Hydrogen Intl Combustion Schwartz

8/12/2019 Hydrogen Intl Combustion Schwartz

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Hydrogen Internal

CombustionEngines(HICEs)


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Hydrogen Policy Described

Mandate the CAA CFFPprogram nationwide

Mandate the CPP

nationwide Tax incentives for auto

companies to: developHICE vehicles, engage in

R & D partnerships, andestablish a H2infrastructure

Funded research into

H2 production and

storage

More funding for HICE

R & D

H2 as a natural gas

additive15% pipelines Fossil fuel disincentives


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Problems H2 policy should address:

Consumer access to a H2/ LH2

infrastructure (centralized ordecentralized)

Government investment into HICE

vehicle development

Government funding for H2 production

Establishment of uniform safety rules for

H2 production, storage, and handling
http://www.kuleuven.ac.be/english/research/research.jpghttp://www.texasrealtoronline.com/issues/0702/technology/telescope.jpghttp://www.srl.gatech.edu/research/navy/dave2.gifhttp://www.rpiv8.com/projects/017-fill-up-2.jpghttp://www.bascomturner.com/images/cgi_gl.jpghttp://www.iamas.ac.jp/~kaminari/RoboCup/regulations.gifhttp://www.murraylands.org.au/dbase/infrastructure/pipetower.jpg


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CONCLUSIONS HICEs are a viable alternative for bridging

the gap to the H2 fuel cell economy

HICEs may be a viable long-term

possibility as the ICE has undergone 100years of refinement

To lessen greenhouse gases and foreign oil

dependence, the government shouldencourage the transition to the H2 economy

with large investments in R&D, subsidies

and tax incentives, and CAA amendments


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Encouraging HICEsEmpirically

Todays safer,cleaner vehiclesare the result ofregulations

Subsidies vs. Taxes: Auto companies

ability to absorb

further costs Loss of revenues

from fossil fueltaxes

Tech-forcing
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.ott.doe.gov/images/freedom_car_logo_small.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ott.doe.gov/partnerships.shtml&h=33&w=100&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522FREEDOM%2BCAR%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG


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Status Quo HICE Policy February, 2003 proposal

DOE-EU agreement

Senator Dorgans proposal

Freedom car

Demonstrated refueling

Commercial codes, standards

H cost equivalent to gas H ICEs

Improved manufacturing
http://www.eurunion.org/legislat/agd2000/EnlargementMapSm.jpghttp://www.house.gov/pickering/dorgan2.jpghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.er.doe.gov/henp/_borders/DOE.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.er.doe.gov/henp/HENPlabs.htm&h=346&w=343&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddoe%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.ott.doe.gov/images/freedom_car_logo_small.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ott.doe.gov/partnerships.shtml&h=33&w=100&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522FREEDOM%2BCAR%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG


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Foreign Oil Dependence Imported oil

comprises 55% ofU.S. consumption

Transportationcomprises 2/3 of 20million bbl/day inU.S.

H2 vehicles wouldreduce consumptionby 11 million bbl/dayby 2040 (EU plans20% by 2020)
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/outreach/employer/simple/images/road.jpg


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Military Research into H Vehicles

1943: Air Force investigates LH2 fuel

1956: Lockheed

1960s: Nuclear Powered Energy Depot

A B-57B airplane that flew with oneengine fueled by liquid hydrogen


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MODERN H2 VEHICLES

1993: Ballard FC bus developed

1995+

CTA FC buses

Royal Dutch/ Shell FC prototype cars

BMW HICE vehicles

H refueling stationsopen

Ballard phase 3 FC buses,

in Vancouver and Chicago
http://www.dynetek.com/images/vehicle_9_lg_pic.jpg


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1990S SOLAR H2 PRODUCTION

1990: Solar-Wasserstoff-

Bayern

1992: Freiburg solar plant

Produces, stores H2, LH2

1994: HYSOLAR Saudi-

German plant
http://www.stmwvt.bayern.de/energie/erneuerbare/pict/09sowa/tank.jpghttp://www.hysolar.com/images/Hysolar_start.jpg


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Companies making HICE prototypes

Daimler-Benz:

hydr ide H ICEs,

1984-8

GM has created a

H ICE prototypes

Mazda, Cadillac:

