IABSE CONFERENCE

GENEVA, 2015

Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

REPORT

International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering IABSE

IABSE Conference Geneva 2015

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IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 i

Scientifi c Committee

Eugen Brühwiler, Switzerland (Chair)Joan R. Casas, Spain (Vice-Chair)Christian Cremona, France (Vice-Chair)Philippe Van Bogaert, Belgium (Vice-Chair)Maléna Bastien-Masse, Switzerland (SC Secretary)

Saiful Amin, BangladeshWilliam Victor Anderson, CanadaMourad M. Bakhoum, EgyptFabio Biondini, ItalyAnnette Bögle, GermanyBruno Briseghella, ItalyJose Campos e Matos, PortugalAirong Chen, ChinaBao-chun Chen, ChinaAlvaro A.M.F. Cunha, PortugalAne de Boer, NetherlandsJohn F. Duntemann, United StatesBranko Glisic, United StatesSergio Hampshire Santos, BrazilNiels Peter Hoj, SwitzerlandNicolas Janberg, GermanyDorian Janjic, AustriaVesa Järvinen, FinlandRisto Kiviluoma, FinlandJan Knippers, GermanyRoberto Leon, United StatesJose Antonio Lozano Galant, SpainAdam Lubell, CanadaAndreas Luible, SwitzerlandAna Mandic Ivankovic, CroatiaPhilippe Menétrey, SwitzerlandAyaho Miyamoto, JapanGuido Morgenthal, GermanyMichel Moussard, FranceIngo Müllers, GermanyShunichi Nakamura, JapanAlan O’Connor, IrelandAndré Orcesi, FranceFabrizio Palmisano, ItalyIgnacio Paya Zaforteza, SpainRobert T. Ratay, United StatesMarion Rauch, GermanyJose Romo Martin, SpainXin Ruan, ChinaLaurent Rus Jenni, Spain

Fathy Saad, EgyptAnn Schumacher, SwitzerlandIan Smith, SwitzerlandJuan A. Sobrino Almunia, SpainMarja-Kaarina Söderqvist, FinlandThomas Spuler, SwitzerlandAlfred Strauss, AustriaHarshavardhan Subbarao, IndiaLimin Sun, ChinaKarel Terwel, NetherlandsGeorgios Tsionis, ItalyJose Turmo, SpainKees van IJselmuijden, NetherlandsRob Vergoossen, NetherlandsThomas Vogel, SwitzerlandJan A. Wium, South AfricaJonathan G. M. Wood, United KingdomRiccardo Zandonini, ItalyStefan Zmigrodzki, CanadaDaia Zwicky, Switzerland

Session Facilitators

Glenn Bell, United StatesCarsten Block, GermanyAnnette Boegle, GermanyJohn Brestin, United StatesEugen Brühwiler, SwitzerlandElsa Caetano, PortugalChristian Cremona, FranceAlvaro Cunha, PortugalHans De Backer, BelgiumAne De Boer, NetherlandsBart De Pauw, BelgiumGiorgio Diana, ItalyJohn Dunteman, United StatesIan Firth, United KingdomLee Franck, United KingdomMaria Garlock, United StatesYaojun Ge, ChinaAndreas Gianoli, SwitzerlandBranko Glisic, United StatesRade Hajdin, SerbiaStephen Hicks, New ZealandSimon Hoffmann, SwitzerlandNiels Peter Hoj, SwitzerlandSung-Gul Hong, KoreaNaeem Hussain, India

ii Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Inamullah Khan, ChinaPierino Lestuzzi, SwitzerlandQiao Li, ChinaJosé Antonio Lozano Galant, SpainAdam Lubell, CanadaFernando Madrazo Aguirre, United StatesNisrine Makhoul, LebanonAna Mandic Ivankovic, CroatiaDik-Gert Mans, NetherlandsAndrew Martin, DenmarkJose Matos, PortugalPhilippe Menétrey, SwitzerlandIngo Müllers, GermanyShunichi Nakamura, JapanAlan O’Connor, IrelandAndré Orcesi, FranceIgnacio Payà-Zaforteza, SpaimEberhard Pelke, GermanyDeshan Shan, ChinaPaul Skelton, United StatesIan Smith, SwitzerlandThomas Spuler, SwitzerlandAlfred Strauss, AustriaHarshavardhan Subbarao, IndiaPeter Tanner, Spain

Georgios Tsionis, ItalyPhilippe Van Bogaert, BelgiumJan Wium, South AfricaYongxin Yang, ChinaRicardo Zandonini, ItalyStefan Zmigrodzki, CanadaDaia Zwicky, Switzerland

Lead Team

Klaus Ostenfeld, Denmark (Chair Lead Team) Eugen Brühwiler, Switzerland (Lead Scientifi c

Committee)Chep Uytiepo, Switzerland (Acting Director, IABSE

Secretariat)Tina Vejrum, Denmark (Lead Programme)Ann Schumacher, Switzerland (Support Programme)Daia Zwicky, Switzerland (Support Programme)Lee Franck, United Kingdom (Support Programme)Guido Morgenthal, Germany (Lead Communication)Juan Sobrino, United States (Lead Sponsoring and

Exhibition)Niels Peter Hoj, Switzerland (Support Sponsoring and

Exhibition)Fernanco Branco, Portugal (Lead Finances)

IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 iii

Preface

The IABSE Geneva 2015 Conference aims to challenge structural engineers who need to interact more with other professions and disciplines as infl uential and responsible contributors in forming the sustainable built infrastructure for modern societies. The enormous impact and long-time effect of the built infrastructure dictates to take this challenge seriously in order to ensure the best decisions by politicians and other decision makers. Structural engineers are called to shape the future society and economy.

These proceedings contain 310 papers devoted to the four Global Themes of the IABSE Geneva 2015 Conference as established by the Lead Team: 1) Climate Change and the Energy Challenge; 2) Global Engineering Challenges; 3) Break-Through Technologies and 4) Urbanisation and Growth. All papers have been reviewed by the Scientifi c Committee and are presented in parallel scientifi c and technical sessions. The conference format is chosen to facilitate necessary debates and discussions. Each session will be actively lead and animated by Session Facilitators. Participants will explicitly have the possibility to mutually interact productively via session styles that will encourage interaction.

Valuable results identifying new subjects for further research and debates will be identifi ed by the Session Facilitators and the Scientifi c Committee for further consideration by IABSE’s Technical Committee. New IABSE Working Groups may be suggested to bring identifi ed subjects forward in the coming years for potential presentation and further discussion at the IABSE Events. It is hoped that active conference participants will return home enriched by substantial more knowledge and as part in a global network of experts in structural engineering.

My special thanks are due to my doctoral student Malena Bastien-Masse, Secretary of the Scientifi c Committee and Philippe Van Bogaert, Joan Casas and Christian Cremona, the Vice-chairs, as well as all the Members of the Scientifi c Committee. All have dedicated their signifi cant effort to improve the scientifi c and technical content of the conference and to guarantee its scientifi c quality.

Eugen BrühwilerProfessor, EPFL – Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne

IABSE Geneva 2015, Chair Scientifi c Committee

iv Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Table of Contents

Theme 1: Climate Change and the Energy Challenge CE-01 T: Sustainability and the Structural Engineer John Anderson

The DIOGEN and CIOGEN works, a specifi c approach in environmental assessment of civil engineering structuresTardivel, Yannick; Feraille, Adélaïde; Montens, Serge; Tessier, Christian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Sustainable Bridge Design in GermanyRetzepis, Ioannis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Major sustainability drives on a large project, the Queen Elizabeth Park.Kirk, Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Bridges, Sustainability and the Structural EngineerMartin, Andrew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

A Sustainable Structural Design method to analyze structural and environmental performances of a buildingTsimplokoukou, Kassiani; Lamperti Tornaghi, Marco; Negro, Paolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Sustainable Bridge Design Using Precast Concrete with Monolithic JointsSaad, Fathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

CE-02 T: Ultra-long service-life of structures

Designing Bridges for a Long Service LifeGabler, Markus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Structure Birth Certifi cate for Service Life Design and Through-Life ManagementBartholomew, Michael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Durability Features of the Vimy Memorial BridgeAjrab, Jack; Anderson, William; Montminy, Sylvain; O’Connell, Ryan; Delph, Marcel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Corrosion Protection Plan Requirements in APD: Defi ning RequirementsElza, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Increased Service Life of Fatigue Effected Structures through High Frequency Mechanical Impact TreatmentsBreunig, Stephanie; Kuhlmann, Ulrike. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Verifi cation of Infi nite Life Fatigue Performance of a Cost-Effective Steel Orthotropic Deck Design by Full Scale Laboratory TestingMukherjee, Soham; Roy, Sougata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

CE-03 S: Sustainable construction materials

Daia ZwickyMaterial quantities and embodied carbon of footbridgesDe Wolf, Catherine; Bianquis, Rosalie; Verbeeck, Kenny; Ochsendorf, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Wood-lightweight concrete - Development of energy and resource resource-effi cient construction materialsFadai, Alireza; Winter, Wolfgang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Hybrid Timber Construction – combining material properties for energy effi ciency and sustainabilityHein, Carsten; Lawrence, Andrew; Campbell, Adrian; Snelson, Timothy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Research of Performance and Durability of long span prestress concrete box girder bridge of gravel concreteWeng, Fang-Wen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Application of Prestressed Concrete Composite Box-girder Bridges with Corrugated Steel Webs in Bridge Engineering in ChinaLi, Ming; Song, Jianyong; Li, Wanheng; Zhang, Jinquan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 v

Build with weathering steel : environmental and economical impacts–T7 tramway bridge in Paris areaMichel, Loïc; Gogny, Eric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

