

Xs∂bp≈ Hcp IC Nn∏n¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-

´p -≈ _tbmkv F∂ t]mK -mamWv.

Fs¥√mamWv _tbmkv sNøp∂Xv?

♦ dmw hfscb[nIw ]h¿Ø\

thKXbp≈ CeIvtSmWnIv D]IcW

amsW¶nepw AXns‚ hnhc tiJcW

£aX sshZypXnbp≈nStØmfw

amXtabp≈q. Iºyq-´¿ ]h¿Ø\w

\n¿Øp-tºmƒ dman-ep≈ hnh-c-ßfpw

\jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hoUntbm FUn‰nwK v t]mep≈

tPmenIƒ sNtø≠n hcptºmƒ hfsc

henb bepIƒ Hcpan®v Xpdt°≠n hcpw.

Cu ^bepIƒ dmans‚ kw`cW

tijntb°mƒ IqSpXemsW¶ntem?

lm¿Uv UnkvIn¬Xs∂ Hcp ]tXyI

^b¬ knÃw \n¿an®v A[nIap≈h

Atßm´p am‰pIbmWv ]Xnhn[n.

CXn\pth≠n lm¿Uv UnkvIn¬

Xbmdm°p∂ ^b¬ knÃamWv kzm]v.

Sysinfo F∂ t]mKmw ]h¿Øn∏n®p

]´nI 5.4 ]qcn∏n°pI. ChnsS 938 MBF∂Xv Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃØns‚ ]e

Bhiy߃°mbn hIbncpØnb tijw

D]tbmKn°p∂bmƒ°v e`yamb AfhmWv.

(dmans‚ ]c-am-h-[n tijn AXn¬ Iq-Sp-X-

em-Imw).

BUv Hm¨ Im¿UpIƒ

Iºyq- -dn¬Xs∂ Sn.hn t]mKmapIfpw

ImWWsa¶ntem? Hcp knÃw hmßp

tºmgp≈ LSI߃ amXw D]tbm

Kn®v Sn.hn t]mKmapIƒ ImWpIbpw

dnt°m¿Uv sNøpIbpw sNøm\mhn√.

tI_nfn¬IqSn hcp∂ kn·epIsf

UnPn‰¬ kn·epIfm°p∂Xn\p≈

kwhn[m\߃ aZ¿t_m¿Unt\mSp

Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w

59

♦ knÃw ]h¿ Hm¨ sNøptºmƒ F√m

LSIßfpw ]h¿Ø\£aamtWm

F∂v ]cntim[n°p∂p (Power OnSelf Test - POST). Cßs\ ]cntim

[n®p Ign™p≈ Is≠ØepIƒ

\ap°v ImWmhp∂XmWv. NnXw

5.15 ¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂Xpt]mse Hcp

ktµiw ]e-t∏mgpw \n߃

I≠n´p≠mIp-at√m?

♦ knÃ-Øn¬ dm≥Uw BIvkkv saΩdn

samUyqƒ (D-]-I-c-Ww) AXns‚

t]m¿´n¬ \∂mbn LSn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-

I-tbm, s]mSn ]nSn -®n -cn -°p-Itbm

sNbvXmepw _tbmkv ]Xn-I-cn-°m-dp-

≠v. Fß-s\-bmWv _tbmkv ]Xn-I-

cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI.

♦ aukv, Iot_m¿Uv XpS -ßnb

ASnÿm\ lm¿Uv shbdpIƒ

]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\p≈ t]mKmapIƒ

k÷o-Icn°p∂p.

Im¿Uv F¥v BhiyØn\v

BIvknetd‰Uv Km^nIv Im¿Uv

Sn.hn SyqW¿ Im¿Uv

ku≠v Im¿UpIƒ

USB FIvkv]m≥j≥ Im¿UpIƒ

Ct‚W¬ tamUw

s\‰vh¿°v C‚¿t^kv Im¿UpIƒ

NneXcw Iºyq´¿ sKbnapIƒ°v

BhiyamIp∂Xpt]mse k¶o¿Wamb

Km^nIv C^IvSpIƒ th≠nhcptºmƒ

]´nI 5.5

NnXw 5.14

NnXw 5.15

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

60

®-tijw amXta lm¿Uv UnkvIv AS-

°-ap≈ a‰p D]-I-c-W-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-

°p-I-bp-≈q.

\nßfpsS knÃØns‚ sUkvIvtSm-

∏nse t¢m°n¬ ImWn-°p∂ kabw

_tbmkn¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂Xp

Xs∂bmtWm F∂p ]cntim[n°pI.

sshZypXnbpsS ]mX

Hcp km[mcW Iºyq´¿ ]h¿Øn

°m≥ icmicn FX sshZypXn th≠n

hcpw?

Cu tNmZyØn\v DØcw ]dbpI AX

Ffp∏a√. Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂ ]´nI

ImWpI.

NnXw 5.16

♦ knÃw _q´v sNøp∂p. _q´p sNøp-

∂-Xn-\p≈ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw lm¿Uv

UnkvIntem, kn.Un ssUhn-ep≈ kn.-

Un-bntem s]≥ssU-hntem BImw.

Fhn-sS-bmWv _q´p sNtø≠ Hm∏-td-

‰nwKv knÃ-ap-≈Xv F∂v \ap°v \n¿tZ-

in-°mw.

♦ knÃw ]h¿Øn°mXncn°ptºmgpw

Iºyq´dnse t¢m°ns‚ kabw

icnbmbn kq£n°p∂p.

]h¿Ø\w 4

_tbmkv Nn∏n¬ kw`cn®ncn°p∂

t]mKmapIfn¬ A[nI]¶pw am‰m\mImØ

hbmsW¶nepw Hcp sNdnb `mKw \ap°p

Xs∂ IaoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. CXmWv

kntamkv sk‰∏v. Iºyq´¿ ]h¿Ø\w

XpSßptºmƒ F1, F2, Del XpSßnb IoIƒ

GsX¶nepw H∂p]tbmKn®v \ap°v

_tbmkv sk‰∏v sNøp∂ PmeIØnte°v

]thin°mw (NnXw 5.16).

♦ \nß-fpsS knÃ-Øns‚ _tbm-knse

kabw icn-bmtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-

°p-I. kabw sX‰mbn ImWn-°p-∂p-sh-

¶n¬ icn-bmbn Iao-I-cn-°p-I.

♦ knÃ-Øns‚ H∂mw _q´v D]-I-cWw

kn.Un ssUhmbn Iao-I-cn -°p-I.

(H∂mw _q v D]-I-cWw kn.Un ssUhm-

sW-¶n¬, AXn¬ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-a-S-

ßnb kn.Un Dt≠m F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-

D]IcWw ]h¿Øn°p∂

thmƒt´Pv

kn.Un ssUhnsebpw

lm¿Uv UnkvInsebpw

UnkvIns\ Id°p∂

tamt´mdpIƒ

ssatIm

t]mkk¿

12V DC

5V DC

3.3V DC

]eXcw UnPn‰¬

k¿°o´pIƒ

1.3 - 1.5V DC

]´nI 5.6

Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w

61

]´nIbn¬\n∂pw hy‡amIp∂Xv

Fs¥√mamWv?

♦ F√m D]IcWßfpw Un.kn

(UbdI‰v Id‚ v) bnemWv ]h¿Øn

°p∂Xv.

]t£, \mw knÃØnte°v

sImSp°p∂Xv 220V AC bmWv.

CXns\ ]e sNdnb thmƒt´Pp≈

DC B°n amt‰≠nhcpw. sse≥

thmƒt´Pn¬ hcp∂ hyXnbm\ßsf

AXnPohn°pIbpw thWw.

♦ knÃØn\IsØ (]pdtØbpw)

Hmtcm D]IcWhpw Ahbv°\p

tbmPyamb thmƒt´PnemWv ]h¿

Øn°p∂Xv.

IqSmsX, F√m D]IcWßfpw

F√mbvt]mgpw ]h¿Øn°pIbpw

C√. (DZmlcWambn kn.Un ssUhv).

amXa√, Ah ]h¿Øn°ptºmƒ

Gs‰Sp°p∂ ]h¿Ø\Øns‚

ImTn\yØn\\pkcn®v D]t`mKhpw

hyXymks∏Spw.

SMPS - kzn®vUv tamUv ]h¿ kssπ

CXmWv Iºyq´dns‚ ]h¿ lukv.

apIfn¬ N¿®sNbvX Imcyßfn¬ \n∂pw

Hcp Fkv.Fw.]n.Fkv Fs¥√mw sNøp∂p

F∂v enÃv sNømtam?

Fkv.Fw.]n.Fkn¬ \n∂pw ]pdØp

hcp∂Xv ]e thmƒt´Pnep≈ Iptdtbsd

NnXw 5.17

Un.kn Id≠pIfmWv. Ah ]e-\n-d-Øn-ep≈

tI_n-fp-I-fn¬ IqSn-bmWv aZ¿t_m¿Un-

te°v FØp-∂Xv. Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂

NnXw t\m°pI. Fkv.Fw.]n.Fkn¬

\n∂pw hcp∂ tI_nfpIfpw Ah

aZ¿t_m¿Un¬ LSn∏n°p∂ ]h¿

IWIv‰dpw ImWmw.

Hcp em]vtSm-∏n¬ CØ-c-samcp Fkv.-

Fw.-]n.-F-kv. ImWm-\m-hptam? AhnsS

F¥p ]Icw kwhn-[m-\-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂Xv F∂p Is≠-Øp-at√m?

XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃

1. “FXthKamWv lm¿Uvshb¿ kmt¶Xn

IhnZyIƒ ImelcWs∏Sp∂Xv”!Iºyq´dns‚ cq]Øn¬ h∂ ]cnWmaß

sf°pdn®v (]gbIme Iºyq´dpIƒ,

t]g vkW¬ Iºyq´dpIƒ, kq∏¿

Iºyq-´-dp -Iƒ, em]vtSm∏pIƒ, s\‰v

_p°pIƒ, ]mwtSm∏pIƒ, Sm_vse‰pIƒ)

Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.

2. kvIqfnte°v Iptd Iºyq´¿ hmßm\p≈

\n¿tZi߃ Xbmdm°m≥ \Ωsf

G¬]n-®p-sh∂v Icp-XpI. kvIqfn¬

\nehnep≈ knÃßfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn

bncn°p∂ LSIßsf∏‰nbp≈

hnhc߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v

\ap°v Adn-bp-Ibpw sNømw. G‰hpw

]pXnb knÃßsf∏‰nbp≈ hnhc߃

IqSn At\zjn®v Is≠ØpI. Chbn¬

F¥p LSIßfpsS kwtbmP\amWv

\n߃ kvIqfnte°v \n¿tZin°p∂Xv?

NnXw 5.18

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

62

hnhn[ \n¿tZi߃ ka¿∏n°p

∂Xn\p≈ skan\m¿ ]Ømw¢mknse

F√m Unhnj\pIfnsebpw Ip´n-Isf

]s¶Sp∏n®v \SØpI.

3. ¢mkn-semcp lm¿Uvshb¿ Iznkv \S-Øn-

bmtem? tNmZy-߃ hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂

]k-t‚-j-\p-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.

4. \nß-fpsS knÃ-Øn¬ ·q/en\Ivkv

ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw sNø-Ww.

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ t\m°p-I.

♦ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-a-S-ßnb kn.Un/Un.-

hn.Un ssUhn-enSp-I.

♦ Cu ssUhns\ H∂mw _q´v D]-I-c-

W-ambn Iao-I-cn-°p-I.

♦ knÃw kn.-Un-bn¬ \n∂v _q´v sNø-

s∏-Sp-∂p. lm¿Uv UnkvIv t^m¿am‰v

sNbvXv Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Øn-\m-h-iy-

amb ]m¿´o-j-\p-Ifpw ^b¬ knÃ-

ßfpw \n¿an-°p-I.

♦ Iot_m¿Uv te Hu´ v , knÃw,

]h¿Øn-°p∂ cmPyw (k-a-b-ta-J-e),

D]-tbm-‡m-hns‚ t]cv, ]mkvth¿Uv

XpS-ßn-bh Iao-I-cn-°-Ww.

♦ .............................................................................

.............................................................................

♦ .............................................................................

.............................................................................

hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw

63

Xs‚ BZysØ A\ntaj≥ kn\na

]q¿Ønbmbt∏mƒ tImgnt°mSv Pn√bnse

tKmhnµv F∂ hnZym¿Ynbv°p≠mb

BÀmZamWv apIfn¬ AhXcn∏n®n

cn°p∂Xv. HºXmw¢mknse sF.kn.Sn

]mT]pkvXIØnse ‘A\ntaj\pIfpsS

clkyw ’ F∂ `mKw ]Tn®t∏mƒ

PntImºnkv D]tbmKn®v CXpt]mse

\nßfpw Hcp Imdn\v A\ntaj≥ \¬InbXv

ad∂n´n√t√m?

Imdns\ Nen∏n°m≥ Fs¥√mw

ImcyßfmWv \n߃ sNbvXXv? \nßfpsS

Iºyq´dn¬ Cu sKbnw Hcn -°¬IqSn

Ifn®Xn\ptijw Xmsgbp≈ ]´nI

]q¿Ønbm°pI.

♦ NnXsØ skeIvS v sNbvXv

Iym≥hmkn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn

♦ ]kvXpX NnXsØ F√m

s^bnante°pw Dƒs∏SpØn

♦ ...............................................................................

♦ ...............................................................................

\n›e NnXßsf tkm^v‰vshb¿

D]tbmKn®v Nen∏n°p∂Xns‚ clkyw

]nSnIn´nhcp-∂p.- At√?

Iºyq´dnep≈ NnXsØbmWv \mw

Ct∏mƒ Nen∏n®Xv. F∂m¬ \mw hc®

NnX߃°pXs∂ Ne\w \¬Im≥ \ap°v

km[n°pIbmsW¶ntem? A\ntaj≥

tkm^v‰ vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v CØcw

]h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ \ap°v km[n°pw. \mw

`mh\bn¬ ImWp∂ temIw Iºyq´dn¬

]p\xkrjvSn°m≥ km[n°pIbmsW¶n¬

tKmhnµn\p≠mb A\p`hw \ap°pw

e`n°nt√? \ΩpsS Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Øn¬

e`yamb ‰p]o tkm^v‰vshb¿ CXn\mbn

\ap°v D]tbmKn°mw.

NnXw hcbv°mw

A\ntaj≥ \n¿an°m≥ hfscb[nIw

NnX߃ BhiyamsW∂v \mw

a\ nem°n°gn™p. Cu NnX߃

A\ntaj≥ tkm^v‰ vshbdn¬Øs∂

hcbv°m≥ km[n°pw. Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂

kqNIßfpsS klmbtØmsS ‰p]o

“Rm≥ BZymbn´v Iºq´dn¬ hc® NnXw Hcp ]qºm‰bptSXmWv. AXns‚ NndIn\v sNdnb

Hcp Cf°w In´nbt∏m A\ntaj≥ sImSpØX√... AXn\v Poh≥ sImSpØ t]msebmWv

F\n°v tXm∂nbXv...”

6 hc-Iƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

64

tkm^v‰ vshbdn¬ Hcp NnXw hc®v

Xbmdm°q.

♦ Graphics sa\phnse Tupi:2D MagicXpd°pI.

♦ File → New → New Project IaØn¬

NnXw 6.1 ˛ ‰p]o ][m\ PmeIw

A\ntaj≥

Nen°p∂Xmbn anYymt_m[w P\n∏n°phm≥th≠n Zznam\NnXßfpsStbm Xnam\

NnXßfpsStbm XpS¿®bmbXpw thKØnepap≈ ]Z¿i\amWv A\ntaj≥. \mw

Hcp NnXw I≠pIgn™Xn\ptijhpw AXns‚ ]Xn-_nw_w A¬]t\cw (1/16

sk°‚ v) \ΩpsS IÆn¬ Xßn\n¬°pw. ho£W ÿncX (Persistance of Vision)

F∂ Cu ]Xn`mksØ ASnÿm\am°nbmWv A\ntaj≥ kmt¶XnIhnZy ]h¿Øn

°p∂Xv. CXpaqew Htc tiWnbnep≈ NnX߃ \nc¥cw \ΩpsS IÆn\papºneqsS

amdnamdn hcptºmƒ \ap°v AXv Nen°p∂Xmbn tXm∂p∂p. tXmakv B¬hm

FUnkWmWv Cu kmt¶XnIhnZybv°v XpS°an´Xv. hmƒ´v Unkv\n, hneyw l∂,

tPmk v _m¿_d XpSßnbh¿ Cu taJebn¬ hfscb[nIw kw`mh\ \¬InbhcmWv.

·p/en\Ivknse ][m\ Zznam\ A\ntaj≥ tkm^v‰vshbdpIfmWv Tupi, Ktoon,Synfigstudio, Pencil apXembh. kzX¥ tkm^v‰vshbdn¬ e`yamb anI® Xnam\

Iºyq´¿ Km^nIv˛A-\n-ta-j≥ tkm^v‰vshbdmWv sª≥U¿. CXp]tbmKn®v \n¿an®

][m\ A\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-I-fmWv _nKv_°v _Æn, Fen^‚ vkv Uow, kn‚¬

apX-em-bh.

Iym≥hmkv PmeIw Xpd∂v ProjectName, FPS F∂nh \¬In OK¢n°psNøpI.

♦ Sqƒt_mIvkn¬ \n∂pw s]≥kn¬

Sqƒ skeIvSv sNbvXv Iym≥hmkn¬

NnXw hcbv°mw.

hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw

65

kqNIßfpsS klmbtØmsS sXm´SpØ

s^bnapIfnte°v Dƒs∏SpØq.

