Slide 2 Chordates: basically- animals with a notocord
Invertebrate Chordates FishAmphibiansReptilesBirdsMammals Slide 3
Chordata most familiar animal phylum includes humans & other
vertebrates. not all chordates are vertebrates. All chordates have
4 features at some point in their life in the case of humans and
many other vertebrates, these features may only be present in the
embryo Slide 4 4 chordate features: pharyngeal slitspharyngeal
slits - a series of openings that connect the inside of the throat
to the outside of the "neck". These are often, but not always, used
as gills. dorsal nerve corddorsal nerve cord - a bundle of nerve
fibers which runs down the "back". It connects the brain with the
lateral muscles and other organs. notochordnotochord -
cartilaginous rod running underneath, and supporting, the nerve
cord. post-anal tailpost-anal tail - an extension of the body past
the anal opening Slide 5
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/physiol/c34x2chordates.jpg
Slide 6 2 Invertebrate Chordates TunicatesTunicates (Urochordata)
LanceletsLancelets (Cephalochardata) Slide 7 1. Urochordata "sea
squirts" or"sea squirts" or tunicates tunicates larva, resembles a
tadpolelarva, resembles a tadpole. As it matures, the larva
metamorphoses metamorphoses into a sedentary adult sedentary adult
- losing its tail, its ability to move, and many of its chordate
features. the adult form- a sack with two siphons for water to
enter & exit. asexual sexual.Reproduction may be asexual
through budding, or sexual. ( hermaphroditic) Slide 8 White-spotted
Ascidians White-spotted Ascidians (Pycnoclavella diminuta)
(Indonesian) sea squirts, are filter-feeding animals with one
siphon to pull in water and another to discharge it. Adults remain
rooted to the same spot their entire lives. Slide 9 Sea squirts
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/urochordata.html Slide 10
Tunicates have barrel-shaped bodies & are abundant in the
ocean.
http://research.myfwc.com/images/gallery/20060309_140447_23656.jpg
Slide 11 The Georges Bank (New England) is the largest known
infestation of colonial sea squirts in a major offshore fishing
ground soundwaves.usgs.gov/2005/11/fieldwork2.html Slide 12 -Open
circulatory system with a tubular heart. -Also has a simple nervous
system www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artaug98/tuni2.html Slide 13
Tunicates our distant cousins Since the tadpole larva has a
notochord, it is interesting to scientists. This tail can be
thought of as ancestral to rings of cartilage or bone (vertebrae).
vertebrate ancestorsThey are thought to be vertebrate ancestors
http://www.underwatertimes.com/news2/sea_squirt_1.jpg Slide 14
Tadpoles & Adults of Stolonica socialis, photographed in
Brittany, France www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artaug98/tuni2.html
Slide 15 Taxonomy of some organisms continues to be debated: Some
zoologists would put the Urochordata closer to the Echinodermata,
instead of within the Chordata. Some would place the Echinodermata
closer to or even with the Chordata
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/chordatasy.html Slide 16 2.
Cephalochardata LanceletsLancelets found in coastal watersfound in
coastal waters burrows into the sandSwims but no complex sense
organs, so it burrows into the sand of shallow waters row of
tentacles to bring food into its mouth.There it rests with only the
front end exposed to the water, using a row of tentacles to bring
food into its mouth. The sexes are separate in this group; the sex
organs produce gametes which are released into the water at
maturity. Slide 17 A lancelet
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/34-04a-LanceletAnatomy-L.gif
Slide 18 A lancelet
io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/chordate.htm Slide 19 A
lancelet Slide 20 Notochord in a lancelet
www.uta.edu/studentorgs/pdsa/chordata.htm Slide 21 Embryonic
Development All chordates are deuterostomes, meaning that the anus
develops before the mouth in early embryonic stages Slide 22
Animals with a backbone Slide 23 Most chordates are vertebrates
subphylum has over 50,000 species of animals Slide 24 Subphylum:
Vertebrate -Characteristics- VertebraeVertebrae - bones or
cartilage that surround the dorsal nerve cord and form the spine.