HICEs and hydr ide

HICEs

Mazda hydride HR-X prototype

Cadillac prototype HICE
http://www.inter.net.il/~m-design/green/mazda1.jpg


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Ford & BMW HICEs

BMW: 1999 fi f thgeneration prototype,

LH2 commercial ly

available

Ford: 1999 announced P2000

H ICE (H2, LH2)
http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/03/16/hydrogen.cars/story.hydrogen.bmw.02.jpghttp://www.autointell.com/News-2001/August-2001/August-2001-4/Hydrogen-ICE-Vehicle-125.jpg


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H Refueling Stations2003: Shell plans a H2 refueling station

in Luxemburg; others inCalifornia, Iceland, Japan,Holland, Norway

California, Arizona, Nevada,

Illinois H2 refueling stations Washington, D.C. demo refueling

project planned

EC International Hydrofueler

Project

Reykjavik, Iceland H2 busrefueling station opens

1999: Hamburg, Munich,DearbornLH2 refueling station,

Munich airport

Honda solar H2 station

in Torrance, Ca.
http://world.honda.com/news/2001/image/c010710a.jpeghttp://www.hydrogenus.org/newsletter/images/refuel-station.jpg


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How HICEs Work

2H2+02= 2H20 + heat H behaves like octane

Compressed H2 takes

up more room than gas

Unlike gas, which needs

strict air-fuel ratio More explosive than

gas, timing critical

Injected fuel delivery BMW HICE bus engine

BMW Hydrogen 7

Series IC Engine
http://www.visionengineer.com/env/h2bus.jpg


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Converting ICEs to HICEs

Same basic design

Minimum cost: 1,000$

Other modifications needed

for power, safety, efficiency

Limited availability

1994 CAN Project


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H O b d St I


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H Onboard Storage Issues

EFFICIENCY: Gasoline is

the benchmark Ambient state demands

binding H to a hydride, gas

compression, or cryogeniccooling

No consensus

Infrastructure cost vs.onboard extraction

CARB vs. Ford

Metal Hydride

H d id St
http://www.ltyr.com/images/hydrogen.jpghttp://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/whats-new/news21/pigment.gif


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Hydride Storage

1960s R&D in the

U.S. & Netherlands

Metal alloys, absorb

H2 at higher temp./pressures

Heat released whenH2 absorbed, sameheat required to

release H2

D-B used radiator heatto de-bond H2 but

dropped hydrides forFC buses, methanol FCcars

Toyota*, Mercedes, D-B experimented with

hydrides
http://www.cci-icc.gc.ca/whats-new/news21/pigment.gifhttp://www.hydrogencomponents.com/Resources/15comp.gif


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http://www.hydrogencomponents.com/Resources/15comp.gif


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C d


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Compressed

H2 Onboard StorageADVANTAGES:

Easiest form of H

storageDISADVANTAGES:

Backfire, engineknock areproblematic

Despite extremepressure,

compressed tanksoccupy so muchspace that they areonly practical for

buses or vans

Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/images/hy3_chrysler.jpg


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Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen

(LH2) Onboard Storage

Cryogenically-cooledLH2 is BMWs

preference

The Musashi

Institute ofTechnology has also

investigated this

Requires an

extremely

pressurized tank to

keep the LH2 in

liquid form

A BMW, in operation since 1990,equipped with an aluminum alloy tankthat carries 120 liters of LH2 and with a68 kg aluminium-alloy tank with a

capacity of about 120 liters of LH2.From:www.linde-anlagenbau.de/en/p0001/p0043/p0046.isp


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Viability of onboard LH2 storageADVANTAGES:

Lowest cost/ unit energy

Lowest weight/ unit

energy

Easier supply logistics

Fast refueling

DISADVANTAGES:

Loss of fuel when not

operational

Large tank needed Cryogenic engineering

obstacles

Energy to cool LH2

O i S
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1775000/images/_1778509_300pylon_bbc.jpg&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/europe/newsid_1778000/1778509.stm&h=180&w=300&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpower%2Belectricity%26start%3D40%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.bellona.no/data/b/0/20/31/2_1407_0.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bellona.no/no/energi/hydrogen/20283.html&h=146&w=200&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBMW%2BLH2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8


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Other Possible Storage Methods: CARBON-BASED FUEL EXTRACTION:

depending on the availability of H2/ LH2,for both HICEs and FC vehicles, the

onboard production of hydrogen is a

possibility, from carbon-based fuels

NANOTECHNOLOGY:graphite nanofiber

tubes store 65% H2 by weight.