♦ s^bnans\ tIm∏n sNøm≥ - tIm∏n

sNtø≠ s^bnan¬ ¢n°psNbvXv

Right Click → Copy frame

♦ s^bnante°v t]Ãv sNøm≥ t]Ãv

sNtø≠ s^bnan¬ ¢n°psNbvXv

Right Click → Paste in frame

\mw Xbmdm°p∂ A\ntaj≥ Hcp

sk°‚n¬ 6 s^bnw F∂ coXnbnemWv

]Z¿in∏nt°≠sX∂n -cn -°s´. Cu

IaØn¬ 3 sk°‚ v ssZ¿Lyap≈

A\ntaj≥ Xbmdm°m≥ FX s^bnan¬

NnXw Dƒs∏SptØ≠n hcpw. Iq´pImcpambn

N¿®sNbvXXn\ptijw Bhiyap≈

s^bnapIfnte°v NnXw Dƒs∏SpØq.

s^bnapIfnse√mw NnXw

Dƒs∏SpØnbt√m. Ct∏mƒ F√m

s^bnapIfnepw NnXw Htc ÿm\ØmWv

D≈Xv. H∂masØbpw 18˛masØbpw

s^bnapI-fnse NnXßfpsS ÿm\w H∂v

Xs∂bmbXn\m¬ ]h¿Øn∏n°ptºmƒ

ChnsS Ne\sam∂pw kw`hn°p∂n√.

PntImºnkn¬ Imdns\ Nen∏n°m≥ \mw

F¥mWv sNbvXXv? \¬Inbncn°p∂

]T\°pdn∏ns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ Hmtcm

s^bnansebpw NnXØns‚ ÿm\Øn¬

am‰w hcpØn A\ntaj≥ ]h¿Øn∏n®p

t\m°q.

]qºm‰bv°v Poh≥ \¬Imw

NnXw hc®pIgn™nt√? \mw hc®

NnXsØ Nen∏n°m≥ H∂ne[nIw

s^bnapIfn¬ NnX߃ thWat√m.

\n߃ hc® NnXw Ct∏mƒ GXv

s^bnanemWv D≈sX∂v ‰p]o ][m\

PmeIØnse seb¿ 1 ¬ \n∂v Is≠Øq.

a‰p s^bnapIfnte°v NnXw Dƒs∏Sp

Øm≥ F¥mWv sNtø≠Xv? F√m

s^bnapIfnepw CXpt]mse NnXw

hcbvt°≠Xpt≠m?

Iºyq´dn¬ hc® NnXØns‚

]I¿s∏Sp°m≥ Copy & Paste kt¶Xw

D]tbmKn°msa∂v \ap°dnbmw. ‰p]obn¬

NnXsØ tIm∏n sNøm≥ NnXw

Dƒs∏Sp∂ s^bnans\ a‰p s^bnapIfn

te°v tIm∏n sNbvXm¬ aXn. \n߃ hc®

NnXsØ Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂

Ne®nXßfn¬ Hcp sk°‚n¬

]Z¿in∏n°p∂ s^bnapIfpsS (\n›e

NnXßfpsS) FÆamWv FPS (FramesPer Second). Hcp sk°‚n¬ 12-- 24 XhW

NnX߃ amdptºmgmWv km[mcW

thKXbnep≈ Hcp Ne®nXw

D≠mIp∂Xv. s^bnapIfpsS FÆw

IaoIcn°p∂XneqsS \ap°v Ne®nX

Øns‚ thKX IaoIcn°m\mhpw.

Hmtcm s^bnansebpw NnXØns‚ ÿm\w am‰m≥

Tupi ][m\PmeIØnse Exposure Sheet se Layer t_mIvkn¬ \n∂pw NnXap≈

s^bnw skeIvSv sNøpI. tijw Sqƒ t_mIvkn¬ \n∂pw Object ske£≥ Sqƒ

skeIvSv sNbvXv Iym≥hmknse NnXØns‚ ÿm\w sXm´papºp≈ s^bnans‚

ÿm\Øn¬ \n∂pw Aev]w am‰nshbv°pI. Cu Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v NnXw apgp-h-

\mbpw skeIvSv sNøptºmƒ NnXØn\v Np‰pw At\Iw ske£≥ t\mUpIƒ

ImWmw. s]≥kn¬ Sqƒ D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ NnXØn¬ Iq´nt®¿°p∂ Hmtcm

hcIfpw ]tXyIw \nesIm≈p∂XpsIm≠mWnXv . Cßs\bp≈ F√m

t\mUpIsfbpw H∂n®v Nen∏n®m¬ amXta NnXsØ \o°m≥ km[n°q. CXn\mbn

Btcm Io D]tbmKn°mw. F∂m¬ NnXw Hscm‰ ske£\mbn \mev t\mUpIfn¬

amXw \nesIm≈p∂p s≠¶n¬ Nen∏n°m≥ aukv D]tbmKn®m¬ aXn. Cßs\

\o°ptºmƒ thKX \nb¥n°m≥ Ctrl, Shift IoIƒ D]tbmKn°mw.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

66

\n߃ Xbmdm°nb A\ntaj≥

]h¿Øn∏n®v t\m°ntbm? CXn¬

Fs¥¶nepw am‰w hcptØ≠Xps≠∂v

tXm∂p∂pt≠m? Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂

kqNIßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ N¿®

sNbvXv ]cnlmcw Is≠Øq. tijw

Bhiyamb am‰w hcpØn A\ntaj≥

]h¿Øn∏n®v t\m°q. Bhiysa¶n¬

So®dpsS klmbw tXSpat√m?

C\n ASpØ s^bnw skeIvSv sNbvXv NnXsØ sXm´p]n∂nep≈ s^bnanse

NnXØns‚ ÿm\sØ°mƒ Aev]w apt∂m´v \o°pI. Cßs\ Nen∏nt°≠

hkvXphn‚ k©mc ]mX \mw ap≥Iq´n Xocpam\n®v AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn ]kvXpX

ÿm\tØ°v Hmtcm s^bnansebpw NnXsØ am‰nhbv°pI.

A\ntaj≥ ]h¿Øn∏n°m≥

Player F∂ sa\p ¢n°psNøpI. tijw Xmsgbp≈ Play _´Wn¬ ¢n°p sNøpI.

^b¬ tkhv sNømw

‰p]o t]mPIvSv ^bens\ tkhv sNøm≥,- File → Save Project

NnXw 6.2

‰p]obnse s]≥kn¬ Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v hc® NnXw.

♦ NnXßfpsS Ne\߃°v kzm`mhn

IX Bhiyat√?

♦ Hmtcm s^bnantebpw NnXßfpsS

ÿm\Øn¬ amXat√ \mw

hyXymkw hcpØnbXv.

♦ ............................................................

............................................................

hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw

67

SqfpIƒ ]cnNbs∏Smw.

‰q]obn¬ NnXw hc®v Ahsb Nen∏n®nt√? Cu ]h¿Ø\Øn¬ Fs¥√mw

SqfpIfmWv \n߃ ]cnNbs∏´Xv. ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°q.

]h¿Ø\w : 1 IY Is≠Ømw, tÃmdnt_m¿Uvv

Xbmdm°mw

A\ntaj≥ Ne®nXw Xbmdm°p

∂Xn\v hy‡amb aps∂mcp°w

AXymhiyamWv. CXn¬ ][m\amWv

kvt‰mdnt_m¿Uv Xbmdm°¬. Is≠-Ønb

IYsb Xnc -°-Y -bn -te°pw ]n∂oS v

kvt‰mdnt_m¿Unte°pw am‰Ww. Hmtcm

ko\ns‚bpw hniZmwi߃ kvt‰mdn

t_m¿Un¬ BhiyamWv. IYbpsS

]›mØew, \n›e NnX߃, Nen∏n

t°≠ NnX߃, ko\ns‚ kab

ssZ¿Lyw, kw`mjWtam, ]›mØe

i–tam -Ds≠¶n¬ AhbpsS

hniZmwi߃ Chsb√mw ]tXyIw

]tXyIw I≈n-I-fn-em°n NnXßfpsS

kvsI®v Xbmdm°Ww. Hcp ko\n¬ hcp∂

kw`hßsf√mw Hcp I≈nbn¬

Dƒs∏SpØpIbmWv \√sX¶nepw Bhiy

sa¶n¬ Hcp ko\ns\ Xs∂ ]e

tjm´pIfm°n hcbv°mhp∂XmWv. Cßs\

hniZamb kvt‰mdnt_m¿Uv Xbmdm°n

bn´pthWw Hcp A\ntaj≥ kn\nabpsS

\n¿amWw Bcw-`n-°m≥.

Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂ kvt‰mdn

t_m¿Uv ]q¿Ønbm°q. CXv D]tbmKn®v

Hcp A\ntaj≥ kn\na \ap°v D≠m°mw.

♦ NnXw hcbv°m≥ Pencil (P)

♦ NnXsØ skeIvSv sNøm≥ ...............................................................

♦ Line hcbv°m≥ ...............................................................

♦ Zoom sNøm≥ ...............................................................

♦ ................................................................................ ...............................................................

♦ ................................................................................ ...............................................................

♦ ................................................................................ ...............................................................

‰p]obn¬ NnXw hcbv°m≥ Back-ground Mode, Frames ModeF∂nßs\ c≠p Xcw Iym≥hmkv

e`yamWv. Nen∏nt°≠ NnXßsf

Frames Mode emWv hcbvt°≠Xv.

]›mØeambn NnXw ÿncambn

Dƒs∏SpØWsa¶n¬ BackgroundMode Xncs™Sp°pI.

ko≥ 1

NnXw 6.3

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

68

kvt‰mdnt_m¿Uv ]q¿Ønbmbn

Ign™nt√? t\csØ \mw Xbmdm°nb

A\ntaj\n¬ NnXsØ H∂n®v Nen∏n®Xn

\m¬ Ne\Øns‚ kzm`mhnIX \jvSs∏

´Xmbn \mw a\ nem°nbn´p≠t√m.

Ct∏mƒ Xbmdm°nb kvt‰mdnt_m¿Unse

Hmtcm ko\nsebpw IYm]mXßsf

]tXyIw ]tXyIambn Nen∏n°W

sa¶n¬ AhcpsS icoc`mKßsf sht∆sd

Xbmdmt°≠Xnt√? Ch ‰p]obn¬Øs∂

ko≥ 3

ko≥ 4

NnXw 6.4

ko≥ 2

hcbvt°≠Xpt≠m? \mw apºv ]cnNb

s∏´ CtaPv FUn‰nwK v/NnXcN\m

tkm^v‰ vshbdpIfn¬ NnXw hc®v

‰p]obn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbmtem? Cßs\

NnX߃ ap≥Iq´n hc®v Xbmdm°pIbm

sW¶n¬ A\ntaj≥ \n¿amWw IqSpX¬

efnXam°m≥ km[n°pw.

H∂masØ ko≥ Xbmdm°m≥

GsX√mw NnXw hcbv°Ww? \¬Inbncn

°p∂ ]T\°pdn∏v hniIe\w sNbvXv

]´nI 6.1 ]q¿Ønbm°q.

CXpt]mse a‰p ko\pIƒ°m

hiyamb NnXßfpw hc®v Xbmdm°q.

CXn\mbn ap≥¢mkpIfn¬ ]cnNbs∏´

C¶vkvtI]v , Pnºv , FIvkvs]bn‚ v ,

SIvkvs]bn‚ v F∂nhbntesX¶nepw

D]tbmKn°mw.

tUmbnwKv/CtaPv FUn‰nwKv tkm^v‰v

shbdpIfn¬ hc® NnXßsf InsertBitmap, Insert SVG File sa\p hgn

‰p]obnte°v Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.

png. jpg, gif, xpm F∂o FIvÃ≥

j\nep≈ NnX^bepIsf Insert Bitmapsa\p hgn Dƒs∏SpØmw. svg FIvÃ≥j

\nep≈ NnXsØbmWv Insert SVG FileF∂ sa\phgn Iym≥hmknte°v Dƒs∏Sp

Øm≥ km[n -°p -∂Xv. Cßs\ a‰p

tkm^v‰vshbdpIfn¬ NnXw hcbv°p

tºmƒ ]›mØe NnXw ‰p]obpsS

Iym≥hmkns‚ AtX hen∏Ønepw

(width=520 height=380) Iym≥hmkn¬

Nen∏nt°≠ a‰p cq]߃ AhbpsS

hen∏Øn\v B\p]mXnIambn

Iym≥hmknt\°mfpw sNdnb hen∏Øn

epamWv hcbvt°≠Xv. Pnºp-]-tbm-Kn®v

ico-c-`m-K-ßsf sht∆sd hc-bv°p-tºmƒ

_m°vKu≠v seb¿ Uneo‰v sNbvXv

NnXw png t^m¿am-‰n¬ tkhv sNøWw.

hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw

69

NnXw 6.5

H∂masØ ko\n\mhiyamb

]›mØeNnXw Background Mode te°pw

a‰p NnX`mKßsf Frames Mode se

H∂masØ s^bnante°pw InsertsNbvXXn\ptijw NnX`mKßsf NnXw

6.5 teXpt]mse tbmPn∏n®v H∂masØ

s^bnan¬ Nen∏nt°≠ NnXw

Xbmdm°pI.

tijw ]kvXpX s^bnans\

Bhiyap≈ s^bnapIfnte°v Dƒs∏

SpØn Hmtcm s^bnanepw A\ntaj\p

th≠ am‰ßƒ hcpØn ]h¿Øn∏n®v

t\m°q.

H∂masØ ko≥ ]h¿Øn∏n®p

t\m°nbnt√? CXnse IYm]mXØns‚

Ne\Øn¬ Fs¥¶nepw am‰w Bhiy

amtWm? Cu ko\n\v FPS FXbmWv

\n߃ \¬InbXv? FPS ¬ am‰w hcpØn

]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°n ko\n\v

A\ptbmPyamb FPS Is≠Øn tkhv

sNøq. F√m ko\pIfnepw CXv

i≤nt°≠Xt√? Iq´pImcpambn N¿®

sNbvXv a‰p ko\pIƒ°pap≈ XbmsdSp∏v

\SØq.

♦ ]›mØew - 520x380 (hen∏w)

♦ ...................................................... --˛ .........................................

♦ ...................................................... ˛ .........................................

♦ ...................................................... ˛ .........................................

]´nI 6.1

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

70

H∂masØ ko≥ ]q¿Ønbmbm¬

]pXnb t]mPIvS v ^b¬ Xpd∂v

_m°nbp≈ ko\pIfpw Xbmdm°n .avit^m¿am‰nte°v FIvkvt]m¿´v sNbvXv Hcp

t^mƒUdn¬ kq£n°q.

]h¿Ø\w : 2 ^b¬ FIvkvt]m¿´v sNømw

H∂masØ ko≥ ]q¿Ønbmbt√m?

Ct∏mƒ ‰p]o tkm^v‰vshbdn¬ amXat√

A\ntaj≥ \ap°v ]h¿Øn∏n°m≥

km[n°p∂p≈q. a‰v Bπnt°j\pIfn¬

Cu b¬ ]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ km[n°ptam?

CØcw bepIsf aoUnbm sπbdpIfn¬

]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ A\ptbmPyamb

t^m¿am‰nte°v FIvkvt]m¿´v sNøW

sa∂v \mw ap≥¢mkn¬ ]Tn®n´p≈Xv

Hm¿°pat√m? \n߃ Xbmdm°nb

H∂masØ ko\ns\ X∂ncn°p∂

Ipdn∏ns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ .avit^m¿am‰nte°v FIvkvt]m¿´v sNøq.

FIvkvt]m¿ v sNbvX hoUntbm bens\

A\ptbmPyamb aoUnbm sπbdn¬

]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°pIbpw sNømw..

NnXw 6.6

NnXßsf hepXm°mw

A\ntaj≥ \n¿an°ptºmƒ IYm]mX

ßfpsS kzm`mhnIamb Ne\Øn\p

th≠n NnXsØ Hmtcm s^bnanepw

]e`mKtØ°pw Nen∏nt°≠n hcpw.

CXn\mbn insert sNbvX NnXsØ

Object Selection Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v

skeIvSv sNøpI. At∏mƒ ske£\v

a[y`mKØv ImWp∂ shfpØ

ASbmfØn¬ ¢n°psNbvXm¬ Ahsb

\o°m≥ km[n°pw. ]kvXpX

ASbmfØnƒ U_nƒ ¢n°psNøp

tºmƒ hißfn¬ Zriyamhp∂

ske£≥ t\mUv Nen-∏n®v NnXsØ

Rotate sNømw. hißfnse ske-£≥

t\mUn¬ UmKp-sNbvXv NnXØns‚

hen∏Øn¬ am‰w hcpØm\pw km[n°pw.

^b¬ FIvkvt]m¿´v

‰p]obn¬\n∂pw ^bens\ hoUntbm

bmbn tkhv sNøWsa¶n¬ t]mPIvSv

^bens\ FIvkvt]m¿ v sNtø≠Xp≠v.

FIvkvt]m¿ v sNøm\mbn File → ExportProject IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI.

XpS¿∂phcp∂ PmeIßfn¬

FIvkvt]m¿´v sNtø≠ hoUntbm

^b¬ t^m¿am‰ v , FIvkvt]m¿´ v

sNtø≠ ko≥ F∂nh skeIvSv sNbvXv

ko≥ 1 ko≥ 2 ko≥ 3 ko≥ 4

FPS 6 .................. ...................... ....................

kabssZ¿Lyw 3 sk°‚ v .................. ...................... ....................

s^bnapI-fpsS

-FÆw 18 .................. ...................... ....................

]´nI 6.2

hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw

71

]h¿Ø\w : 3 ko\pIsf tbmPn∏n°mw

ko\pIsf√mw Xbmdmbt√m?

tÃmdnt_m¿Uv ]Imcap≈ Cu kn\na

]q¿Ønbmhm≥ C\nbpw ]h¿Ø\߃

_m°nbnt√? Cu ]h¿Ø\߃°v \mw

HºXmw ¢mkn¬ ]cnNbs∏´ GsX√mw

NnXw 6.7

Next ¢n°psNøpI. XpS¿∂v tkhv sNtø≠ t^mƒU¿, ^b¬\maw, FPS F∂nh

\¬In tkhv ¢n°p sNøpI.

♦ ko\pIsf Iq´nt®¿°Ww Hm∏¨tjm´v hoUntbm FUn‰¿

♦ i_vZw dnt°m¿Uv sNøWw ...............................................................

♦ ................................................................................ ...............................................................

♦ ................................................................................ ...............................................................

tkm^v‰vshbdpIƒ D]tbmKn°msa∂v

enÃv sNøq.

HºXmw ¢mknse sF.kn.Sn .

