ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements Nicole Barrette-Sabourin Training Officer

ICAO Regional Seminar and Workshop ICAO Regional Seminar and Workshop on Aviation Language Proficiencyon Aviation Language Proficiency

Baku, Azerbaijan – 7-9 December 2005Baku, Azerbaijan – 7-9 December 2005

ICAO Language Proficiency ICAO Language Proficiency RequirementsRequirements

Nicole Barrette-SabourinNicole Barrette-Sabourin Training Officer Training Officer

Aviation Training Policy and Standards Unit, Aviation Training Policy and Standards Unit, Flight Safety Section – ICAOFlight Safety Section – ICAO

FLS – Dec. 05FLS – Dec. 05 2

Plan of the presentationPlan of the presentation

WhoWho

What What

WhyWhy

HowHow

ConclusionsConclusions

Who?Who?


ICAO’s objectivesICAO’s objectives

• To promote cooperation between To promote cooperation between nations and peoplenations and people

• To agree on certain principles and To agree on certain principles and arrangements in order that arrangements in order that international civil aviation may be international civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly developed in a safe and orderly manner and that international air manner and that international air services may be established on the services may be established on the basis of equality of opportunity and basis of equality of opportunity and operated soundly and economicallyoperated soundly and economically


Sec

reta

riat

ICAO StructureICAO Structure

Contracting States

Assembly

Council

Air Navigation Commission

What?What?


Development of ICAO StandardsDevelopment of ICAO Standards

Convention on International Civil Aviation (Article Convention on International Civil Aviation (Article 37):37):

“Each Contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures and organization in relation to aircraft, personnel, airways and auxiliary services in all matters in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation.”


Contracting StatesSecretariat

SecretariatANStudy GroupANC Panel ANC

ANC Approves ANC Recommends

Proposal for ActionTechnical ProposalANC Preliminary Review

ANC Final ReviewCouncil Adopts

Applicability DateStates

DivisionalMeeting

Subject to Approvalby President of Councilon behalf of Council

Applicability Date(Usually November)

0 - 5 years3 Months

Adoption DateEffective DateDisapproveNotification ofDifferencesSupplement 4 Months(minimum)4 Months2 weeks 10 MonthsApproximately(Usually March) Approximately 2 years

CouncilSecretariat ANCContracting States

InternationalOrganizationsSecretariat Analysis

Blue EditionBlue EditionApplicability Date

Meetings Panels &CommitteesDirect SubmissionValidation

Secretariat (Amendment becomes effective if not disapproved by majority of States)To be received one month prior to Applicability

PANS ANNEX

States

Contrac ting S tates

Sec retariat

Sec retariatA N

Study Group

A N C P anel

A N C

A N C A pproves A N C Rec ommends

P roposal for A c tion

Tec hnic a l P roposa l

A N C P reliminary Review

A N C F inal Review

C ounc il A dopts

Applicability Date

States

Divis ionalM eeting

Subject to Approvalby P resident o f Council

on behalf o f C ouncil

Applicability D ate(U sually N ovem ber)

Effective DateDisapprove

Notification ofDifferences

Supplement

C ounc ilSec retariat A N C

C ontrac ting S tates

InternationalOrganizations

Sec retariat A nalys is

B lue Edit ionB lue Edit ion

Applicability Date

M eetings P anels &Committees

Direc t Submiss ion

Validation

Sec retariat

To be received one month prior to Applicability

PA NS A N NEX

States

Origin of ProposalOrigin of Proposal

Making an ICAO StandardMaking an ICAO Standard

Development PhaseDevelopment Phase

Review PhaseReview Phase

Adoption/Publication Phase

Adoption/Publication Phase


CONTRACTING STATESCONTRACTING STATES

ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY

SECRETARIATSECRETARIAT ANCANCPanels &

CommitteesPanels &

CommitteesMeetingsMeetings

Origin of ProposalOrigin of ProposalIn

tern

atio

nal

Org

aniza

tions

Inte

rnatio

nal

Org

aniza

tions

Proposal for Action

COUNCILCOUNCIL


Development PhaseDevelopment PhaseProposal for Action

TechnicalProposal

TechnicalProposal

ANC PanelANC Panel SECRETARIATSECRETARIAT

ANCANC

DivisionalMeetingDivisionalMeeting

ANC Preliminary Review

ANStudy Group

ANStudy Group


Review PhaseReview PhaseANC Preliminary Review

SecretariatAnalysis

SECRETARIATSECRETARIAT



ANC Final Review

ContractingStates

ContractingStates


Adoption/Publication PhaseAdoption/Publication PhaseANC Final Review

SECRETARIATSECRETARIAT

ANC Recommends

StatesStates

Council Adopts

Blue Edition

Applicability Date

Green Edition

Supplement


Disapprove

Adoption DateAdoption Date

Effective DateEffective Date

Applicability DateApplicability Date

(Usually March)

