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Hydrogen Storage

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Hydrogen Basics

Douglas Conde

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Hydrogen Basics

Hydrogen Gas (H2).

Very reactive.

Most Common element in the universe.

Never run out.

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Hydrogen Basics Cont.

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Hydrogen Basics Cont.

Does not pool

Dissipates quickly

Burns with out dangerous vapors

Invisible flame

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Energy Content Comparison

Pound forPound

Hydrogenpacks themost punch.

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The Great Barrier of HydrogenStorage

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Current Storage Inadaquete

Cost Weight and Volume

Efficiency Durability Refueling Time Codes and Standards Life-cycle and Efficiency Analyses

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Department of Energy

Objectives BY 2005, develop and verify on-board hydrogen storagesystems achieving 1.5 kWh/kg (4.5 wt%), 1.2 kWh/L, and$6/kWh by 2005

By 2010, develop and verify on-board hydrogen storagesystems achieving 2 kWh/kg (6 wt%), 1.5 kWh/L, and$4/kWh.

By 2015, develop and verify on-board hydrogen storagesystems achieving 3 kWh/kg (9 wt%), 2.7 kWh/L, and

$2/kWh. By 2015, develop and verify low cost, off-board hydrogen

storage systems, as required for hydrogen infrastructureneeds to support transportation, stationary and portablepower markets.

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Current DOE Projects

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Current Costs

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Current Storage Technologies

Low and High-Pressure Gas Liquid

Metal Hydrides Chemical Hydrides Physisorption Current Methods

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Gaseous Hydrogen Storage

H2 gas tanks are the most proven ofhydrogen storage technologies.

Carbon-fiber-reinforced. Up to 10,000 psi. High pressure tanks present safety hazard.

Concerns over Hydrogen/tank molecularinteractions lead to embitterment.

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Hydrogen Gas Storage

Energy

Density

System

Density

350 bar

5,000 psi

2.7 MJ/L 1.95 MJ/L

750 bar

10,000 psi

4.7 MJ/L 3.4 MJ/L

Commercially

available Cannot match

gasoline for energycompactness

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Hydrogen Gas: Bulky Storage

Higher Pressure,more energy perunit volume.

Gasoline =34.656 MJ/L

UncompressedHydrogen 10.7kJ/L

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Liquid Hydrogen

BMW working with on board liquidhydrogen for vehicles.

Likely storage for larger applications suchas transportation or production storage.

Highly energy intensive to liquefy.

Concerns over safety due to extremelycold temperatures.

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Liquid Hydrogen:

High Pressurelowtempature.

(22K at 1ATM)

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Liquefaction of Hydrogen gas

The Joule-ThompsonCycle

Energyrequired iscurrently

1/3 of theenergystored

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Liquid Storage Options

Non Portable Liquid Hydrogen Storage

No way to prevent Boil off.

Spherical Tanks. More suited for transportation and non

vehicular storage.

8.4 MJ/L twice the density of compressedH2

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Wrap up: DOE Targets

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Metal Hydrides

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Interstitial Hydrogen Absorption

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Temperature and Pressure Rangeof Various Hydrides

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Metal Hydride Families

Conventional Metal Hydrides (Naturallyreversible) AB5 most common (NiMH batteries) (1-1.25 rev wt%)

AB2 very common (1.3 rev wt%)

AB (TiFe - 1.5 rev wt%) A2B (Mg2NiH4 - 3.3 rev wt%)

AB3, A2B7

Complex Hydrides (Naturally irreversible) Catalysts and dopants used to destabilize hydride phase

Two types Transition Metal

Mg2FeH6 (5.5% max wt%)

Non-transition metal Be(BH4)2 (20.8% max wt%)

NaAlH4

(4.2% rev wt%, 5.6 th rev wt%) (110C)

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Remaining Issues

Reversible capacity

Reaction pressure and temperatureAbsorption/Desorption rates Cyclic stability

Reactive with air and water

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Chemical Hydrides

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Chemical Hydrides

NaH, LiH, NaAlH4, NaBH4, LiBH4, CaH2

Advantages/ Disadvantages

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Hydrogen Storage by

Physisorption Graphite Nanofibers Nanotubes

Zeolites

Henry S Grasshorn Gebhardt

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The solution for storing hydrogen, somesay, is to put rocks into your tank.