]mT]pkvXIØnse 7, 9 A[ymbß

fpsS klmbtØmsS Cu ko\pIsf√mw

tN¿Øv H‰ hoUntbm ^bem°n

FIvkvt]m¿´v sNøq. (NnXw 6.9)

H\nb≥ kvIn∂nwKv (Onion Skinning)

A\ntaj≥ kn\naIfn¬ D]tbmKn

°p∂ Hcp kt¶Xw. Iym≥hmkn¬ At\Iw

s^bnapIsf H∂n®v Zriyam°p∂ coXnbmWnXv.

sXm´pap∂ntebpw ]n∂ntebpw s^bnapIsf

Htc Iym≥hmkn¬ Zriyam°p∂XneqsS Hmtcm

s^bnanepw FXamXw am‰w hcpØWsa∂v

[mcW e`n°m≥ CXv klmbn°p∂p. ‰p]o

][m\ PmeIØnse Onion Skin t_mIvknse

\ºdpIfn¬ am‰w hcpØn ap∂ntebpw

]n∂ntebpw s^bnapIƒ Zriyamhp∂Xv \ap°v

IaoIcn°mhp∂XmWv.NnXw 6.8

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

72

‰p]obn¬ Scene Manager D]tbmKn®v H∂ne[nIw ko\pIƒ Xbmdm°m≥

km[n°psa¶nepw A\ntaj\n¬ i_vZw, at\mlcamb ssS‰nepIƒ F∂nh

Iq´nt®¿°m≥ ‰p]obnse \nehnep≈ ]Xn∏n¬ (Version 0.1) kuIcyan√. ko\pIƒ

Iq´nt®¿°p∂Xp apXep≈ L´ßƒ°mbn HºXmw ¢mkn¬ ]cnNbs∏´ Hm∏¨tjm v

hoUntbm FUn‰tdm ·p/en\Ivkn¬ e`yamb a‰p hoUntbm FUn‰nwKv

tkm^v‰vshbdpItfm D]tbmKn°mw.

NnXw 6.9

Ne\w as‰mcp coXnbn¬

Hmtcm s^bnantebpw NnXØns‚

ÿm\w am‰nbmWt√m \mw NnXsØ

Nen∏n®Xv. F∂m¬ NnXØns‚- ÿm-

\w- am‰msX ]›mØe NnXØns‚

ÿm\w Hmtcm s^bnanepw am‰w

hcpØnbpw Hcp hkvXp Nen°p∂Xmbn

tXm∂-ep-≠m°mw. hnam\w t]mse,

ÿncamb k©mcKXnbnep≈

hkvXp°fpsS Ne\w efnXambn Cu

coXnbn¬ BhnjvIcn°mw. CXn\mbn

]›mØeØns‚ hoXn \nehnep≈

Iym≥hmkns‚ Cc´n hen∏Øn¬ NnXw 6.10 - Zoom Out (50%) View

hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw

73

NnXw 6.11

Xbmdm°ntbm ]›mØeØns‚ hoXn UmKv sNbvXp hepXm°ntbm

Xbmdmt°≠XmWv. Cßs\ Xbmdm°nb ]›mØeNnXw Frames Mode ¬

Dƒs∏SpØn Iym≥hmkns‚ Hcp

`mKtØ°v am‰nshbv°pI.

AXmbXv, ]›mØesØ cq]w

Nent°≠ AtX Znibnte°v

\o°n sh°pI. Cßs\ \o°p

tºmƒ Iym≥hmkv ]q¿Wambn

\nd™ncn°Wsa∂Xv ]tXyIw

Hm¿°pI. tijw Nen∏nt°≠

NnXsØ H∂masØ s^bnan¬

Dƒs∏SpØpI.

C\n H∂masØ s^bnans\

F√m s^bnante°pw tIm∏n

sNbvXv Bhiyamb s^bnapIƒ

Xbmdm°pI.

Cßs\ F√m s^bnapIfpw XbmdmbXn\ptijw Hmtcm s^bnantebpw ]›mØe

NnXw amXw skeIvSv sNbvXv hnam\w k©cnt°≠Xns‚ t\sc FXn¿ Znibnte°v

IrXyamb AIeØn¬ \o°n shbv°pI. ]›mØesØ \o°m≥ Btcm Io

D]tbmKn°p∂XmWv DNnXw.

C\n Player sa\p hgn A\ntaj≥ ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°q...

XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃

♦ \fNcnXw B´°Ybnse lwkhpw

Zab¥nbpw XΩnep≈ kw`mjWw

aebmfw ]mT]pkvXIØn¬

AhXcn∏n®n´p≠t√m? lwkw ]d∂p

hcp∂ Zriyw A\ntaj\neqsS ‰p]o

D]tbmKn®v Xbmdm°q.

♦ a\pjyicocØnse ^mtKmssk

t‰mknkv (Phagocytosis) F∂

]h¿Ø\w PohimkvXw ]mT

]pkvXIØnse kpc£bpw NnIn’

bpw F∂ A[ymbØn¬ NnXoIcn®n

´p≠v. CXv \nco£n®v Cu

]h¿Ø\Øns‚ A\ntaj≥

‰p]obn¬ Xbmdm°n ¢mkn¬

]Z¿in∏n°q.

♦ `uXnIimkvXw ]mT]pkvXIØnse

]Imi ]Xn`mk߃ F∂ A[ymbw

hniIe\w sNbvXv ]Imi

]Io¿W\w (Dispersion of Light) ‰p]o

tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v Zriyh¬

°cn°q.

♦ elcnhncp≤ Zn\mNcWØns‚

`mKambn kvIqfn¬ \S°p∂ NSßn¬

]Z¿in∏n°m≥ A\ptbmPyamb eLp

A\ntaj≥ kn\na Xbmdm°pI.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

74

F´mw¢mkn¬ ‘hn⁄m\w hnc¬

Øpºn¬’ F∂ A[ymbØn¬ Iºyq´¿

s\‰vh¿°pIsf°pdn®v \n߃ Nne

Imcy߃ a\ nem°nbn´p≠t√m. Hcp

Iºyq´dn¬ Xbmdm°nb NnX߃ as‰mcp

Iºyq´dn¬ Xpd∂v am‰ßƒ hcpØphm\pw

\n߃°v Ign™n´p≠v. Iºyq´¿

irwJe\w (Iºyq´¿ s\‰vh¿°nwKv) hgn

Hmtcm Iºyq´dns\bpw a‰p Iºyq´dp

Ifpambn _‘n∏n°m≥ Ignbp∂Xp

sIm≠mWt√m CXv km[n°p∂Xv. \ΩpsS

Hm∏-td -‰nwK v knÃw D]tbmKn

°p∂ Iºyq´dpIfn¬ CØcw

s\‰vh¿°pIƒ Fßs\ ]tbmP\s∏

SpØmw F∂mWv Cu A[ymbØn¬

]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv.

ap≥¢mkpIfn¬ ]Tn® Imcy߃

Ht∂m¿Øpt\m°q. \nßfpsS kvIqƒ

Iºyq´¿ em_nse knÃßsf Hcp em≥

(LAN - Local Area Network) aptJ\

_‘n∏n®m¬ Fs¥√mw kuIcy߃

e`n°pw?

♦ s\‰vh¿°n¬ _‘n∏n®n´p≈ Iºyq-´-

dpIƒ XΩn¬ hnhc߃ ssIam‰w

sNøm≥ Ignbpw.

♦ Hcp Iºyq-´dn¬ LSn∏n®n´p≈ ]n‚¿

t]mep≈ D]IcW߃ s\‰vh¿°n

ep≈ a‰p Iºyq- -dpIƒ°pw ]tbmP\

s∏SpØm≥ Ignbpw.

♦ .................................................................................

.................................................................................

♦ .................................................................................

.................................................................................

NnXw 7.1

7 hnh-c-߃ ]¶p-shbv°mw

hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw

75

CØcØn¬ hnhc߃ ]ckv]cw

ssIam‰w sNøm≥ Iºyq´dpIƒ ]ckv]cw

Xncn®dnbpI Hcp ][m\ LSIamWt√m.

CsXßs\ km[yamIp∂p? \ap°v

]cntim[n°mw.

Iºyq´dns‚ hnemkw

Hcp s\‰vh¿°n¬ Dƒs∏´ F√m

knÃØn\pw ]ckv]cw Xncn®dnbm≥ Hcp

hnemkw (Address) \¬Inbncn°pw. Cu

hnemksØ sF.]n hnemkw (IP Address)F∂mWv ]dbp∂Xv. sF.]n AUkns‚

]m[m\yhpw ]tXyIXbpw Fs¥√mam

sW∂dnbmtam? XpS¿∂p≈ `mKßfn¬

\n∂v CXn\v hniZoIcWw Is≠Øq.

kvIqƒ em_n-ep≈ Iºyq-´-dpIfpsS

sF.]n hnemkw Fßs\bmWv

Is≠ØpI F∂pt\m°mw.

Iºyq´dns‚ sF.]n hnemkw Is≠Ømw

]h¿Ø\w 1

em_nep≈ Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ ]h¿Ø\

£aam°pI. l∫v, tamUw F∂o s\‰vh¿°v

D]IcWßfpw kzn®v Hm¨ sNøpI.

]m\enep≈ s\‰vh¿°v tamWn‰¿

A]vse‰ns‚ sF°Wn¬ (NM-Applet) ssd‰v¢n°phgn Connection Information¢n°psNøpI. (NnXw 7.2)

Xpd∂phcp∂ PmeIw i≤n°q.

knÃØns‚ sF.]n hnemkw

a\ nem°mw (NnXw 7.3).

NnXw 7.2

NnXw 7.3

TCP / IP

s\‰vh¿°pIƒ hgn hnhc߃

ssIamds∏tS≠ F√m knÃßfpw Htc

coXnbn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂hbmIWsa

∂n√t√m. Ch lm¿Uvshb¿, Hm∏td‰nwKv

knÃw F∂o Imcyßfnse√mw

hyXykvXambncn°pw. Chbv°nSbn¬

hnhc߃ ssIamdp∂Xn\p≈ Nne

s]mXp\nbaßfp≠v. CXmWv s\‰vh¿°v

t]mt´mt°mfpIƒ. Sn.kn.]n/sF.]n

(Transfer Control Protocol / InternetProtocol) F∂Xv s\‰vh¿°v hgn

hnhchn\nabw sNøp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp

t]mt´mt°mƒ BWv. Cu kt¶XØn¬

F√m knÃ߃°pw kz¥ambn Hcp

sF.]n AUkv D≠mbncnt°≠Xp≠v.

sF.]n AUkv \¬Ip∂Xn\v c≠pcoXn

Iƒ \nehnep≠v. sF.]n th¿j≥ 4

(IPv4), sF.]n th¿j≥ 6 (IPv6) F∂nh.

F¶nepw BZy]Xn∏mb IPv4 Xs∂bmWv

Ct∏mgpw C‚¿s\‰n¬ IqSpX¬

D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂Xv.

Cu coXnbn¬ em_nse F√m

knÃßfpsSbpw sF.]n hnemkw

Is≠Øn Xmsgs°mSpØ ]´nIbpsS

c≠masØ tImfw ]qcn∏n°pI. (]´nI. 7.1).

C\n F√m knÃßfpw j vUu¨ sNøpI.

Ah as‰mcp IaØn¬ ho≠pw kzn®v Hm¨

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

76

sNbvXv ap≥]h¿Ø\w Bh¿Øn®v aq∂masØ tImfØn¬ Iaambn tN¿°pI.

Iºyq´dns‚

\º¿

BZyw Hm¨ sNbvXt∏mƒ

e`n® sF.]n hnemkw

c≠maXv Hm¨

sNbvXt∏mƒ e`n®

sF.]n hnemkw

1. 192.168.1.21

2. 192.168.1.___

3. 192.168.1.___

4. 192.168.1.___

5. 192.168.1.___

]´nI 7.1

sF.]n AUkns‚ LS\

192.168.1.12 F∂ coXnbnep≈ \mep

kwJyIfmbn´mWv IP Address \¬IpI.

Cu kwJyIsf√mw 256¬ Ipdhmbn

cn°Ww. \ΩpsS sNdnb s\‰vh¿°pIfn

se√mw BZy c≠pkwJyIƒ 192.168F∂mbncn°pw. aq∂masØ kwJy

s\‰vh¿°ns\bpw (Hcp s\‰vh¿°n\v Hcp

\º¿) \memasØ kwJy knÃsØbpw

(Hcp knÃØn\v Hcp \º¿) kqNn∏n

°p∂p. ]h¿Ø\£aamb Hcp

s\‰vh¿°n¬ amXta IP Address \v

]k‡nbp≈q. knÃw s\‰vh¿°n¬

hcptºmƒ DHCP (Dynamic Host Con-trol Protocol) F∂ kmt¶XnIhnZy

]Imcw X¬°metØ°v \¬Is∏Sp

∂XmWv Automatic IP Address.

Hmtcm knÃßfpsSbpw sF.]n

hnemk߃ XmcXayw sNbvXpt\m°q.

Fs¥√mamWv \nßfpsS Is≠ØepIƒ?

♦ Cu hnemk߃ knÃw s\‰vh¿°n¬

hcptºmƒ X¬°metØ°v \¬I

s∏Sp∂ AUkv BWv.

♦ Hmtcm XhW IWIvSv sNøs∏Sp

tºmgpw CXv amdns°m≠ncn°pw.

♦ .................................................................................

.................................................................................

♦ .................................................................................

.................................................................................

Hcp ÿncw s\‰vh¿°n¬ hnhc

hn\nabw sNtø≠ knÃØn\v \¬Is∏´n

cn°p∂ AUkv Hmtcm XhWbpw

]cntim[nt°≠nhcp∂Xv ]bmkam

Wt√m. F¥mWv CXn\v Hcp ]cnlmcw?

sF.]n AUkv ÿncambn sk‰psNøpI

bmsW¶n¬ Cu ]iv\w adnIS°mat√m.

AsXßs\ km[yamIpsa∂v ]cntim

[n°mw.

sF.]n hnemkw ÿncambn sk‰psNømw

]h¿Ø\w 2

]h¿Ø\w 1 ¬ sNbvXt]mse

apIfnse ]m\enep≈ s\‰vh¿°v tamWn‰¿

A]vse‰ns‚ sF°Wn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°p

hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw

77

hgn Edit Connections ¢n°psNøpI.

Xpd∂phcp∂ PmeIØnse Wired F∂

Sm_n¬ e`yamb Connections skeIvSv

sNbvXv Edit _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøpI

(NnXw 7.4).

Ct∏mƒ ]Xy£s∏Sp∂ PmeI

Ønse IPv4 Settings F∂ Sm_n¬ MethodF∂nSØv Manual skeIvSv sNbvXv Add_´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøpI (NnXw 7.5)

Address : 192.168.1.___ (ChnsS 0

apX¬ 255 hscbp≈ GXp kwJybpw

D]tbmKn°mw. Hcp em\nse c≠p

NnXw 7.4

NnXw 7.5

knÃ߃°v Hcn°epw Htc hnemkw

D≠mIcpXv).

Netmask F∂n-SØv 255.255.255.0F∂p \¬Ip-I. Gateway, DNS ServerF∂nh-bn¬ 192.168.1.1 F∂pw

\¬In°gn™m¬ Apply (Save) sNømw.

(NnXw 7.6).

]mkvth¿Uv Bhiys∏Sp∂ PmeIw

]Xy£s∏Sptºmƒ AUvan\nkvtSj≥

]mkvth¿Uv \¬Inbm¬ aXn.

CØcØn¬ \nßfpsS kvIqƒ

Iºyq´¿ em_nep≈ F√m knÃ߃°pw

Hcp ÿnc sF.]n hnemkw \¬Imat√m.

knÃ߃ doÃm¿´v sNøp∂tXmsS ]pXnb

sF.]n hnemk߃ \nehn¬ h∂n´p

≠mIpw. ]cntim[n®pt\m°q. Npcp°n∏d

™m¬ Hcp knÃØns‚ sF.]n hnemkw

s\‰vh¿°v kzbw \¬Ip∂tXm, \ap°v

kuIcy]Zamb coXnbn¬ \n¿tZin°m

hp∂tXm BWv.

CXphsc N¿® sNbvXXv Iºyq- -dp-Iƒ

s\‰vh¿°v sNøm-\p≈ tkm^v‰vshb¿

k÷o-I-c-W-ß-fm-W-t√m. CtXm-sSm∏w

s\‰vh¿°v sNøm≥ Fs¥ms°

NnXw 7.6

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

78

lm¿Uvshb¿ D]IcW߃ thWw

F∂pt\m°mw.

lm¿Uvshb¿ k÷oIcW߃

\ΩpsS em_nse Iºyq´dpIƒ

s\‰vh¿°v sNøm≥ Fs¥√mw

lm¿Uvshb¿ D]IcW߃ D]tbmKn

®n´p≠v F∂v Adnbmtam? Is≠Øn

]q¿Ønbm°m≥ ian°q.

♦ tI_nfpIƒ

♦ AUm]v‰¿

♦ ..........................................................

♦ ..........................................................

Hmtcm∂ns\°pdn®pw hniZamb

Ipdn∏pIƒ Xbmdm°q. klmbIamb Nne

hnhc߃ Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂p.

tI_nfpIƒ (UTP Cables - Unshielded TwistedPaid Cables)

A[ym]Is‚ klmbtØmsS Hcp

UTP tI_nƒ (NnXw 7.7) FSpØv AXns‚

]pdsØ IhNw am‰n ]cntim[n°q.

Xmsgs°mSpØn´p≈ tNmZy߃°v

DØcw Is≠ØpI.

♦ tI_nfn\IØv FX hbdpIfp≠v?

♦ Cu hbdpIfpsS \nd߃ t\m°n

Ahsb tPmUnIfm°mtam?

♦ CØcw FX tPmUn hbdpIfp≠v?

AUm]v‰¿ Pm°pIƒ

♦ UTP tI_nfpIƒ knÃØnte°v π§v

sNøp∂Xv i≤nt®m?

♦ Hcp ]tXyIXcw AUm]v‰dpIfm

Wt√m D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂Xv.

♦ RJ45 F∂bn\w AUm]v‰¿

Pm°pIfmWv Ch. (NnXw 7.8)

♦ CXn¬ FX ]n∂p-Iƒ (PIN) D≠v

F∂p-t\m°q?