(Amendment becomes Effective if not disapprovedby majority of States)

(Usually November)

4 Months

4 Months

Annex Amendment


Contracting StatesSecretariat

SecretariatANStudy GroupANC Panel ANC

ANC Approves ANC Recommends

Proposal for ActionTechnical ProposalANC Preliminary Review

ANC Final ReviewCouncil Adopts

Applicability DateStates

DivisionalMeeting

Subject to Approvalby President of Councilon behalf of Council

Applicability Date(Usually November)

0 - 5 years3 Months

Adoption DateEffective DateDisapproveNotification ofDifferencesSupplement 4 Months(minimum)4 Months2 weeks 10 MonthsApproximately(Usually March) Approximately 2 years

CouncilSecretariat ANCContracting States

InternationalOrganizationsSecretariat Analysis

Blue EditionBlue EditionApplicability Date

Meetings Panels &CommitteesDirect SubmissionValidation

Secretariat (Amendment becomes effective if not disapproved by majority of States)To be received one month prior to Applicability

PANS ANNEX

States


Sec retariat

Sec retariatA N

Study Group

A N C P anel

A N C



Tec hnic al P roposal


A N C F inal Review

C ounc il A dopts

Applicability Date

States

Divis ionalM eeting


on behalf o f Council


3 M onths

Adoption Date



Supplement

4 M onths(m inim um )

4 M onths

2 weeks

10 M onthsApproxim ately

(U sually M arch)






Applicability Date


Direc t Submiss ion

Validation

Sec retariat

(A m endm ent becom es e ffective if not d isapproved by m a jority o f States)


PA NS A N NEX

States

Appro

xim

ate

ly 2

years

Appro

xim

ate

ly 2

years


LPR ChronologyLPR Chronology


Sec retariat

Sec retariatA N

Study Group

A N C P anel

A N C



Tec hnic a l P roposa l


A N C F inal Review

C ounc il A dopts

Applicability Date

States

Divis ionalM eeting


on behalf o f C ouncil




Supplement






Applicability Date


Direc t Submiss ion

Validation

Sec retariat


PA NS A N NEX

States

1998: A32-161998: A32-16

2000-2001: PRICE SG2000-2001: PRICE SG

2001-2003: Review and Expand2001-2003: Review and Expand

5 March 2003: Adopted14 July 2003: Effective5 March 2008: Applicable

5 March 2003: Adopted14 July 2003: Effective5 March 2008: Applicable


Applicability of ICAO StandardsApplicability of ICAO Standards

International Aviation International Aviation

Notification of differencesNotification of differences

Implications of the notion of sovereigntyImplications of the notion of sovereignty


Enforcement of ICAO StandardsEnforcement of ICAO Standards

System is based of mutual trust System is based of mutual trust between Statesbetween States

ICAO Safety Oversight Audit ICAO Safety Oversight Audit ProgrammeProgramme

Why?Why?


The Trail of WreckageThe Trail of Wreckage

Trident/DC-9 mid-air collision, Zagreb -1976Trident/DC-9 mid-air collision, Zagreb -1976

Double B747 runway collision, Tenerife - 1977Double B747 runway collision, Tenerife - 1977

B707 fuel exhaustation, JFK - 1990B707 fuel exhaustation, JFK - 1990

B757 CFIT, Cali - 1995B757 CFIT, Cali - 1995

IL-76/B747 mid-air collision, India - 1996IL-76/B747 mid-air collision, India - 1996

MD83/Shorts 330 runway collision, Paris/CDG -2000MD83/Shorts 330 runway collision, Paris/CDG -2000

MD80/Citation runway collision, Milan – 2001MD80/Citation runway collision, Milan – 2001

Helios Airways – Greece August 2005 (?)Helios Airways – Greece August 2005 (?)

