““I GOT WINGS TO FLY AND I GOT WINGS TO FLY AND FEEL THAT I’M ALIVE”FEEL THAT I’M ALIVE”

AIRCRAFT- THE FLYING AIRCRAFT- THE FLYING MACHINEMACHINE

AN EPILOUGE OF TIMEAN EPILOUGE OF TIME

Impossible is just a big word thrown around by small men Impossible is just a big word thrown around by small men who find it easier to live in the world they have been who find it easier to live in the world they have been given than to explore the power they have to CHANGE IT.given than to explore the power they have to CHANGE IT.

Impossible is not a fact. It is an opinion.Impossible is not a fact. It is an opinion. Impossible is not a declaration . It’s a dare.Impossible is not a declaration . It’s a dare. IMPOSSIBLE IS A POTENTIAL.IMPOSSIBLE IS A POTENTIAL. IMPOSSIBLE IS TEMPORORY.IMPOSSIBLE IS TEMPORORY. IMPOSSIBLE IS NOTTHING.IMPOSSIBLE IS NOTTHING.

FIRST FLYING MACHINESFIRST FLYING MACHINES Pre-19th centuryPre-19th century - -

According to According to Aulus Gellius, , Archytas, the , the Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician,  philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist, was reputed to have designed and built the astronomer, statesman, and strategist, was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 meters.This what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 meters.This machine, which its inventor called machine, which its inventor called The PigeonThe Pigeon (Greek:  (Greek: ΠεριστέραΠεριστέρα"Peristera"), may "Peristera"), may have been suspended on a wire or pivot for its flight.have been suspended on a wire or pivot for its flight.

Bartolomeu de Gusmão, , Brazil and  and Portugal, an experimenter with early airship , an experimenter with early airship designs. In 1709 demonstrated a small airship model before the Portuguese court, designs. In 1709 demonstrated a small airship model before the Portuguese court, but never succeeded with a full-scale model. but never succeeded with a full-scale model.

Pilâtre de Rozier, Paris, France, first trip by a human in a free-flying balloon (the , Paris, France, first trip by a human in a free-flying balloon (the Montgolfière). 9 km covered in 25 minutes. October 15, 1783 ). 9 km covered in 25 minutes. October 15, 1783

FATHER OF AVIATIONFATHER OF AVIATION

George Cayley, England — 1853, England — 1853 First well-documented Western human glide. First well-documented Western human glide.

Cayley also made the first scientific studies Cayley also made the first scientific studies into the into the aerodynamic forces on a winged flying  forces on a winged flying machine and produced designs incorporating a machine and produced designs incorporating a fuselage, wings, stabilizing tail and control fuselage, wings, stabilizing tail and control surfaces. He discovered and identified the four surfaces. He discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight - aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, , lift, , drag, , and and thrust. Modern airplane design is based on . Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries including those discoveries including cambered wings. . He is sometimes called the "Father of He is sometimes called the "Father of aviation""

THE WRIGHT BROTHERSTHE WRIGHT BROTHERS

Orville & Wilbur Wright, United States — December 17, 1903, United States — December 17, 1903 First recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air First recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air

flight, in flight, in Wright Flyer. In the day's fourth flight, Wilbur Wright flew . In the day's fourth flight, Wilbur Wright flew 279 meters (852 ft) in 59 seconds. First three flights were 279 meters (852 ft) in 59 seconds. First three flights were approximately 120, 175, and 200 ft (61 m), respectively. The approximately 120, 175, and 200 ft (61 m), respectively. The Wrights laid particular stress on fully and accurately describing all Wrights laid particular stress on fully and accurately describing all the requirements for controlled, powered flight and put them into the requirements for controlled, powered flight and put them into use in an aircraft which took off from a level launching rail, with the use in an aircraft which took off from a level launching rail, with the aid of a headwind to achieve sufficient airspeed before reaching aid of a headwind to achieve sufficient airspeed before reaching the end of the rail. This flight is recognized by the the end of the rail. This flight is recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), the standard setting  (FAI), the standard setting and record-keeping body forand record-keeping body foraeronautics and  and astronautics, as "the , as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".

