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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
U.S. 2007 – 2012 Pork Industry Productivity Analysis
C. E. Abell1, C. Hostetler2, and K. J. Stalder1
1Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150 andNational Pork Board, Des Moines, IA 50325
2013 Swine Educators In-ServiceAtlanta, GA
October 2nd, 2013
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Data Description
Production data obtained from a large U.S. data record keeping organizationAgreement with the National Pork Board to share limited
information.Uses: 1. Quantify the annual production levels and variation
associated for several key productivity indicators
2. Establish industry benchmarks for all swine production phases Breeding herd Nursery Wean – to – finish Conventional finishing
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Data Description
Production data obtained from a large U.S. data record keeping organizationAgreement with the National Pork Board to share limited
information.Uses: 3. Quantify seasonal affects associated with the key productivity
indicators
4. Identify research opportunities that would improve the U.S. pork industry production efficiency
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Data description
Statistical process Industry Trends
Raw means and standard deviations were used
Seasonality evaluationLinear model was used
Fixed effects Company Month Year
Covariates – for nursery, grow-finish, and wean-to-finish Start age Start days Days in facility
Covariates – Sow farm Weaning age
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Data description cont’
Data (records) reported monthly for each production phaseNursery and finishing data –
Monthly averages are based on animals exiting the facility that month
Sow farm data –Monthly averages are based on litters weaned in that month
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Table 1. Number of companies and farms used in analysis for each facility type by year.a
Year Conventional Finisher Wean-to-Finish Nursery Sow
2007 Companies 29 17 29 31 Farms 849 251 398 507 2008 Companies 46 23 41 39 Farms 1339 385 719 708 2009 Companies 49 20 41 40 Farms 1376 334 679 683 2010 Companies 43 19 36 33 Farms 1350 527 571 526 2011 Companies 44 21 35 33 Farms 1382 775 594 564 2012 Companies 50 28 45 40 Farms 1744 830 796 766 aMore than one farm can be managed by the same company. A farm represents a single production site.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Company / farm summary
Increase in the number of companies and farms represented Tremendous increase in the data volume evaluatedResults in improved information and interpretations that
can be made
Companies becoming much more data driven in their decision making process
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Company / farm summary
Grow-finish and wean-to-finish becoming farms becoming more like their sow farm counterparts Farm level decisions much more data driven
Continue greater use of data when guiding company decision process regarding: EmployeeFinancialHealthNutritionalGeneticSome combination
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Use the Data to Benchmark
Compare with other businessesWithin speciesAcross species
Compare herd performanceWithin companyWithin countryEtc.
Set goals for improving herdFor a specific trait or several traits
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Overall Averages
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Key productivity indicators
Sow farm KPIsPigs/mated sow/ yearLitters/mated sow/yearTotal bornStill born and mummiesNumber born aliveNumber weanedPre-weaning mortality %Weaning weightWeaning age
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Key productivity indicators cont’
Nursery KPIsNursery mortality %Nursery out weightDays in nurseryNursery feed conversion
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Key productivity indicators cont’
Conventional finishers and wean-to-finish facilities KPIsFinisher (wean-to-finish) mortality %Finishing weightDays in finisher (wean-to-finish)Finisher feed conversion (wean-to-finish)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Key Productivity Indicator Averages
Means and standard deviations across all farms and operations.Sow, nursery, wean-to-finish, and conventional grow-
finish data
Developed to examine yearly trends across the U.S. Swine industry.
Operations can compare one or a number of KPIs to see if they are above or below average
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Table 2. Conventional finisher average (±standard deviation) productivity from 2007 to 2012a
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percent Mortality 6.98 (±5.61) 6.29 (±4.60) 5.12 (±3.44) 4.70 (±3.05) 4.48 (±2.49) 5.03 (±3.30) Finishing Weight (lbs) 260.1 (±17.0) 261.2 (±16.1) 265.0 (±14.9) 268.7 (±13.4) 271.5 (±12.8) 269.2 (±14.1) Days in Finisher 124.2 (±11.0) 125.7 (±11.0) 124.3 (±11.4) 124.6 (±10.3) 122.7 (±9.7) 121.5 (±10.8) Average Daily Gain (lbs) 1.71 (±0.16) 1.69 (±0.16) 1.75 (±0.15) 1.76 (±0.14) 1.81 (±0.14) 1.81 (±0.15) Feed Conversionb 2.75 (±0.26) 2.82 (0.32) 2.76 (±0.27) 2.77 (±0.25) 2.71 (±0.24) 2.68 (±0.23) aAll farms were given equal weighting. bFeed conversion is defined as feed to gain.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Table 3. Wean-to-finish average (±standard deviation) productivity from 2007 to 2012a