… … The common element: The common element: CommunicationCommunication


Air-Ground CommunicationsAir-Ground Communications

Action up to the Action up to the 90s 90s

Standardized Standardized PhraseologiesPhraseologies

Hope of Hope of development of a development of a radiotelephony radiotelephony speech based on speech based on a simplified a simplified EnglishEnglish

Realization that it Realization that it was not sufficientwas not sufficient

Development of Development of new Standardsnew Standards

Clarify the use of Clarify the use of the English the English Language Language

Strengthen the Strengthen the use of standards use of standards phraseologiesphraseologies

Establish Establish language language proficiency proficiency requirementsrequirements


A Systemic PerspectiveA Systemic Perspective

OperationsOperations

Design Design

Training Training

SupervisionSupervision

Management Management

Kept under control inKept under control innormal system normal system conditions…conditions…

Reason Model Reason Model

Sources: Docs 9683; 9806Sources: Docs 9683; 9806


A Systemic Perspective (cont.)A Systemic Perspective (cont.)

Design Design

Management Management

Training Training

Supervision Supervision

OperationsOperations……surface in surface in

unstable system unstable system conditionsconditions

Sources: Docs 9683; 9806Sources: Docs 9683; 9806


A Training PerspectiveA Training Perspective

Mismatches at the operational interfaces = Mismatches at the operational interfaces = breeding grounds for operational errorsbreeding grounds for operational errors

LL

LL

LLSS EE

HH

SHELL SHELL ModelModel

Source: Doc 9683Source: Doc 9683


An Operational PerspectiveAn Operational Perspective

ThreatsThreats

Threat ManagementThreat ManagementStrategiesStrategies

Error ManagementError ManagementStrategiesStrategies

ErrorsErrors

Undesired StateUndesired State

Threat and ErrorThreat and ErrorManagement (TEM)Management (TEM)ModelModel



Language Proficiency: A ThreatLanguage Proficiency: A Threat

WeatherWeather

MaintenanceMaintenance

GroundGround CrewCrew

CabinCabin CrewCrew

Passenger Passenger managementmanagement

ATCATC

TerrainTerrain

Similar call Similar call signssigns

Time pressureTime pressure

HeavyHeavy traffictraffic

UnfamiliarUnfamiliar airportsairports

AutomationAutomation eventsevents MissedMissed approachesapproaches

Flight Flight diversionsdiversions

SystemSystem

malfunctionsmalfunctions


Language Language ProficiencyProficiency


Therefore, as Safety Practitioners Therefore, as Safety Practitioners Language Proficiency is:Language Proficiency is:

From a safety management perspective

A latent condition with safety damaging potential

From a training management perspective

A technical skill acquired through training

From an operational management perspective

A threat that increases complexity of aviation operations


A risk management exerciseA risk management exercise

Denial: defensive attitude

Repair: cosmetic acceptance

Reform: tackle the safety concern


A32-16A32-16

“…“…steps to ensure that air traffic steps to ensure that air traffic controllers and flight crews involved in controllers and flight crews involved in flight operations in airspace where the flight operations in airspace where the use of the English language is required, use of the English language is required, are proficient in conducting and are proficient in conducting and comprehending radiotelephony comprehending radiotelephony communications in the English communications in the English language”language”


PRICESG

Mandated to

Review all aspects of air-ground and ground-ground voice communication

Develop requirements concerning English language testing

Develop language proficiency requirements


A review of 28,000 safety reportsA review of 28,000 safety reports

• Over 70% of problems cited involved Over 70% of problems cited involved message exchange.message exchange.

• Communication errors still represent largest Communication errors still represent largest category of problems. category of problems.

• However, only 1% of communications are However, only 1% of communications are compromised by inaccuracy.compromised by inaccuracy.


R/T communication problemsR/T communication problems

frequency congestion,frequency congestion,

poor microphone technique,poor microphone technique,

ambiguity,ambiguity,

phonetic similarity,phonetic similarity,

incomplete call-signs,incomplete call-signs,

confused sequence of confused sequence of numbers in messages,numbers in messages,

strings of instructions,strings of instructions,

truncated phraseologies,truncated phraseologies,

inadequate inadequate acknowledgements,acknowledgements,

readback errors,readback errors,

hearback errors.hearback errors.