CE-04 T: Sustainable buildings

A Basis For Embodied Carbon Limits On StructuresSarkisian, Mark; Shook, David; Desai, Devki; Wang, Nicole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Carbon Emission Assessment for Super Tall Buildings with Viscoelastic Coupling DampersZhao, Xin; Qin, Lang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Structural Optimization for a Sustainable ArchitectureBeghini, Alessandro; Mathias, Neville; Sarkisian, Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Innovative construction system for sustainable buildingsLoss, Cristiano; Piazza, Maurizio; Zandonini, Riccardo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Integrated Embodied Carbon Optimal Design of Super Tall Building Structures with Viscous DampersZhao, Xin; Shi, Tao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Indicators for Serviceability for Low-Carbon Building Slab TypesMolina-Moreno, Francisca; Yepes-Piqueras, Víctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

CE-05 S: Multifunctional energy-effi cient building envelopes Georgios Tsionis

Energy-Effi cient Building Envelopes: use of Phase Change Materials in Cement-Based CompositesLamperti Tornaghi, Marco; Caverzan, Alessio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Numerical modelling of UHPC and TRC sandwich elements for building envelopes: assessment of different modelling approachesMiccoli, Lorenzo; Johansson, Gabriel; Zandi, Kamyab; Williams Portal, Natalie; Fontana, Patrick; Müller, Urs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

CE-06 S: Extreme environmental actions on structures Yaojun Ge

Wind Resistant Performance and Countermeasures for Cable-stayed Bridges with Open-section GirderYang, Yongxin; Zhou, Rui; Ge, Yaojun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Reevaluation of the Design Loads for an Existing Avalanche Protection Gallery Using a Probabilistic ApproachFischer, Katharina; Schubert, Matthias; Schaer, Mark; Margreth, Stefan; Schellenberg, Kristian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Effect of Statistical Uncertainties in Ground Snow Load on Structural ReliabilityRózsás, Árpád; Sýkora, Miroslav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Climate change effects on design thermal actions for concrete structuresLarsson, Oskar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Truss Structure Capacity Monitoring Considering Accelerated Steel Corrosion under Climate ChangeFeng, Yansheng; Sun, Zhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

CE-07 S: Environmental hazards on structures Inamullah Khan, Qiao Li and Deshan Shan

Effects of Tsunami Measures for BridgesHasegawa, Akira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

New approach for fl exible debris fl ow barriersVolkwein, Axel; Wendeler, Corinna; Stieglitz, Lisa; Lauber, Guido . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Protecting a fi ve span prestressed bridge against ground deformationsBagge, Niklas; Nilimaa, Jonny; Enoksson, Ola; Sabourova, Natalia; Grip, Niklas; Tu, Yongming; Lundmark, Tore; Elfgren, Lennart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

vi Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Framework for Bridge Design Method under Multi-Hazard and Its Application to Super-Span Multi-Pylon Cable-Stayed BridgesChen, Airong; Tian, Yu; Ma, Rujin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

CE-08 S: Structures for renewable energy production

Renewable Energy Storage MegastructuresJurgens, Christiaan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Energy Harvesting Sources for Structural Monitoring in Wind TurbinesGeiss, Christian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Modal identifi cation of a wind turbine before and after extension of the rotor bladesOliveira, Gustavo; Magalhães, Filipe; Cunha, Álvaro; Matos, José Carlos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Realistic examination of the fatigue life of a wind turbine tower using data from long term monitoringLoraux, Christophe; Brühwiler, Eugen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Theme 2: Global Engineering Challenges GC-01 T: Structural engineers as global leaders: communicative, collaborative, creative Glenn Bell and Maria Garlock

Integrating Practice, Education, and ResearchBell, Glenn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Structural Engineers as Creative Leaders - from Stadia to PavilionsLeach, Jon; Webster, Thomas; Nicolin, Rossella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

“The Art of Spanish Bridge Design”, a New Course Promoting the Holistic Learning of Structural EngineeringPaya-Zaforteza, Ignacio; Garlock, Maria; Adriaenssens, Sigrid; Glisic, Branko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Bridging to the Bicentenary: Collaboratively Educating Engineers and ArchitectsMistur, Mark; Letchford, Chris; Stein, Michael. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

The Future Engineer: a Structural Leader?Jurgens, Christiaan; Wium, Jan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

GC-02 T: Education: from technical to soft skillsFernando Madrazo Aguirre and Ian Firth

E-Learning, The future of Structural Engineering Education?Lozano Galant, Jose Antonio; Briseghella, Bruno; Turmo, Jose; Zordan, Tobia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

The Structural Playground, a New Environment Where to Enjoy Learning Structural EngineeringGarlock, Maria; Paya-Zaforteza, Ignacio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Introducing modern teaching into a classic course on Structural ArtGarlock, Maria; Bhatia, Aatish; Elhami Khorasani, Negar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Discovering the role of engineering in the world: a new teaching experience focused on New York City and civil engineeringPaya-Zaforteza, Ignacio; Eiben, Catherine; Littman, Michael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

IABSE: an opportunity for Young Engineers to develop their social skillsZauft, Doreen; Lozano Galant, Jose Antonio; Madrazo-Aguirre, Fernando; Camara, Alfredo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

Developing the Next Generation of Structural EngineersBell, Glenn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

GC-03 T: Aesthetics in structural engineering John Brestin

The large-scale form alone is nothing - the detail decidesTokarz, Bernhard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

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Joint Structural & Architectural Approach towards Human UrbanismRadic, Jure; Mandic Ivankovic, Ana; Kincl, Branko; Kindij, Alex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Typology of Contemporary Cable Bridges toward Bridge AestheticsHong, Namhee-Kim; Koh, Hyun-Moo; Hong, Sung-Gul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Preliminary Design of the New Bridge for the St Lawrence RiverCarter, Matthew; Potapova, Lana; Balmer, Doug; Jensen, Poul; Svanberg, Kasper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Ribbon ChapelShibata, Ikuhide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

GC-04 T: Structural Engineering and Architecture Annette Boegle and Andreas Gianoli

Curved shell-supported footbridgesFenu, Luigi; Briseghella, Bruno; Zordan, Tobia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

The assembly and replacement of the WeesperbridgeBlom, Anne; Steenbrink, Arjen; Hesselink, Bert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Case study: challenges of an iconic pedestrian bridgeAnwar, Naveed; Thaung Htut, Aung; Norachan, Pramin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

The new Japan Tobacco headquarters in Geneva - an iconic shape in the Swiss landscapeBaker, William; Binci, Massimiliano; Guscetti, Gabriele; Lelli, Lorenzo; Marsh, Stuart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Perez Art Museum Miami: A Synthesis of Structural Engineering and ArchitectureSmith, Stuart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Geometry and Parametric modeling in the Conceptual Design of BridgesRomo, Jose; Boegle, Annette; Meyboom, Annalisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

GC-05 T: Heritage structures and construction history Eberhard Pelke and Annette Boegle

Three Case Studies of Construction History Applied to the Assessment of Engineering Heritage StructuresEspion, Bernard; Rammer, Yves; Hellebois, Armande; Provost, Michel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Potential for an adaptive reuse of a national cultural property building- Case study of a former sugar factory in Sofi aTraykova, Marina; Metalkova-Markova, Milena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Frost damage and restoration of limestone domes and spheres of heritage buildingsVan Bogaert, Philippe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

The Rendsburg High Bridge across the Kiel CanalBartzsch, Matthias; Geissler, Karsten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Renovation of a Historic Railway Lift BridgeVoermans, Jurgen; Reusink, Jaco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Marina City - The History and Restoration of an Iconic FacadeDuntemann, John; Greve, Brian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

GC-06 T: Recent structural engineering by Swiss engineers Philippe Menétrey

ArtStructures: from competition to realization with the synthetic design methodMenétrey, Philippe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

Apologia for “Sculptural engineering” Klein, Jean-François . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

Conception, design and execution of major structures by the GVH GroupHouriet, Bernard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

viii Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Conceptual Bridge Design beyond Signature StructuresKaufmann, Walter; Meier, Beat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Structural engineers - Added value for successful designGuscetti, Gabriele; Pirazzi, Claudio; Snozzi, Francesco; Walgenwitz, Marc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

Cable Supported Pedestrian Bridges in Remote Locations of the Swiss AlpsBechtold, Martin; Eicher, Manuel; Schmocker, Niklaus; Dietrich, Martin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

GC-07 T: Bridge design and construction

The construction of a new road bridge over Vistula River in Kamien, PolandYeoward, Andrew; Jarominiak, Wojciech; Igielski, Adam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Nonlinear behaviour of steel-concrete composite under-deck cable-stayed bridgesMadrazo-Aguirre, Fernando; Ruiz-Teran, Ana Maria; Wadee, M Ahmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

Developing Cost-Effective Rib-to-Deck Plate Connections for Steel Orthotropic Bridge DecksMukherjee, Soham; Roy, Sougata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

Flexural Strength Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Members with High Strength StrandsChoi, Eu-Jeong; Park, Ho; Cho, Jae-Yeol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

Corrosion effect on compatibility between prestressing strand and concreteWang, Lei; Dai, Lizhao; Ma, Yafei; Zhang, Xuhui; Zhang, Jianren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

GC-08 S: High-rise buildings and long span roofs

The new UEFA building in Nyon, Switzerland: prestressed light slabs and other structural aspectsGuscetti, Gabriele; Lelli, Lorenzo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566

Challenges of a Single-Layer Reticulated Inverted Monk Bowl DomeAnwar, Naveed; Thaung Htut, Aung; Norachan3, Pramin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

Time-Dependent Bending Moment Analysis for Pile-Raft Foundation of Super High-Rise BuildingsLiu, Shehong; Yuan, Juyun; Zhao, Xin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

Sensitivity Analysis of Wind-induced Acceleration on Design Variables for Super Tall BuildingsZhao, Xin; Jiang, Xiang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

Characteristics of Wind Loads on a Rectangular Tall Building in the Time DomainZhuang, Xiang; Dong, Xin; Zheng, Yimin; Zhao, Xin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

GC-09 S: Long span bridges – Design methods and Technology

The recent cable and deck erection methods applied in various types of suspension bridges in KoreaKim, Jaehong; Lee, Minjae; Kim, Jungin; Choi, Jinhyuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

Design challenges of the runnability of long span bridgesDiana, Giorgio; Collina, Andrea; Corradi, Roberto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