Cranium -Cranium - a skull that protects the brain highly
cephalized well developed brain & sense organs
EndoskeletonEndoskeleton - internal skeleton made of bone or
cartilage Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory system :
heart, arteries and veins Also: Paired appendages separate
SexesAlso: Paired appendages, separate Sexes Slide 25 Vertebrates
are divided into nine classes: Myxini - hagfishes
Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys Chondrichthyes - sharks, rays, skates
Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes Sarcopterygii - lobe-finned
fishes Amphibia - frogs, toads, salamanders Reptilia - lizards,
snakes, and turtles Aves - birds Mammalia - mammals Slide 26 5
classes of fish MyxiniMyxini CephalaspidomorphiCephalaspidomorphi
ChondrichthyesChondrichthyes ActinopterygiiActinopterygii
SarcopterygiiSarcopterygii Slide 27 1. Hagfishes 1. Hagfishes (
Myxini) never replace their notochord with a vertebral column,never
replace their notochord with a vertebral column, thus might seem
not to qualify as vertebrates they share a number of other features
with other vertebrates It is unclear if their evolution represents
the most primitive vertebrates or are if they are simply degenerate
vertebrates. Slide 28 Phylogenic tree of vertebrates Slide 29
Myxini (Hagfishes) slime eels Also known as slime eels Hagfish
burrow into & eat dead fish It slimes its enemies, has rows of
teeth on its tongue, and feeds on the innards of rotting fish by
penetrating any orifice
oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/.../media/hagfish.html Slide 30 A single
slime eel can turn a five- gallon bucket of seawater into a pool of
goo in a matter of moments Cabria Colt / AP Slide 31 Hagfish
Hagfish - From MSNBC news Bottom-feeder fish is foul-looking, but
sold as an Asian aphrodisiac Fishing hagfish is creating a business
opportunity for struggling fishermen confronted restrictions on the
catching of salmon and other fish Mark Crossland, a state Fish and
Game warden. The product is difficult to deal with and handle once
it gets stressed it excretes this slime. So icky it had a cameo on
TVs Fear Factor. two contestants sat in a vat of the creatures and
had to push handfuls of them through holes. They described the
experience as sticky, stinky and disgusting Slide 32 Eating Hagfish
Eating Hagfish (msnbc.com) South Koreans drink in front of hagfish
before it is broiled at a seafood restaurant in Seoul, South Korea.
As if its looks werent enough of a turnoff, hagfish, when agitated,
vomit and secrete a protein that reacts with seawater to create a
thick mucus. Slide 33 2. Cephalaspidomorphi (Lampreys) Jawless,
Parasitic Fish - Jawless, Parasitic Fish - Lampreys attach
themselves to their host with disc-shaped mouth & feed on hosts
blood. www.answers.com
http://www.ryanphotographic.com/chordates.htm Slide 34 Class
Cephalaspidomorphi - The Lampreys Slide 35 3. Cartilaginous Fish
ChondrichthyesChondrichthyes ( sharks, rays & skates, ratfish )
www.linkandpinhobbies.com/dinotoys.htm www.mantarayinn.com
wdfw.wa.gov Slide 36 Sharks Shark cartilage- big medical
controversy Has been unconventional cancer & prevention
treatment. But sharks DO get cancer & treatment not effective.
Shark has 6 to 20 rows of teeth. If lose a a replacement moves
forward. may use more than 20,000 teeth over its lifetime. Slide 37
Chondrichthyes Clearnose Skate Southern Stingray Slide 38 Types of
sharks Use dichotomous key shark activity Slide 39 EMBRYO AND YOLK
SAC - SWELL SHARK EGG CASE (JAPAN) Slide 40 Feeding time... Great
White Great whites grow to 20ft long & can weigh 5,000lb. Slide
41 Great white takes bite- seal gone Slide 42 Feeding time: Whale
Sharks -feed on wide variety of planktonic (microscopic) and
nektonic (larger free-swimming) prey, such as small crustaceans,
schooling fishes, and occasionally on tuna and squids. Also,
phytoplankton. www.travelyucatan.com/whale_shark_holbox/whal...
Slide 43 Food for sharks or sharks for food? a swift, powerful
predator and a fearsome menace to swimmers is now itself becoming
prey to mans insatiable appetite for exotic foods. several shark
species are already endangered. advocacy.britannica.com/.../page/4/
Slide 44 Shark fin soup Shark fin soup - a traditional dish for
wealthy Chinese & served at Chinese weddings.