The IssuesThe Issues

Existing provisions at the timeExisting provisions at the time

Phraseology vs. plain languagePhraseology vs. plain language

English vs. Universal SpeechEnglish vs. Universal Speech

Means to assess language Means to assess language proficiency reliablyproficiency reliably


Previous ICAO language requirementsPrevious ICAO language requirements

For controllers: For controllers:

“… “… speak the languages designated speak the languages designated for use in air traffic control without for use in air traffic control without accent or impediment which could accent or impediment which could adversely affect communication”adversely affect communication”

For pilots:For pilots:

Strangely quiet!Strangely quiet!


Standardized PhraseologyStandardized Phraseology… … is insufficient to deal with the full range of situations is insufficient to deal with the full range of situations requiring R/T exchange.requiring R/T exchange.

… … but how to complement standardized phraseologies?but how to complement standardized phraseologies?


English vs. Universal SpeechEnglish vs. Universal Speech

Research statesResearch states

Effectiveness of natural languages, and Effectiveness of natural languages, and

Plain language as medium for international aviation operations.Plain language as medium for international aviation operations.

English for aviation ..English for aviation ..

does not does not belongbelong to a culture; to a culture;

is a toolis a tool

has no special inherent qualities; has no special inherent qualities;

is the most accessible of all second languages. is the most accessible of all second languages.


Aviation-Specific EnglishAviation-Specific English

can be successfully integrated into training can be successfully integrated into training programs in common English; programs in common English;

provisions should relate to the common provisions should relate to the common use of English.use of English.

Iterating formulaic language by rote does Iterating formulaic language by rote does NOT meet all requirements!NOT meet all requirements!


Some PRICESG QuestionsSome PRICESG Questions

Acceptance by pilot & controller communitiesAcceptance by pilot & controller communities

Allocation of responsibilities to airline Allocation of responsibilities to airline operators and air navigation service providersoperators and air navigation service providers

Interface with input from commercial training Interface with input from commercial training & testing providers& testing providers

integration into State regulatory regimesintegration into State regulatory regimes


PRICESG Conclusions (1)PRICESG Conclusions (1)Phraseologies shall be used whenever possible but …Phraseologies shall be used whenever possible but …

… … there is no practical alternative to the use of plain language there is no practical alternative to the use of plain language for the full range of aeronautical R/T communication, andfor the full range of aeronautical R/T communication, and

The use of plain language in the exchange of critical The use of plain language in the exchange of critical operational information requires:operational information requires:

an understanding of the fundamentals of linguistics,an understanding of the fundamentals of linguistics,

an appreciation of the susceptibility of language to an appreciation of the susceptibility of language to misapprehension, andmisapprehension, and

a commitment to the highest standards of discipline a commitment to the highest standards of discipline and care. and care.


PRICESG Conclusions (2)PRICESG Conclusions (2)The universal availability of at least one The universal availability of at least one

medium of radiotelephony communication is medium of radiotelephony communication is important for safety and efficiency in important for safety and efficiency in international air navigation;international air navigation;

The lack of a language common to the The lack of a language common to the aircrew and the ground station could lead to aircrew and the ground station could lead to an accident;an accident;

There is a need to retain the language used There is a need to retain the language used by the station on the ground.by the station on the ground.


PRICESG Conclusions (3)PRICESG Conclusions (3)

Parity must exist between pilots and controllers in Parity must exist between pilots and controllers in language proficiency requirements; thuslanguage proficiency requirements; thus

A single minimum standard is the best solution for the A single minimum standard is the best solution for the entire target group;entire target group;

Responsibility shall also be vested in airline operators Responsibility shall also be vested in airline operators and ATS providers for ensuring that staff meet and ATS providers for ensuring that staff meet proficiency requirementsproficiency requirements


PRICESG Conclusions (4)PRICESG Conclusions (4)

The new provisions will impact heavily the aviation community but The new provisions will impact heavily the aviation community but with:with:

Extensive guidance material,Extensive guidance material,

Education & awareness programs worldwide,Education & awareness programs worldwide,

Staff support activities by operators,Staff support activities by operators,

Increased compliance with ICAO standardized phraseology, andIncreased compliance with ICAO standardized phraseology, and

Highest standards of discipline,Highest standards of discipline,

We need and can improve the 1% figure!We need and can improve the 1% figure!