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percent Mortality 8.25 (±4.64) 7.92 (±4.91) 7.61 (±4.79) 6.30 (±3.55) 6.33 (±3.96) 6.39 (±4.79) Finishing Weight (lbs) 262.2 (±12.5) 261.7 (±12.5) 264.2 (±11.0) 270.5 (±13.5) 273.6 (±12.8) 270.1 (±12.9) Days in Finisher 161.5 (±10.8) 162.5 (±11.4) 164.2 (±10.7) 167.9 (±10.3) 166.4 (±9.0) 164.3 (±9.9) Average Daily Gain (lbs) 1.55 (±0.12) 1.54 (±0.13) 1.54 (±0.11) 1.54 (±0.11) 1.57 (±0.10) 1.57 (±0.11) Feed Conversionb 2.52 (±0.17) 2.51 (±0.17) 2.54 (±0.18) 2.52 (±0.20) 2.50 (±0.20) 2.50 (±0.18) aAll farms were given equal weighting. bFeed conversion is defined as feed to gain.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Table 4. Nursery average (±standard deviation) productivity from 2007 to 2012a
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percent Mortality 4.42 (±4.12) 5.82 (±5.71) 4.68 (±4.41) 4.12 (±3.62) 4.32 (±4.32) 3.80 (±3.01) Exit Weight 48.0 (±7.5) 49.0 (±9.2) 49.4 (±8.4) 50.7 (±9.1) 50.3 (±9.3) 50.7 (±8.4) Days in Nursery 47.1 (±5.0) 47.4 (±6.8) 46.2 (±5.4) 46.2 (±5.5) 46.0 (±6.1) 46.0 (±5.1) Average Daily Gain (lbs) 0.76 (±0.12) 0.78 (±0.14) 0.80 (±0.13) 0.82 (±0.14) 0.81 (±0.14) 0.82 (±0.13) Feed Conversionb 1.51 (±0.23) 1.54 (±0.30) 1.53 (±0.29) 1.52 (±0.28) 1.53 (±0.25) 1.48 (±0.19) aAll farms were given equal weighting. bFeed conversion is defined as feed to gain.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Table 5. Sow farm average (±standard deviation) productivity from 2007 to 2012a
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Pigs/Mated Sow/Year 22.6 (±2.8) 22.8 (±2.9) 23.2 (±3.0) 23.5 (±2.7) 24.1 (±3.1)
23.9 (±2.8)
Litters/Mated Sow/Year 2.36 (±0.22) 2.35 (±0.23) 2.34 (±0.21) 2.33 (±0.20) 2.33 (±0.22) 2.31 (±0.22) Total Born 12.3 (±0.9) 12.5 (±0.9) 12.8 (±0.9) 13.0 (±1.0) 13.4 (±1.1) 13.4 (±1.0) Stillborn and Mummies 1.19 (±0.42) 1.23 (±0.49) 1.20 (±0.46) 1.22 (±0.48) 1.24 (±0.49) 1.17 (±0.46) Number Born Alive 11.1 (±0.8) 11.3 (±0.8) 11.6 (±0.9) 11.8 (±0.9) 12.1 (±1.0) 12.3 (±0.9) Number Weaned 9.5 (±0.7) 9.7 (±0.7) 9.9 (±0.8) 10.0 (±0.7) 10.2 (±0.7) 10.3 (±0.7) Pre-weaning Mortality % 14.2 (±5.6) 14.2 (±5.5) 14.5 (±5.6) 14.6 (±5.8) 15.5 (±5.9) 15.5 (±5.7) Weaning Weight (lbs) 12.3 (±1.3) 12.4 (±1.3) 12.8 (±1.5) 13.0 (±1.4) 13.1 (±1.4) 13.2 (±1.6) Weaning Age (d) 19.5 (±1.7) 19.7 (±1.8) 20.5 (±2.0) 20.8 (±2.1) 20.9 (±2.5) 21.5 (±2.8) aAll farms were given equal weighting.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Overall data summary
Finishing mortality has declined over time while market weight has continued to increase Improving mortality by 2% for a 1000 hd. finishing facility
would be equivalent to adding $3,240 each barn turn assuming 270 lb. market hog and $60/cwt.
Days in the finisher have remained relatively constant over timeAverage daily gain has increased slightly over time
Feed conversion has improved slightly across both finishing facility types
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Overall data summary cont’
Nursery performance has change little across the reporting time period
Pigs/mated sow/ year has increased by almost 2 pigs from 2007 to 2012.
Litters/mated sow/year has changed little during the time periodMost of the improvement in PSY is a result of improved
litter sizeSome of the PSY increase is greater stillborns and
mummiesNumber weaned has increased by 0.8 pigs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Overall data summary cont’
Percent pre-weaning mortality has increased.Represents lost opportunityEasy to improve??
Weaning age has increased by 2 days from 2007 to 2012. Weaning weight has increased by 1 lb.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Plots of Averages
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Description of figures
Figures 1 -24 graphically depict the change for the top 25%, overall, and bottom 25% for each KPI for the 2007 to 2012 time period.Top 25% represented by red linesOverall average represented by black linesBottom 25% represented by blue lines
More easily view the rate of change for each KPI across the 2007 to 2012 time period
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Figure summary
KPIs are changing at the same direction for all three groups Each group slope or rate of change may slightly differ
Examples:1. Litter size averages have increased at almost the same
rate across the top 25%, overall average, and bottom 25%.
Litter size limit not reached yet for any group
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Seasonality Estimates
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Seasonality graph description
Least squares means were used to obtain the month estimates using the model previously described.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Seasonality graph
Graphs clearly show the months when decreased performance occurs for each KPI
Decreased performance represents substantial productivity and economic losses for the US swine industry
Identifying causes and methods to mitigate seasonality effects on the KPIs would have a large economic impact on the entire swine industry.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Summary The US swine industry has been successful at
improving production efficiency Some traits (mortality) still represent future opportunities
Increasing the pounds of pork produced in a given period of time and reduced finishing mortality has improved finishing throughput.
Combining improved litter size and pounds of pork produced, the throughput of the US swine industry has increased as a whole.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Summary Key productivity indicator trait improvements may be
the result of – Better genetics Improved health Superior management Other
The results from this analysis can be used to determine when management practices need to be improved and/or maintained to ensure optimal performance level for each swine production phase.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Thank you for your time and attention !
Do you have any questions or comments?