Wilbur Wright, United States — October 5, 1905, United States — October 5, 1905 Wilbur Wright pilots Wright Flyer III in a flight of 24 miles (39 km) in 39 Wilbur Wright pilots Wright Flyer III in a flight of 24 miles (39 km) in 39

minutes, a world record that stood until 1908.minutes, a world record that stood until 1908.

AIRCRAFTAIRCRAFT An An aircraftaircraft is a  is a vehicle

 which is able to  which is able to fly by  by being supported by the being supported by the air, , or in general, the or in general, the atmosphere of a planet. of a planet.

Although Although rockets and  and missiles also travel  also travel through the atmosphere, through the atmosphere, most are not considered most are not considered aircraft because they use aircraft because they use rocket thrust instead of rocket thrust instead of aerodynamic loading as aerodynamic loading as the primary means of lift. the primary means of lift. A A cruise missile relies on a  relies on a lifting wing throughout the lifting wing throughout the majority of its flight majority of its flight regime.regime.

Aircraft flight mechanics Aircraft flight mechanics Straight and level flight of aircraftStraight and level flight of aircraft:--:-- In flight, an aircraft can be considered as being acted In flight, an aircraft can be considered as being acted

on by four forces: on by four forces: lift, , weight, , thrust, and , and drag.Thrust .Thrust is the force generated by the engine and acts along is the force generated by the engine and acts along the engine's thrust vector. Lift acts perpendicular to the engine's thrust vector. Lift acts perpendicular to the vector representing the aircraft's velocity relative the vector representing the aircraft's velocity relative to the atmosphere. Drag acts parallel to the aircraft's to the atmosphere. Drag acts parallel to the aircraft's velocity vector, but in the opposite direction because velocity vector, but in the opposite direction because drag resists motion through the air. Weight acts drag resists motion through the air. Weight acts through the through the aircraft's centre of gravity, towards the , towards the centre of the Earth.centre of the Earth.

In straight and level flight, lift is approximately equal In straight and level flight, lift is approximately equal to weight. In addition, if the aircraft is not to weight. In addition, if the aircraft is not accelerating, thrust is approximately equal to dragaccelerating, thrust is approximately equal to drag

Aircraft control and movementAircraft control and movement:--:-- There are three primary ways for an aircraft to There are three primary ways for an aircraft to

change its orientation relative to the passing change its orientation relative to the passing air. air. PitchPitch (movement of the nose up or  (movement of the nose up or down), down), RollRoll (rotation around the longitudinal axis,  (rotation around the longitudinal axis, that is, the axis which runs along the length of the that is, the axis which runs along the length of the aircraft) and aircraft) and YawYaw (movement of the nose to left or  (movement of the nose to left or right.) Turning the aircraft (change of heading) right.) Turning the aircraft (change of heading) requires the aircraft firstly to roll to achieve an angle requires the aircraft firstly to roll to achieve an angle of bank; when the desired change of heading has of bank; when the desired change of heading has been accomplished the aircraft must again be rolled been accomplished the aircraft must again be rolled in the opposite direction to reduce the angle of bank in the opposite direction to reduce the angle of bank to zero.to zero.

Classification by method of Classification by method of lift lift

Lighter than air - aerostatsLighter than air - aerostats :- :- Aerostats use  use buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on  to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on

the water. They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled the water. They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low density gas such as with a relatively low density gas such as helium, , hydrogen or  or hot air, which is less , which is less dense than the surrounding air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the dense than the surrounding air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, it adds up to the same weight as the air that the craft displaces.aircraft structure, it adds up to the same weight as the air that the craft displaces.

Heavier than air - aerodynesHeavier than air - aerodynes :- :- Heavier-than-air aircraft must find some way to push air or gas downwards, so that a Heavier-than-air aircraft must find some way to push air or gas downwards, so that a

reaction occurs (by Newton's laws of motion) to push the aircraft upwards. This reaction occurs (by Newton's laws of motion) to push the aircraft upwards. This dynamic movement through the air is the origin of the term dynamic movement through the air is the origin of the term aerodyneaerodyne. There are two . There are two ways to produce dynamic upthrust: ways to produce dynamic upthrust: aerodynamic lift, and , and powered lift in the form of  in the form of engine thrust. engine thrust.