How?How?


Language Proficiency RequirementsLanguage Proficiency Requirements

Annex 10Annex 10

Annex 1Annex 1

General conceptGeneral concept

Review of the provisionsReview of the provisions

Implementation timelineImplementation timeline

Annex 6Annex 6

Annex 11Annex 11

PANSPANS--ATMATM


Annex 10 – Volume IIAnnex 10 – Volume II

Chapter 5Chapter 5 addresses voice addresses voice communications communications in the in the aeronautical aeronautical communication communication service linking service linking ground stations ground stations and aircraft.and aircraft.



Phraseology and Plain LanguagePhraseology and Plain Language

Para 5.1.1.1- ICAO phraseology shall be Para 5.1.1.1- ICAO phraseology shall be used in all situations for which it has been used in all situations for which it has been specified. Only when standardized specified. Only when standardized phraseology cannot serve an intended phraseology cannot serve an intended transmission, plain language shall be usedtransmission, plain language shall be used



Language(s) to be usedLanguage(s) to be used

Para 5.2.1.2.1: The air-ground radiotelephony Para 5.2.1.2.1: The air-ground radiotelephony communications communications shall shall be conducted in the be conducted in the language normally used by the station on the language normally used by the station on the ground or in the English languageground or in the English language

Para 5.2.1.2.2 The English language shall be Para 5.2.1.2.2 The English language shall be available, on request from any aircraft station, at available, on request from any aircraft station, at all stations on the ground serving designated all stations on the ground serving designated airports and routes used by international air airports and routes used by international air servicesservices



Provisions no longer in forceProvisions no longer in force

Interpreters are no longer authorizedInterpreters are no longer authorized

The Attachment on the development of The Attachment on the development of Radiotelephony speech for international Radiotelephony speech for international aviation has been withdrawnaviation has been withdrawn


Annex 1 – Previous Annex 1 – Previous requirementsrequirements

Air Traffic Controllers and Aeronautical Station Operators

shall “speak language(s) nationally designated for use without accent or impediment”

Use of radiotelephony procedures and phraseology

Aeroplane & Helicopter Pilots - Flight Engineers and Flight Navigators

Use of radiotelephony procedures and phraseology

Free balloon and glider pilots

No requirements


Annex 1Annex 1

Licences with language proficiency requirements

Aeroplane and helicopter pilots

Glider and free balloon pilots

Flight Engineers and Flight Navigators

Air Traffic Controllers

Aeronautical Station Operators

Licences without language proficiency requirements

Flight Dispatcher

Aircraft Maintenance Engineer


General PrinciplesGeneral Principles

Limited to radiotelephony communication

The “Speak and Understand” Standard

Cover all languages used in radio communication

Assessment using a rating scale (level 4)

Progressive implementation

27 Nov. 2003

5 March 2008

Rating scale is applied

Shall speak and understand


Annex 1Annex 1

• Aeroplane & Helicopter Pilots (PPL, CPL and ATPL)

• Air Traffic Controllers and Aeronautical Station Operators

• Free balloon and glider pilots

• Flight Engineers

•Flight Navigators


Language proficiency in Annex 1Language proficiency in Annex 1

Shall demonstrate the ability to speak and understand the language used for radiotelephony communications (Standard 1.2.9.1)

After 5 March 2008,

the “speak and understand” ability shall be demonstrated to level 4 of the ICAO rating scale (Standard 1.2.9.4 and Appendix)

recurrent testing will be required for those below level 6 (recommendation: every 3 years for level 4 and every 6 years for level 5)

Previous Standard on the use of radiotelephony procedures and phraseology still applies

•Aeroplane & helicopter pilots (PPL, CPL and ATPL)

•Air traffic controllers and aeronautical station operators



should demonstrate the ability to speak and understand the language used for radiotelephony communications.