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Graphite Nanofibers

Inconsistent results:0.08 wt.% to 60 wt.%

Most likely up to 10-13 wt.% Lots of research

needed

(a) Herringbone, (b) Tubular, (c) Platelet

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Maximumof 15 wt.%

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Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Giant Molecules Length: a few microns Inner Diameter: 2-10 nm

Outer Diameter: 15-30 nm Much larger MWNTs have been

observed.

Not much H2 adsorption?

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Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Lots of small micropores Minimal macroporosity

High thermal conductivity

Bundled SWNTs

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Where the H2 would be...

Maximum of

~8 wt.%,

or, ~1 H-atom

for every C-

atom.

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Doped Nanotubes

Transition metals and alloys Boron and Nitrogen

Other elements Possibility of tuning the adsorption and

desorption to the desired temperature.

Preliminary: ~1 wt.% withoutoptimization.

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Were these

really

absorption/

desorptionof water

rather than

H2?

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Zeolites

An ion (Na+) servesas a door tomicropores:

Lower temp.: closed Higher temp.: open

Temperaturedifference is small for

some zeolites

Si and Al.

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Hydrogen uptake in Zeolites

Most of the innumerable zeolites haventbeen studied yet in this respect.

At least 2 wt.%

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Automobiles Testing with

Hydrogen FuelToyota, Ford, BMW, Honda,

Nissan, United Nuclear

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Toyota => FCHV-4Vehicle

Maximum speed ~ 95 mph

Cruising distance = Over 155 miles

Seating capacity = 5 personsFuel cell stack

Type = Polymer electrolyte fuel cell

Output = 120 HP (90 kW)Motor

Type = Permanent magnetMaximum output = 107 HP (80 kW)

Maximum torque = 191 lb-ft (260 Nm)Fuel

Type = Pure hydrogen

Storage method = High-pressure hydrogenstorage tank

Maximum storage pressure = 3,600 PSISecondary battery

Nickel-metal hydride battery

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Ford => Model U

Performance

Engine horsepower: 118 hp (88 kW) at4,500 rpm

MHTS assist: 33 hp (25 kW) continuous / 46hp (35 kW) peakTotal combined horsepower: 151 hp (113

kW) at 4,500 rpmTorque: 154 foot-pounds: (210 Nm) at

4,000 rpmEstimated fuel economy: 45 miles per kghydrogen (= to 45 mpg gas)Emissions: PZEV or better

Powertrain

Hydrogen 2.3-liter ICE with superchargingand dual-stage intercooling Modular Hybrid

Transmission System

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BMW => 745h

testing with the simpleprinciples of nature liquid hydrogen is generated

from energy and water

in engines - the hydrogencombusts with oxygen ->returns to water

cycles through this processto fuel the car

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Honda => FCX

ENGINEMotor Type = AC Synchronous Electric Motor

(permanent magnet)Maximum Output (horsepower) = 80Fuel Cell Stack Type = PEFC (polymer

electrolyte fuel cell)Fuel Cell Maximum Output (kW)* = 78Maximum Speed (mph) = 93Vehicle Range (miles, EPA mode) = 160

.FUEL

Type = Compressed hydrogen gasStorage = High-pressure hydrogen tankTank Capacity (L) = 156.6Gas Volume when Full (kg) = 3.8Maximum Pressure when Full (PSI) =

5000.0

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Nissan => X-TRAIL FCV

VehicleSeating capacity = 5Top speed (km/h) = 145Cruising range (km) = Over 350

MotorType = Coaxial motor integrated with

reduction gear

Maximum power (kW) = 85Fuel cell stackFuel cell = Solid polymer electrolyte typeMaximum power (kW) = 63Supplier = UTC Fuel Cells (USA)

Storage batteryType = Compact Lithium-ion Battery

Fueling system

Fuel type = Compressed hydrogen gasMax. charging pressure (MPa) = 35

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United Nuclear

took a 1994Corvette andcreated a hydrogen

fuel system Driving range is

700+ miles per fillwith a near-zero fuel

cost

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United Nuclear

stores the hydrogen inhydride tanks, which absorbthe hydrogen like a spongesoaking up water

this is actually a saferstorage system than agasoline tank is