I. Basics

A. Zoology is the study of the entire animal kingdom

(zo- {New Latin} = animal; -ology = study of,

knowledge)

B. Zoology is a subset of biology

C. One of the broadest fields in all of science

20,000 known species of bony fishes

300,000 known species of beetles

II. The Commonality of Living Things

A. All are composed of cells (animals are multicellular,

heterotrophic organisms)

1. Cell Theory is a basic tenet of biology. The cell

theory states that:

a) all living things are composed of cells

b) the cell is the fundamental unit of life

c) all cells in our modern atmosphere and

conditions must come from pre-existing cells

(“omni cellula a cellula” ….Virchow)

B. Genetic Unity

1. All organisms contain heredity information in

the same molecule, a nucleic acid called DNA

2. The DNA of living organisms is remarkably

similar. The more closely related two organisms

are to each other, the more similar is their DNA

3. The DNA is not only the reason of the genetic

continuity of organisms, but it is also the source

of genetic and physical diversity through the

process of mutation

C. Organisms share a common genetic history – it is termed the

evolution of the species

1. Evolution is the unifying theory of biology

2. Evidences for evolution:

a) diversity of living and extinct species (currently it is

estimated that there is anywhere between 4 to 30 million

different species existing today; millions of other species

have gone extinct since life began)

b) Fossil record…study of paleontology

c) Comparative embryology (“ontogeny recapitulates

phylogeny”) – the embryonic development of an organism

mirrors somewhat its evolutionary history

d) Study of DNA and its relatedness between species

e) Molecular biology and the study of proteins in organisms

f) Biogeography – the study of the distribution of plants,

animals, and fossils throughout the world (Nearctic, Neotropical,

Palearctic, Oriental, Australian, Ethiopian)

g) Comparative Anatomy

1) homologous structures – structures that are alike

anatomically, but function differently

2) analogous structures – structures that have different

developmental and anatomical origins, but function similarly

(convergent evolution)

3) vestigial structures – anatomical structures that were useful

during some time in the species history, but no longer are

functional

D. Organisms share same environmental pressures

1. Organisms must adapt to existing surrounding conditions or

face extinction

2. Ecological problems

a) Pollution of air and water sources

b) Human overpopulation

c) Loss of habitat

d) Global warming issues from human activities

e) Over fishing and over hunting

f) Use of non-renewable fuels (oil, coal, petroleum)

g) Decline of rainforests

III. Components of Zoology

A. Specialties or sub-disciplines

1. Study of fish – ichthyology

2. Study of birds – ornithology

3. Study of insects – entomology

4. Study of reptiles and amphibians – herpetology

5. Study of mammals – mammalogy

6. Study of mollusks – malacology

7. Study of spiders – arachnology

8. Study of one-celled animals –protozoology

9. Study of parasites – parasitology

• Taxonomy is the science of groupingand naming organisms.

• Classification the grouping of information or objects based onsimilarities.

Why use a dead language?

•We only know about a fraction of theorganisms that exist or have existed on Earth.

•Taxonomists give a unique scientific name toeach species they know about whether it’s alivetoday or extinct.

• The scientific name comes from one of two“dead” languages – Latin or ancient Greek.

Devil Cat

Ghost Cat

Mountain Lion

Screaming Cat

Puma

Florida Panther

Cougar

•There are at least 50 common names for the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.

•Common names vary according to region.

•a two name system for writing scientific names.•The genus name is written first (always Capitalized).

•The species name is written second (never capitalized).

•Both words are italicized if typed or underlined if hand written.

Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor

Which is the genus? The species?

Binomial Nomenclature

Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla

Phyla are subdivided into classes

Classes are subdivided into orders

Orders are subdivided into families

Families are divided into genera

Genera contain closely related species

Species is unique

Categories within Kingdoms

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS:1. 2. 3.

Nine Animal PhylaINVERTEBRATES:

VERTEBRATES (CHORDATES): (1 phylum)

MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

CAPABILITY OF LOCOMOTION

MUST INJEST FOOD

(8 PHYLA)ALL LACK INTERNAL SKELETON, SOME HAVE EXOSKELTON OR SHELL

INTERNAL SKELTON MADE OF BONE/ CARTILAGE

Characteristics of Animals

1. Multicellular, eukaryotes

2. Heterotrophs

3. Cells w/out cell walls, many have specialized functions

4. Usually have a method of movement

5. Most reproduce sexually

6. Require oxygen

Describe the Body Plans of Animals

1. Symmetry: balance in body proportions

a. Asymmetrical:have irregularly shaped bodies, no symmetry

b. Radial symmetry: can be divided along any plane to produce 2 halves which look alike

c. Bilateral: can be divided only one way to produce mirror image halves

Planes of

symmetry

Radial

Planes of Symmetry

Dorsal

Ventral

Anterior end

Posterior endBilateral Symmetry

• Phylum Porifera

• Phylum Cnidaria

• Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Phylum Nematoda

• Phylum Annelida

• Phylum Mollusca

• Phylum Echinodermata

• Phylum Arthropoda

• Phylum Chordata

1. PORIFERA:

SIMPLEST ANIMALS

NO TISSUE LAYERS

EXAMPLES: SPONGES

2. CNIDARIAHOLLOW BODY

HAVE STINGING CELLS

TWO BODY FORMS MEDUSA & POLYP

EXAMPLES: CORAL, JELLYFISH (Jellies), SEA ANEMONE

3. PLATYHELMINTHES:

EXAMPLES: PLANARIA, FLUKE, TAPEWORM

UNSEGMENTED WORMS

FLAT WORMS

4. NEMATODA

UNSEGMENTED WORMS

ROUND WORMS

EXAMPLES: HOOKWORMS, HEARTWORMS

5. ANNELIDA

MOST ADVANCED WORMS

SEGMENTED WORMS

EXAMPLES: LEECH, EARTHWORMS

6. ARTHROPODA

SEGMENTED ANIMALS

EXOSKELETONS MADE OF CHITIN

CLASS CRUSTACEAN - MARINE ORGANISMS

EXAMPLES: SHRIMP, LOBSTER, CRAB, BARNACLE

7. MOLLUSCA

SOME HAVE SHELL

UNSEGMENTED, SOFT BODIES

EXAMPLES: SNAIL, SCALLOP

No Shells – Slugs, Squid, Octopus

8. ECHINODERMATA

“Spiny Skin”

ONLY LIVE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

EXAMPLES: SEA URCHINS, SEASTAR, BRITTLE STAR

9. CHORDATA

All have Nerve Cord, Notochord, Post anal tail

Invertebrate Chordates ->Tunicates, Lancelets

Vertebrate Chordates HAVE INTERNAL SKELETON

FISH, REPTILES, BIRDS, AMPHIBIANS, MAMMALS

Terms to Know• Symmetry

Planes through which a body can be cut and have mirror images.

•Asymmetry•No Symmetry

• Radial•Multiple Planes

• Bilateral• 1 plane (midsagital plane)

Terms to Know

•Dorsal -Back•Ventral -Belly•Anterior -Head•Posterior -Anus•Proximal –Closer to midline

Terms to Know•Distal –Further from midline•Medial – Middle•Lateral - Outside

Anatomical Divisions

• Sagittal – Two equal sides

• Coronal – Front and back

• Transverse –Cross section