Previous Standard on the use of radiotelephony procedures and phraseology still applies for flight engineers

•Free balloon and glider pilots

•Flight engineers



If required to use a radio telephone on-board, flight navigator shall demonstrate the ability to speak and understand the language used for radiotelephony communications

Previous Standard on the use of radiotelephony procedures and phraseology still applies for all Flight Navigators

•Flight navigators


Other AnnexesOther Annexes

Annex 6: Annex 6: (Parts I and III) Role of (Parts I and III) Role of operators operators

Annex 11: Role of Air traffic service providersAnnex 11: Role of Air traffic service providers

English used between air traffic control units except English used between air traffic control units except when another language is mutually agreedwhen another language is mutually agreed

PANSPANS--ATM: ATS and other ground personnel will be ATM: ATS and other ground personnel will be expected to use plain language to the level specified in expected to use plain language to the level specified in the ICAO language proficiency requirements contained the ICAO language proficiency requirements contained in Annex 1in Annex 1


Implementation notesImplementation notes

Standard 1.2.9.1 will apply only on 5 March 2008 for aeroplane and helicopter pilot who have a licence issued before 5 March 2004

No “grandfather” clause for Air Traffic Controllers and Aeronautical Station Operators

Language proficiency requirements applies to pilots who are engaged in international flights and ATCO/ASO providing services to international flights

Pilots shall demonstrate proficiency in at least one of the language(s) offered in the airspace that is used

ATCO/ASO shall demonstrate proficiency for each of the language(s) offered in the airspace in which they are providing service


Other Aspects (1)Other Aspects (1)

The Rating Scale and Holistic Descriptors are contained in the Appendix and the Attachment to Annex 1

Consequences of non-compliance with the language proficiency Standards

For pilots

For Air Traffic Controllers and aeronautical Station Operators

Guidance on the implementation of the Standards has been published in the Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements (Doc 9835)


Other Aspects (2)Other Aspects (2)

Some good reasons to start evaluating language proficiency using the ICAO rating scale before 5 March 2008:

for recruitment purposes

for benchmarking purposes

to be prepared for the 5 March 2008 deadline

ICAO will review the progress in the implementation of the Language proficiency Standard in 2006


ANC Review in June 2006ANC Review in June 2006

The Air Navigation Commission will undertake a The Air Navigation Commission will undertake a review of the implementation of the language review of the implementation of the language proficiency requirements in June 2006:proficiency requirements in June 2006:

Assessment of the level of implementation (actual Assessment of the level of implementation (actual and planned)and planned)

Review of the difficulties faced during the Review of the difficulties faced during the implementationimplementation

Corrective measures if necessary and assistanceCorrective measures if necessary and assistance


Implementation SurveyImplementation Survey

• Distributed through ICAO Regional Distributed through ICAO Regional OfficesOffices

• Results to be collected by March Results to be collected by March 20062006

• Presented to ANC in June 2006Presented to ANC in June 2006


AuditAudit

The ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit ProgrammeThe ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme

The comprehensive audit programme starting in The comprehensive audit programme starting in 2005 will cover all the language proficiency 2005 will cover all the language proficiency Standards of Annexes 1, 6, 10 and 11Standards of Annexes 1, 6, 10 and 11

Compliance Checklists: the State will have to Compliance Checklists: the State will have to identify the level of implementation of each identify the level of implementation of each provision contained in ICAO Annexes before the provision contained in ICAO Annexes before the Audit. The ICAO auditor will validate the Audit. The ICAO auditor will validate the information submitted prior to the on-site audit information submitted prior to the on-site audit

During the actual audit, the auditor will assess the During the actual audit, the auditor will assess the steps States have taken to address the new steps States have taken to address the new language requirements using a standard protocollanguage requirements using a standard protocol


Training AidTraining Aid

Examples of extended speech samplesExamples of extended speech samples

Rating rationaleRating rationale

Hyperlinks to sound filesHyperlinks to sound files

Available at the end of the yearAvailable at the end of the year



RecapRecap

ICAO and the process it uses to make standardsICAO and the process it uses to make standards

The safety concern underlying the language The safety concern underlying the language proficiency requirementsproficiency requirements

The PRICE SG its deliberations and conclusionsThe PRICE SG its deliberations and conclusions

A description of the language proficiency requirementsA description of the language proficiency requirements

Implementation of the language proficiency Implementation of the language proficiency requirementsrequirements

ICAO Regional Seminar and Workshop on ICAO Regional Seminar and Workshop on Aviation Language ProficiencyAviation Language Proficiency

Thank you!Thank you!

Documents

ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements Nicole Barrette-Sabourin Training Officer