Finite Element Model Updating of Suspension Bridge Based on Unstressed Length Identifi cationZhang, Songhan; Shen, Ruili; Chen, Meiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

A new innovative software for long span bridges based on the asymptotic expansion methodFerradi, Mohammed Khalil; Cespedes, Xavier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Temperature Effect on Continuous Modal Parameter Identifi cation of Cable Stayed BridgeKhan, Inamullah; Shan, Deshan; Li, Qiao; Nan, Feilong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

GC-10 S: Cable-stayed bridges – Design methods and technology

Simulation of the time-dependent phenomena effects in staggered erected cable-stayed bridgesLozano Galant, Jose Antonio; Dong, Xu; Turmo, Jose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 ix

Prediction of Wave and Wind Induced Dynamic Response in Time Domain using RM BridgeStampler, Johann; Sello, Joerg; Bruer, Arne; Veie, Johannes; Helgren-Holtberget, Simen; Marley, Mathias; Papinutti, Mitja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

Progressive Cable Yielding of a Cable-Stayed Bridge Considering Geometric Nonlinearities and Uncertainties of LoadsPeyrani, Yohan; Sun, Zhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

A new Steel Damper and Its Applications in Long Span BridgesShen, Xing; Ye, Aijun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

A Study on Economic Effect According to the Design Life of a BridgeJung, Yongjoo; Cho, Chungyoung; Gil, Heungbae; Kim, Hongsik; Cho, Junsang; Lee, Dongjin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676

GC-11 T: International design challenge: complexity of design rules Stephen Hicks and Paul Skelton

Barriers to global adoption of Eurocode 3 and 4Hicks, Stephen; Uy, Brian; Kang, Won-Hee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684

The New Lifting Bridge in Bordeaux, France- Mechanism Design Code Constraints and FreedomsSkelton, Paul; Griesing, Keith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Concept for the Future Development of Eurocode 3 Design of Steel StructuresKuhlmann, Ulrike; Zizza, Antonio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

Comparative analysis of AAEM of Bazant and EC2 in investigation of composite steel-concrete beams regarding creep of concretePartov, Doncho; Kantchev, Vesselin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

Comparisons between design models for serviceability limit state of composite steel-concrete slabsRanzi, Gianluca; Leoni, Graziano; Dezi, Luigino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

Comparison of the Development of AISC and EC4 Code Provisions for Composite ConstructionLeon, Roberto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

GC-12 T: Codes and Standards: over-conservative ? Stefan Zmigrodzki

Bridges that may have collapsed according to codesVan Bogaert, Philippe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725

Tested versus code capacity of existing bridges – Three examplesSas, Gabriel; Bagge, Niklas; Häggström, Jens; Nilimaa, Jonny; Puurula, Arto; Blanksvärd, Thomas; Täljsten, Björn; Elfgren, Lennart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727

Minimum fl exural reinforcement evaluation using fracture-based modellingFayyad, Tahreer; Lees, Janet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

Testing for load capacity of pad eyes used in offshore lifting operationsKvalvåg, Renathe; Siriwardane, Sudath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743

GC-13 T: BIM/CAAD & Co – Tools for engineers Ingo Müllers

Closing the GAP in BIM – an Engineering ApproachNoeldgen, Markus; Wassmann, Wolfgang; Harder, Jennifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748

BIM, a foundation for analysesBorst, Tom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756

Visual Project OrganizationSeitz, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

x Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

GC-14 S: Forensic structural engineering I Dik-Gert Mans

The Practice of Forensic Structural Engineering in IABSE Member Countries: Review of a SurveyPalmisano, Fabrizio; Ratay, Robert T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Applying Forensic investigations of failures of structural performanceWood, Jonathan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

Lessons from Confi dential Reporting on Structural SafetySoane, Alastair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

Objectivity, Bias, and Advocacy in Expert Forensic Testimony Concerning the Standard of CareKardon, Joshua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789

Exploring improvements for structural safetyTerwel, Karel; Mans, Dik-Gert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794

GC-15 S: Forensic structural engineering II Dik-Gert Mans

Changes in codes following structural failures: an Italian perspective on mitigation of structural vulnerabilityPalmisano, Fabrizio; Vitone, Amedeo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801

Failures of external tendons in prestressed concrete bridges: causes, investigations, remediation and preventionGodart, Bruno; Lacombe, Jean-Michel; Aubagnac, Christophe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807

Forensics of a Partially Collapsed Timber RoofZwicky, Daia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

Predicting structural disasters with radar interferometryTerwel, Karel; Van Waning, Henk; Hanssen, Ramon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824

Report of An Unexpected Vortex-Induced Vibration in an Actual Suspension BridgeHwang, You Chan; Kim, Sun Joong; Kim, Ho Kyung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832

GC-16 S: Structural safety and risk assessment Niels Peter Hoj

Risk-based models and requirementsTanner, Peter; Hingorani, Ramon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836

Structural robustness assessment of concrete frames considering membrane action effectsBotte, Wouter; Caspeele, Robby; Taerwe, Luc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

Probabilistic structural assessment of railway masonry arch bridgesMoreira, Vicente; Matos, Jose; Oliveira, Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852

A procedure for prioritizing seismic risk reduction of load bearing masonry structuresWium, Jan; De La Harpe, Charlie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862

Reliability Design for Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements based on Statistical Characteristics of Local Live LoadsAlsanad, Shaikha; Assakkaf, Ibrahim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870

Risk Assessment for Interaction Effect of Adjacent High-Speed Railway Bridges and HighwaysMa, Rujin; Tian, Yu; Hu, Xiaohong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878

GC-17 S: Structural fi re engineering: Developments and applications Ignacio Payà-Zaforteza and Maria Garlock

Tools for Measuring a City’s Resilience in a Fire Following Earthquake ScenarioElhami Khorasani, Negar; Gernay, Thomas; Garlock, Maria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886

IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 xi

Fire Risk Management for Highway Bridges in KoreaGil, Heungbae; Seo, Sanggil; Park, Cheolwoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890

Enhancing Fire Resistance Performance of Precast Concrete Load-Bearing Walls by Using Polypropylene Fibers and Wire MeshPothisiri, Thanyawat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

Buckling Temperature and Buckling Stress of a Steel Member with Lateral Bracing Caused by a Thermal LoadNishino, Takayoshi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905

Structural Fire Assessment of Concrete Filled Steel Hollow SectionsNegrisoli, Giorgio; Stefanaki, Kalliope; O’Connor, Mark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913

Analysis of a heavy goods vehicle fi re in wind conditions and its impact on structural performance of a cable-stayed bridgeMa, Rujin; Ma, Minglei; Chen, Airong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921

Predictive Testing for Heat-Induced Explosive Spalling of ConcreteRickard, Ieuan; Maluk, Cristián; Bisby, Luke; Deeny, Susan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929

GC-18 S: LCA and LCC analysis in asset management Jose Matos

Minimization of Life Cycle Cost for Bridge Asset Management with Multi Stage OptimizationFuruta, Hitoshi; Nomura, Yasutoshi; Nakatsu, Koichiro; Ishibashi, Ken; Kagawa, Yoshiaki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937

A Toolkit for Structures Asset ManagementHickey, Ray; Mikhaylov, Sergey; Hesketh, Oriana; Tachtsi, Lila; Berry, Steve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945

An implementation of expected utility theory in a civil engineering decision problemCappello, Carlo; Zandonini, Riccardo; Zonta, Daniele. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953

Deterioration Prediction of Infrastructures with Time Series Data Considering Long Memory EffectKitaura, Naoki; Kaito, Kiyoyuki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961

A local, data-based approach for SHM-based point ranking of bridgesAndersen, Jacob; Alcover, Isaac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969

Cross-asset risk assessment (X-ARA)Spielhofer, Roland; Vajdic, Nevena; Cirilovic, Jelena; Mladenovic, Goran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977

GC-19 S: Infrastructure asset management Alan O’Connor

Multi-criteria optimization framework for road infrastructures under different scenario of climate changeOrcesi, Andre; Chemineau, Helene; Van Gelder, Pieter; Van Erp, Noel; Lin, Pei-Hui; Obel Nielsen, Kim; Pedersen, Claus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

Traffi c Load Effect Forecasting for BridgesLeahy, Cathal; Obrien, Eugene; O’Connor, Alan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994

Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Deterioration of RC SlabsMizutani, Daijiro; Kaito, Kiyoyuki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002

Integration of cross asset risk assessment into road infrastructure asset managementWeninger-Vycudil, Alfred; Spielhofer, Roland; Britton, Chris; Oldfi eld, Mark; Brozek, Barbara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010

Application of Semi Markov decision process in bridge managementHajdin, Rade; Masovic, Snezana; Stosic, Sasa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017

Development of new bridge asset management considering renewal of existed bridgesMasaki, Ushiro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

xii Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Theme 3: Breakthrough Technologies BT-01 S: Performance of existing structures Ana Mandic Ivankovic

Performance of existing concrete arch bridgesMandic Ivankovic, Ana; Franetovic, Marin; Srbic, Mladen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033

Nonlinear structural analysis as an assessment tool for existing concrete structuresBoer, Ane; Hendriks, Max; Veen, Cor; Belletti, Beatrice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041

Assessment of existing composite bridges in New ZealandHicks, Stephen; Mckenzie, Chloe; Lloyd, Nigel; Graham, Kenyon; Clifton, George . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049

Experimental and analytical study on stress concentration of corroded bridge wiresMiyachi, Kazuhiro; Nakamura, Shunichi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056

Structural reliability of existing city bridgesHellebrandt, Laura; Steenbergen, Raphaël; Blom, Kees; Vrouwenvelder, Ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064

BT-02 S: Performance of existing concrete bridges Ingo Müllers

Structural assessment of existing concrete bridges: A consulting engineers’ point of viewMüllers, Ingo; Nawabi, Assad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072

EIC-based fatigue life prediction for aging reinforced concrete beamsMa, Yafei; Wang, Lei; Zhang, Jianren; Liu, Yongming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080