CuY¿s\‰v Im¿Uv (s\‰vh¿°v C‚¿t^kv Im¿Uv)

Hcp s\‰vh¿°v tI_nƒhgn hcp∂

hnhcsØ Iºyq´dns‚ aZ¿t_m¿Upambn

_‘n∏n°p∂ D]IcWw i≤nt®m?

CXmWv CuY¿s\‰v Im¿Uv AYhm

s\‰vh¿°v C‚¿t^kv Im¿Uv (NIC) (NnXw

7.9). CXv aZ¿t_m¿Un¬ BUv Hm¨

Im¿Umbn tN¿°mhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬

Ct∏mƒ e`y-am-Ip∂ aZ¿t_m¿Up-I-fn¬

s\‰vh¿°v Im¿UpIƒ ]tXyIambn

tN¿t°≠Xn√. AXv t_m¿Un¬Øs∂

Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.

l∫v / kzn®v

c≠p knÃßsf Hcp

tI_nfp]tbmKn®v IWIvSv sNømat√m?

F∂m¬ aqt∂m AXne[nItam

NnXw 7.7

NnXw 7.8

NnXw 7.9

hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw

79

knÃßfps≠¶ntem? ChnsS Hmtcm

knÃßfn¬\n∂pap≈ tI_nfpIƒ ]c-

kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°pI km[y-a-√. AXp-

sIm≠v Ah Iºyq´dpIƒ XΩnep≈

Um‰mbpsS Hgp°v \nb¥n°pIbpw

hnhc߃ FtØ≠ Iºyq´dnte°v Xncn®v

hnSpIbpw sNøm≥ Ign -bp∂ Hcp

D]IcWØnte°v _‘n∏n°p∂p. Cu

D]IcWw l∫v/kzn® v (NnXw 7.12)

F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.

hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°pIƒ

Nne em]vtSm∏pIfn¬ tI_nfpI

fn√msX Xs∂ C‚¿s\‰v In´p∂p≠t√m.

F¥p kmt¶XnIhnZybmWv CXn\p]n∂n

ep≈Xv? \n߃ Nn¥n -®n -´pt≠m?

hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v F∂ kmt¶-XnI

hnZy-bmWv CXv. tI_nfpIƒ°v ]Icw

ChnsS hnhc hn\nabw \SØp∂Xn\v

(Data Carriers) D]tbmKn°p∂Xv F¥mWv?

Hcp hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°nepw km[mcW

tI_nfpIƒ D]tbmKn®p≈ s\‰vh¿°nse

F√m kuIcyßfpw e`yamtWm?

Is≠Øm≥ ian°q.

km[mcWbmbn hb¿sekv

s\‰vh¿°v kuIcyw t\cn´v e`yamIp∂

knÃ߃ GsXms°bmWv?

♦ Nne em]vtSm∏pIƒ

♦ .................................................................................

♦ .................................................................................

NnXw 7.12

Inw]nMv

UTP tI_nfpIfpsS c≠‰Øpw IWIvS¿ Pm°pIƒ LSn∏n°p∂Xns\bmWv Inw]nMv

F∂p]dbp∂Xv. CXn\mbn D]tbmKn°p∂ D]IcWamWv Inw]nMv Sqƒ. (NnXw

7.10). UTP tI_nfnep≈ hbdpIsf Hcp \n›nX IaØnemWv RJ45 te°v C≥sk¿ v

sNøp∂Xv. NnXw 7.11 ¬ ImWn®t]mse RJ45 ]nSn®v CSØp\n∂v hetØm´v

Xmsg°mWp∂ IaØnemWv hbdpIƒ C≥sk¿´v sNøp∂Xv.

Pin 1 - Orange White Pin 5 - Blue WhitePin 2 - Orange Pin 6 - GreenPin 3 - Green White Pin 7 - Brown WhitePin 4 - Blue Pin 8 - Brown

Inw]nMv Sqƒ (NnXw 7.10) RJ45 ]n∂pIƒ (NnXw 7.11)

NnXw 7.13

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

80

sUkvIvtSm∏v Iºyq´dpIfnepw

hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v kuIcyw sNøm≥

Ignbptam? Cu BhiyØn\v Fs¥√mw

D]IcWßfmWv th≠Xv? Is≠Øm≥

ian°q.

hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v ˛ D]IcW߃

Hmtcm NnXhpw GXv D]IcWam

sW∂v Xncn®dnbm≥ ian°q.

]h¿Ø\w 4

hb¿sekv kwhn[m\Øn¬

knÃØns‚ sF. ]n hnemkw ÿncambn

sk‰psNtø≠Xpt≠m? Cu coXnbn¬

sk‰v sNøp∂XpsIm≠p≈ tZmj߃

Fs¥ms°bmWv?

]h¿Ø\w 5

\nßfpsS kvIqfnse Iºyq´¿

em_nse s\‰vh¿°n\v Fs¥√mw

XIcmdpIfmWv km[mcW ImWmdp≈Xv?

enÃv sNøq.

♦ em_nep≈ Nne knÃ߃ s\‰vh¿°v

hgn sjb¿ sNøm≥ Ignbp∂n√.

♦ Nne knÃßfn¬ s\‰vh¿°v

e`n°p∂p≠v, F∂m¬ C‚¿s\‰v

NnXw 7.14

NnXw 7.16NnXw 7.17

NnXw 7.15

♦ hb¿sekv tamUw ♦ hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v C‚¿t^kv Im¿Uv

♦ hb¿sekv dq´¿ ♦ hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v AUm]v‰¿

hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw

81

e`n°p∂n√.

♦ .................................................................................

♦ .................................................................................

Ch Fßs\ ]cnlcn°mw? hni-Z-amb

Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°q.

]h¿Ø\w 6

Iºyq´¿ em_nse Hcp knÃØns‚

(sk¿h¿) sUkvIvtSm∏n¬ Hcp Im¿´q¨

kn\na foolfox.mpg F∂t]cn¬ tkhv

sNbvXph®n´p≠v. CXv \nßfpsS

Iºyq´dns‚ sUkvIvtSm∏n¬ Fßs\

]Z¿in∏n°mw? Xmsgs°mSpØn´p≈

]h¿Ø\߃ sNbvXpt\m°q.

♦ System → Preferences hgn RemoteDesktop Xpd°pI. Allow other usersto view your Desktop F∂Xv SnIv

sNbvXv t¢mkv sNøpI. (NnXw 7.18)

♦ F√m Iºyq´dnepw Cu ]h¿Ø\w

Bh¿Øn°pI.

♦ \nßfpsS Iºyq´dn¬ C‚¿s\‰v

sa\phnep≈ Remote Desktop ViewerHm∏¨ sNbvXv Connect ¢n°p

sNøpI.

♦ Xpd∂phcp∂ PmeIØn¬ t]mt´m-

t°mƒ VNC skeIvSv sNbvXv HostF∂pImWp∂ ÿeØv sk¿hdns‚

NnXw 7.18

sF.]n hnemkw \¬IpI.

♦ Ct∏mƒ sk¿h¿ knÃØn¬

]Xy£s∏´ PmeIw F¥p kqN\

\¬Ip∂p?

♦ \nßfpsS Iºyq´dn¬ sk¿hdns‚

sUkvIvtSm∏v ImWm≥ Ignbp∂nt√?

Cu ^b¬ \ΩpsS knÃØnte°v

]I¿Øm≥ ian®pt\m°q. km[n°p

∂pt≠m? F¥mWv ]cnlmcw?

^bepIƒ ]¶pshbv°mw

]h¿Ø\w 7

^bepIƒ ]¶pshbv°p∂Xn\mbn

knÃØn¬ C\nbpw Fs¥√mw

k÷oIcWßfmWv hcptØ≠sX∂v

t\m°mw.

\mw D]-tbm-Kn -°p∂ knÃØn¬

Places→ Connect to Server ¢n°psNøpI.

]Xy£s∏Sp∂ Connect to Serverhn≥tUmbn¬ Xmsg°mWp∂ coXnbn¬

sk‰psNøpI (NnXw 7.19).

Service type F∂Xv SSH F∂v

skeIvSv sNøp-I.

Server, \mw IWIvSv sNøm\pt±

in°p∂ knÃØns‚ sF.]n hnemkw

\¬Ip-I.

NnXw 7.19

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

82

Folder F∂n-SØv IWIvSv sNtø≠

t^mƒUdns‚ Path \¬Ip-I. (DZmlcW

ambn its F∂ bqkdns‚ sUkvIvtSm∏v

IWIvSv sNøm≥ /home/its/Desktop F∂p

sImSp°Ww).

User Name s‚ ÿm\Øv \mw IWIvSv

sNøm\pt±in°p∂ knÃØns‚ bqk¿

\maw \¬In Connect sNømw.

]Xy£s∏Sp∂ PmeIØnse

\n¿tZi߃°v A\pkcn®v Hm]vj≥

sXcs™Sp°mw. ASpØ PmeIØn¬

Password F∂ ÿeØv \mw IWIvSv

sNøm\pt±in°p∂ knÃØns‚

]mkvth¿Uv \¬In IWIvSv sNøpI.

Ct∏mƒ sk¿hdnse Im¿´q¨ kn\na

\nßfpsS knÃØnte°v ]I¿Øm≥

Ignbp∂pt≠m? s\‰vh¿°v hgnbp≈

^b¬ ssIam‰w sNøptºmƒ s]≥ssUhv

t]msebp≈ D]IcW߃ D]tbmKn

°p∂Xnt\°mƒ Fs¥√mw t\´ßfm

Wp≈Xv, ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°q.

♦ Htc kabw H∂ne[nIw knÃßfn

te°v ]I¿Øm≥ Ignbpw.

♦ ................................................................................

♦ ................................................................................

s\‰vh¿°nep≈ knÃ߃ XΩn¬

]n‚¿ ]¶p-sh-bv°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v

t\m°mw.

]n‚¿ ]¶pshbv°mw

sF.Sn ¢∫n¬ AwKßsf tN¿°m≥

Hcp At]£mt^mans‚ amXrI Xbmdm°n

]n‚psNøWw. ]n‚¿ IWIvSv sNbvXn

´p≈Xv sk¿h¿ Iºyq´dnemWv. amXrI

GXp knÃØn¬ Xbmdm°nbmepw

s\‰vh¿°v aptJ\ ]n‚ v sNømsa∂v

Adnbmat√m? Fßs\bmWv CØ-c-Øn¬

]n‚¿ ]¶pshbv°pI? kwibw

ZqcoIcn°m≥ Xmsg sImSpØ ]h¿Ø\w

sNbvXpt\m°q.

]h¿Ø\w 8

♦ em_nse s\‰vh¿°v ]h¿Ø\£a

am°pI.

♦ sk¿hdn¬ ]n‚¿ Share sNøp∂

Xn\mbn sk¿h¿ knÃØn¬ System→ Administration → Printing F∂

IaØn¬ Printing PmeIw Xpd°pI.

Server → Settings F∂ IaØn¬

¢n°psNøptºmƒ Xpd°p∂

PmeIØnse F√m sNIvt_mIvkp

Ifpw SnIv sNbvXv OK ¢n°psNøpI.

(NnXw 7.20).

\nßfp]tbm-Kn-°p∂ Iºyq-´-dnepw

CtX ]h¿Ø\w sNbvXv, Xbm-dm-°n-bn-

´p≈ At]£m t^mans‚ amXrI Xpd∂v

]n‚ v sNbvXpt\m°q. F¥m \nßfpsS

]cniaw hnPbnt®m?

Ct∏mƒ \n߃ a\ nem°nb

Imcy߃ kvIqƒ em_nse s\‰vh¿°v

^e]Zambn D]tbmKn°m≥ \nßsf

]m]vXcm°nbnt√? Iºyq´¿ s\‰vh¿°p

Isf°pdn®pw s\‰vh¿°pIfpsS s\‰v

h¿°mb C‚¿s\‰ns\°pdn®pw [mcmfw

Imcy߃ C\nbpw a\ nem°m\p≠v. AXv

as‰mcp AhkcØnemImw.

XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃

1. s\‰vh¿°nw-Kp-ambn _‘-s∏´v D]-tbm-

Kn-°p∂ ]c-am-h[n lm¿Uvshb¿ D]-I-

c-W-ß-fpsS NnX-߃ kln-X-ap≈ Ub-

d-IvSdn Xbm-dm-°p-I.

NnXw 7.20

hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw

83

2. kvIqfpIfn¬ Iºyq´¿ s\‰vh¿°v

D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂ ]h¿Ø\߃

GsX√msa∂v enÃv sNøpI. Cu

]h¿Ø\߃ \nßfpsS kvIqfn¬

Ct∏mƒ \SØp∂Xv GXp hnt[\

bmsW∂v ]cntim[n°pI.

3. hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v e`yamIp∂ Hcp

em]vtSm∏n¬ Hcp ÿnc sF.]n AUkv

sk‰p sNbvXn´p≠v. CXpsIm≠v

D≠mtb°mhp∂ ][m\ ]iv\w

F¥mWv?

4. hnhn[ taJeIfn¬ Iºyq´¿ s\‰v

h¿°pIƒ Fßs\sb√mw ]tbmP\

s∏Sp∂psh∂v C‚¿s\‰ns‚ klmb

tØmsS hniIe\w sNøpI.

(DZm-: _m¶p-Iƒ, ]X-ÿm-]-\-߃)

5. \nßfpsS kvIqƒ em_nse Hcp

Iºyq´dns‚ sUkvIvtSm∏nse ]m\en¬

\n∂v s\‰vh¿°v tamWn‰¿ A]vse‰ns‚

sF°¨ A]Xy£ambn. CXv Fßs\

Xncn®psIm≠phcpw F∂p Is≠ØpI.

6. em_nse sk¿h¿ Iºyq -´ -d ns‚

sUkvIvtSm-∏n¬ kvIqfnse sF.-kn.Sn D]-

I-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp ]k-t‚-j≥

Xbm-dm°n tkhv sNbvXp-sh-°p-I. GtkVNC Viewer (Application→Internet→GtkVNC Viewer) F∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-

tbm-Kn®v s\‰vh¿°n-ep≈ as‰mcp Iºyq-

´-dn-s‚ UkvIvtSm-∏n¬ Cu ]k-t‚-j≥

\nco-£n-°p-I.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

84

kvIqƒ hn°n, hn°n ]oUn-b, tIcf

k¿°m-cn-s‚-bpw, -hnZym- ymk hIp-∏n-s‚bpw

sh-_vssk‰pIƒ F∂nh \n߃ I≠n-´p-

≠t√m? \n߃ kµ¿in-®n-´p≈ a‰p

sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ GsX-√m-amWv? kvIqƒ

em_nse Iºyq- -dn¬ Hcp sh_vssk‰v Xpd-

°p-tºmƒ hnZq-cØv GtXm Iºyq- -dn-¬\n∂v

NnX-߃, kn\n-a-Iƒ, ]m´p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh

em_nse Iºyq-´-dn¬ FØp-∂Xv Fß-s\-

sb∂v Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? sh_vssk-‰ns‚

LS-\bpw AXns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-hpsams°

a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v \ap°pw CØ-csamcp

sh_vssk‰v \n¿an®p t\m°mw. em_n-ep≈

Iºyq -´ -dp -Ifn¬amXw e`n -°p∂ Hcp

sh_vssk‰mWv BZyw \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv.

Hmtcm sh_vssk‰pw Ht∂m H∂n-e-

[n-Itam sh_vt]-Pp-Iƒ tN¿ØmWv Xbm-

dm-°p-∂-Xv. F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬. SmKp-Iƒ D]-

tbm-Kn®v sh_vt]-Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p∂ coXn

\n߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠t√m? \n߃ ]cn-

N-b-s∏´ SmKp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKhpw

]´n-I-s∏-SpØn (]´nI 8.1) t\m°q.

Xbm-sd-Sp°mw

\ΩpsS kvIqfnse sshhn-[y-am¿∂

]h¿Ø-\-߃ s]mXp -k-aq -l-Øn\p

apºn¬ ]Z¿in -∏n -°p -∂Xn\v Hcp

sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°mw. Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-

™p-thWw CXv Xbm-dm-°m≥. sh_vssk‰v

Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v \ΩpsS kvIqƒ

sh_vsk‰v Fß-s\-bm-bn--cn -°Wsa∂v

Bkq-XWw sNtøt≠? AXn-\mbn Nne

kqN-\-Iƒ NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

♦ sh_vssk-‰n\v BsI FX t]-Pp-Iƒ

D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww?

♦ Hmtcm t]Pnepw Dƒs∏-Sp -tØ-≠Xv

Fs¥-√m-amWv?

♦ Hmtcm t]Ppw Xbm-dm-t°-≠Xv GXv

Kq∏mWv?

♦ ..................................................................................

SmKv D]-tbmKw

<html> sh_vt]Pv XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v

<h1> ...................................................... A£cw t_mƒUv-B-°m≥

<marquee> ............................................................. ...........................................

]´nI 8.1

8 \ap-s°mcp sh_vssk‰v

\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v

85

sh_v t]Pv \n¿a-n°p-tºmƒ \¬Im-hp∂

-b¬ LS\

sh_vt]Pv Xbm-dm-°p-tºmƒ AXn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ hn`-h-ß-ƒ ]tXyI coXn-

bn¬ Iao-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Hmtcm Kq∏pw

Xbm-dm-°p∂ sh_vt]Pp-Iƒ Hcp-an®p

tN¿ØmWv kvIqƒ sh_vssk‰v \n¿an-t°-

≠-Xv . AXn -\m¬ F√m Kq∏pIfpw

sh_vt]PpIfnte°v Bhiyamb NnXw,

Ne®nXw, i_vZw XpS -ßn -bh Hcp

s]mXpLS\bn¬ tiJ--cn-°-Ww. CXn\v

Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Hcp amXrI (NnXw

8.1) kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv A`n-Im-ay-am-bn-cn-°pw.

sh_vssk‰v \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-

amb Bkq-XWw Ign-™p-ht√m? C\n

\ap°v \ΩpsS Kq∏ns‚ sh_vt]-Pp-Iƒ

\n¿an-°mw.