http://www.cdnn.info/news/eco/shark_fin_soup_250163.jpg Slide 45
Shark populations are declining Increased market demand, poor data
on global shark populations, and sharks' inability to reproduce
quickly have international conservation organizations concerned
about the impacts of "finning. Slide 46 Shark steaks- (from
Vietnam)
http://img.alibaba.com/photo/100757660/Moro_Shark_Steak_Skin_On_Bone_In.jpg
Slide 47 Samui Honey Cottage's Lunch (Shark Steak)
www.panoramio.com/photo/8623735 Slide 48 box lunch- skate Asian box
lunch- featuring skate
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1112/1263696632_1ae5cececa_o.jpg
Slide 49 4. Sarcopterygii 4. Sarcopterygii LOBE-finned fishes Have
fleshy fins with bony axis Extinct lobe-fin fish may have been
ancestors of amphibians Groups alive today 1 species coelacanth 6
species lungfish (can gulp AIR into lung as Oxygen source)
www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/far/12588.html Slide 50 COELOCANTH - SUBCLASS
SARCOPTERYGII LOBE-FINNED FISH SINGLE SPECIES - LATIMERIA CHALUMNAE
Slide 51 Slide 52 Evolution to first land vertebrates,
theamphibians. Evolution to first land vertebrates, the amphibians.
four-legged vertebratesRare, modern lobe-finned fishes are
survivors of groups that gave rise to four-legged vertebrates. Late
Devonian (about 360 million years ago), the paired fins of some
sarcopterygians moved under the body and developed limbs
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vertebrates.html
Slide 53 5. Actinopterygii 5. Actinopterygii RAY-Finned Fishes Have
thin, non-fleshy & flexible fins Includes most familiar fish:
Yellow perch, trout, salmon, guppies, goldfish, herring,& eels.
Slide 54 Bony fish anatomy & physiology Operculum -a hard plate
that opens at the rear and covers & protects the gills. Closed
circulatory system heart has two chambered HEART Slide 55
Respiratory system Gills for gas exchange. Countercurrent flow.
Water flows across the gill filaments in a direction opposite to
blood flow Countercurrent flow allows more oxygen to diffuse into
the blood than if blood and water flowed in the same direction.
Slide 56 Slide 57 Skeleton: The major parts of a fishs skeleton are
the skull, spinal column, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and ribs
Slide 58 Internal structures: Slide 59 What is a swim bladder? Most
boney fishes have a swim bladder Adjusts fish overall density by
regulating gas in the swim bladder. Thin walled sac in abdominal
cavity Contains mix of gases (oxygen, CO2, Nitrogen) obtained from
the Bloodstream. Slide 60 Excretory system The kidneys Have
nephrons filter chemical wastes from the blood form urine, a
solution containing ammonia, ions such as salts, and water. The
gills also allow wastes to diffuse from the blood into the water
help regulate ion and water balance in fish. Slide 61 1.spawning. -
most bony fish reproduce by external fertilization (some internal)
2. Some fish bear live young. Example- guppies -can store sperm
& have up to 4 pregnancies from one deposit. 2 methods of
Reproduction Slide 62 Atlantic Sturgeon - Eastern rivers in North
America Chondrostei : Sturgeons (think caviar..) Ray finned fish
are a very diverse group Slide 63 Paddlefish: 2 species
(Mississippi River drainage andYangtze River drainage in China) -
large bill used to stir bottom and expose food Slide 64 JUVENILE
LIONFISH (JAPAN) Slide 65 C. Fish & Humans Pollution/ poor
water quality affect fish too. For list of Endangered &
Threatened Species of Pennsylvania - Fish, Amphibians and Reptiles
go to www.fish.state.pa.us/endang1.htm
www.fish.state.pa.us/endang1.htm O2 is as important to fish as to
terrestrial animals If Oxygen poor water, fish will die Osmotically
unfriendly, (H2O is 800 times denser than air) Water is a soup of
pathogens ocw.tufts.edu/Content/5/Lecturenotes/215706
ocw.tufts.edu/Content/5/Lecturenotes/215706 Slide 66 Can fish be
trained? http://kdka.com/video/[email protected]
port.comhttp://kdka.com/video/[email protected] port.com
http://www.fish-school.com/ National Geographic Video-Over Fishing
http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0704/sights_n_sounds/index.html
http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0704/feature1/online_extra.html
How to Help: Safe, Sustainable Seafood: Slide 67 Slide 68 Slide 69
Stay tuned for some interesting fish: Slide 70 Pennsylvania Fishes
Pennsylvania is home to many popular game fish, including trout,
bass, musky, walleye, steelhead, panfish and many more!