Performance of a prestressed concrete bridge loaded to failureBagge, Niklas; Nilimaa, Jonny; Blanksvärd, Thomas; Sas, Gabriel; Bernspång, Lars; Täljsten, Björn; Carolin, Anders; Elfgren, Lennart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088

Experimental study on static behavior of damaged RC arch ribsZhang, Jianren; Ma, Yafei; Liu, Binbin; Wang, Lei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096

Probabilistic-based nonlinear analysis of a reinforced concrete railway bridgeFernandes, João; Matos, Jose; Oliveira, Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104

Remaining Fatigue Life Estimation of Railway Bridge Members Subjected to Time-dependent CorrosionAdasooriya, Nirosha; Siriwardane, Sudath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112

BT-03 S: Nonlinear structural analyses tools and safety formats Alfred Strauss

Performance assessment of concrete structures based on probabilistic prediction models and monitoring informationStrauss, Alfred; Zambon, Ivan; Vidovic, Anja; Bergmeister, Konrad; Frangopol, Dan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120

Analysing Concrete Structures - Advances in Material Modelling with Practical ApplicationsRhodes, Steve; Icke, Philip; Lyons, Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128

Shear failure of pre-stressed concrete T-shaped girders: Experiment and nonlinear modelingSlowik, Ondrej; Strauss, Alfred; Novak, Drahomir; Krug, Bernhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137

Monitoring shear-induced degradation of reinforced and pre-tensioned concrete membersStoerzel, Joerg; Randl, Norbert; Strauss, Alfred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148

Shear strength evaluation of RC slabs according to CSCT with multi-layered shell elements and PARC_CL crack modelBelletti, Beatrice; Cantone, Raffaele; Muttoni, Aurelio; Scolari, Matteo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158

Limit analysis for civil engineering structuresArquier, Mathieu; Cespedes, Xavier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166

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BT-04 S: Improving existing bridges I Strengthening the Chillon viaducts deck slabs with reinforced UHPFRC

Brühwiler, Eugen; Bastien-Masse, Malena; Mühlberg, Hartmut; Houriet, Bernard; Fleury, Blaise; Cuennet, Stéphane; Schär, Philippe; Boudry, Frédéric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171

UHPFRC Strengthening Method for Existing BridgesDuan, Lan; Houankpo, Tchehoungbo; Wang, Chun-Sheng; Brühwiler, Eugen; Dong, Peng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179

Challenges in the Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures: Margaret Avenue BridgeHabel, Katrin; Beard Laaber, Christine; Allen, Steve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187

Rehabilitation of transportation infrastructures: the potential of new materialsNabaei, Sina; Nendaz, Sébastien. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195

Study on the Full-scale Bending Experiment of the Concrete Girder Reinforced by Steel Plate and Concrete Composite Strengthening MethodWang, Qian; Li, Rui; Luo, Qiao; Qu, Tian-Yu; Wang, Chun-Sheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203

Preserving and restoring the service life of a critical bridge structureMurillo, Juan; Bougacha, Samir; Nakhaei, Mofi d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211

BT-05 S: Improving existing bridges II Extend the life of existing railway bridges - Results from EU FP7 project MAINLINE

Nilimaa, Jonny; Häggström, Jens; Blanksvärd, Thomas; Täljsten, Björn; Tu, Yongming; Carolin, Anders; Paulsson, Björn; Elfgren, Lennart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219

Cold Retrofi tting Method Study for Fatigue Cracking of Steel BridgeWang, Chun-Sheng; Ou, Chang-Yang; Zhai, Mu-Sai; Duan, Lan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227

Learning technique for repair painting to weathering steel bridgeTakai, Yuki; Aoki, Yasumoto; Tsukamoto, Shigeaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235

Strengthening of existing RC frame in case of construction of additional fl oor with account for the construction stagesTraykova, Marina; Boiadjieva, Raina; Traykov, Alexander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243

Demolishment of a post-tensioned concrete viaduct across a motorway in Almere, The NetherlandsBoeters, Ton; Vergoossen, Rob; Brink, Tewis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248

BT-06 S: Structural health monitoring techniques Branko Glisic

Using measurements to reduce model uncertainty for better predictionsPasquier, Romain; Smith, Ian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255

Feasibility of an intelligent bridge integrated with the smart monitoring systemMiyamoto, Ayaho; Motoshita, Minoru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263

A methodology based on temperature monitoring to reduce fi re risk in tunnels.Rinaudo, Paula; Payá Zaforteza, Ignacio; Calderon Garcia, Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1272

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) – Survey and monitoring based on high-quality airborne photosHallermann, Norman; Morgenthal, Guido; Rodehorst, Volker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279

Large-area electronics combined with integrated circuits into a strain sensing sheetsYao, Yao; Tung, Shue-Ting; Verma, Naveen; Wagner, Sigurd; Sturm, James; Glisic, Branko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287

Extending our Nocioceptive Sense to Structures: Haptic Interfaces for Structural Health MonitoringMascareñas, David; Farrar, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295

xiv Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

BT-07 S: Monitoring of bridges and special structures Elsa Caetano and Alvaro Cunha

Continuous dynamic monitoring of lively footbridgesCunha, Álvaro; Caetano, Elsa; Moutinho, Carlos; Hu, Wei-Hua; Cardoso, António . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303

Monitoring of strain cycles on a railway bridge with a wireless sensor networkFeltrin, Glauco; Popovic, Nemanja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311

Monitoring of a Large Railway Arch BridgeGeier, Roman; Petraschek, Thomas; Mack, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319

Dealing with the peculiarities of the structural system identifi cation of cable-stayed bridges by observability techniquesLozano Galant, Jose Antonio; Nogal, Maria; Castillo, Enrique; Turmo, Jose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1327

Application of Various Schemes for Damping Estimation of the Suspension Bridge for the Cause Investigation of a Vortex-Induced VibrationKim, Sun Joong; Kim, Ho Kyung; Hwang, You Chan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334

Monitoring of reinforced concrete bridges retrofi tted by external tendonsNovák, Balthasar; Boros, Vazul; Koster, Gerhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338

BT-08 S: Monitoring of traffi c load effects

Improved safety verifi cation of existing bridges using monitored dataTreacy, Mark; Brühwiler, Eugen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346

Traffi c characteristics and load responses of specifi c bridge based on the measured WIM dataWang, Xuejing; Ruan, Xin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1354

Measurement and Reproductive Analysis of Vibration Characteristics of Structures Using Running TrainHirabayashi, Masaya; Sasaki, Naomi; Ito, Yuka; Kobayashi, Kaoru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1360

BT-09 S: Data collection and inspection of structures

Probabilistic Assessment of Structural Condition Considering Uncertainty of Measured DataKim, Hyun-Joong; Koh, Hyun-Moo; Song, Junho; Park, Wonsuk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1368

Documentation of bridges by terrestrial laser scannerTruonghong, Linh; Laefer, Debra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1376

Static and Dynamic Properties of Structures measured by Terrestrial Microwave InterferometryBecker, Matthias; Pullamthara, Jiny; Schneider, Jens; Drass, Michael; Firus, Andrei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1384

Damage Detection using Neutral Axis and Prestressing Force DistributionAbdel-Jaber, Hiba; Sigurdardottir, Dorotea; Glisic, Branko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1392

BT-10 S: Determination of structural properties

Improvement of dry air injection system for main cables of Seto-Ohashi BridgesKusuhara, Shigeki; Moriyama, Akira; Okawa, Muneo; Sakamoto, Yoshiya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1400

Defect detection in strand wires within the anchorage area of high tensioned cablesDe Wit, Marcel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1408

Application of non-destructive test on self-compacting concreteEl Mir, Abdulkader; Nehme, Salem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412

Stress Concentration Factors of Tubular Joints in Offshore Jacket Structure: A comparative studyMaheswaran, Jeron; Siriwardane, Sudath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1420

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BT-11 S: Smart and active vibration control Carsten Block

Volgograd-Bridge: Effi ciency of passive and adaptive Tuned Mass DampersBenicke, Oliver; Butz, Christiane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1428

The Construction Vibration Control by Tuned Mass DumperZucca, Marco; Longarini, Nicola; Silvestro, Giuseppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1436

Control Strategies for Active Control via Twin Rotor DamperBäumer, Richard; Starossek, Uwe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1444

A modifi ed bang-bang control for MR damper and experimental validation using RTHSLi, Xin; Dyke, Shirley; Lu, Xilin; Cui, Ye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1452

Control of Wind-induced Vibration by Combined Tuned Damper for Super Tall BuildingsWang, Lilin; Zheng, Yimin; Zhao, Xin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1459

Design and application of anti-seismic active vibration control systemsGuendel, Max; Schott, Dominik; Block, Carsten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1468

Damping of Stay Cables by Semi-Active Friction DampersWagner, Mia; Svendsen, M. N.; Høgsberg, J. B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476

BT-12 T: Construction methods using novel materials and numerical tools

Digital Design & Semi-Automatic Fabrication: Digital CraftsmanshipLucas, Tim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484

CNC-fabricated formwork for a UHPFRC thin folded plate archMayencourt, Paul; Loraux, Christophe; Robeller, Christopher; Brühwiler, Eugen; Weinand, Yves . . . . . . . . . . . . 1492

Accelerated Bridge Construction using Ceramic Concrete SlabsTassew, Samson; Lubell, Adam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500

Experimental study on precast segmental box girders with corrugated steel websZheng, Hehui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1508

A New Solution for Fabrication & Erection of composite box girder of Cable-stayed BridgeZhang, Hong; You, Xinpeng; Zhang, Yongtao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517

BT-13 S: UHPC structures and connections Sung-Gul Hong

Structural behaviour of Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete columns subjected to eccentric loadingSingh, Manpreet; Ali, M.S. Mohamed; Sheikh, A.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523

Experimental Study on the Behavior of Single Bolted Joints for UHPC PanelsHong, Sung-Gul; Chung, Su-Hyung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1530

Effect of Surface Preparation and Curing Method on Bond Strength between UHPC and Normal Strength ConcreteHong, Sung-Gul; Kang, Sung-Hoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1537