]h¿Ø\w 1

Hmtcm Kq∏n\pw e`n® hnj-b-sØ

ASn-ÿm-\-am°n sh_vt]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°n-

MyWebsite F∂ t^mƒU-dn¬ tkhv

sNøp-I. NnX-߃ “images” F∂ t^mƒU-

dn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØpI. Cu NnX -ßsf

sh_vt]-Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -Øp-∂-Xn -\mbn

<img src=“images/Imagename.extension”>F∂ SmKv D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. NnX-Øns‚

ÿm\w relative path Bbn ]d-bp-∂-XmWv

\√-Xv.

Relative and Absolute Path

Hcp sh_vt]-Pn-te°v NnXw, i_vZw,

hoUntbm XpS-ßnb ^b-ep-Isf Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øp-tºmgpw As√-¶n¬ GsX-¶nepw

^b-ep-I-fn-te°v sh_vt]-Pns\ en¶p

sNøp-tºmgpw Ahsb c≠v coXn-bn¬

_‘n-∏n-°mw. ^b-ens‚ t]cpw AXv

kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ t^mƒU-dns‚ t]cpw,

^b¬knÃw apX¬ ]q¿W-ambn Dƒs∏-

SpØp-∂-XmWv B ^b-ens‚ Absolutepath. DZm-l-c-W-ambn MyWebsite F∂

t^mƒU-dnse images F∂ t^mƒU-

dn-ep≈ sports.jpg F∂ NnXw html b-

en¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWsa-∂n-cn-°s´ <imgsrc=”/home/its/Desktop/MyWebsite/im-ages/sports.jpg”> F∂ SmKv \¬Ip-∂Xv

NnXw 8.1

Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-´p≈ ]´n-I-bpsS amXrI kzoI-cn®v Bkq-XWw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Kq∏v Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠

hnh-c-߃

Kq∏v Xbm-dm-°p∂

t]Pns‚ t]cv

D]-t]-Pp-IfpsS t]cv

(B-h-iy-sa-¶n¬)

Kq∏v 1 kvIqƒ

Imbn-I-taf

* C\-߃

* ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

* ^e-߃

Kq∏v 2

Kq∏v 3 kb≥kv ¢∫v

Kq∏v 4

]´nI 8.2

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

86

Absolute path Dw <img src=”images/sports.jpg”> F∂v amXw \¬Ip-∂Xv

AXns‚ relative path Dw BWv.

Relative path BWv SmKn-t\msSm∏w

\¬Ip-∂-sX¶n¬ knÃw amdp-tºmgpw

ÿm\w amdp-tºmgpw F√m en¶p-Ifpw

icn-bmbn ]h¿Øn-°pw.

sh_vt]Pn¬ Ne®nXw tN¿°mw

Ct∏mƒ \n߃ Xbm-dm -°nb

sh_vt]-Pn-te°v Hcp Ne-®nXw Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øn-bm¬ AXv Iptd-°qSn at\m-l-c-am-Int√?

Fß-s\-bmWv CXn¬ Ne-®n-X-߃ Dƒs∏-

Sp-ØpI? hoUntbm FUn-‰nwKv \S-Øp-∂Xv

Fß-s\-sb∂v ap≥ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ \n߃

]Tn-®n-´p≠t√m. kvIqfn¬ \S-°p∂ GsX-

¶nepw Hcp ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hoUntbm

jq´p sNøp-I. CXn\v Bh-iy-amb FUn-

‰nwKv hcpØn “videos” F∂ t^mƒU-dn¬

kq£n-°p-I. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Iem-ta-f-bp-

ambn _‘-s∏´v dance.flv F∂

hoUntbmbmWv Xbm-dm-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬

<embed src=”videos/dance.flv”> F∂p

thWw SmKv \¬Im≥. embed SmKp-]-tbm-

Kn®v i_vZ- -b-ep-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\mIpw.

ian-®p-t\m-°p-a-t√m.

sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°m≥ KompoZer

F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬ SmKp-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn®v

sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xv \n߃

]cn-io-en-®t√m? Cßs\ Xbm-dm-°p-tºmƒ

\Ωƒ t\cn´ ]iv\-߃ Fs¥-√m-amWv?

F¶n¬ \nc-h[n sh_vt]-Pp-Ifp≈ Hcp

sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°-W-sa-¶n¬ FX-

amXw SmKp-Iƒ \mw D]-tbm-Knt°-≠n-hcpw?

F®v.-Sn.-Fw-.F¬ SmKp-Iƒ t\cn-´p-]-tbm-Kn-

°m-sX sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v

tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fp≠v. AØcw tkm^v‰v

KompoZer D]tbmKn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nne kqN-\-Iƒ

NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬

Sqƒ_m-dnse “Image” Sqfn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ NnXw _ukv sNøp-I.

XpS¿∂v Alternate text F∂ ÿ-eØv AXns‚ t]cv \¬In OK _´¨ Aa¿Øp-I.

NnXw he-pXm-°-W-sa-¶n¬

NnXØn¬ ¢n°p-sN-bvXm¬ Np‰pw e`n-°p∂ sNdnb NXp-c-ß-fn¬ ]nSn®v Ah-bpsS

hen∏w Iao-I-cn-°mw.

Xe-s°´v Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬

ssS∏v sNbvX-tijw Bh-iy-amb t^m¿am-‰nwKv sNøp-I.

sF°-Wp-Iƒ/sSIvÃp-Iƒ F∂nh ssl∏¿en¶v sNø-W-sa-¶n¬

sF°-Wp-Iƒ/sSIvÃp-Iƒ F∂nh Select sNbvXv Link Sqfn¬ ¢n°p-sN-øpI. XpS¿∂v

Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ File _ukv sNbvXv OK _´¨ Aa¿Øp-I.

tS_nƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬

tS_nƒ Sqfn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv hcnbpsSbpw \ncbpsSbpw FÆw \¬Im-hp-∂-XmWv

tS_nƒ t^m¿am‰v sNøp-∂-Xn\v tS_n-fn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°p-sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb am‰w

hcp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Html SmKp-Iƒ ssS∏p sNbvXv t]Pv Iao-I-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬

kompoZer ¬ sh_vt]Pv Xbm-dm-°p∂ Pme-I-Øn¬ Xmsg-bp≈ “source” Sm_v

¢n°p-sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb am‰-߃ hcpØmw.

\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v

87

NnXw 8.2

shb-dp-I-fmWv F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬. FUn-‰-dp-

Iƒ.

KompoZer, Quanta plus XpS-ßn-bh

F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬ FUn-‰-dp-I-fm-Wv. F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-

F¬ SmKp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hcp-Øm-hp∂

F√m sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw Ch-bn¬ A\m-

bmkw ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

SmKp-Ifp]tbmKn®v Iq´nt®¿°epIƒ

\SØm\pw Cu FUn‰dpIfn¬

kuIcyap≠v.

KompoZer eqsS sh_vt]Pn\v

Fs¥√mw am‰-߃ hcpØm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v

Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

♦ A£-c-h-en-∏-hpw, \ndhpw hyXym-k-s∏-

SpØmw

♦ t]Pp-Iƒ°v ]›m-Øe \ndw \¬Imw

♦ NnX-Øns‚ hen∏w Bh-iym-\p-k-

cWw Iao-I-cn°mw

♦ ................................................................................

♦ ................................................................................

♦ ................................................................................

t]Pp-Iƒ BI¿j-I-am°mw

KompoZer D]-tbm -Kn® v \ΩpsS

sh_vt]-Pns\ IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-°n-

bmtem? Internet sa\p -hn¬ \n∂pw

KompoZer Xpd-°p-I. XpS¿∂v File → OpenF∂ Ia-Øn¬ \n߃ Xbm-dm-°nb

sh_vt]-Pv Xpd-°p-I (NnXw 8.2).

A£-c-ß-fp-sSbpw NnX-ß-fp-sSbpw

hen-∏w, ÿm\w, ]›m-Ø-e-\ndw F∂n-h-

bn¬ Bh-iy-amb am‰w hcpØn t]Pv

BI¿j-I-am-°p-I. Cu ^b¬ tkhp

sNbvX-tijw sh_v _uk-dn¬ Xpd-°pI.

Ct∏mƒ t]Pv IqSp -X¬ BI¿j-I-

am-bn-t√? -

\ΩpsS sh_vssk-‰n\v at\m-l-c-am-sbmcp

tlmwt]P v

\ΩpsS sh_vssk-‰n\v Bh-iy-amb

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

88

t]Pp-Iƒ Hmtcm Kq∏pw Xbm-dm-°n-bt√m?

hnhn[ Kq∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vt]-Pp-

Isf Hcp-an®ptN¿Øv \ap°v sh_vssk-‰m-

°n-am-‰mw. \mw I≠n- p≈ sh_vssk-‰p-I-fp-

sS-sb√mw ][m\ t]Pv i≤n-®n´n -t√

(D-Zm: NnXw 8.3). CXv B ssk‰ns‚

tlmwt]-Pm-Wv. \ΩpsS ssh_vssk-‰n\pw

Hcp tlmwt]Pv tht≠? GXm\pw Nne

sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ \nco-£n®v kvIqƒ ssk-

‰ns‚ tlmwt]Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -tØ-≠Xv

Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Hmtcm Kq∏pw Is≠-ØpI.

tlmwt]-Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -tØ-≠Xv

Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠-Øn-bnt√? C\n

\ap°v tlmwt]Pv \n¿an-°mw. CXn\p kzoI-

cn-°m-hp∂ Hcp teHu´v (]´nI 8.3) \¬In-

bn -cn -°p-∂p. Bh-iy-amb NnX-ßfpw

temtKmbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn \nß-fpsS kvIqƒ

ssk‰ns‚ tlmw t]Pv Xbm-dm-°q. Hmtcm

Kq∏pw Xbm -dm -°p∂ tlmwt]-Pp -I -

fn¬\n∂pw at\m-l-c-ambXv sXc-s™-SpØv

kvIqƒ sh_vssk-‰ns‚ tlmwt]-Pmbn Iao-

I-cn-°p-I. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb \n¿tZ-i-߃

\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-°p-a-t√m.

♦ KompoZer ¬ Hcp ]pXnb t]Pv FSpØv

Index.html F∂v ^b¬\maw \¬In

AXns\ MyWebsite F∂ t^mƒU-dn¬

tkhv sNøp-I.

♦ tS_nƒ sF°-Wn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv aq∂v

tdmbpw aq∂v tImf-hp-ap≈ Hcp tS_nƒ

\n¿an-°p-I.

♦ sk√p-Iƒ Hcp-an®v tN¿°p-∂-Xn\v sk√p-

Iƒ skeIvSv sNbvXv Table → JoinSelected Cells F∂p \¬In-bm¬ aXn.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn kvIqfns‚ t]cv \¬Ip-

∂-Xn\v H∂m-asØ hcn-bnse c≠pw

aq∂pw sk√p-Iƒ Hcp-an®v tN¿t°-≠-

Xp-≠v.

♦ ]´n-I-bnse hc-Iƒ tlmwt]-Pn¬ Zriy-

am-Im-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ tS_nƒ skeIvSv

sNbvXv Table → Table PropertiesFSp°p-I. Xpd-∂p-h-cp∂ Pme-I-Øn¬

tS_nƒ Sm_n¬ Boarder, Spacing,Padding F∂nh ]qPy-ambn Iao-I-cn®v

OK _´¨ Aa¿Øp-I.

♦ sk√n¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv NnXhpw sSIvÃpw

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

NnXw 8.3

\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v

89

♦ Kq∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°nb sh_vt]-Pp-Iƒ

tlmwt]-Pn-te°v en¶v sNø-Ww.

Hmtcm Kq∏pw Xbm-dm-°nb sh_v

ssk-‰v s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v anI®

HscÆw Xnc -s™-Sp°pI. kvIqƒ

sh_vssk‰v \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn AXv

SSITC amsc G¬∏n-°p-at√m?

\mw Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vssk‰v ImWp-∂-Xn\v

\n߃ Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vssk-‰ns\

^b¬ knÃ-Ønse var/www F∂

t^mƒU-dn-te°v So®-dpsS klm-b-tØmsS

t]Ãv sNøpI. XpS¿∂v sh_v _uk-dns‚

AUkv _mdn¬ localhost/index.html F∂v

ssS∏psNbvXv F‚¿ Io Aa¿Øn-bm¬

sh_vssk-‰ns‚ tlmwt]Pv e`n°pw. CXn\v

Cu knÃ-Øn¬ Hcp sh_v sk¿h¿

tkm^v‰vshb¿ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXn-cn°-Ww.

sh_vssk‰v ]h¿Øn-®nt√? Cu

sh_vssk‰v \nß-fpsS em_nse a‰v knÃ-

ßfn¬ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw Iao-I-c-

W-ß-fmWv sNtø-≠sX∂v N¿®sNøp-I.

a‰p knÃ-ß-fnse sh_v _uk-dns‚

AUkv _mdn¬ sk¿h¿ knÃ-Øn-s‚

sF.]n AUkv /index.html F∂v

ssS∏psNbvXv F‚¿ Io Aa¿Øn-bm¬

\nß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰ns‚ tlmwt]Pv a‰p

knÃ-ß-fnepw e`n°pw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn

sk¿h-dns‚ sF.]n AUkv 192.168.1.4

BsW-¶n¬ AXnse sh_vssk‰v a‰p knÃ-

ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xn\v 192.168.1.4/index.htmlF∂v ssS∏psNbvXv F‚¿ Io Aa¿ØpI.

kvIqfns‚

temtKmkvIqfns‚ t]cv

kvIqfns‚ NnXw

][m\

hm¿Ø-Iƒ

•••••(Kq∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°nb

sh_vt]-Pp-I-fn-te°v

en¶p sNøpI)

• Iem-taf

• kb≥kv ¢∫v

• ]T-\-bmX

• sF.Sn ¢_v

••

kvIqfns\°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃

]´nI 8.3

sk¿hdpw ¢b‚pw

Htc kabw ]e t]mKm-ap -Ifpw

hyXykvX D]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ°v D]-tbm-

Kn -°m≥ Ignbp∂ Iºyq -´ -dp -Isf

sk¿h¿ F∂phnfn -°p -∂p. Hcp

]tXyI D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn Iao-I-cn-

®n-cn-°p∂ H∂n-e-[nIw t]mk-k-dp-

Ifp≈ i‡n-tb-dnb Hcp Iºyq-´-¿

Bbn-cn-°pw CXv. F∂m¬ ChnsS

\ΩpsS sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm°n kq£n-

®n -cn -°p∂ knÃ-Øns\ sk¿h¿

F∂pw sk¿h¿ knÃ-hpambn _‘n-

∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ a‰v Iºyq-´-dp-Isf ¢b‚ v

F∂pw IcpXmw. sk¿h-dnse dntkm-

gvkp-Iƒ ¢b‚p-Iƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

90

NnXw 8.4

]h¿Ø\w 2

Hmtcm Kq∏pw Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vssk-

‰p-Iƒ tkhv sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ sk¿h¿ knÃ-

ß-fpsS sF.]n AUkv Xncn-®-dn™v

Hmtcm Kq∏n-s‚bpw sh_vssk‰v \nco-£n-

°p-I. Ah-bpsS ta≥a-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw

N¿®sNbvXv dnt∏m¿´v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \ΩpsS sh_vssk‰v

\mw Xbm -dm -°nb sh_vssk‰v

kvIqfnse a‰v Iºyq-´-dp-I-fn¬ ImWm≥

km[n-®p-ht√m? C\n AXns\ C‚¿s\‰n-

eqsS temIw apgp-h-≥ ImWp∂ hn[-Øn¬

Iao-I-cn-°-W-sa-¶ntem? CXn\v \ΩpsS

Iºyq -´ -dns\ (sk¿h¿) C‚¿s\-‰n¬

Gh¿°pw GXv k-a-bhpw e`y-am-°p-Itbm

As√-¶n¬ AØ-c-Øn¬ Iao-I-cn-®n-´p≈

Hcp sh_vsk¿h-dn¬ ÿm]n-°p-Itbm

sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mƒ \Ωƒ ¢b‚ v

knÃ-Øn¬ \n∂pw sF.]n AUkv D]-tbm-

Kn®v sk¿h-dnse t]Pp-Iƒ I≠-Xpt]m-se-

Xs∂ C‚¿s\‰v sF.]n AUtkm sh_v

hnem-ktam D]-tbm-Kn®v a‰p -≈-h¿°v

\ΩpsS sh_vssk‰v ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

C‚¿s\-‰n¬ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv

\n߃ Xbm-dm -°nb sh_vssk--‰ns\

C‚¿s\-‰n -ep≈ a‰v ssk-‰p -I-fp -ambn

Xmc-Xayw sNøq. `wKn -h -cp -Ø-ep -Iƒ

C\nbpw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠t√? sh_vssk‰v

\n¿am--W-Øn¬ kmt¶-XnI sshZKv[yw

Bh-iy-ap≈ \nc-h[n ]h¿Ø-\-߃

(sh_v t]Pp-I-fpsS GtIm-]-\w, Unssk-

\nw-Kv)- D-≠v. CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw

\n-ßsf klm-bn-°p-∂Xn\v tkm v‰vshbdp-

I-fp-≠v. Ah-bmWv I≠‚ v am-t\-Pvsa‚ v

knÃw tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ.

sh_vssk‰v \n¿amWw XpSßmw

\Ωƒ apºv Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vssk-

‰ns‚ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn®v AXns\

Gh¿°pw e`y -am -Ip -∂ -hn -[ -Øn¬

am‰nbmtem? CXn\v Hcp sh_v I≠‚ v

amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃw tkm v‰vshbdpw \ap°v

Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. kzX¥hpw (Free)kuP\yhpamb Hcp sh_v I≠‚ v

amt\Pvsa‚ v knÃw tkm^v‰vshb-dmWv

Uq]¬. GNU GPL ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xbm-

dm-°nb Cu tkm^v‰vshb-dmWv temIsØ

\nc-h[n sh_v ssk‰p-I-fpsS ]n∂-Wn-bn¬

]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. km[m-cW sh_v I≠‚ v

amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃ-ß-fn¬ e`y-amb F√m

tkh-\-ßfpw Uq]¬ kn.-Fw.-Fkv˛epw

e`y -am -Wv . sh_v sk¿h-dn -s‚tbm

tkm v‰vsh-b¿ C≥Ã-te-j-s‚tbm Bh-iy-

I -X -bn -√msX Xs∂ kz¥-am -sbmcp

sh-_vssk‰v \n¿an -°m≥ Uq]¬

Km¿U≥kn¬ Ah-k-c-ap≠v. CXp]--tbm-Kn®v

\ΩpsS sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-

sb∂v t\m°mw.