http://sites.state.pa.us/PA_Exec/Fish_Boat/pafish/fishhtms/chapindx.htm
Slide 71 Northern Snakehead Snakeheads are native to parts of
China, Russia, and Korea- alien to PA The air-breathing,
land-crawling, voracious predator found in a pond in Crofton,
Maryland, is now multiplying into PA. The fish's ability to breathe
out of water and travel across land has increased the sense of
urgency among wildlife officials. IF YOU CATCH ONE- dispose of them
properly. Anglers suspecting they have caught a snakehead are
encouraged to NOT release it, and report it to theCommission at
610-847-2442 or via email. email PA REGULATIONS It is unlawful for
a person to possess, sell, purchase, offer for sale or barter live
snakehead species in Pennsylvania.
http://www.fish.state.pa.us/water/fish/snakehead/000index.htm Slide
72 Red Bellied Piranha Serrasalmus nattereri Weight -up to three
pounds Length -8 to 15 inches in length. Can live up to 8 years.
Red-bellied piranhas live in the warm fresh water regions of South
America. Feed on fish, birds, reptiles, rodents, and small mammals.
The name South American native language Tupi-guarani and means cuts
the skin. It is illegal to keep piranhas in 21 states of the United
States. By Pittsburgh Zoo Staff ''A school of these 8- to 12- inch
fish, have been observed gnawing a 400- pound hog to the bone in
minutes'' (from the Book of Facts) Slide 73 Photo in the News:
Century- Old Fish Caught in Alaska April 6, 2007A handful of
Christians preparing rockfish as part of their traditional fish
dinner this Good Friday might be feasting on one of the oldest
creatures ever to live in Alaskan waters. Alaskan Commercial
fishers in the Bering Sea recently hauled in the female shortraker
rockfish seen above, which scientists say was between 90 and 115
years old. Researchers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) used growth rings in the fish's ear bone, or
otolith, to make their age estimate.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/04/070406-oldest-fish.html
Slide 74 Commonly eaten fish:
http://www.eatwell.gov.uk/healthydiet/nutritionessentials/fishandshellfish/
Oily / fatty fishWhite / non-oily fish Salmon Trout Mackerel
Herring Sardines Pilchards Kipper Eel Whitebait Tuna (fresh only)
Anchovies Swordfish Bloater Cacha Carp Hilsa Jack fish Katla Orange
roughy Sprats Parrot fish Pollack Pomfret Red and grey mullet Red
fish Red snapper Rohu Sea bass Sea bream Shark Tilapia Turbot
Tinned tuna Marlin Cod Haddock Plaice Coley Whiting Lemon sole
Skate Halibut Rock salmon/Dogfish Ayr Catfish Dover sole Flounder
Flying fish Hake Hoki John Dory Kalabasu Ling Monkfish Oily fish
are all rich sources of omega 3 fatty acids, which help prevent
heart disease. Slide 75 Would you eat FUGU??? Puffer fish
(genus-Takifugu)( Fugu in Japanese) is an expensive delicacy. But
more than just the money- it could cost your life! It has a deadly
poison (tetrodotoxin) in its organs. Chefs must take intensive
courses & pass exam to become licensed. Only 30% of the
applicants pass the test! Several people die each year from eating
this fish. If an ingested dose of the fugu's poison is lethal, as
more and more muscles are paralyzed, symptoms may include
dizziness, exhaustion, headache, nausea or difficulty breathing.
For 50 to 80% of the victims, death follows within four to 24
hours. To learn more on FUGU http://www.search.com/reference/Fugu
http://www.search.com/reference/Fugu Slide 76 Eating Fish Is eating
fish healthy? Fish and shellfish are an important part of a healthy
diet. Contain protein & omega-3 fatty acids, are low in
saturated fat However, nearly all fish and shellfish contain traces
of mercury. What is mercury and methylmercury? Mercury occurs
naturally in the environment Can be released into air by industrial
pollution. Mercury falls from the air and can accumulate in streams
and oceans and is turned into methylmercury in the water. This type
of mercury can be harmful to unborn babies & young child. Fish
absorb methylmercury as they feed & it builds up in them. It
builds up more in some types of fish and shellfish than others.
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fishadvice/advice.html Slide 77
Recommendations for eating fish to reduce exposure to mercury. Do
not eat Shark, Swordfish, King Mackerel, or Tilefish because they
contain high levels of mercury. Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average
meals) a week of a variety of fish and shellfish that are lower in
mercury. Five commonly eaten fish that are low in mercury are
shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish. Albacore
("white") tuna has more mercury than canned light tuna.. Check
local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and
friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas.
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fishadvice/advice.html Slide 78
http://www.purdue.edu/dp/envirosoft/mercury/slides/wc27new.gif