-DOE funded, then withdrew-Ford continued the R&D

-GM later questioned the 65%


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http://www.hydrogen.co.uk/h2/bockstigenvalar_pic.htmhttp://www.fi.muni.cz/~kas/scan/rhossili.jpg


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Hydrogen Sources

H is a commonelement but must bepried from othersubstances and thus

is not an energysource

A consensus existsthat H2 is an idealfuel, but not aboutthe ideal source

The best productionalternative may varyby locality
http://www.fi.muni.cz/~kas/scan/rhossili.jpghttp://www.nmsea.org/Curriculum/7_12/electrolysis/electrolysis.gifhttp://www.hydrogen.co.uk/h2/bockstigenvalar_pic.htmhttp://www.unb.ca/departs/science/biology/Durnford_Webpage/Chlamy_files/image003.jpghttp://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/biofuel/biofuel_cells_bacteria10.jpghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/wv/e1/methanol.gif&imgrefurl=http://scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/wv/e1/methanolscreen.html&h=312&w=200&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmethanol%26start%3D40%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DNhttp://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/plate/coal.gifhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.uccs.edu/~tchriste/courses/gifs/nuclear.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.uccs.edu/~tchriste/courses/365home.html&h=156&w=172&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnuclear%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DNhttp://waterquality.montana.edu/docs/methane/images/ch4.JPGhttp://www.fi.muni.cz/~kas/scan/rhossili.jpghttp://www.nmsea.org/Curriculum/7_12/electrolysis/electrolysis.gifhttp://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/graphic/1833_faraday.jpg


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ELECTROLYSISElectrodes in conductive water

(wi th an electrolyte) produce

H2 at the - & O at the +

ADVANTAGES:

Produces almost pure H2 (electricity through water)

Could be powered with cool renewables Hydrogen is abundant

No moving parts; servicing rarely necessary

DISADVANTAGES:

Currently not cost competitive

Fossil fuel-powered electrolysis

Amount of energy needed to divide H2O = amount

given off when H2 burns
http://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/graphic/1833_faraday.jpghttp://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/graphic/1833_faraday.jpghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=cdelker.tripod.com/electric/electrolysis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cdelker.tripod.com/electric/electrolysis.html&h=146&w=203&prev=/images%3Fq%3Delectrolysis%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8


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Making H2 from Natural Gas

Stripping H2 from natural gas is

called reforming

Reforming natural gas emits CO2

Outfitting a gas station with a machine

to reform natural gas would cost$400,000 (building a conventional gas

station costs $1,500,000)

G tti H2 f C l


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Getting H2 from Coal

Coal-fired utilities

can power

electrolysis

The current

administration is

attempting to build a

coal-fired plant that

emits no CO2

U d d CO2 S t ti


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Underground CO2 Sequestration Proposed plant would

remove CO2, sequester it ,

and turn coal into a gas

from which H2 is made

The prototype plant is thesize of a large coal-burning

plant

In 1986, CO2 escaped from

Cameroons Lake Nyos and

killed 1,700 villagers
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.politicalresources.net/africa-map.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.politicalresources.net/africa-map.htm&h=440&w=440&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dafrica%2Bmap%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.politicalresources.net/africa-map.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.politicalresources.net/africa-map.htm&h=440&w=440&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dafrica%2Bmap%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8


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H2 Production from Bacteria

Some anaerobic bacteria can produceH2 at 20 times their volume per

minute

When starved of sulfur,Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii makes

H2, one of ten most important

discoveries in 2000

(popular science magazine)

Challenges facing HICEs:


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Power Outputof HICEs

Challenges facing HICEs:

Backfiring common- prematureignition near the fuel intake valve

To reduce Nox, the air/fuel ratiocan be increased, reducing poweroutput to half a gasoline engines

To compensate for lost power,HICE engines are usually larger orhave superchargers

Ford claims that superchargersprovide near-zero emissions andpower equal to a gas engine
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.cbtraffic.net/images/sportcai.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.cbtraffic.net/speeders.htm&h=936&w=1417&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfast%2Bcar%2Bdriving%2Bfast%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN


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Are HICEs unsafe at any speed?