♦ www.drupalgardens.com F∂v sh_v

_uk-dn¬ ssS∏psNbvXv Uq]¬

I≠‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃ-Øns‚ sh_v

ssk‰n-te°v ]th-in-°p-I

\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v

91

♦ Create a free site _´-Wn¬ ¢n°p

sNbvXv XpS¿∂v ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Pme-

I-Øn¬ (NnXw 8.5) sh_vssk-‰n\v

\¬Im≥ BK-ln-°p∂ URL (sh_v

hnem-kw), sh_v ssk‰n¬ ]th-in-°p-

∂-Xn-\p≈ username, password, \ne--

hn-ep≈ \n-ß-fpsS email hnemkw Ch

\¬Ip-I.

♦ “Continue” _ -Wn¬ ¢n°psNøp-tºmƒ

e`n-°p∂ Pme-I-Øn¬ (NnXw 8.6)

\n∂pw, \nß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰n¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ BK-ln-°p∂ kuI-cy-

߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°mw.

♦ Comments, Mailinglist, webforms,rotating banner, Media gallery XpSßnb

sh_v I≠‚v amt\-Pvsa‚v knÃw (WCMS)

sh_v kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ sh_vssk‰v \n¿am-Ww, ]¶p-sh-bv°-ep-Iƒ, \nco-£-W-߃,

\nb-¥-W-߃ F∂nh°v klm-b-I-amb tkm^v‰vshbdpI-fmWv sh_v I≠‚ v amt\-

Pvsa‚ v knÃw. at\m-l-c-amb sh-_vssk‰v Hcp-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn\pw CXn¬ A\m-bmkw km[n-°p-∂p.- ]-[m-\-s∏´ Nne sh_v I≠‚ v am-t\-

Pvsa‚ v knÃ-ß-fmWv th¿Uv]-kv, Pqwe, Uq]¬, sse‰v kn.-Fw.-Fkv XpS-ßn-b-h.

\ΩpsS Iºyq-´dn (sk¿h¿) emWv Cu kn.-Fw.-Fkv tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ C≥Ãmƒ

sNøp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ ]q¿W kzmX-¥y-tØmsS A\p-tbm-Py-amb sh_vssk-

‰p-Iƒ kz¥w Iºyq-´-dn¬ (sk¿h¿) Xbm-dm-°m-\m-Ipw.

I≠‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃw tkm^v‰v shb¿ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvX sh-_v k¿h-dn¬ H´-\-

h[n sh_vssk‰v amXr-I-Iƒ (sS-ºvsf-‰p-Iƒ) e`y-am-Wv. A\p-tbm-Py-amb sSºvsf‰v

Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I. temtKmbpw \n-d-ß-fnepw am‰w hcpØn IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-°p-I.

sh_vssk-‰n-te-°m-h-iy-amb tkh-\-߃ (blog, user login, gallery, social networklink, etc.) sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I, hnh-c-߃, NnX-߃, a‰v tUmIyp-sa‚p-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øp-I, CXbpw sN-øp-∂-tXmsS sh_v ssk‰v k÷-am-Ip-∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ sSºvsf-

‰n¬ GXp-k-a-bØpw am‰w hcp-Øp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. Cßs\ hcp-Øp∂ am‰w \ne-hn-

ep≈ hnh-c-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-^en-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

Nne sh_v I≠‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃ-߃ Ah-cpsS sk¿h-dn¬ Xs∂ sh_vssk-

‰p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. www.drupalgardens.com, www.lightcms.com,www.wordpress.com, http://sites.google.com, XpS-ßn-bh Ah-cpsS sk¿h-dn¬ Xs∂

kuP-\y-ambn sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p. kz¥-ambn

C˛sa-bn¬ hnem-k-ap≈ GsXm-cmƒ°pw Ch-bn¬ sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°m-\m-Ipw.

NnXw 8.5

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

92

tkh-\-ßfpw FAQ, Forums, Blog,Contact Us XpS-ßnb t]Pv amXr-I-Ifpw

ChnsS e`y-am-Wv.

♦ CXn¬ \n∂pw “ON / OFF” _´-Wn¬

¢n°psNbvXv Media gallery, Blog,Contact us, About F∂o kuIcy߃

amXw Ct∏mƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. “Create”_´-Wn¬ ¢n°p sNøp-∂-tXmsS Bh-

iy -s∏´ kuI-cy -ß-tfm -Sp -Iq -S nb

sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

sh_v cPn-kvtS-j≥ ka-bØv \¬Inb

C˛-sa-bn¬ hnem-k-Øns‚ ]cn-tim-[-\-

bv°mbn Cu hnem-k-Øn-te-°-b® sabn-

ense en¶n¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv cPn-kvtS-j≥

]q¿Øn-bm-°-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w 3

Cu h¿jsØ \nß-fpsS kvIqƒ

]h¿Ø-\-߃ hnh-cn-°p∂ kvIqƒ sh_v

ssk‰v Uq]¬ Km¿U≥kn¬ Xbm-dm-

°p-I.

sh_v ssk‰v BI¿j-I-am°mw

Ah-iyw-th≠ kuI-cy-ßfpw `wKn-

tbmSpw IqSnb Hcp sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-

bt√m? C\n Cu sh_vssk‰n¬ Fs¥-

¶nepw am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-I-tbm, kuI-cy-߃

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I-tbm, IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-

°p-Itbm sNtø-≠-Xp-s≠-¶n¬ Ahbpw

sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Appearance

sh_vssk-‰n-te°v temKn≥ sNøp-∂-

tXmsS ssk‰ns‚ am‰w hcp-Ø-en\pw `wKn-

h-cp-Ø-en\pw Bh-iy-amb \n¿tZi-ß-f-S-

ßnb sa\p-_m¿ apI-fn¬ (NnXw 8.7) Zriy-

am-Ipw. Cu sa\p_mdn¬ \n∂pw `wKn hcp-

Ø-en\p≈ “Appearance” sa\p

NnXw 8.6

NnXw 8.7

\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v

93

Xncs™Sp°p-I. Ct∏mƒ t]m]v -A]v

sNbvXp h∂ sNdnb Pme-I-Ønse (NnXw

8.8) Themes, Layout, Brand, Styles, LayoutSm_p-I-fn-eq-sS sh_vssk‰n\v `wKn-h-cp-Ø-

ep-Iƒ \SØmw.

kzta-[bm (default) Xbm-dm-°-s∏´ Xow

\nß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰n\v A\p-tbm-Py-a√

F¶n¬ hyXykvX LS-\-I-fn-ep≈ \nc-h[n

Xoap-Iƒ ChnsS e`y-am-Wv. Choose a newtheme en¶n¬ ¢n°psNbvXv as‰mcp Xow

sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. Choose _´-Wn¬ ¢n°p

sNbvXv, ]pXnb Xoan\v t]cv \¬In kq£n-

°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vssk-‰ns‚ GsX-

¶nepw Hcp `mKw amX-am-bn, IqSp-X¬

BI¿j-I-am-t°-≠-Xpt≠m? DZm-l-c-W-

ambn ssk‰v Xe-s°-´ns‚ (Site Header)\ndw am‰W-sa∂ps≠-¶n¬, ssk‰v Xe-s°-

´n¬ ¢n°psNøp-I. NnX-Øn¬ (NnXw 8.9)

ImWn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse skeIvSv sNbvX mK-

Øns‚ AXncv (border) ImWn-°p-∂-tXm-

sSm∏w You are styling: F∂ ÿeØv Thesite-name in the header region F∂v kqNn-

∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

Ct∏mƒ style ¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-߃

Cu AXn-cn-\p-≈nse LS-I-ß-fn¬ amX-

NnXw 8.8

NnXw 8.9

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

94

am-bn-cn°pw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I. CXp-t]mse

am‰w hcp-tØ≠ GsXmcp LS-I-tØbpw

(block) Xn-c-s™-SpØv `wKn-bm°mw.

\nß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰n¬ hcp-Øp∂

`wKn -h-cp -Ø-ep -Iƒ bYm-k-abw SavesNøs∏-Sp-∂p≠v F¶nepw, Publish _´-

Wn¬ ¢n°psNøp∂Xphsc Cu am‰ßƒ

\ap°v amXta e`yamhpIbp≈q.

BbXn\m¬ am‰ßƒ a‰p kµ¿iI¿°v

ImWm≥ km[n°p∂Xn\mbn, (NnXw 8.10)

Publish _´-Wn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. `wKn hcp-

Ø-ep-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bmbn F¶n¬ Close_´¨ ¢n°psNbvXv “Appearance” PmeIw

AS-bv°mw.

]h¿Ø\w 4

\ΩpsS kvIqfn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°nb

sh_vssk-‰n¬ C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ Xbm-dm-°nb

kvIqƒ temtKm Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I. Bh-iy-amb

am‰-߃ hcpØn at\m-l-c-am-°p-I.

hnh-c-߃ tN¿°mw kºp-jvS-am°mw

at\m-l-c-amb Hcp sh_vssk‰v

Xbm-dm-bt√m? Hcp sh_vssk-‰ns‚ `wKn-

tb-°mƒ ][m\w AXnse hnh-c-߃°m-

Wv. hnh-c-߃ bYm-k-abw Dƒs∏-SpØp-

Ibpw ]pXp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ amXta

Hcp \√ sh_vssk-‰m-Ip-I-bp-≈q. \ΩpsS

sh_vssk-‰n-s\bpw kvIqfnse \ntXy-\-

bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn

\s√mcp sh_v-ssk-‰m-°mw.

]h¿Ø\w 5

\nß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰n¬ kvIqfn¬

\S-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃, kµ¿i\-

hnhc߃, Ip´n-Ifpw A[ym-]-Icpw Xbm-

dm-°p∂ UnPn-‰¬ hkvXp-°ƒ, kvIqfns‚

anI-hp-Isf kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ XpS-ßn-

b-h-sb√mw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I.

hnh-c-߃ sh_vt]-Pn-te°v

sh_vssk‰v \n¿am-W-Øns‚ BZy-L-

´-Øn¬ Bh-iy-s∏´ kuI-cy-߃°-\p-k-

cn®v, Home, About, Blog, Contact us,Gallaries F∂o t]Pp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-

t√m. CXn-te-°m-h-iy-amb hnh-c-߃

\¬Ip-I-bmWv C\n \mw sNtø-≠-Xv.

sh_vssk‰v Dt±-iy-sØ-°p-dn®pw

\nßsf Ipdn®pw hnhcw \¬Im-hp∂ Aboutt]Pn¬ Ct∏mƒ Fs¥-√mw hnh-c-ß-fm-

Wp-≈Xv? CXn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, \n-

ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰ns\ kw_-‘n® hnhc-

߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn About F∂

t]Pv ssS‰n-en\p Xmsg-bp≈ “Edit” sa\p-

hn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-߃

Dƒs∏SpØpI (NnXw 8.11). (\n-߃ loginsNbvXn-cn-°p-tºmƒ amX-amWv Cu sa\p

Zriy-am-hp-I).

I≠‚v tªm°p-Iƒ

Hcp sh_vt]Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ hyXykvX Xcw hnh-c-ßsf tªm°p-I-fmbn Xncn-

®n-cn-°p-∂p. Main menu, site logo, Site name, Main banner, Main page content, Searchform XpS-ßn-bh Hmtcm∂pw hyXykvX tªm°p-I-fm-Wv. ]pXnb tªm°p-Iƒ \n¿an-

°p-Ibpw sNømw. Hcp tªm°ns‚ ÿm\w t]Pv teHu´n¬ FhnsS thW-sa-¶nepw

\n›-bn-°mw. Navigation block (F√m t]Pp-I-fn-te-°p-ap≈ en¶v) s‚ ÿm\w Sidebartem pre header tem am‰n ÿm]n-°mw.

NnXw 8.10

NnXw 8.11

\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v

95

hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn c≠v

FUn-‰-dp-I-fmWv Hcp-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. (HTMLeditor WYSIWYG editor). (NnXw 8.12)

NnXw Dƒs∏-SpØmw

\n-ß-fpsS sh_vt]Pn-te°v kvIqfnse

][m\ -]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-

Sp-tØ-≠-Xpt≠m? NnX-߃ sh_vt]Pp-

Isf IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-°m≥ klm-bn-

°p -sa∂v \mw Xncn -® -dn -™p-ht√m?

WYSIWYG FUn‰-dn¬ sa\p-_m-dnse “Addmedia” ¢n°psNbvXv NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-

SpØmw.

aoUnbm Kmedn

Htc hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ \nc-h[n

NnX-ßsf H∂n®p ]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ klm-

bn-°p∂ kt¶-X-am-Wt√m Kme-dn -Iƒ.

\n߃ ]s¶-SpØ Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ (Iem-ta-f, ]T-\-bmX XpS-ßn-

bh) NnX -߃ Kme-dn -bn -te°v

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øq.

Navigation _mdn¬\n∂pw Kmedn Sm_v

¢n°p-sNbvXv \ne-hn-ep≈ Kmedn t]Pn-

te°v t]mImw. CXn¬ Ct∏mƒ Xm¬°m-

en-I-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ kmºnƒ Kme-

dnbpw AXnse kmºnƒ NnX-ßfpw am‰n

\nß-fpsS NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øq. AddMedia _´-Wn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv IqSp-X¬

NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.

C¶vkvtI-]v, Pnºv XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬

Xbm-dm-°nb NnX-߃ Hcp ]pXnb Kmedn

\n¿an®v AhnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Øq. Add Media_ -Wn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv Cu Kme-dn-bn-te°v

IqSp-X¬ NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.

]pXn-sbmcp t]Pv

kvIqƒ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfnse \nß-fpsS

]¶m-fnØw, ]T-\-bmXm hnh-cWw Ch

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]pXn-sbmcp t]Pv Xs∂

th≠n-h-cpw. sa\p-_m-dnse Content → AddContent → Basic Page hgn Hmtcm hn`m-K-

Øn\pw ]tXyIw t]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°mw.

am‰w hcp-Ø-ep-Iƒ

]kvXpX sh_vssk-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-

SpØnb Hmtcm hnh-c-sØbpw (t]Pv, B¿´n-

°nƒ, t]mÃv) I≠‚ v t]PpIfn¬\n∂pw

am‰w hcp -Øp-Itbm Hgn -hm -°p -Itbm

sNømw.

NnXw 8.12

WYSIWYG editor

What You See Is What You Get F∂Xns‚ Npcp-°-cq-]-am-Wv WYSIWYG. th¿Uv t]mk-

k-dn\p kam-\-amb PmeIhpw FUn-‰nwKv Sqfp-Ifpw WYSIWYG Editor ¬ Hcp-°n-bn-´p-

≠v. Cu PmeI-Øn¬ hcp-Øp∂ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ AtX coXn-bn¬ sh_v t]Pn¬

Zriy--am-Ip-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ WYSIWYG Editor ¬ hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv IqSp-

X¬ kuI-cy-]-Zw.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

96

ÿm\w am‰mw

Hcp sh_vt]-Pn¬ slU¿, t]Pp-I-fn-

te-°p≈ en¶p-Iƒ, sskUv_m¿, D≈-S-°-

ß-ƒ XpSßn \nc-h[n LS-I-߃ D≠m-bn-

cn-°p-a-t√m. Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ hyXy-kvX-Xcw

hnh-c-߃°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿm\-߃

I≠‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃw-Xs∂ Xbm-dm-

°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°n-bn- p≈ t]Pv

te Hu´n¬ Pre header, Navigation,Banner, Pre content, Page Content, Sidebar, Pree footer, Copyright XpS-ßn-b-h-

bv°mWv km[m-cW ÿm\w \¬Im-dp-≈-

Xv. F∂m¬ GsXmcp I≠‚ v tªm°n-

s\bpw GXv ÿm\-tØ°v am‰p-∂-Xn\pw

km[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃

♦ \nßfpsS kvIqfnse A\ntaj≥

kn\na \n¿amW bqWn‰ns‚

]h¿Ø\߃ ]Z¿in∏n°p∂Xn

\p≈ Hcp sh_vt]Pv F®v.Sn.Fw.F¬

SmKp]tbmKn®v \n¿an°pI. A£c߃,

t]PpIƒ F∂nh \ndw \¬In

at\mlcam°Ww. NnX߃,

A\ntaj≥ kn\naIƒ XpSßnbh

tiJcn®v sh_vt]Pn¬ Dƒs∏SpØWw.

♦ hnhn[ Unhnj\pIfnse hnZym¿YnIƒ

Xbmdm°nb sh_vt]PpIƒ tiJcn®v

Hcp sh_vssk‰v \n¿an°pI. sh_v

ssk‰n\v Bhiyamb tlmwt]Pv

\n¿an®v sh_vssk‰v at\mlcam°Ww.

F√m knÃØnepw e`n°p∂ hn[Øn¬

sh_vssk‰v Hcp sk¿hdn¬

kq£n°pI.

♦ Uq]¬ Km¿U≥kn¬ \n߃

Xbmdm°nb sh_vssk‰nte°v kvIqƒ

tafIfpambn _‘s∏´ hnhc߃

Dƒs∏SpØpI.

temIw ssI°pºnfn¬

97

\£-X-ß-fm¬ BIm-i -Øn¬hcbv°s∏-Sp∂ at\m-l-c-ß-fmb NnX-߃(constellation art) \n߃ \nco-£n-®n-´pt≠m? A¤p-X-ß-fpsS A-£-b-J-\n-bmbBIm-isØIpdn-®p≈ ]T\w AXnepwckI-c-at√?

sIÃm¿, sÃt√-dn -bw, ske-ÃnbXpSßnb knap-te-j≥ tkm^vSvshb-dp-IƒBImi ]Xn-`m-k-߃ I≠-dn-bm-\p≈Ah-kcw \ap°v \¬Ip-∂p. 8˛mw ¢mknse‘BImi ImgvN-Iƒ’ F∂ A[ym-b-Øn¬Kstars tkm^v‰vshb¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏´t√m?CXp-t]mse \£X kaq-l-ß-sf Ipdn-®p≈Bg-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-Øn\v \sΩ Gsd klm-bn-°p∂ tkm^vSvshb-dmWv sÃt√-dn-bw.

