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S. Konishi, N.Hasegawa and Y. YamamotoKyoto University
Hydrogen Production from Biomass with Fusion Heat - Its feasibility and Impact
Mar. 7, 2008UCSD,La Jolla, CA,USA
Japan-US workshop onFusion Power Plants and Related Advanced Technologies
(With participation of EU?)
・Future fuel use－ Fuel cells for automobile－ aircrafts
・Dispersed electricity system－ Cogeneration－ Fuel cell, － micro gas turbine
(could be other synthetic fuels)
Why Hydrogen?
Aircraft
Automobile
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
21000
5
10
15
20
25
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080Year
ElectricitySolid FuelLiquid FuelGaseous Fuel
Ener
gy de
mand
(GTO
E)
Example of Outlook of Global Energy Consumption by IPCC92a
Market 4 times larger than electricityReplaces fossil (not possible for LWR,renewable)
Substitute fewer than electricity source
Future Energy System
・Electricity and Synthetic fuels mutually converted－ Resources required for raw material and energy－ Substitution and competition with fossil occur
conversion efficiency?
Heat
H2CH4MeOHSyn.fuels
Water
Fossil resources
grid
transport
Utility gas
Cogene-ration
chemicalCO2 sequestration
Electrolysis
Reforming
Shift Reaction
Renewables
BiomassIndepenentpower
Electricity
Fuel cell
Raw material
Nuclear
Energy Conversion
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Hydrogen Production by Fusion
Fusion can provide both high temperature heat with advanced blanket options (DCLL etc.)- Applicable for most of hydrogen production processes
There may be competitors…As Electricity
-water electrolysis, SPE electrolysis : renewables, LWR-Vapor electrolysis : HTGR
As heat-Steam reforming:HTGR(800C), -membrane reactor:FBR(600C)-IS process :HTGR(950C)
-biomass decomposition: HTGR
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
High TemperatureBlanket needed,
So IHX.
1) LiPb-RAFM blanket with SiC insert(DCLL)・SiC with low thermal conductivityused for FCI
・thermal and electical insulation・passive function limits output temp.~700 degree.
2) SiC Heat Exchanger program andactive cooling component
・ active cooling enhances insulation and enables over 900 degree output.
→high temperature (high pressure )He, orhigh temperature lead as secondaryheat transfer media.
Concept of “Realistic” ＬｉＰｂ－ＳｉＣ blanketKyoto University Institute of Advanced Energy
LiPb
He
SiC insertDual coolant:LiPb+He
High temperature HeSiC IHX
RAFM
Selecting use of fusion heat
To utilize carbon-free fusion energy,criteria are;
CO2 reduction/unit heat
Cementindustry
Ethylene
Coal gasification
metallurgy
Biomasshydrogen
○Endothermic・as transformation offusion energy
○Reduce CO2 emission・Replacing fossil fuelwith fusion
○Market scale・Large unit capacity En
ergy
abso
rptio
n (kJ
/mol)
Generation(replacing Fission)
Generation(replacing Fossil)
10 kJ/year
100
300
1210 kJ/year
10 kJ/year
Electricity generation is a good option if fusion replaces fossil.Biomass hydrogen saves fossil and generates larger energy.
13
14
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Hydrogen conversion and Carbon gasification
Hydrogen conversion =
Carbon Gasification =
Hydrogen by above reactionObserved hydrogen
× 100
Carbon in reactant× 100
Gaseous carbon in CO,CO2,CH4
Cellulose (C6H10O5)n + nH2O → 6nCO + 6nH2
Lignin (CH1.4O0.3)n + 0.7nH2O → nCO + 1.4nH2
C + H2O ⇔ H2 + CO
CO + H2O ⇔ H2 + CO2C + CO2 ⇔ 2CO
2CO + 2H2 ⇔ CH4 + CO2
C + 2 H2 ⇔ CH4
CH4 + H2O ⇔ 3H2 + CO
2C + 2H2O ⇔ CH4 + CO2
Kyoto University Institute of Advanced Energy
Experimental apparatus
Mass Flow Controller
Steam GeneratorHe Gas
Thermo couple
Ar Gas
Gas ChromatographGas Bag Cooler
Steam + Ar
Sample + He
Thermo coupleTo Vent
Quartz WoolCatalyst
Infrared Image Furnace
Biomass sample (Cellulose,Rignin, )
Ob
Kyoto University Institute of Advanced Energy
Conversion of Cellulose by Heat
n(C6H10O5) + mH2O H2 + CO + HCs
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
700 800 900 1000 1100Temperature [℃]
Gas
pro
duction [
×10-
3 mol]
H2
CO
CH4CO2
Gas flow rate 85ml/sCellulose0.15gVapor concentration 4%
Conve
rsio
n r
atio
50%
Cellulose is completely gasified w/o catalyst,But conversion efficiency is limited.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
20 40 60 80 100
Flow rate[ml/s]H
eat
abs
orp
tion[k
J/m
ol]
0%4%5%
100
75
50
0
25
Heat
eff
icie
ncy
H2O
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Con
vers
ion[
%]
0
20
40
60
80
100
600 700 800 900 1000Temperature[℃]
No Cat.Ni
Co
CH4CO2CO
Gasification of Cellulose with CatalystsInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
>95% carbon was converted to C1 gases with Ni.
experiments
CH4CO2CO
Thermochemical equilibrium
This conversion efficiency is practical level.
Con
vers
ion[
%]
0
20
40
60
80
100
600 700 800 900 1000Temperature[℃]
No cataystNiCo
Conversion to hydrogenInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
theoretical
High hydrogen yield obtained with catalysts.