H2 is volatile and is 10x more explosivethan gasoline

H leaks and static present risks

Special sensors and ducts that pull in freshair may be necessary whenever HICEs are

parked indoors Stringent, universal safety regulations are

needed for storage, handling, and disposal

of H2

BMW Tests indicate
http://boutell.com/~grant/feb98pix/pole.jpg


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BMW Tests indicate

HICEs are Safe

94 BMW: safety valves ofdouble-walled LH2 tanks wereblocked, cooked, shaken,rammed with pole; slow LH2

leak, no explosion H2 escaped after 10 minutes in

open fire; burned with no effect

on tank OTHER TESTS: some tanks

burst under extreme pressurebuildup

Fords 2000 H2
http://boutell.com/~grant/feb98pix/pole.jpghttp://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/testing/NCAP/SaferCar2001/images/image1.gifhttp://www.autointell.com/News-2001/August-2001/August-2001-4/Hydrogen-ICE-Vehicle-125.jpg


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Ford s 2000 H2,

LH2 vehicles Model U concept car: 3 millimeter aluminum barrier

tank, carbon-fiber structural casing, rated to a pressureof 10,000 psi

P2000 FUEL system - redundancy for safety:

fueling system under trunk

Triple redundant system based on natural gas,designed to use H2 natural dispersion

H2 ventilators

Sensors in engine, passenger and trunk compartments

Alarms triggered at concentrations belowflammability

H2 detected = fuel system/engine starter disable, roof

opens, ventilation fans activate

H2 Safety & the Hindenburg
http://www.autointell.com/News-2001/August-2001/August-2001-4/Hydrogen-ICE-Vehicle-125.jpg


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H2 Safety & the Hindenburg The Public perception of H2?

1997, Addison Bain, former NASA H2program manager presented findings:

Static and flame accelerants(painted on the skin), not H2, were

causes

Based on Analysis of survivingHindenburg remnants

Is Hydrogen Fuel Safer?


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Is Hydrogen Fuel Safer?Former Lockheed Manager: maintains

air crashes involving kerosene fuelwould have resulted in fewer deaths if

H2 were the fuel:

H2 volatile/ burns

quickly

H2 vaporizes/disperses quickly

Less fire area

Radiated fire heat is lesswith H2

No smoke from H2 fires

LH2 safer upon impact

than kerosene


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1993 German H2 study


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1993 German H2 study

H2 SAFER:

Vaporization

Cloud formation

Fire, thermalemissivity

H2 RISKIER:

In enclosed roomsCustomer handlingof H2 demandstechnical safety

measures (self-adjusting gas sensorslinked to ventilation

systems)UNRESOLVED:Questions remain about pipelineembrittlement, feasibility of high

pressure H2 pipeline

HICEs & POLLUTION
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=geosci.uchicago.edu/~archer/PS134/Pics/final.aug.half.gif&imgrefurl=http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~archer/PS134/&h=146&w=263&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGLOBAL%2BWARMING%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN


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HICEs & POLLUTIONADVANTAGES:

Emissions are afraction of conventionICE emissions

Ford HICEs emit

almost no pollutantsand are 25% morefuel efficient than gas

ICEs H2/ CH4 mixed fuel

emits extremely lowNOx

DISADVANTAGES:

High temperature H2combustion makes Nox

NOx emissions = that of

gas, can be lessened with

additional control

equipment

Even without after-

treatment, NOx emissionsare low

Fossil fuel electrolysis

lessens pollution gains
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=geosci.uchicago.edu/~archer/PS134/Pics/final.aug.half.gif&imgrefurl=http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~archer/PS134/&h=146&w=263&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGLOBAL%2BWARMING%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN


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Barriers to Commercial Availability H2/ LH2 infrastructure needed Low cost H2 production needed

Economics of H2 cars are ill-defined

ICE-HICE conversion availability

Like current vehicles, H2/LH2vehicle designs will likely vary

Lack of uniform regulations of H2

C i C A i i i


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Commercial HICE Availability Shell: marathon, not a sprint, and the race has

just begun,H2 fuel network by 2030-2050.Others estimate 10-50 years to the H2 economy

BMWs HICE cars are available today

John C. Anderson, Pres. & CEO of AFS says:(1) the existing ICE infrastructure

(2) the demand for clean emissions; &

(3) H2s flammability characteristicsmake H2 the ultimate low cost fuelwhich,

when widely available, can be adapted to

conventional autos and diesel engine vehicles


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A C S ?