Design and Behaviour of Prestressed UHPC Channel Girders Using Local MaterialsManning, Mark; Weldon, Brad; Jauregui, David; Newtson, Craig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1544

Early-Age Compressive and Tensile Strength Gain of a Locally Developed UHPCManning, Mark; Giesler, Andrew; Weldon, Brad; Newtson, Craig; Jauregui, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1552

Prestressed I-Beams Made of Ultra-High Performance Concrete for Construction of Railway BridgesTej, Petr; Kolísko, Jirí; Bouska, Petr; Vokác, Miroslav; Cech, Jindrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1559

xvi Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

BT-14 S: Fibre reinforced plastic composites for structures Ane De Boer

arcoBridge – Low cost FRP Bridges for mainstream applicationsWhite, Simon; Price, Natalie; Rajamanie, Nikesh; Wise, Ian; Trim, Roland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566

Performance in Transverse Direction of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bridge DecksYanes, Sonia; De Castro, Julia; Keller, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1575

Bridge over the motorway A27, steel truss with a FRP deckSteenbrink, Arjen; Kaptein, Gijs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583

Long term effects of wet and outdoor conditions on GFRPKlamer, Ernst; Tromp, Liesbeth; Boer, Ane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1591

An innovative hybrid GFRP-concrete footbridge structureGonilha, José; Correia, João; Branco, Fernando; Barros, Joaquim; Sena-Cruz, José; Martins, David; Fernandes, Lourenço. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1599

BT-15 T: Joints and bearings Thomas Spuler and Simon Hoffmann

Joints and bearings – European State of the Art of sustainable solutionsBraun, Christian; Benicke, Oliver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1607

Smart expansion joints of long-span bridges: self-evaluating by advanced monitoring system.Islami, Kleidi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615

Construction of Humber Bridge A-frame rocker bearing replacementCollins, John; Hornby, Richard; Smith, Daniel; Hill, Peter; Webb, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1625

Pin-Fuse Seismic Systems - Friction Joints that Limit DamageSarkisian, Mark; Mathias, Neville; Garai, Rupa; Horiuchi, Christopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629

Innovative Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Isolation DevicesCastillo, Pablo; Pürgstaller, Andreas; Apostolidi, Eftychia; Strauss, Alfred; Bergmeister, Konrad . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637

Evaluation of Bolted Single Support Bar Modular Bridge Joint Systems for Infi nite Fatigue Life under Simulated Vehicular LoadingArtmont, Frank; Roy, Sougata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1645

BT-16 S: Composite systems

Structural optimization of composite structures using an energy methodKavrakov, Igor; Timmler, Hans-Georg; Morgenthal, Guido . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1647

Early age cracks of concrete casted in different stagesEmbaby, Rana; Embaby, Ayman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1655

Development of the structural system with steel frame and wooden fl oor-Connection method of steel beam and wooden fl oorKuratomi, Yo; Inada, Tatsuo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663

BT-17 S: Performance of structures under seismic action I

Earthquake-induced Collapse Simulation of a Super Long Span Cable-Stayed Bridge Based on an Open Source FE ProgramKaiqi, Lin; Linlin, Xie; Xinzheng, Lu; Lieping, Ye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1671

Whipping Effect of the Seismic Response of Unbraced Tied Arch BridgesCao, Yinghong; He, Eddie; Furrer, Martin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1679

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Parametric Seismic Study on Concrete Shear Keys for Small to Medium-Span Highway BridgesXiang, Nailiang; Li, Jianzhong; Wang, Yi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1687

Proposal and application of the Incremental Modal Pushover Analysis (IMPA)Bergami, Alessandro Vittorio; Liu, Xu; Nuti, Camillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695

Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings Subjected to the Recent New Zealand EarthquakesMantawy, Ahmed; Anderson, James. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701

Effect of a Base Isolation System for Reduction of Annual Seismic Risk of a Steel BuildingDaneshi, Mehdi; Kalantari, Afshin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1709

BT-18 S: Performance of structures under seismic action II

Evaluating seismic retrofi tting effi ciency through ambient vibration tests and analytical modelsReuland, Yves; Garofano, Angelo; Lestuzzi, Pierino; Smith, Ian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717

Modelling and parametric study of self-centering reinforced concrete frame structuresCui, Ye; Lu, Xilin; Jiang, Chun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725

Experimental analysis of steel panel dampers in replaceable coupling beamsChen, Cong; Lu, Xilin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1733

Improvements in the performance index of self-centering capability of columnsLiu, Xiaoxian; Li, Jianzhong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1740

Infl uence of Steel and Concrete Strength on Seismic Performance of Concrete ColumnsSu, Junsheng; Wang, Junjie; Wang, Wenbiao; Mei, Shilong; Shi, Dawei. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1747

A novel multilevel energy dissipative device as an alternative for seismic protection of structuresZhu, Qiyun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1755

BT-19 S: Improvement of structures subjected to seismic action

A repair and retrofi tting intervention to improve plastic dissipation and shear strength of Chinese RC bridgesLavorato, Davide; Santini, Silivia; Nuti, Camillo; Briseghella, Bruno; Xue, Junqing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1762

Seismic Isolation of the existing viaduct B28 in SwitzerlandThomopoulos, Constantinos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1768

UHPFRC versus RC jackets for the seismic upgrade of columnsLampropoulos, Andreas; Paschalis, Spyridon; Dritsos, Stephanos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773

Effectiveness of Techniques for Seismic Strengthening of RC Frame BuildingsTsionis, Georgios; Apostolska, Roberta; Taucer, Fabio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1781

Development of a New Seismic Retrofi t Method Reinforcing only Two-sides of RC Bridge Pier with Bar Cut-off SectionsWatanabe, Taichiro; Kobayashi, Kaoru; Kanno, Takahiro; Saito, Shigehiko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1789

Numerical Investigation of an RC Column Retrofi tted with Steel BraceLi, Wencong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1797

BT-20 S: Long span bridges under seismic action

Static and Seismic Characteristics of Cable-Stayed Bridges with New Stay SystemsSamim, Fatema; Nakamura, Shunichi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1805

Shake Table Test of a Cable-stayed Bridge Model Using Passive Energy Dissipation DevicesWang, Ruilong; Li, Jianzhong; Xu, Yan; Jia, Leying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1813

Spatial variability effects of the seismic action in Cable-Stayed Bridges and modelling techniquesEfthymiou, Elina; Camara, Alfredo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1821

xviii Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Control of the Dynamic Response of Cable-stayed Bridge with Highway and Railway under Multiple Loading by a Viscous DamperLu, Long; Li, Jianzhong; Jia, Leying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829

An innovative isolation system for lateral seismic control of a cable-stayed bridge with heavy deckGuan, Zhongguo; Li, Xiaobo; Li, Jianzhong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1837

Seismic Response and Reduction Research of Long-span Railway Continuous Beam-arch Composite BridgeWang, Yu; Dai, Gonglian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1845

Theme 4: Urbanisation and Growth UG-01 T: Design of buildings and infrastructure in confi ned and complex spaces Bart De Pauw and Hans De Backer

“China Zun” Tower: Pushing the Limits to Chinese PracticeLiu, Peng; Yu, Cheng; Liu, Yun Bo; Citerne, Dorothee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1850

Embodied Carbon and the Redevelopment of Urban DistrictsSarkisian, Mark; Horiuchi, Christopher; Shook, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1859

CANOPEE research program : covering large transport infrastructures in dense urban environmentMoussard, Michel; Appéré, François; Mérand, Pierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1867

Metro Grand Paris ExpressFalcetto, Pietro; Gellee, Aymeric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1879

Extension of the Train Station of BernBauer, Balz; Mayencourt, Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1886

The Adaptive Re-Use of Three 1960’s Era Warehouses as Innovative Offi ce Space: Revitalizing Industrial Rockville, MarylandFerran, Nicole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1893

UG-02 T: Resilient and smart cities Nisrine Makhoul

From Sustainable to Resilient and Smart CitiesMakhoul, Nisrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901

Wikihouse 4.0: Towards a Smart FutureSmith, Stuart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907

Urban Planning for the Driverless Car - Impact of Driverless Cars on the Built Environment and Transportation InfrastructureBrunner, Ueli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913

Structural Equation Modelling in Sustainable Human Settlement ResearchAigbavboa, Clinton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915

UG-03 T: Sustainable infrastructure for developing economies Andrew Martin

Urbanisation in Africa – Taking Angola as an exampleBednarski, Cezary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1924

An evaluation of the management issues affecting government housing agencies in the delivery of low-income housing in South AfricaAigbavboa, Clinton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1932

Urban Transformation Opportunity for Sustainable DevelopmentKöylüoglu, Özgür . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943

IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 xix

Urbanization and Growth in Indian ScenarioRoy, Bidhan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1950

Use of ASPIRE as an effective tool for ensuring sustainability in developing countriesVilla, Alessandra; Borowiec, Philip; Dawoodi, Kayin; Franck, Lee; Morgan, Geoffrey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958

UG-04 T: Engineering in developing countries Aslan Dzhandzhgava

Challenges of engineering design and construction in rurally isolated communitiesBorowiec, Philip; Villa, Alessandra; Franck, Lee; Dawoodi, Kayin; Bang, Avery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965

Living Root Bridges: State of knowledge, fundamental research and future applicationShankar, Sanjeev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974

The new Kamoro suspension bridge in MadagascarDel Drago, Filippo; Tortolini, Paolo; Petrangeli, Marco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982

Evolvement of New Precast Concrete Retaining Wall Design in MalaysiaTan, Geem Eng; Ong, Tai Boon; Ong, Chong Yong; Choong, Kok Keong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990

UG-05 T: Design and Construction of the 30km Temburong Sea-Crossing Naeem Hussain

Temburong Bridge, Brunei - Feasibility StudyCarter, Matthew; Yip, Sammy; Hussain, Naeem; Chin, Kok Kong; Ding, Lee Sing; Lim, Siew Long . . . . . . . . . . 1998

Temburong Bridge, Brunei – Procurement Strategy, Design Basis and Specifi cationsKite, Steve; Hooton, Martin; Mcnulty, Andy; Chin, Kok Kong; Ding, Lee Sing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006

