201/5000

20 45,000

PSIR D:Driving Forces ( )P:Pressure ( ) S:State I:Impacts R:Responses 5

Karen Ann B. Jago-on and Shinji Kaneko (2008) “Long-term urban growth and water demand in Asian mega-cities” From Headwaters to the Ocean,Hydrological Changes and Watershed Management, pp.483-489. Karen Ann Bianet Jago-on, Shinji Kaneko, Ryo Fujikura, Akimasa Fujiwara, Tsuyoshi Imai, Toru Matsumoto, Junyi Zhang, Hiroki Tanikawa, Katsuya Tanaka, Backjin Lee, Makoto Taniguchi. “Urbanization and subsurface environmental issues: An attempt at DPSIR model application in Asian cities.”Science of the Total Environment, vol.407, pp.3089-3104. Kaneko, S. and T, Toyota(2011) “Long-term urbanization and land subsidence in Asian megacities: An indicators system approach”, Groundwater and Subsurface Environment, Springer.(in press)

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

Cumulativeland subsidence

(m)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

Income level(G.K. int. 1990 $)

0

5

10

15

1900

1950

2000

Population (million)

40-60% 20-40% <20%

Domestic Industrial Domestic

>60%

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

Groundwater level(m)

(1) Change in water demand

(2) Change in water supply source (Groundwater dependence)

Recognition

Early urbanizationon Aggravated period Reformm

1916

1961

1975

(3) Response to land subsidence

Regulation Settlement

Settlement of land subsidence

11960~2000 (Hayashi et al. 2007 )

1913

1950 1960

2 (Hayashi et al. 2007 )

3(Hayashi et al. 2007 )

1 1970(Aichi et al., 2008 )

3

1

A

250m

,1994