I. The American Industrial RevolutionA. The Division of Labor and the Factory

1.Labor a) Mass production of luxury items

b) Lynn, Massachusetts shoe industrya) introduced an outwork system with a division of labor

2. The factorya) Concentrated production in one building

b) Cincinnati built slaughterhouses

c) Use of water power 1780s

d) 1830s, factories used minerals such as coal instead of water.

I. The American Industrial Revolution

B. The Textile Industry and British Competition

1.American and British Advantagesa) British feared US manufacturers

b) Mechanics can’t leave-secrets of industry

c) Samuel Slater built a mill in Rhode Island credited with starting the Industrial Revolution

d) British-advantage of inexpensive shipping, low interest rates, cheap labor from large population

e) Americans help from tariff bills aimed at driving up the costs of imports.

2. Better Machines, Cheaper Workers

2. Better Machines, Cheaper Workers

a) Americans improved upon British technology and recruited young women from farm families as laborers

b) Lowell, MA, had boardinghouses for the girls with cultural events, moral instruction, and strict rules—known as the Waltham-Lowell System

c) women had decent living conditions compared to farm life

I. The American Industrial RevolutionC. American Mechanics and Technological Innovation

1.Mechanicsa) Developing innovative factory technology, not educated, skillful

b) Sellars Family-machine to twist yarn, weave wire sieves, built fire hoses, papermaking equipment, trains,

c) Founded the Fraklin Institute in Philadelphia

2. Toolsa) American craftsmen pioneered the development of machine

tool

b) Eli Whitneya) Cotton Gin-Devised from women’s hair pins

b) Interchangeable musket parts

c) lathes, planers, and boring machines; these inventions helped to increase output beyond the British system.

I. The American Industrial Revolution

D. Wageworkers and the Labor Movement

1.Free Workers Form Unionsa) Craft workers replaced, wages and directions from

employer

b) Refused to call employers masters, Dutch word-BOSS

c) Artisans leave cities to avoid factory jobs

d) Unionization considered illegal

2. Labor Ideology• During the 1830s, shoemakers in Lynn, MA, who were not

allowed to organize formed a mutual benefit society• in 1834, National Trade Union formed as first regional

union of different trades• Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842), Supreme Court ruled that

unions were not illegal and workers could unionize and strike to enforce a closed-shop agreement

• Anti-employer sentiments• Under this theory, the price of goods should reflect the cost of the

labor required to make them, and the income from their sale should go primarily to the producers

– 1836-50 strikes, workers replaced by women, poor immigrants

II. The Market Revolution

A. The Transportation Revolution Forges Regional Ties

1.Canals and Steamboats Shrink Distancea) Toll roads

b) 1806-Congress appropriates compacted gravel roada) Began 1811 (Maryland), reached Illinois 1839

c) Water travel was faster

d) Erie Canal-huge economic success that encouraged further building of canals in the nation, steamboats

2. Railroads Link the North and Midwest

• New York, Boston, and London capitalists invested in the railroad industry

• Chicago grew as a result of ability to transport goods produced in the Midwest via railroad

• Midwestern farmers could export their crops to the East and to Europe

• John Deere’s manufacturing of farming equipment grew in the region

• Northeast and Midwest had diverse economies, while the South remained tied to agriculture.

II. The Market Revolution

B. The Growth of Cities and Towns

1.West and Midwesta) Urban population grows, around factories

b) Manufacturing and Transit centers

2. Atlantic coastal citiesa) Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore

remained important for import/export but also became financial centers

b) Populations grew as a result of immigration to port cities

c) New York became the hub for exporting cargo, mail, and people to Liverpool and London, England.

III. New Social Classes and Cultures

A. The Business Elite

1.Before industrializationa) Rank families

b) Rural family affiliation despite economic status

2. The urban wealthya) Industrialization changes everything

b) By 1860, 10% of the population owned 70% of the wealth

c) Taxes paid by consumption of products

d) No federal taxes on individual, corporate income

e) cities became divided by class, race, and ethnicity

III. New Social Classes and Cultures

B. The Middle Class

1.Who they werea) farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, traders,

contractors, lawyers, surveyors, business owners, and clerks—Live in NE, some in South

b) Men work to supply family with comfortability

c) women had help in the household and time to read books, play piano, decorate their homes; focused on moral and mental discipline (against carnivals, festivals); stressed schooling and hard work

2. The self-made man

• Idea that one’s hard work could lead to wealth

• Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography (1818) emphasized the importance of being industrious, which became a central theme of popular culture

• Tier-system of the workforce

III. New Social Classes and CulturesC. Urban Workers and the Poor

1. Laborers (1/2 of the population work for someone else)

a) Dangerous/temp jobs, didn’t cover cost of food/rent

b) Children work instead of school

c) Unsanitary housing

2. Alcohola) Solace in alcohol

b) Increase beer/rum sales

c) Men drank during workday, fights-robberies-brawls

d) Police unable to control

III. New Social Classes and CulturesD. The Benevolent Empire

1.Conservative social reform

a) Congregational and Presbyterian ministers led benevolence organizations

b) Alcohol, adultery, prostitution, crime

c) Not just sermons, groups-Prison Discipline Society, American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

2. Disciplinea) “regular habits”

b) Ban drinking at public events, control the unruly

c) Working on Sundays was part of society’s decline, boycott

d) Southerners oppose that slave be taught Christian religion.

III. New Social Classes and CulturesE. Charles Grandison Finney: Revivalism and Reform

1.Evangelical Beliefsa) Part of the 2nd Great Awakening--“God has made man a

moral free agent” with the ability to choose salvation, free will

b) Conversion of all people, rich and poor

c) Preached daily in Rochester, NY

2. Temperancea) most successful evangelical social reform effort

b) American Temperance Society-200,000 members

c) Revivals, group prayers

d) Alcohol consumption down by 1845

III. New Social Classes and CulturesF. Immigration and Cultural Conflict

1.Irish Povertya) Immigrants avoid south

b) Irish fleeing Ireland due to Potato Famine

c) Settle in NE, poor areas of NYC

d) Catholics build orphanages, schools, political org…

2. Nativisma) Xenophobia due to anti-immigrant sentiments

b) Samuel F. B. Morse’s Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States argued that Catholics would obey the pope and not the republican government