Temburong Bridge, Brunei – Ground Engineering - Part 1: Engineering GeologyBush, Thomas; Millis, Stuart; Leung, Erin; Wyse, Eoin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014

Temburong Bridge, Brunei – Ground Engineering - Part 2: Geotechnical DesignFerrero, Silvia; Leung, Erin; Ngan, Judy; Yin, Kk; Yiu, Jack; Evans, Iolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022

Temburong Bridge, Brunei – Environmental Impact Study and Mitigation MeasuresKite, Steve; Hussain, Naeem; Chiu, Franki; Anderson, Garry; Salim, Hj Mazlan; Chin, Kok Kong . . . . . . . . . . . 2030

Temburong Bridge, Brunei – CC2 Marine Viaducts in Brunei BayTo, Murphy; Chong, Yau-Hong; Luk, Alice; Yiu, Jack; Sangakkara, Sunil; Wojnarski, Lukasz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2038

Temburong Bridge, Brunei – CC3 Navigation Bridges and Associated ViaductsCarlucci, Alberto; Hooton, Martin; Moneypenny, Kelvin; Yip, Sammy; Gainey, Catherine; Leung, William . . . . 2046

Temburong Bridge, Brunei – CC4 Swamp Crossing in Temburong DistrictPoon, Chi-Ho; Yip, Sammy; Vishnoi, Paresh; Hussain, Naeem; Cain, John. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2054

Temburong Bridge, Brunei – Independent Design CheckLöhning, Thomas; Vejrum, Tina; Othman, Dato. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2062

UG-06 T: Long span bridges – Projects I Giorgio Diana and Ian Firth

Twin River Bridges for light rail transit and highwayYin, Delan; Liu, Anshuang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2070

Study for a suspension bridge with a main span of 3700 mIjselmuijden, Kees; Reusink, Jaco; Tromp, Liesbeth; Meijers, Sander; Hagenaars, Peter; Swart, Alex; Smits, Joris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2078

Long-span Steel Truss Arch Bridge Construction and InnovationLiu, Dan; Tian, Wei; Zheng, Jianxin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2086

xx Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Vertical stiffness for tube bridges: Comparing pontoons and tethersReiso, Marit; Fossbakken, Stine; Søreide, Tore; Myhr, Anders; Berge Kristensen, Vegard; Solemsli, Jon; Sekse, Jorunn; Minoretti, Arianna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2093

Dynamic Characteristics of a Longitudinally Asymmetrical Multi-Span Suspension Bridge: The Chacao BridgePizarro, Diego; Hube, Matías; Valenzuela, Matias; Marquez, Marcelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2101

UG-07 T: Long span bridges – Projects II Giorgio Diana and Ian Firth

The behavior of the Third Bosporus Bridge related to wind and railway loads.De Ville De Goyet, Vincent; Virlogeux, Michel; Klein, Jean Francois; Duchene, Yves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2109

Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge – Finding and Consideration for Vibration control of Tower by Active mass damperInoue, Manabu; Kawakami, Takeshi; Takai, Yusuke; Berber, Oguz; Izawa, Ryuki; Oizumi, Satoshi. . . . . . . . . . . . 2117

Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge – Main Cable AnchoragesPedersen, Flemming; Christensen, Søren; Jakobsen, Jonas; Löhning, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2125

Izmit Bay Bridge – Deep Water FoundationsPedersen, Flemming; Christensen, Søren; Jakobsen, Jonas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2133

Buffeting response of long span bridges: numerical-experimental validation of fl uid-structure interaction modelsDiana, Giorgio; Rocchi, Daniele; Argentini, Tommaso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2141

IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 xxi

AAbdel-Jaber, Hiba 1360Adasooriya, Nirosha 1112Adriaenssens, Sigrid 315Aigbavboa, Clinton 1915, 1932Ajrab, Jack 66Alcover, Isaac 969Ali, M.S. Mohamed 1523Allen, Steve 1187Alsanad, Shaikha 870Andersen, Jacob 969Anderson, Garry 2030Anderson, James 1701Anderson, William 66Anwar, Naveed 408, 574Aoki, Yasumoto 1235Apostolidi, Eftychia 1637Apostolska, Roberta 1781Appéré, François 1867Argentini, Tommaso 2141Arquier, Mathieu 1166Artmont, Frank 1645Assakkaf, Ibrahim 870Aubagnac, Christophe 807

BBagge, Niklas 255, 727, 1088Baker, William 416Balmer, Doug 378Bang, Avery 1965Barros, Joaquim 1599Bartholomew, Michael 58Bartzsch, Matthias 466Bastien-Masse, Malena 1171Bauer, Balz 1886Bäumer, Richard 1444Beard Laaber, Christine 1187Bechtold, Martin 526Becker, Matthias 1392Bednarski, Cezary 1924Beghini, Alessandro 155Bell, Glenn 305, 351Belletti, Beatrice 1041, 1158Benicke, Oliver 1428, 1607Berber, Oguz 2117Bergami, Alessandro Vittorio 1695Berge Kristensen, Vegard 2093Bergmeister, Konrad 1120, 1637

Bernspång, Lars 1088Berry, Steve 945Bhatia, Aatish 340Bianquis, Rosalie 93Binci, Massimiliano 416Bisby, Luke 929Blanksvärd, Thomas 727, 1088, 1219Block, Carsten 1468Blom, Anne 402Blom, Kees 1064Boegle, Annette 433Boeters, Ton 1248Boiadjieva, Raina 1243Boros, Vazul 1338Borowiec, Philip 1958, 1965Borst, Tom 756Botte, Wouter 844Boudry, Frédéric 1171Bougacha, Samir 1211Bouška, Petr 1559,Branco, Fernando 1599Braun, Christian 1607Breunig, Stephanie 83Brink, Tewis 1248Briseghella, Bruno 333, 394, 1762Britton, Chris 1010Brozek, Barbara 1010Bruer, Arne 651Brühwiler, Eugen 298, 1171, 1179, 1346, 1492Brunner, Ueli 1913Bush, Thomas 2014Butz, Christiane 1428

CCaetano, Elsa 1303Cain, John 2054Calderon Garcia, Pedro 1272Camara, Alfredo 344, 1821Campbell, Adrian 110Cantone, Raffaele 1158Cao, Yinghong 1679Cappello, Carlo 953Cardoso, António 1303Carlucci, Alberto 2046Carolin, Anders 1088, 1219Carter, Matthew 378, 1998Caspeele, Robby 844Castillo, Enrique 1327

List of Authors

xxii Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Castillo, Pablo 1637Caverzan, Alessio 186Cech, Jindrich 1559Cespedes, Xavier 631, 1166Chemineau, Helene 986Chen, Airong 263, 921Chen, Cong 1733Chen, Meiling 623Chin, Kok Kong 1998, 2006, 2030Chiu, Franki 2030Cho, Chungyoung 676Cho, Jae-Yeol 552Cho, Junsang 676Choi, Eu-Jeong 552Choi, Jinhyuk 608Chong, Yau-Hong 2038Choong, Kok Keong 1990Christensen, Søren 2125, 2133Chung, Su-Hyung 1530Cirilovic, Jelena 977Citerne, Dorothee 1850Clifton, George 1049Collina, Andrea 616Collins, John 1625Corradi, Roberto 616Correia, João 1599Cuennet, Stéphane 1171Cui, Ye 1452, 1725Cunha, Álvaro 288, 1303

DDai, Gonglian 1845Dai, Lizhao 559Daneshi, Mehdi 1709Dawoodi, Kayin 1958, 1965De Boer, Ane 1041, 1591De Castro, Julia 1575De La Harpe, Charlie 862De Ville De Goyet, Vincent 2109De Wit, Marcel 1408De Wolf, Catherine 93Deeny, Susan 929Del Drago, Filippo 1982Delph, Marcel 66Desai, Devki 139Dezi, Luigino 709Diana, Giorgio 616, 2141Dietrich, Martin 526Ding, Lee Sing 1998, 2006Dong, Peng 1179Dong, Xin 600Dong, Xu 644Drass, Michael 1392Dritsos, Stephanos 1773Duan, Lan 1179, 1227

Duchene, Yves 2109Duntemann, John 482Dyke, Shirley 1452

EEfthymiou, Elina 1821Eiben, Catherine 342Eicher, Manuel 526Eiband, Thomas 279El Mir, Abdulkader 1412Elfgren, Lennart 255, 727, 1088, 1219Elhami Khorasani, Negar 340, 886Elza, Peter 75Embaby, Ayman 1655Embaby, Rana 1655Enoksson, Ola 255Espion, Bernard 443Evans, Iolo 2022

FFadai, Alireza 101Falcetto, Pietro 1879Farrar, Charles 1295Fayyad, Tahreer 735Feltrin, Glauco 1311Feng, Yansheng 236Fenu, Luigi 394Feraille, Adélaïde 1Fernandes, João 1104Fernandes, Lourenço 1599Ferradi, Mohammed Khalil 631Ferran, Nicole 1893Ferrero, Silvia 2022Firus, Andrei 1392Fischer, Katharina 212Fleury, Blaise 1171Fontana, Patrick 195Fossbakken, Stine 2093Franck, Lee 1958, 1965Franetovic, Marin 1033Frangopol, Dan 1120Furrer, Martin 1679Furuta, Hitoshi 937

GGabler, Markus 50Gainey, Catherine 2046Garai, Rupa 1629Garlock, Maria 315, 336, 340, 886Garofano, Angelo 1717Ge, Yaojun 204Geier, Roman 1319Geiss, Christian 279Geissler, Karsten 466Gellee, Aymeric 1879

IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 xxiii

Gernay, Thomas 886Giesler, Andrew 1552Gil, Heungbae 676, 890Glisic, Branko 315, 1287, 1360Godart, Bruno 807Gogny, Eric 131Gonilha, José 1599Graham, Kenyon 1049Greve, Brian 482Griesing, Keith 686Grip, Niklas 255Guan, Zhongguo 1837Guendel, Max 1468Guscetti, Gabriele 416, 518, 566