Fixed-wing aircraftFixed-wing aircraft : : he forerunner of the fixed-wing aircraft is the he forerunner of the fixed-wing aircraft is the kite. Whereas a fixed-wing aircraft . Whereas a fixed-wing aircraft

relies on its forward speed to create airflow over the wings, a kite is tethered to the relies on its forward speed to create airflow over the wings, a kite is tethered to the ground and relies on the ground and relies on the wind blowing over its wings to provide lift. Kites were the  blowing over its wings to provide lift. Kites were the first kind of aircraft to fly, and were invented in first kind of aircraft to fly, and were invented in China

RotorcraftRotorcraft :-Rotorcraft, or rotary-wing aircraft, use a spinning rotor with  :-Rotorcraft, or rotary-wing aircraft, use a spinning rotor with aerofoil section blades (a  section blades (a rotary wingrotary wing) to provide lift. Types include ) to provide lift. Types include helicopters, , autogyros and various hybrids such as  and various hybrids such as gyrodynes and compound rotorcraft.  and compound rotorcraft.

PICTORIAL DEMONSTRATION OF LIFT PICTORIAL DEMONSTRATION OF LIFT BASED CLASSIFICATIONBASED CLASSIFICATION

Classification by propulsion Classification by propulsion Unpowered :-Unpowered :- GlidersGliders Heavier-than-air unpowered aircraft such as Heavier-than-air unpowered aircraft such as gliders (i.e. sailplanes),  (i.e. sailplanes), 

hang gliders and  and paragliders, and other gliders usually do not employ , and other gliders usually do not employ propulsion once airborne. propulsion once airborne.

BalloonsBalloons KitesKites Powered :-Powered :- Propeller aircraftPropeller aircraft A A propeller comprises a set of small, wing-like aerofoils set around a central  comprises a set of small, wing-like aerofoils set around a central

hub which spins on an axis aligned in the direction of travel. Spinning the hub which spins on an axis aligned in the direction of travel. Spinning the propeller creates aerodynamic lift, or thrust, in a forward direction. A propeller creates aerodynamic lift, or thrust, in a forward direction. A contra-contra-propprop arrangement has a second propeller close behind the first one on the  arrangement has a second propeller close behind the first one on the same axis, which rotates in the opposite direction.same axis, which rotates in the opposite direction.

Jet aircraftJet aircraft :- :- Air-breathing  jet engines provide thrust by taking in air, burning it with fuel in  provide thrust by taking in air, burning it with fuel in

a a combustion chamber, and accelerating the exhaust rearwards so that it , and accelerating the exhaust rearwards so that it ejects at high speed. The reaction against this acceleration provides the ejects at high speed. The reaction against this acceleration provides the engine thrust. engine thrust.

HelicoptersHelicopters The rotor of a The rotor of a Helicopter may, like a propeller, be powered by a  may, like a propeller, be powered by a

variety of methods such as an internal-combustion engine or jet variety of methods such as an internal-combustion engine or jet turbine. Tip jets, fed by gases passing along hollow rotor blades turbine. Tip jets, fed by gases passing along hollow rotor blades from a centrally-mounted engine, have been experimented with .from a centrally-mounted engine, have been experimented with .

PICTORIAL DEMONSTRATION OF PICTORIAL DEMONSTRATION OF PROPULSION BASED CLASSIFICATIONPROPULSION BASED CLASSIFICATION

GLIDER MODELSGLIDER MODELS

JET ENGINEJET ENGINEFRANK WHITTAL (leutinent of R.A.F.) FRANK WHITTAL (leutinent of R.A.F.)

Jet engines can be dated back to the invention of the Jet engines can be dated back to the invention of the aeolipile before the first century AD. This device used steam power directed  before the first century AD. This device used steam power directed through two nozzles so as to cause a sphere to spin rapidly on its through two nozzles so as to cause a sphere to spin rapidly on its axis. So far as is known, it was not used for supplying mechanical axis. So far as is known, it was not used for supplying mechanical power, and the potential practical applications of this invention power, and the potential practical applications of this invention were not recognized. It was simply considered a curiosity. were not recognized. It was simply considered a curiosity.