Cu tkm^vSvvshb-dn-eqsS \aps°mcpBIm-i- bm-X-bm-bmtem? AXn-\mbn BZyw

tkm^v‰vshb¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

♦ Science sa\p-hn¬ \n∂pw sÃt√dnbwXpd-°p-I.

♦ ][m\ Pme-I-Øns‚ CS-Xp-h-i-tØ°vaukv t]mbn‚¿ FØn-®m¬ Sqƒ _m¿Zriy-am-°mw.

♦ Ãm‰kv _m¿ e`y-am-°m≥ NphsS aukvt]mbn‚¿ FØn-®m¬ aXn-bm-Ipw.

♦ Ãm‰kv, Sqƒ _mdpIƒ XΩn¬ tNcp∂ÿeØv ImWp∂ XntIm-W-ß-fn¬¢n°p-sNbvXv Ch AXXv ÿm\-ß-fn¬Dd-∏n-°mw.

♦ Page Up, Page Down IoItfm aukns‚kvtImƒ _´tWm D]-tbm-Kn®v ZoomIn, Zoom Out km[y-am-Ipw.

“]s≠m-cn-¥y-°m-c\mIm-i-Kw-Ksb-˛s°m≠p-t]mbv aÆn-sem-gp°o `Ko-c-Y≥.

\msf-b-hs‚ ]n≥Km-an-Ifo pc-tKm-f-e-£-ß-sf-b-Ωm-\-am-SnSpw.....”

--˛ hb-em¿ cma-h¿Ω ˛

9 temIw ssI°p-ºn-fn¬

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

98

♦ Iot_m¿Unse Btcm IoI-fp-]-tbm-Kn®vhnhn[ Zni-I-fnse ImgvN-Iƒ Zriy-am-°mw.

♦ aukv UmKp-sNbvXv Field of View (FOV)am‰w hcp-Ømw.

\nco-£-W-ÿew sXc-s™Sp°mw

Kl-W-߃ F√m ]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pwZriyam-Ip-I-bn-√t√m. F¥p-sIm-≠m-WXv?Hmtcm ]tZ-i-Øp-\n-∂p-ap≈ BIm-i-Zr-iy-߃ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. BIm-isØ FhnsS\n∂mWv \mw \nco£n-t°-≠Xv? Ct∏mƒtkm^vSvshb-dn¬ GXp ÿe-amWv Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v Ãm‰kv _mdn¬ \n∂pIs≠-Øq.

sÃt√-dnbw tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ Hcp]tXyI ÿew Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v t\m°mw. Sqƒ_m-dn¬ G‰hpw apI-fn-embn ImWp∂ semt°-j≥ Sqƒ (F6)(NnXw 9.1) ¢n°p-sNbvXv semt°-j≥ Pme-I-Øn-se-Ømw. Pme-I-Ønse `q]-S-Øn¬

(NnXw 9.2) Hcp ]tZiw ¢n°p-sNbvXv Ahn-sS-\n-∂p≈ Zriyw Iao-I-cn-°mw.

hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ Bh¿Øn-®p≈ \nco-£-W-Øn\v ÿe-߃semt°-j≥ Pme-I-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. A£mwihpw tcJmw-ihpw D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wt√m KStar tkm^vSvshbdn¬ Hcp]tXyI ÿew \mw Iao -I -cn -® -X v .sÃt√-dn-b-Ønepw ÿew IaoI-cn-°m≥ ChBh-iy-am-Wv. Ch Fßs\ e`n°pw?A£mw-ihpw tcJmwihpw am¿_nƒtkm^vSvshb-dn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øm-sa∂v\mw ap≥¢mkn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. \nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øns‚ A£mw-i-˛-tc-Jmw-i-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I. tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃Pme-IØn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. NnXw 9.2 ¬A£mw-iw, tcJmw-iw, ÿe-Øns‚ t]cv,cmPyw XpS-ßnb hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn -c n -°p∂Xv i≤n -°p -I. (Altitudet_mIvkn¬ am‰w hcp-tØ-≠-Xn-√). Add toList _´¨ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I. \nß-fpsS ÿewsemt°-j≥ Pme-I-Øn¬ tN¿°-s∏- p-thm?

NnXw 9.1

temIw ssI°pºnfn¬

99

Ãm‰kv _mdn¬ Ct∏mƒ GXv ÿe-amWvtcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Pme-I-Øns‚NphsS ImWp∂ Use as Default t_mIvkvSn°v sNøp-I. \nß-fpsS ÿew Defaultsemt°-j-\mbn Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. C\ntkm^v‰vshb¿ Xpd-°p-tºmƒ Cu ÿe-Øp-\n-∂p≈ Zriy-amhpw \n߃°v ImWm≥Ign-bp-I.

Znh-khpw ka-bhpw Ia-s∏-SpØmw

Hcp ]tXyI Znh-k-Ønse \n›nXka-bsØ BImiw Zriy-am-Im≥ F¥p am‰-ß-fmWv hcp-tØ-≠Xv? tkm^v‰vshb-dnse

Znh-khpw ka-bhpw Ãm‰kv _mdn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈Xv t\m°q. (NnXw 9.4). Znh-khpw ka-bhpw Sqƒ_m-dnse tU‰v/ssSwSqƒ (F5) (Date/Time window) (NnXw 9.3)D]-tbm-Kn®v Iao-I-cn-°mw.

F√m BIm-i-tKm-f-ß-fpw Nen-°p-∂p-≠-t√m. Ch-bpsS ÿm\w `qan-bn¬ \n∂pwhf-sc-b-Ise Bb-Xn-\m¬Øs∂ Zo¿L-t\cw kq£v-a-ambn \nco-£n-®m¬ amXtaAh-bpsS Ne\w a\- n-em-°m-\m-hq. kab-\n-c°v hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-hgn tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ Ah-bpsS Ne\w thK-Øn-em°mw. ka-b-\n-c°v Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-SpØmw?

NnXw 9.2

NnXw 9.3

NnXw 9.4

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

100

Ãm‰kv _mdnse ssSw Sqƒ In‰nseka-b-\n-c°v h¿[n-∏n-°p∂ Sqƒ (IncreaseTime Speed Tool) (NnXw 9.4) D]-tbm-Kn®vka-b-\n-c°v h¿[n-∏n®v \ap°v \£-X-ß-fpsS Ne\w thK-Øn-em-°mw. ssSw SqfnseHmtcm ¢n°nepw ka-b-\n-c°v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. Set TIme toNow Sqƒ ¢n°p-sN-bvXm¬ knÃw ka-b-Øn¬ Xncn-sI-sb-Ømw.

BIm-i-Ønse hc-Iƒ

\£-X-ßsf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂km¶-ev]n-I-h-c-Iƒ FX at\m-l-c-amb cq]-ß-fmWv Ahbv°v \¬Ip-∂-Xv. \nc¥chpwkq£va-hp-amb hm\-\n-co-£-W-Øn-eqsS\ΩpsS ]nXm-a-l-∑m¿ Is≠-Øn-b-Xm-Wh.

ae-bm-f-am-k-߃°v \£XKW-ß-fpsS cq]-hp -ambn Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-apt≠m? knwl-Øns‚ cq]-ap≈ \£-X-K-WsØ (Leo) I≠n´nt√? Nnßw F∂mWvCu \£X kaqlw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.Nnßw \£X kaq-lsØ tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ Fßs\ Is≠Ømw?

♦ Sqƒ_m-dnse Search hn≥tUm-bn¬ LeoF∂p ssS∏p-sNbvXv Search ¢n°psNøp-I.

♦ Ah Zriy-]-cn-[n°v ]pd-Øm-sW-¶n¬kabw Iao-I-cn®v Ahsb Zriy-]-cn-[n-bn-se-Øn-°mw.

♦ Ãm‰kv Sqƒ_m-dnse 3 Constellation Sqfp-Iƒ (Constellation Line, Label, Art) D]-tbm-Kn®v \£XKW-Ønse \£-X-߃ XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ hc-Iƒ,Ah-bpsS t]cv, Ah-bpsS km¶¬]n-Icq]w F∂nh Zriy-am-°mw. (NnXw 9.5)

♦ ]I¬ kabw BIm-i-Ønse \£-X-߃ Zriy-am-°m≥ Ãm‰kv _mdnseNight Mode, Atmosphere Sqfp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw (NnXw 9.5).

kqcy\pNp‰pw

kqcy-\p-Np-‰p-ap≈ qan-bpsS k©m-c-]m-X-bmWv ]cn-I-a-W-]-Yw. ]cn-I-aW]YwFßs\ tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ømw?

Sqƒ_m-dnse Viewing options (F4)Sm_v ¢n°p -sN-b vXm¬ View Pme-I -ØnseØmw. Markings Sm_n¬ CelestialSphere enÃnse Ecliptical Line ¢n°p-sN-bvXm¬ `qan-bpsS ]cn-I-aW tcJ Zriy-am-Ipw (NnXw 9.6).

NnXw 9.5

temIw ssI°pºnfn¬

101

tU‰v/ssSw Sqƒ (Date/Time Window)D]-tbm-Kn®v amk-߃ hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. Hmtcm amkØnepw ]cnIaW ]Y-Øn¬kqcys‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ImWp∂ \£-X-ßsf \nco-£n-°p-I.

Nnß-Øn-\p-]p-dta GsX√mw \£-X-ß-fmWv ]cn-I-aW ]Y-Øn¬ kqcys‚]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Is≠Øm≥ Ign-bp-I.hyXykvX amk-ßfn¬ kabw Ia-s∏-SpØn

]cn-I-aW]Y-Ønse \£-X-K-W-ßsf(kqcys‚ ]›m-ØeØn¬ ImWp-∂)]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI (NnXw 9.7).

\£-X-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv

\£-X-K-W-ß-fn¬ cq]wsIm≠v \sΩGsd BI¿jn-°p∂ H∂mWv Hmdn-tbm¨(Orion). Hmdn -tbm¨ \£-X-K-WsØIs≠Ømtam?

♦ Search hn≥tUm D]-tbm-Kn®v Hmdn-tbm-Wns\ sXc-bp-I.

♦ tIm¨Ã-te-j≥ Sqfp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v

NnXw 9.6

kucIf¶w

kqcy-\n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ IdpØ AS-bm-f-ß-fmWv kuc-I-f-¶-߃. kqcy-\n¬AXn-i-‡-amb Im¥nI aWvU-e-߃D≈ CS-ß-fn-emWv kuc-I-f-¶-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. i‡-amb Im¥nIaWvU-e-Øns‚ i‡n-sIm≠v cq]wsIm≈p∂hmX-I-Np-gn-bmWv kuc-I-f¶w F∂p]d-bmw. NqSv Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m-emWv kuc-I-f-¶-߃ Ccp≠ \nd-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 1612˛¬ Keo-entbm Keo-en-bmWvBZy-ambn kuc-I-f-¶-߃ Is≠-Øn-b -X v . kqcy\nte°v kqw sNbvXvkucIf¶ßƒ \nco£n°pI.

NnXw 9.7

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

102

Hmdn-tbm-Wns‚ cq]w Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

♦ th´-°m-cs‚ cq]w ImWm≥ Ignt™m?

♦ th´-°m-cs‚ IØn-bmbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂aq∂v \£-X-ß-fn¬ a[y-Øn-ep≈\£Xw Zoom sNbvXv \nco-£n-°p-I.

♦ Left Click Hm_vPIvSv Select sNøm\pwRight Click Hm_vPIvS v DeselectsNøm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

♦ Auto Zoom sNøp-∂-Xn\v Hcp Hm_vPIvSvskeIvSv sNbvXv Forward slash (/)_´¨ Aa¿Øp-I.

♦ Zoom out sNøp-∂-Xn\v Back slash (\)Aa¿Øp-I.

♦ Close Zooming \mbn kvtImƒ _´¨D]-tbm-Kn°mw (Ctrl+ Up Arrow).

♦ Zoom sNøs∏Sp∂ Hm_vPIvS vt^m°kv sNøm≥ Ãm‰kv _mdnseCenter on selected object ëSqƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

a‰p \£-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v CXv Fßs\hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?

s\_peIƒ

\£-Xm-¥c BImi-Ønse hmX-I-ta-L-ß-fmWv s\_p-e-Iƒ. Ch-bn¬ \n∂mWv \£X߃ cq]w sIm≈p-I.at‰-sX√mw s\_p-e-IƒIs≠-Øm-\m-Ipw.

Is≠-Ønb s\_p-e-I-fpsS khntij-X-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-°p-I.

CuKnƒ (Eagle) s\_pe

Kmc¨ (Garren) s\_pe

ssS^n-Uv (Trifid) s\_pe

hgn-Im-´n-bmbn [ph-\-£Xw

]pcmX\ Imew-ap-X¬t° \mhn-I-cpsShgn-Im-´n-bmWv [ph-\-£-Xw. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv [ph-\-£-XsØ Znim-kq-N-I-ambn

IW-°m-°p-∂Xv? Cu \£Xw GXv \£-X-K-W-Øn-emWv?

A¿km ssa\¿ (Ursa minor) F∂\£-X-K-WsØ Is≠-Øq. (Sqƒ_m-dnsesearch window (F3) Sqƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.F¥m-Wn-Xns‚ cq]w? Cu \£-X-K-W-Ønse G‰hpw Xnf-°-ap≈ \£XamWv[ph-\-£Xw (Polaris) (NnXw 9.8). kab\nc°v h¿≤n-∏n®v \£-X-ßsf thK-Øn¬Nen-∏n-°p-I. a‰v \£-X-ßsf At]-£n®v[ph-\-£Xw Hcp ÿm\Øp Xs∂ XpS-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂nt√? F√m Znh-khpw HtcÿeØpXs∂ [ph-\-£Xw ImWs∏Sp∂-Xn\v F¥mWv ImcWw?

\ofp∂ ]I¬

[ph-\-£-X-Øns‚ ÿm\w DØ-c

NnXw 9.8

XtamK¿Ø-߃

\£-X-ß-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-Z-i-bnse A¥y-L- -amWv Xtam-K¿Øw. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬AXn-i-‡-amb Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-W-_-e-ap≈ÿe-ambn Ah cq]w sIm≈pw. A\m-h-cWw sNø-t∏-tS≠ Hcp-]mSv \nKq-V-X-Iƒ Xtam-K¿Ø-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≠v. Xtam-K¿Ø-ß-sf-Ip-dn®p≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ KWy-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb ka-Im-eo\]Xn-`-bmWv Ão^≥ tlm°n-Mv.

temIw ssI°pºnfn¬

103

-[p-h-Øn\v apI-fn-em-W-t√m. semt°-j≥Sqfp-]-tbm-Kn®v \nco-£W ÿew DØ-c-[p-h-ambn Iao-I-cn-°p-I (-Sqƒ_m-dnse semt°-j≥ Pme-I-Ønse q]-S-Øn¬ DØ-c-[phw¢n°psNøq.) kab \nc°v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.DØ-c-[p-h-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ ]I-emtWmcmXn-bmtWm? FX-Zn-hkw AXv \o≠p-\n¬°pw? NphsS Ãm‰kv _mdn¬ Znh-k-߃ amdp-∂Xv i≤nt®m? kqcys‚ Ne\wFß-s\-bmWv? Left, Right Btcm IoI-fpsSklm-b-tØmsS kqcy-t\m-Sm∏w Nen-°q.F¥p ]tXy-I-X-bmWv \n߃°v ImWm-\m-bXv? ]I-en -s‚bpw cmXn-bp-sSbpwssZ¿Lyw ]cntim-[n-°p-I.

CetŒmWnIv k¿°o´pIƒ Xbmdm°mw

sshZypXk¿°o´pIƒ Xbmdm°p∂Xn\pw ]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\pw ‘s^‰vk¿°o´ v I¨kvS£≥ In‰ v ’ F∂knaptej≥ tkm^v‰ vsh-b¿ HºXmw¢mkn¬ ]cnNbs∏´t√m? CXpt]mseCetŒmWnIv k¿°o´pIƒ Xbmdm°m\pw,k¿°o´pIfpsS ]h¿Ø\w a\ nem°phm\pw D]Icn°p∂ Hcp tkm^v‰vshbdmWv ‘sI˛-sSIv em_v’ (Ktech lab).

bYm¿Y CetŒmWnIv k¿°o´pIƒD]tbmKn°msX Xs∂ AhbpsS]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®v ]Tn°p∂Xn\pwBhiyamb sa®s∏SpØepIƒ hcpØp∂Xn\pw CØcw tkm^v‰vshb-dp -Iƒklmbn°p∂p. ]pXnb k¿°o-´p -IƒXbmdm°n ]co£n°p∂Xn\pw ChD]tbmKn°mw.

sI-˛sSIv em_v D]tbmKn®v \n¿an®c≠v k¿°o´pIfmWv NnXw 9.10 ¬\¬Inbncn°p∂Xv. \nßfpsS imkvX ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ce-IvtSm-WnIvkv F∂A[ym -b -Øn -ep≈ Cu k¿°o-´p -Iƒ\ap°pw Xbmdm°nbmtem?

`oa\pw Ip≈\pw

\£X \mi-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Ømw-¢m-knse ‘imkvXw- 2’ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ‘\ΩpsS]]©w’ F∂ A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. Du¿tPm-Xv]m-Z\w Ipdbp∂-tXmsS\£-X-߃ Nph∂ `oa -\mbn cq]w -am -dp -∂p. tcmlnWn (Aldeberan),Xncp-hm-Xnc (Betelgeuse), tNmXn(Arcturus) F∂o \£-X-߃Nph∂ `oa≥am -cm -Wv. Du¿P-Øns‚ Dd-hnSw ]q¿W-ambn C√m-Xm-Ip-∂-tXmsS Ch-bn¬ Nn-eXvhen∏w Ipd™v ‘sh≈-°p-≈≥’F∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-se-Øp-∂p. ‘andm’(Mira) CXn-s\mcp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.‘andm’ \£-XsØ tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ Is≠-Øq. Ime-I-taW ChXWp-Øp-d™v ‘IdpØ Ip≈-’\mbncq]w amdp-∂p.

NnXw 9.9

NnXw 9.10

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

104

bncn°p∂p. Ch D]tbmKn®v c≠vk¿°o´pIfpsSbpw ]h¿Ø\Øns‚khntijXIƒ Xncn®dnbpI.