HHabel, Katrin 1187Hagenaars, Peter 2078Häggström, Jens 727, 1219Hajdin, Rade 1017Hallermann, Norman 1279Hanssen, Ramon 824Harder, Jennifer 748Hasegawa, Akira 242He, Eddie 1679Hein, Carsten 110Helgren-Holtberget, Simen 651Hellebois, Armande 443Hellebrandt, Laura 1064Hendriks, Max 1041Hesketh, Oriana 945Hesselink, Bert 402Hickey, Ray 945Hicks, Stephen 684, 1049Hill, Peter 1625Hingorani, Ramon 836Hirabayashi, Masaya 1368Høgsberg, J. B. 1476Hong, Namhee-Kim 369Hong, Sung-Gul 369, 1530, 1537Hooton, Martin 2006, 2046Horiuchi, Christopher 1629, 1859Hornby, Richard 1625Houankpo, Tchehoungbo 1179Houriet, Bernard 502, 1171Hu, Wei-Hua 1303Hu, Xiaohong 878Hube, Matías 2101Hussain, Naeem 1998, 2030, 2054Hwang, You Chan 832, 1334

IIcke, Philip 1128Igielski, Adam 534Ijselmuijden, Kees 2078

Inada, Tatsuo 1663Inoue, Manabu 2117Ishibashi, Ken 937Islami, Kleidi 1615Ito, Yuka 1368Izawa, Ryuki 2117

JJacobsen, Jonas 2125, 2133Jarominiak, Wojciech 534Jauregui, David 1544, 1552Jensen, Poul 378Jia, Leying 1813, 1829Jiang, Chun 1725Jiang, Xiang 593Johansson, Gabriel 195Jung, Yongjoo 676Jurgens, Christiaan 272, 325

KKagawa, Yoshiaki 937Kaiqi, Lin 1671Kaito, Kiyoyuki 961, 1002Kalantari, Afshin 1709Kang, Sung-Hoon 1537Kang, Won-Hee 684Kanno, Takahiro 1789Kantchev, Vesselin 701Kaptein, Gijs 1583Kardon, Joshua 789Kaufmann, Walter 510Kavrakov, Igor 1647Kawakami, Takeshi 2117Keller, Thomas 1575Khan, Inamullah 636Kim, Ho Kyung 832, 1334Kim, Hongsik 676Kim, Hyun-Joong 1376Kim, Jaehong 608Kim, Jungin 608Kim, Sun Joong 832, 1334Kincl, Branko 361Kindij, Alex 361Kirk, Martin 16Kitaura, Naoki 961Kite, Steve 2006, 2030Klamer, Ernst 1591Klein, Jean Francois 2109Klein, Jean-François 494Kobayashi, Kaoru 1368, 1789Koh, Hyun-Moo 369, 1376Kolísko, Jirí 1559, 1559Koster, Gerhard 1338Köylüoglu, Özgür 1943Krug, Bernhard 1137

xxiv Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Kuhlmann, Ulrike 83, 693Kuratomi, Yo 1663Kusuhara, Shigeki 1400Kvalvåg, Renathe 743

LLacombe, Jean-Michel 807Laefer, Debra 1384Lamperti Tornaghi, Marco 32, 186Lampropoulos, Andreas 1773Larsson, Oskar 228Lauber, Guido 248Lavorato, Davide 1762Lawrence, Andrew 110Leach, Jon 307Leahy, Cathal 994Lee, Dongjin 676Lee, Minjae 608Lees, Janet 735Lelli, Lorenzo 416, 566Leon, Roberto 717Leoni, Graziano 709Lestuzzi, Pierino 1717Letchford, Chris 317Leung, Erin 2014, 2022Leung, William 2046Li, Jianzhong 1687, 1740, 1813, 1829, 1837Li, Ming 124Li, Qiao 636Li, Rui 1203Li, Wanheng 124Li, Wencong 1797Li, Xiaobo 1837Li, Xin 1452Lieping, Ye 1671Lim, Siew Long 1998Lin, Pei-Hui 986Linlin, Xie 1671Littman, Michael 342Liu, Anshuang 2070Liu, Binbin 1096Liu, Dan 2086Liu, Peng 1850Liu, Shehong 585Liu, Xiaoxian 1740Liu, Xu 1695Liu, Yongming 1080Liu, Yun Bo 1850Lloyd, Nigel 1049Löhning, Thomas 2062, 2125Longarini, Nicola 1436Loraux, Christophe 298, 1492Loss, Cristiano 163Lozano Galant, Jose Antonio 333, 344, 644, 1327Lu, Long 1829

Lu, Xilin 1452, 1725, 1733Lubell, Adam 1500Lucas, Tim 1484Luk, Alice 2038Lundmark, Tore 255Luo, Qiao 1203Lyons, Paul 1128

MMa, Minglei 921Ma, Rujin 263, 878, 921Ma, Yafei 559, 1080, 1096Mack, Thomas 1319Madrazo-Aguirre, Fernando 344, 542Magalhães, Filipe 288Maheswaran, Jeron 1420Makhoul, Nisrine 1901Maluk, Cristián 929Mandic Ivankovic, Ana 361, 1033Manning, Mark 1544, 1552Mans, Dik-Gert 794Mantawy, Ahmed 1701Margreth, Stefan 212Marley, Mathias 651Marquez, Marcelo 2101Marsh, Stuart 416Martin, Andrew 24Martins, David 1599Masaki, Ushiro 1025Mascareñas, David 1295Mašovic, Snežana 1017Mathias, Neville 155, 1629Matos, Jose 852, 288, 1104Mayencourt, Paul 1492, 1886Mckenzie, Chloe 1049Mcnulty, Andy 2006Mei, Shilong 1747Meier, Beat 510Meijers, Sander 2078Menétrey, Philippe 484Mérand, Pierre 1867Metalkova-Markova, Milena 451Meyboom, Annalisa 433Miccoli, Lorenzo 195Michel, Loïc 131Mikhaylov, Sergey 945Millis, Stuart 2014Minoretti, Arianna 2093Mistur, Mark 317Miyachi, Kazuhiro 1056Miyamoto, Ayaho 1263Mizutani, Daijiro 1002Mladenovic, Goran 977Molina-Moreno, Francisca 178Moneypenny, Kelvin 2046

IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 xxv

Montens, Serge 1Montminy, Sylvain 66Moreira, Vicente 852Morgan, Geoffrey 1958Morgenthal, Guido 1279, 1647Moriyama, Akira 1400Motoshita, Minoru 1263Moussard, Michel 1867Moutinho, Carlos 1303Mühlberg, Hartmut 1171Mukherjee, Soham 91, 550Müller, Urs 195Müllers, Ingo 1072Murillo, Juan 1211Muttoni, Aurelio 1158Myhr, Anders 2093

NNabaei, Sina 1195Nakamura, Shunichi 1056, 1805Nakatsu, Koichiro 937Nakhaei, Mofi d 1211Nan, Feilong 636Nawabi, Assad 1072Negrisoli, Giorgio 913Negro, Paolo 32Nehme, Salem 1412Nendaz, Sébastien 1195Newtson, Craig 1544, 1552Ngan, Judy 2022Nicolin, Rossella 307Nilimaa, Jonny 255, 727, 1088, 1219Nishino, Takayoshi 905Noeldgen, Markus 748Nogal, Maria 1327Nomura, Yasutoshi 937Norachan3, Pramin 574, 408Novák, Balthasar 1338Novak, Drahomir 1137Nuti, Camillo 1695, 1762

OObel Nielsen, Kim 986Obrien, Eugene 994Ochsendorf, John 93O’Connell, Ryan 66O’Connor, Alan 994O’Connor, Mark 913Oizumi, Satoshi 2117Okawa, Muneo 1400Oldfi eld, Mark 1010Oliveira, Daniel 852, 1104Oliveira, Gustavo 288Ong, Chong Yong 1990Ong, Tai Boon 1990

Orcesi, Andre 986Othman, Dato 2062Ou, Chang-Yang 1227

PPalmisano, Fabrizio 770, 801Papinutti, Mitja 651Park, Cheolwoo 890Park, Ho 552Park, Wonsuk 1376Partov, Doncho 701Paschalis, Spyridon 1773Pasquier, Romain 1255Paulsson, Björn 1219Paya-Zaforteza, Ignacio 315, 336, 342, 1272Pedersen, Claus 986Pedersen, Flemming 2125, 2133Petrangeli, Marco 1982Petraschek, Thomas 1319Peyrani, Yohan 659Piazza, Maurizio 163Pirazzi, Claudio 518Pizarro, Diego 2101Poon, Chi-Ho 2054Popovic, Nemanja 1311Potapova, Lana 378Pothisiri, Thanyawat 897Price, Natalie 1566Provost, Michel 443Pullamthara, Jiny 1392Pürgstaller, Andreas 1637Puurula, Arto 727

QQin, Lang 147Qu, Tian-Yu 1203

RRadic, Jure 361Rajamanie, Nikesh 1566Rammer, Yves 443Randl, Norbert 1148Ranzi, Gianluca 709Ratay, Robert T. 770Reiso, Marit 2093Retzepis, Ioannis 8Reuland, Yves 1717Reusink, Jaco 474, 2078Rhodes, Steve 1128Rickard, Ieuan 929Rinaudo, Paula 1272Robeller, Christopher 1492Rocchi, Daniele 2141Rodehorst, Volker 1279Romo, Jose 433

xxvi Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Roy, Bidhan 1950Roy, Sougata 91, 550, 1645Rózsás, Árpád 220Ruan, Xin 1354Ruiz-Teran, Ana Maria 542