GLOSTER METOR WAS FIRST JET ENGINE USED WITH SPEED UPTO GLOSTER METOR WAS FIRST JET ENGINE USED WITH SPEED UPTO 740KM/HR.740KM/HR.

A A jet enginejet engine is a  is a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving  that discharges a fast moving jet of  of fluid to generate thrust in accordance with  to generate thrust in accordance with Newton's  laws of motion. This broad definition of jet engines includes . This broad definition of jet engines includes turbojets, , turbofans, , rockets, , ramjets, , pulse jets and pump-jets. In  and pump-jets. In general, most jet engines are internal combustion engines but non-general, most jet engines are internal combustion engines but non-combusting forms also exist. combusting forms also exist.

SIMPLE DIAGRAM OF JET SIMPLE DIAGRAM OF JET ENGINEENGINE

FACTS FIGURESFACTS FIGURES

IN WW-I &II – TAKE OFF LANDINGIN WW-I &II – TAKE OFF LANDING GLOSTER METEOR 760 KM/HRGLOSTER METEOR 760 KM/HR PISTON FAN MODEL MX 630KM/HRPISTON FAN MODEL MX 630KM/HR PASSANGER CARRIER 840KM/HRPASSANGER CARRIER 840KM/HR ROLCE ROYCE – BOING 777(350PPL)ROLCE ROYCE – BOING 777(350PPL) 45000 N UPTHRUST45000 N UPTHRUST MANUALLY MADE BY 5 MEMBERS CREWMANUALLY MADE BY 5 MEMBERS CREW THEN TESTING – GRADUAL SPEED INCREASETHEN TESTING – GRADUAL SPEED INCREASE EVERY MOMENT 5LAC PPL ARE FLYING BY JUMBO EVERY MOMENT 5LAC PPL ARE FLYING BY JUMBO

JETJET

DESIGNING A JET ENGINEDESIGNING A JET ENGINEAND ITS WORKINGAND ITS WORKING

DESIGN MODEL OF JET ENGINEDESIGN MODEL OF JET ENGINE How A Jet Engine Works.flvHow A Jet Engine Works.flv COMMERCIAL HOBBY BASED JET COMMERCIAL HOBBY BASED JET

ENGINESENGINES

HOMEMADES HOMEMADES

AIRCRAFT TODAYAIRCRAFT TODAY

JET AIRCRAFT JET AIRCRAFT JUMBO JET AIRCRAFTJUMBO JET AIRCRAFT SUPERSONIC JET AIRCRAFTSSUPERSONIC JET AIRCRAFTS SOLAR POWERED SOLAR POWERED UNMANNED AIRCRAFTSUNMANNED AIRCRAFTS ROCKET POWEREDROCKET POWERED RAMJET:-A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no RAMJET:-A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no

major moving parts and can be particularly useful in major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high applications requiring a small and simple engine for high speed use, such as missiles speed use, such as missiles

SCRAMJET AIRCRAFT:-Scramjet aircraft are in the SCRAMJET AIRCRAFT:-Scramjet aircraft are in the experimental stage. The Boeing X-43 is an experimental experimental stage. The Boeing X-43 is an experimental scramjet with a world speed record for a jet-powered aircraft - scramjet with a world speed record for a jet-powered aircraft - Mach 9.7, nearly 12,000 km/h (≈ 7,000 mph) at an altitude of Mach 9.7, nearly 12,000 km/h (≈ 7,000 mph) at an altitude of about 36,000 meters (≈ 110,000 ft). The X-43A set the flight about 36,000 meters (≈ 110,000 ft). The X-43A set the flight speed record on 16 November 2004. speed record on 16 November 2004.

AIRCRAFT MODELSAIRCRAFT MODELS

““WOODS ARE LOVELY DARK WOODS ARE LOVELY DARK AND DEEP BUT I’VE GOT AND DEEP BUT I’VE GOT

PROMISES TO KEEP AND MILES PROMISES TO KEEP AND MILES TO GO BEFORE I SLEEP AND TO GO BEFORE I SLEEP AND

MILES TO GO BEFORE I MILES TO GO BEFORE I SLEEP…..”SLEEP…..”

- ROBERT FROST- ROBERT FROST