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ARE FUEL CELLS BETTER? Fuel cells are more

efficient than HICEsbut less efficient whenoperated on methane

Barriers exist to FCs asdual fuel vehicles, andthus may be less

feasible than HICEs inthe near future unlessH2 onboard conversionmaterializes

FCs cars are the

best for zeroemissions

FC cars average 60more mpg than

BMWs HICEs

FCs cars are far

more costly than

HICE vehicles


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THE EU IS DOING MORE

March 2003 DOE-EU joint effort

EU: 20% alternate energy fuelsources by 2020, plans to develop

H2 tech while sharply tighteningfuel efficiency standards

California Fuel Cell Partnership


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California Fuel Cell Partnership Corporate members have 6 H2

stations; at least 8 H2 filling

stations in southern California 12 more planned

The partnership has cut the

number of H2 vehicles it plansto require car companies toproduce

Centrally Fueled Fleet Program (CFFP)
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.autointell.com/News-2002/April-2002/April-2002-5/HydroGen1-California-110.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.autointell.com/News-2002/April-2002/April-2002-5/April-30-02-p8.htm&h=200&w=312&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHYDROGEN%2BCALIFORNIA%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN


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Centrally Fueled Fleet Program (CFFP)

H2 is a CAA CleanFuel

The CFFP applies tostates with serious or

worse O3 non-attainment

Requires fleets to use a% of clean fuel vehicles

Not vigorously

enforced; voluntary

as of 1995

EPA of 1992: CFV

purchase incentives

for public/private

fleets & incentives for

fuel suppliers

CAA C lif i Pil t P (CPP)
http://www.lasvegaslimo.com/images/photos/fleet/4_500px.jpg


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CAA California Pilot Program (CPP) Increases CFV availability

(requires 300,000 yearly) Credit program (excess

CFVs or buy credits)

SIP mandates sufficient

clean fuels be produced,

distributed by fuel

suppliers (profit incentive)

CARBs LEV programdiffersclean fuels must be

available, not produced

Serious/ worse O3 non-

attainment states may

opt in

Opt-in states cannotmandate CFV sales or

alternate fuel production

and availability

(incentives instead)

H2/LH2 INFRASTRUCTURE
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.serve.com/commonpurpose/images/ozone.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.serve.com/commonpurpose/editorials/ozonenews.html&h=356&w=556&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dozone%2Bnon%2Battainment%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8


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H2/LH2 INFRASTRUCTURE

Centralized or

decentralized?

Assuming a centralized

infrastructure, oil

companies estimatethat consumer interest

depends on a new fuel

being available at 30%of gas stations

180,000 gas station in

the U.S

Centralized Distribution
http://dan.doxdesk.com/file/Travel%20photos/04.%20Thailand/Koh%20Chang/Gas-station.jpg


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Centralized Distribution Infrastructure cost: $100 billion+

H2 storage (or stainless steel tanks for convertiblemethanol), manufacturing tankers

Exxon-Mobil: the verdict is still out on whether H2 willever become a mainstream fuel

Predicted route of development: Centrally fueled fleets

Dispersed locations

Gas stations conversion

Rate regulation? Local variation by

optimal source


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Decentralized H2 Infrastructure


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Decentralized H2 Infrastructure Retrofitting CH4 pipelines favors

centralization; long term localizedproduction will favor decentralization

Honda & GM are discussing bypassing

gas stations in favor of letting consumersbuy/ lease home H2-fueling machines

For consumers, the ability to refuel at

home may justify higher fuel costs Some advocate onboard stripping of H2

from carbon fuel to avoid H2 transition

difficulties

C l i


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Conclusions Regulatory mandates;

CFFP, CPP nationally? Tax incentives,

subsidies for HICE

R&D,investment Incentives and

regulatory

mandates to

develop a fuelinginfrastructure

Standardization of

Documents

Hydrogen Intl Combustion Schwartz