SSaad, Fathy 40Sabourova, Natalia 255Saito, Shigehiko 1789Sakamoto, Yoshiya 1400Salim, Hj Mazlan 2030Samim, Fatema 1805Sangakkara, Sunil 2038Santini, Silivia 1762Sarkisian, Mark 139, 155, 1629, 1859Sas, Gabriel 727, 1088Sasaki, Naomi 1368Schaer, Mark 212Schär, Philippe 1171Schellenberg, Kristian 212Schmocker, Niklaus 526Schneider, Jens 1392Schott, Dominik 1468Schubert, Matthias 212Scolari, Matteo 1158Seitz, Peter 764Sekse, Jorunn 2093Sello, Joerg 651Sena-Cruz, José 1599Seo, Sanggil 890Shan, Deshan 636Shankar, Sanjeev 1974Sheikh, A.H. 1523Shen, Ruili 623Shen, Xing 667Shi, Dawei 1747Shi, Tao 171Shibata, Ikuhide 386Shook, David 139, 1859Sigurdardottir, Dorotea 1360Silvestro, Giuseppe 1436Singh, Manpreet 1523Siriwardane, Sudath 743, 1112, 1420Skelton, Paul 686Slowik, Ondrej 1137Smith, Daniel 1625Smith, Ian 1255, 1717Smith, Stuart 425, 1907Smits, Joris 2078Snelson, Timothy 110Snozzi, Francesco 518Soane, Alastair 781Solemsli, Jon 2093Song, Jianyong 124

Song, Junho 1376Søreide, Tore 2093Spielhofer, Roland 977, 1010Srbic, Mladen 1033Stampler, Johann 651Starossek, Uwe 1444Steenbergen, Raphaël 1064Steenbrink, Arjen 402, 1583Stefanaki, Kalliope 913Stein, Michael 317Stieglitz, Lisa 248Stoerzel, Joerg 1148Stošic, Saša 1017Strauss, Alfred 1120, 1137, 1148, 1637Sturm, James 1287Su, Junsheng 1747Sun, Zhi 236, 659Svanberg, Kasper 378Svendsen, M. N. 1476Swart, Alex 2078Sýkora, Miroslav 220

TTachtsi, Lila 945Taerwe, Luc 844Takai, Yuki 1235Takai, Yusuke 2117Täljsten, Björn 727, 1088, 1219Tan, Geem Eng 1990Tanner, Peter 836Tardivel, Yannick 1Tassew, Samson 1500Taucer, Fabio 1781Tej, Petr 1559Terwel, Karel 794, 824Tessier, Christian 1Thaung Htut, Aung 408, 574Thomopoulos, Constantinos 1768Tian, Wei 2086Tian, Yu 263, 878Timmler, Hans-Georg 1647To, Murphy 2038Tokarz, Bernhard 353Tortolini, Paolo 1982Traykov, Alexander 1243Traykova, Marina 451, 1243Treacy, Mark 1346Trim, Roland 1566Tromp, Liesbeth 1591, 2078Truonghong, Linh 1384Tsimplokoukou, Kassiani 32Tsionis, Georgios 1781Tsukamoto, Shigeaki 1235Tu, Yongming 255, 1219Tung, Shue-Ting 1287

IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 xxvii

Turmo, Jose 333, 644, 1327

UUy, Brian 684

VVajdic, Nevena 977Valenzuela, Matias 2101Van Bogaert, Philippe 458, 725Van Erp, Noel 986Van Gelder, Pieter 986Van Waning, Henk 824Veen, Cor 1041Veie, Johannes 651Vejrum, Tina 2062Verbeeck, Kenny 93Vergoossen, Rob 1248Verma, Naveen 1287Vidovic, Anja 1120Villa, Alessandra 1958, 1965Virlogeux, Michel 2109Vishnoi, Paresh 2054Vitone, Amedeo 801Voermans, Jurgen 474Vokác, Miroslav 1559Volkwein, Axel 248Vrouwenvelder, Ton 1064

WWadee, M Ahmer 542Wagner, Mia 1476Wagner, Sigurd 1287Walgenwitz, Marc 518Wang, Chun-Sheng 1179, 1203, 1227Wang, Junjie 1747Wang, Lei 559, 1080, 1096Wang, Lilin 1459Wang, Nicole 139Wang, Qian 1203Wang, Ruilong 1813Wang, Wenbiao 1747Wang, Xuejing 1354Wang, Yi 1687Wang, Yu 1845Wassmann, Wolfgang 748Watanabe, Taichiro 1789Webb, John 1625Webster, Thomas 307Weinand, Yves 1492Weldon, Brad 1544, 1552Wendeler, Corinna 248Weng, Fang-Wen 120Weninger-Vycudil, Alfred 1010White, Simon 1566

Williams Portal, Natalie 195Winter, Wolfgang 101Wise, Ian 1566Wium, Jan 325, 862Wojnarski, Lukasz 2038Wood, Jonathan 774Wyse, Eoin 2014

XXiang, Nailiang 1687Xinzheng, Lu 1671Xu, Yan 1813Xue, Junqing 1762

YYanes, Sonia 1575Yang, Yongxin 204Yao, Yao 1287Ye, Aijun 667Yeoward, Andrew 534Yepes-Piqueras, Víctor 178Yin, Delan 2070Yin, Kk 2022Yip, Sammy 1998, 2046, 2054Yiu, Jack 2022, 2038You, Xinpeng 1517Yu, Cheng 1850Yuan, Juyun 585

Z Zambon, Ivan 1120Zandi, Kamyab 195Zandonini, Riccardo 163, 953Zauft, Doreen 344Zhai, Mu-Sai 1227Zhang, Hong 1517Zhang, Jianren 559, 1080, 1096Zhang, Jinquan 124Zhang, Songhan 623Zhang, Xuhui 559Zhang, Yongtao 1517Zhao, Xin 147, 171, 585, 600, 1459Zheng, Hehui 1508Zheng, Jianxin 2086Zheng, Yimin 600, 1459Zhou, Rui 204Zhu, Qiyun 1755Zhuang, Xiang 600Zizza, Antonio 693Zonta, Daniele 953Zordan, Tobia 333, 394Zucca, Marco 1436Zwicky, Daia 815

IABSE Conference, Geneva, 2015 mmcxlix

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Vol. 104 Elegance in Structures IABSE Conference, Nara 2015

Vol. 103 Safety, Robustness and Condition Assessment of Structures IABSE Workshop, Helsinki 2015

Vol. 102 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People IABSE Symposium, Madrid 2014

Vol. 101 Long Span Bridges and Roofs – Development, Design and Implementation IABSE Symposium, Kolkata 2013

Vol. 100 Safety, Failures and Robustness of Large Structures IABSE Workshop, Helsinki 2013

Vol. 99 Assessment, Upgrading and Refurbishment of Infrastructures IABSE Conference, Rotterdam 2013

Vol. 98 Global Thinking in Structural Engineering: Recent Achievements IABSE Conference, Sharm El Sheikh 2012

Vol. 97 Large Structures and Infrastructures for Environmentally Constrained and Urbanised Areas IABSE Symposium, Venice 2010

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Vol. 94 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Bridges, Buildings and Construction Practice IABSE Symposium, Helsinki 2008

Vol. 93 Improving Infrastructure Worldwide Bringing People Closer IABSE Symposium, Weimar 2007

Vol. 92 Responding to Tomorrow’s Challenges in Structural Engineering IASBE Symposium, Budapest 2006

Vol. 91 Operation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Large Infrastructure Projects, Bridges and Tunnels IABSE Conference, Copenhagen 2006

Vol. 90 Structures and Extreme Events IABSE Symposium, Lisbon 2005

Vol. 89 Role of Structural Engineers towards Reduction of Poverty IABSE Conference, New Delhi 2005

Vol. 88 Metropolitan Habitats and Infrastructure IABSE Symposium, Shanghai 2004

Vol.87 Structure for High-Speed Railway Transportation IABSE Symposium, Antwerp 2003

Vol. 86 Towards a Better Built Environment Innovation, Sustainability, Information Technology IABSE Symposium, Melbourne 2002

mmcl Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenges

Vol. 85 Innovative Wooden Structures and Bridges IABSE Conference, Lahti 2001

Vol. 84 Cable-Supported Bridges Challenging Technical Limits IABSE Conference, Seoul Korea 2001

Vol. 83 Structures for the Future The Search for Quality IABSE Conference, Rio de Janeiro 1999

Vol. 81 Concrete Model Code for Asia Design, Materials and Construction, and Maintenance IABSE Colloquium, Phuket 1999

Vol. 79 Long-Span and High-Rise Structures IABSE Symposium, Kobe 1998

Vol. 77 Saving Buildings in Central and Eastern Europe IABSE Colloquium, Berlin 1998

Vol. 76 Evaluation of Existing Steel and Composite Bridges IABSE Workshop, Lausanne 1997

Vol. 73/1+2 Extending the Lifespan of Structures IABSE Symposium, San Francisco 1995

Vol. 72 Knowledge Support Systems in Civil Engineering IABSE Colloquium, Bergamo 1995

Vol. 71 Places of Assembly and Long-Span Building Structures IABSE Symposium, Birmingham 1994

Vol. 70 Structural Preservation of the Architectural Heritage IABSE Symposium, Rome 1993

Vol. 69 Structural Serviceability of Buildings IABSE Colloquium, Göteborg 1993

Vol. 68 Knowledge-Based Systems in Civil Engineering IABSE Colloquium, Beijing 1993

Vol. 67 Remaining Structural Capacity IABSE Colloquium, Copenhagen 1993

Vol. 66 Length Effect on Fatigue of Wires and Strands IABSE Workshop, Madrid 1992

Vol. 65 Structural Eurocodes IABSE Conference, Davos 1992

Vol. 64 Bridges: Interaction between Construction Technology and Design IABSE Symposium, St. Petersburg/Leningrad 1991

Vol. 63 Interaction between Major Engineering Structures and the Marine Environment IABSE Colloquium, Nyborg 1991

Vol. 62 Structural Concrete IABSE Colloquium, Stuttgart 1991

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18th Congress Report, Seoul 2012 Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

17th Congress Report, Chicago 2008 Creating and Renewing Urban Structures Tall Buildings, Bridges and Infrastructure

16th Congress Report, Lucerne 2000Struct. Eng. for Meeting Urban Transportation Systems

15th Congress Report, Copenhagen 1996Struct. Eng. in Consideration of Economy, Environment and Energy

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