♦ c≠v k¿°o´pIfn¬ GXnemWv _ƒ_vsXfnbp∂Xv?

♦ Settings → Configure Ktechlab → Ani-mate wires to show current or power flowF∂Xv ASbmfs∏SpØpI. Ct∏mƒGXv k¿°o´nemWv sshZypXn]hln°p∂Xmbn ImWp∂Xv?

♦ sshZypXn ]hln°p∂ k¿°o´n¬UtbmUpw _m‰dnbpw LSn∏n®ncn°p∂Xns‚ ]tXyIX F¥v? CXvGXpXcw _bknwKmWv?

♦ c≠p k¿°o- p-I-fn-sebpw ]tXy-I-X-IƒXmc-Xayw sNbvXv Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°mw.

ItºmW‚n\v t]cp \evImw

\mw Xbmdm°nb k¿°o´nse HmtcmItºmW‚ns‚bpw t\sc Ah GsXms°

Education sa\phn¬ \n∂pw Ktech Lab Xpd∂Xn\ptijw File → New → CircuitsXcs™Sp°pI. OK _´Wn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXm¬ k¿°o´ v \n¿amWØn\p≈ ][m\PmeIw (NnXw 9.11) ZriyamIpw.

♦ ItºmW‚ vkv Sm_n¬\n∂v _m‰dn,knKv\¬emºv (_ƒ_v), UtbmUvF∂nh PmeIØnte°v UmKpsNbvXvshbv°pI.

♦ ItºmW‚pIsf _‘n∏n°p∂eoUpIƒ aukv D]tbmKn®v UmKvsNbvXv NnXØn¬ ImWp∂Xpt]msec≠v k¿°o´pIƒ \n¿an°pI.

♦ GsX¶nepw ItºmW‚ v k¿°o´n¬\n∂pw Hgnhm°m≥ AXns\ selectsNbvXv Delete _´¨ Aa¿Ønbm¬aXn.

♦ ItºmW‚ns‚ hneIfn¬ am‰whcpØm≥ Item Editor ¢n°p sNbvXtijw amt‰≠ ItºmW‚n¬ ¢n°psNøpI.

♦ k¿°o´v Xbmdm°n tkhv sNøpI.

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Ømw

k¿°o´pIƒ Xbmdm°nbt√m? Cuk¿°o´pIƒ hniIe\w sNøp∂Xn\mhiyamb Nne kqN\Iƒ \¬In

NnXw 9.11

temIw ssI°pºnfn¬

105

bmsW∂v tcJs∏SpØmw. CXn\v DrawSqfn¬\n∂pw Text FSpØv ASbmfs∏SptØ≠ `mKØv ¢n°p sNøpI.At∏mƒ Text F∂v Zriy-am-Ip-∂n-SØvU_nƒ ¢n°p-sN-bvXm¬ Itºm-W‚p-I-fpsSt]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-XmWv (NnXw 9.12).

k¿°o´v UbK߃ NnXßfmbn

kq£n°mw

\n߃ Xbmdm°nb Cu k¿°o´pIƒ\nßfpsS tªmKntem sh_vssk‰ntemDƒs∏SpØWsa-∂n -cn -°-s´. AXn\vsI-˛sSIv em_n¬ Xbmdm°nb Ahsb\ap°v NnXßfm°n amt‰≠Xp≠v. apºvsNbvX ]h¿Ø-\-߃ tkhv sNbvXvh®ncn°p∂ k¿°o´pIƒ sI˛ -sSIvem_neqsS Xpd°pI. C\n File → Exportas image F∂v ¢n°p sNbvXv b¬ \maw\¬In Save sNøpI. Ct∏mƒ \mwXbmdm°nb k¿°o v Hcp NnXambn \ap°ve`n®nt√? CXv tªmKnepw sh_vssk‰nepwDƒs∏SpØpat√m?

]h¿Ø\w 1

NnXw 9.13 ¬ ImWp∂Xpt]mseItºmW‚pIƒ LSn∏n®Xn\ptijwHmkntemkvtIm∏n¬ ¢n°p sNbvXvXcwKßsf \nco£n°pI. k¿°o´v Xbm-dm°n AXns\ NnX-ambn tkhv sNøp-I.

Xmsg∏dbp∂ am‰ßƒ Cuk¿°o´n¬ hcpØn \nco£W߃Ipdn®pshbv°pat√m.

♦ Hcp UtbmUv Cu k¿°o´n¬ UtbmUvF∂v ASbmfs∏SpØnbncn°p∂`mKØv _‘n∏n®v XcwKßfn¬

NnXw 9.12

NnXw 9.14

NnXw 9.13

D≠mhp∂ am‰w \nco£n°pI.

♦ AtX UtbmUns\ FXn¿ Znibn¬LSn∏n®v XcwKßfn¬ D≠mhp∂ am‰w\nco£n°pI.

♦ e`n® XcwKßsf ASnÿm\am°nUtbmUv LSn∏n®t∏mƒ D≠mb am‰wlm^v thhv sdŒn^nt°j\mtWmF∂p N¿®sNøpI.

♦ Cu k¿°o-´ns\ FIvkvt]m¿´v sNbvXvNnX-am°n kq£n-°p-I.

]h¿Ø\w 2

NnXØn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂Xpt]mse Hcp k¿°o´ v Xbmdm°pI.HmkntemkvtIm∏v ]cntim[n®v AXn¬e`n°p∂ Km^ns\ ASnÿm\am°n pƒthhv sdŒn^nt°js\°pdn®v Hcp Ipdn∏vXbmdm°pI. k¿°o-´ns\ FIvkvt]m¿´vsNbvXv Hcp NnX-am-°p-I.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

106

Ce-IvtSm-WnIv k¿°o-´p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xpw Ahsb NnX-ß-fm-°p-∂-Xp-sams° a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. C-Xp-t]mse\mw ]Tn-®n-´p≈ k¿°o-´p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°nAh-bpsS ]h¿Ø\£aX \nco-£n-°p-I.Hcp Ce-IvSnIv ˛ Ce-IvtSm-WnIv k¿°o´vXbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv AXv icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°ptam F∂v Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v sI -sSIv em_n¬ k¿°o v Xbm-dm°n]co-£n-®p-t\m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. k¿°o-´nseHmtcm Itºm-W‚n-s‚bpw hne-I-fn¬hyXymkw hcpØptºmƒ k¿°o-´ns‚]h¿Ø-\-£-a-X-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-w sI˛-sSIv em_v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

hrØßfpw ]mt‰WpIfpw

Hcp sh_vssk‰v \n¿an°p∂XvFßs\ F∂p \mw Ign™ A[ymbØn¬a\ nem°nbt√m. \map≠m°p∂sh_vssk‰pIfn¬ ]et∏mgpw KWnX\n¿anXnIƒ IqSn Dƒs°m≈nt°≠nhcpw.PntbmPn_bn¬ KWnX \n¿anXnIƒXbmdm°m≥ \mw ap≥]p ioen®n´pap≠v.Cßs\ Xbmdm°p∂ \n¿anXnIƒ Hcpsh_vt]Pn¬ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xv Fßs\bmWv F∂pIqSn \ap°v ]cntim[n°mw.

sh_v t]Pn¬ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn\aps°mcp KWnX \n¿anXn Xbmdm°mw.AXn\mbn Hcp A¿[ hrØw (Semi Circle)hcbv°pI. hrØw hcbv°∂Xn\p≈ Sqƒsk‰v ]cntim[n®p t\m°n BhiyambSqƒ Is≠ØpI.

\mw hc® A¿[ hrØØn¬FhnsSsb¶nepw Hcp _nµp ASbmf

s∏SpØpI. C\n Cu _nµphns\ A¿[hrØw \n¿an°m\p]tbmKn® c≠p AK_nµp°fpambn tbmPn∏n®p t\m°q?Ct∏mƒ D≠mbncn°p∂ tImWns‚ AfhvF¥mWv?

hrØØn¬ as‰mcp _nµp ASbmfs∏SpØn CtX coXnbn¬ tIm¨\n¿an®mtem? F¥v Afhmbncn°pwe`n°pI? ho≠pw Hcp _nµp IqSn?

F¥mWv \ΩpsS \nco-£Ww?

..........................................................................................

..........................................................................................

\mw \nco£n® PymanXob ]tXyIXA¿[ hrØØnse F√m _nµp°ƒ°pw_m[IamtWm? CXv Fßs\]cntim[n°mw? A¿[ hrØØnse Hmtcm_nµphnepap≈ tImWpIƒ ]tXyIw hc®v]cntim[nt°≠n hcpw. F∂m¬PntbmPn_ PmeIØnse BZy Sqƒsk‰n¬ \n∂pw move Sqƒ FSpØv tIm¨ASbmfs∏SpØnbncn°p∂ _nµphns\\o°n t\m°q. F√m _nµp°fnepw tIm¨hcbv°msXXs∂ Cu PymanXob]tXyIX a\ nemhp∂nt√?

]h¿Ø\w 3

C\n, A¿[ hrØa√mØ HcpNm]amsW¶ntem? NnXw hc®v \nco£n°pI.

]h¿Ø\w 4

Hcp hrØw hcbv°pI. (tool: Circlewith center and radius). hrØØn¬ aq∂p_nµp°ƒ ASbmfs∏SpØWw. \mw apºpI≠Xpt]mse Xs∂ _nµp°sf tbmPn∏n®m¬ e`n°p∂ Dƒt°m¨ Af°pIbpwthWw. (NnXw 9.16 t\m°pI).

C\n hrØØn\IØv Hcp _nµpASbmfs∏SpØpI. tImWns‚ c≠pAK_nµp°sfbpw Cu _nµphpambn

NnXw 9.15

temIw ssI°pºnfn¬

107

tbmPn∏n°pI. Ct∏mƒ e`n°p∂ tImWpwAf°Ww.

Ct∏mƒ \mw I≠ Cu c≠ptImWfhpIfpw XΩn¬ F¥p _‘amWvD≈Xv? hrØØn\IsØ _nµp \o°nhrØtIµhpambn tN¿Øm¬ F¥mWvtImWfhpIƒ°v kw`hn°p∂Xv?

\n¿anXn tkhp sNøm≥ ad∂n´n√t√m? F¥mWv ^bens‚ X\Xpt^m¿am‰v?

KWnX ]mt‰WpIfpw PntbmPn_bpw

KWnX cq]ßfp]tbmKn®v ]mt‰WpIƒ \n¿an®n´pt≠m? PntbmPn_D]tbmKn®v CØcØnep≈ at\mlcamb]mt‰WpIfpw \n¿an°m≥ km[n°pw.Xmsgbp≈ DZmlcWw t\m°pI.

♦ Hcp hcbp≠m°n AXn¬ Hcp _nµpASbmfs∏SpØpI.

♦ C\n Hcp ss…U¿ \n¿an°mw.ss…Udns‚ hne 0 apX¬ 5hscbmIs´.

♦ hcbnep≈ _nµp tIµhpw,ss…Udp]tbmKn®v \nb¥n°mhp∂Bchpap≈ Hcp hrØw hcbv°pI.

♦ Cu hrØw hcbpambn k‘n°p∂_nµp°fpw ASbmfs∏SpØWw. Tool:Intersect two objects.

NnXw 9.17

NnXw 9.16

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

108

♦ Ct∏mƒ \mw \n¿an® c≠p kwKa_nµp°fpw tIµam°n, \Sphnse_nµphneqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂ a‰p c≠phrØ߃ IqSn \n¿an°pI. NnXw 9.17t\m°pI.

♦ ]pXnb hrØßfn¬ heXp aukv _´≥¢n°p sNbvXp In´p∂ sa\phn¬ \n∂pwTrace On F∂Xv ]h¿Øn∏n°pI.

C\n ss…U¿ \o°n t\m°q.F¥mWv e`n°p∂Xv? ss…Udns‚A\ntaj≥ IqSn ]h¿Øn∏n®mtem?Bhiysa¶n¬ BZy hrØw ad®phbv°pIbpw sNømw.

]h¿Ø\w 5

NnXw 9.18 ¬ sImSpØncn°p∂]mt‰¨ t\m°q. Fßs\bmWnXv\n¿an°pI? Nne kqN\Iƒ XmsgsImSpØncn°p∂p.

♦ XeØn¬ c≠p _nµp°ƒ ASbmfs∏SpØpI. (A, B F∂nhbmsW∂ncn°s´).

♦ A F∂ _nµphn¬ ss…U¿D]tbmKn®v \nb¥n°mhp∂ HcptIm¨ \n¿an°Ww. ss…Udn¬

C≥Insa‚ v 5o Bbn IaoIcn°p∂Xv\√Xmbncn°pw.

♦ tIm¨ \n¿an°s∏Sptºmƒ e`n°p∂_nµp tIµambn, A bn¬ IqSn IS∂pt]mIØ°hn[w Hcp hrØwhcbv°Ww. ss…U¿ \o°ptºmgp≈hrØØns‚ Trace ASbmfs∏SpØpIbpw thWw.

C\n ss…U¿ ]Xps° \o°n t\m°q.hrØw A bn¬ IqSn IS∂p t]mIp∂Xn\p]Icw B bn¬ IqSn IS∂p t]mIp∂Xmbnhc®mtem? as‰mcp ]mt‰Wmbncn°pwe`n°pI. F¥mWv Cu cq]Øns‚ t]cvF∂p I≠p]nSn°mtam?

NnXw 9.18

PntbmPn_bpw Uq]¬ I≠‚v amt\Pvsa‚v tkm v‰vshbdpw

Pmhm t]mKmanßv kwhn[m\ßfp]tbmKn®mWv PntbmPn_ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv.AXn\m¬ Xs∂ Pmhm t]mKmapIfn¬ Xbmdm°nb A]vse‰pIsf ]n¥pW°p∂Uq]¬ t]mep≈ I≠‚ v amt\Pvsa‚ v tkm^v‰vshbdpIfn¬ NnXw 9.22 ¬ImWn®ncn°p∂ jar ^bepIfpw A]vse‰pIfpsS IqsSbp≠mIWsa∂n√. ]Icw\n¿anXnbpsS t]mKmwtImUpIƒ amXw ]I¿ØnsbSpØm¬ aXnbmIpw.tImUpIƒ ]I¿ØnsbSp°m≥ Xmsg NnXØnep≈ coXn D]tbmKn°mw.

(File: html F∂Xn\p ]IcambnClipboard: html F∂m°n Clip-board tes°SpØv Uq]ente°v ]I¿Ømw). NnXw 9.19

temIw ssI°pºnfn¬

109

PntbmPn_ A]vse‰pIƒ

PntbmPn_ tkm^v‰ vshbdn¬Xbmdm°p∂ \n¿anXnIƒ tkhp sNøp∂X\Xp b¬ t^m¿am‰v .ggb F∂msW∂pI≠t√m. ]t£, sh_vssk‰n¬tN¿°p∂Xn\v Cu \n¿anXnsb Hcp sh_vt]Pnte°v Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂ coXnbn¬.html ^b¬ t^m¿am‰nte°v am‰Ww. Cu

NnXw 9.20

NnXw 9.21

am‰w hcptºmƒ PntbmPn_bn¬ apºve`yambncp∂ kuIcy߃ H∂pw\„s∏SpIbpw sNøcpXv. Hcp ^bens\AXns‚ X\Xp t^m¿am‰√mØas‰m∂nte°v am‰p∂Xns\ FIvkvt]m¿´vsNøpI F∂mWt√m ]dbp∂Xv. AXmbXv\ΩpsS \n¿anXnsb .html BbnFIvkvt]m¿´ v sNøWw. XmsgsImSpØncn°p∂ NnXw t\m°pI.

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy

110

XpS¿ ]-h¿Ø-\-߃

♦ F√m \£-X-߃°pw Htc \nd-amtWm?Xncp -hm -Xnc \£-X-Øns‚ \ndwF¥mWv? tcmln-Wn (Aldebaran) doK¬( rigel), kv]nIm (Spica), tNmXn(arcturus), Xncp-hm-Xn-c (Betelgeuse)XpS-ßnb \£-X-ßsf Is≠Øn

(File → Export → Dynamic worksheet aswebpage).

XpS¿∂v PntbmPn_bpsS Fs¥√mwkwhn[m\߃ IqSn sh_v t]Pmbn \ap°vthWw F∂p IqSn Xocpam\n°Ww.

♦ sh_v t]Pn¬ \n¿anXnbpsS XmsgbpwapIfnepw hniZoIcW߃ FgpXWsa¶n¬ AXv General Sm_n¬ FgpXntN¿°mw (NnXw 9.21)

♦ Advanced Sm_n¬ \ΩpsS \n¿anXn°vA\pkcn®p≈ \ofhpw hoXnbpw a‰pk÷oIcWßfpw sk‰p sNøWw.

^b¬ FIvkvt]m¿´p sNømw.

Cßs\ PntbmPn_bn¬ Xbmdm°nsh_vt]Pnte°v FIvkvt]m¿´v sNbvsX

NnXw 9.22

Sp°p∂ Hcp \n¿anXnsbbmWv PntbmPn_A]vse‰v F∂p hnfn°p∂Xv. PntbmPn_bn¬ \n¿an® Nne ^bepIfpw ChFIvkvt]m¿´p sNbvXt∏mƒ e`n®A]vse‰pIƒ ASßnb sh_v t]PpIfpw,klmbI jar bepIfpw Hcp t^mƒUdn¬IaoIcn®XmWv NnXØn¬ (NnXw 9.22).C\n \nßfpsS sh_vssk‰ns‚ tlmwt]Pn¬ \n∂pw Cu t]PpIfnte°vssl∏¿ en¶pIƒ sImSp°mw.

temIw ssI°pºnfn¬

111

Ahsb \nd-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

♦ semt°-j≥ tIm´bw Bbn Iao-I-cn-°p-I. Znhkw 8/11/2189 Bbpw kabw16.45.54 Bbpw Iao-I-cn-°p-I. KlWw\nco-£n-°p-I. kqcy-\n-te°v zoomsNøp-I. ka-b-\n-c°v hyXym-k-s∏-

SpØn Kl-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ Zriy-߃\nco-£n-°p-I. semt°-j≥ I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bn¬ sk‰v sNøp-I. kqcy-\n-te°vzoom sNbvXv kqcy-K-lWw \nco-£n-°p-I. Kl-߃ Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Is≠ØpI.