ICS 6N Computational Linear Algebra Matrix Algebraxhx/courses/ics6n/lectures/matrix-algebra.pdfICS 6N Computational Linear Algebra Matrix Algebra Xiaohui Xie University of California,

ICS 6N Computational Linear AlgebraMatrix Algebra

Xiaohui Xie

University of California, Irvine

[email protected]

February 2, 2017

Xiaohui Xie (UCI) ICS 6N February 2, 2017 1 / 24

Matrix

Consider an m × n matrix

A =

a11 a12 . . . a1na21 a22 . . . a1n

......

. . ....

am1 am2 . . . amn

=[a1 a2 . . . an

]

aij is the scalar entry in the ith row and jth column, called the(i , j)-entry.

Each column is a vector in Rm.

Two matrices are equal if they have the same size and thecorresponding entries are equal

a11, a22, ... are called the diagonal entriesA is called diagonal if all non-diagonal entries are zero

The identity matrix In is a square diagonal matrix with diagonal being 1

The zero matrix is a matrix in which all entries are zero, written as 0.


Matrix operations

Given two m × n matrices A and B,

Sum: A + B is an m × n matrix whose (i , j)-entry is aij + bij

Multiplication by a scalar: rA = Ar is an m × n matrix whose(i , j)-entry is raij , where r is a scalar.

Matrix vector product: Ax = x1a1 + x2a2 + . . . + xnan


Examples

Given A =

[1 2 34 5 6

], B =

[1 0 10 1 1

], C =

[1 00 1

], compute

A + B

2A

A + C


Examples

Given A =

[1 2 34 5 6

], B =

[1 0 10 1 1

], C =

[1 00 1

],

A + B =

[2 2 40 6 7

]2A =

[2 4 58 10 12

]A + C = Not defined.


Properties of matrix operations

Given A, B, C matrices of the same size, and scalars r and s,

(A + B) + C = A + (B + C )

A + B = B + A

A + 0 = A

r(A + B) = rA + rB

(r + s)A = rA + sA

r(sA) = (rs)A


Matrix Multiplication

When a matrix B multiplies a vector x, it transforms x into the vectorBx.

If this vector is then multiplied in turn by a matrix A, the resultingvector is A(Bx).

Thus A(Bx) is produced from x by a composition of mappings – thelinear transformations.

Our goal is to represent this composite mapping as multiplication bya single matrix, denoted by AB, so that A(Bx) = (AB)x .



Suppose A is m × n, B is n × p, and x is in Rp

Denote B =[b1 b2 . . . bp

].



Suppose A is m × n, B is n × p, and x is in Rp

Bx is a vector in Rn, A(Bx) is a vector in Rm

Denote B =[b1 b2 . . . bp

]. Then Bx = x1b1 + x2b2 + . . . + xpbp

A(Bx) = A(x1b1 + x2b2 + . . . + xpbp)

= A(x1b1) + A(x2b2) + . . . + A(xpbp)

= x1(Ab1) + x2(Ab2) + . . . + xp(Abp) linear combination

=[Ab1 Ab2 · · · Abp

]x

So AB =[Ab1 Ab2 · · · Abp

], an m × p matrix.


MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

Definition: If A is an m × n matrix, and if B is an n × p matrix withcolumns b1, · · · , bp, then the product AB is the m × p matrix whosecolumns are Ab1, · · · ,Abp.

That isAB =

[Ab1 Ab2 · · · Abp

]Each column of AB is a linear combination of the columns of A usingweights from the corresponding column of B.


Example

Given A =

[1 2 12 1 1

]and B =

1 1−1 10 0

, compute AB.


Example

Given A =

[1 2 12 1 1

]and B =

1 1−1 10 0

, compute AB.

Solution: AB =

| |Ab1 Ab2| |

Ab1 =

[1 2 12 1 1

] 1−10

=

[−11

], Ab2 =

[1 2 12 1 1

]110

=

[33

]So AB =

[−1 31 3

]


Row-column rule for computing AB

Now let’s check the (i , j)-entry of AB:

(AB)ij = the i-th entry of the j-th column

= the i-th entry of Abj

= bj · (the i-th row of A)

= ai1b1j + ai2b2j + ... + ainbnj

The (i , j)-entry of AB is the sum of the products of correspondingentries from row i of A and column j of B

(AB)ij = ai1b1j + ai2b2j + ... + ainbnj =n∑

k=1

aikbkj


Example

Given A =

[1 2 34 5 6

], B =

1 −11 00 1

, compute AB.


Example

Given A =

[1 2 34 5 6

], B =

1 −11 00 1

, compute AB.

Solution:

Are the sizes consistent? Yes

Based on definition, AB =

| |Ab1 Ab2| |

=

[3 29 2

]Or we can also calculate this entry by entry(AB)11 =

[1 2 3

] [1 1 0

]= 3

(AB)21 =[4 5 6

] [1 1 0

]= 9

And so on until we get

AB =

[3 29 2

]


Special Cases

An nx1 matrix can be viewed as a vector in Rn (column vector)

A row vector can be viewed as a 1xn matrix.

(Dot product) A row vector times a column vector produces a scalarif they are of the same size.

[a1 a2 . . . an

]×

b1b2...bn

= a1b1 + a2b2 + . . . + anbn


Special Cases

(Out product) A column vector times a row vector produces a matrix.a1a2...am

× [b1 b2 . . . bn]

=

a1b1 a1b2 . . . a1bna2b1 a2b2 . . . a2bn

......

. . ....

amb1 amb2 . . . ambn


Special cases

Let A be an mxn matrix,

AIn = A = ImA

A0 = 0

.


Theorems

If the sizes are consistent

a) (AB)C = A(BC )

b) A(B + C ) = AB + AC

c) (B + C )A = BA + BC

d) (rA)B = A(rB)

e) ImA = AIn


Warnings

AB 6= BA in general. They are not even of the same size!

ExampleEven if they are the same size it is in general not true

A =

[1 10 0

], B =

[0 11 0

]AB =

[1 10 0

], BA =

[0 01 1

]If AB = BA then A and B are commutable, but in general they are not.


Warnings

If AB = AC and A 6= 0, we cannot conclude B = C

ExampleEven if they are the same size it is in general not true

A =

[1 −11 −1

], B =

[1 21 2

], C =

[3 43 4

]AB =

[0 00 0

], BA =

[0 00 0

]But we can clearly see B 6= C


Powers of a matrix

Definition: If A is an n × n matrix and if k is a positive integer, then Ak

denotes the product of k copies of A.

Ak = A · · ·A (k times)

A0 = I by convention.


Transpose

Given an mxn matrix A, the transpose of A is the nxm matrix,denoted by AT , whose columns are formed from the correspondingrows of A.

If A =

a11 a12 . . . a1na21 a22 . . . a2n

......

. . ....

am1 am2 . . . amn

, then AT =

a11 a21 . . . an1a12 a22 . . . an2

......

. . ....

a1m a2m . . . anm

(AT )ij = aji


Properties of matrix transpose

If the sizes are consistent

(AT )T = A

(A + B)T = AT + BT

(rA)T = rAT

(rA)B = A(rB)

(AB)T = BTAT (note the reverse order!)


Documents

ICS 6N Computational Linear Algebra Matrix Algebraxhx/courses/ics6n/lectures/matrix-algebra.pdfICS 6N Computational Linear Algebra Matrix Algebra Xiaohui Xie University of California,