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto UniversityGasification of lignin with Catalysts
CH4CO2CO
experiments
CH4CO2CO
Thermochemicalequilibrium
Lignin:Typical content:(CH1.4O0.3)Higher carbon content
No Cat.Ni
Co
conv
ersi
on[%
]
0
20
40
60
80
100
600 700 800 900 1000temperature[℃]
No cataystNiCo
Ca,80% carbon was converted to C1 gases with Ni and Co.
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Reactant [mg]A
bsor
bed
heat
[kJ] lignin（experiment)
cellulose（experiment)
cellulose（theoretical)
lignin（theoretical)
SrCO3 = SrO + CO2 – 210.2 kJ
Heat adsorption calibrated by
Known endothermic reaction
heat absorption measurement
Temperature change in reaction
920
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70860870880890900910
tem
pera
ture
[℃]
time[sec]80
cellulose 50mglignin 50mg
Reactant in 60sec
Apparent heat efficiencycellulose ：83%lignin ：80%
Measurement of heat adsorptionInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
kd
17mm/20mm
biomass
steam
He
Concept of the reactor
Diameter:~3.5mReactor tube：29500
He path
948℃
1143℃
Gas product
Fusionreactor
6060Reaction time(s)
0.410.29Reaction heat(kJ)
rignincelluloseAssumed biamass:6Mton/year(cellulose 70%,lignin 30%)
10m
Biomass/product path path
Concept of the reactorInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
CO + H2O ⇔ H2 + CO2
He1375kg/s
HX
rector
1143℃
H2O55kg/s
948℃
929℃
separator
H229.0kg/s
H2O76kg/s
ShiftReaction
Fusion reactor：1530MW
1395MW
Flow diagram from fusion to hydrogen
H2COCO2CH4
15.9kg/s117.9kg/s85.6kg/s4.5kg/s
kJOHOH 28621
222 +=+Hydrogen
Hydrogen energy/fusion heat=270%
CO2：271kg/sCH4：4.5kg/s
Biomass190kg/s
Fusion hydrogen production processInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
◯Processing capacity・4240t／h biomass 280t of H2
◯endothermic reaction converts both biomass and fusion into fuel.・2.5GWt 5.1GWe equivalent with FC(@70%)
Fusion can produce Hydrogen
2120 t/h
H2 280 t/h
600℃
FusionReactor2.5ＧＷｔｈ
biomassCO 2.0E+06 kg/hH2 1.4E+05 kg/h
CO2 3.1E+06 kg/h
ChemicalReactor
Heat exchange,Shift reaction
cooler
Turbine
Steam(640 t/h)He
1.16E+07 kg/h
H2O
Fusion generates hydrogen from biomass with efficiencyIf high temperature is achieved. 18.6Mt/y waste←60Mt/inJapan
Feeds 1.1M FCV /day or17M FCV/year*
(*assuming 6kg/dayor 460g/year, MITI,Japan)
Fusion heat
Energy Conversion efficiencyInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Thermal cycleLoss (40~70%)
electricity hydrogenElectrolysisLoss
Fusion heat IS process hydrogen
Chemical cycleLoss(50%)
water
Fusion heat gasification hydrogen
water
Biomass(with enthalpy)
From 3GW heat efficiency electricity Energyconsumption
Hydrogenproduction
300C-electrolysis 1GW 28 6kJ/ mol 25 t / h900C-SPE electrolysis 1 .5GW 23 1kJ/ mol 44t /h900C-vapor electrolysis950C-IS process
1 .5GW 18 1kJ/ mol 56t /h
33 %50 %50 %
900C-biomass 270% 5GWeq 60 kJ/ mol 34 0t / h
Energy Eficiency
◯amount of produced hydrogen from unit heat・low temperature（３００℃）generation
→ conventional electrolysis・high temperature（９００℃）generation
→ vapor electrolysis・ high temperature（９００℃） → thermochemical production
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
~50%
Energy Source Options
renewables LWR fusion(HTGR) FBRConv.electrolysis ○ ○ ○ ○Vapor electrolysis × × ○ ×IS process × × ○ ×Steam reforming × × ○ ?Biomass hydrogen × × ○ ?
For hydrogen production, some energy sources provide limited options.
Renewables (PV, wind, hydro) cannot provide heat.LPR temperature not suitable for chemical process.
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto UniversityUse of Fusion Heat
Blanket option temperature technology efficiency challenge
WCPB 300 ℃ Rankine 33% proven
HCPB/HCLL ~500℃ Rankine ~40% proven
Supercritical 500 ℃ SCW >40% available
DCLL ~700℃ SC-CO2 ~50% GEN-IV
LL-SiC 900℃ SC-CO2 50% IHX?
900℃ Brayton ~60% GEN-IV
900℃ bio-H2 >>200% ?
Blanket and generation technology combinationrequires more consideration.
SiC-based intermediate heat exchanger is beingdeveloped
Fusion and hydrogen market
○Fusion has advantages for hydrogen systems.・Serves various hydrogen production processes・Fusion can improve in temperature by blanket development.・High temperature application is suitable for hydrogen.・ Fusion has less limitation in resource, site, environment, and nuclear proliferation. →suitable for deployment in developing countries.
○Hydrogen application provides fusion a better chance.・Eventually larger market than electricity・Global demands for fuel and its supply capability.・Hydrogen requires both large scale source and remotesupply. (Electricity and electrolysis)
・Blanket and energy plants can be developed independently.・Possibly slower demand change than electricity.
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Hydrogen production from biomass at hightemperature endothermic reaction is demonstrated at Kyoto University.Fusion plant will have to be designed and evaluated from socio-economic aspects,i.e.,global environmental problem and energy market.Both experimental and design studies shows possible hydrogen production with high temperature blanket.
Kyoto University Institute of Advanced EnergyConclusion
