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Hydrogen and fuel cell
technology – an overview
October 2016
Climate Change Solutions
Ben Madden
Element Energy Limited
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About Element Energy
Element Energy is a leading low carbon energy consultancy . We apply best-in-class
financial, analytical and technical analysis to help our clients intelligently invest and create
successful policies, strategies and products.
Power Generation
& storage • Renewables
• Micro-generation
• CCS
• Techno-economics
• Feasibility studies
• Geographic analysis
Engineering • CFD
• Software tools
• Prototyping
• Installations
We operate in three
main sectors
We offer three main
services
Low Carbon
Transport • Electric vehicles
• H2 vehicles
• Market uptake
• Infrastructure modelling
• Business planning
• Project delivery
Due Diligence • Technology assessments
• Market growth
• Market share
• Financial modelling
• Commercialisation advice
Built
Environment • Financial viability
• Master planning
• Building design
• Policy advice
• Regional strategy
Strategy and Policy • Scenario planning
• Techno-economic modelling
• Business planning
• Stakeholder engagement
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Contents
Producing affordable hydrogen
Transport uses
Hydrogen for heat
Stationary fuel cells
Summary
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Production options
A range of production options can lead to low carbon hydrogen
• Electrolytic production at renewable or nuclear generators – here the key is to find very low cost power at a high load factor
• Electrolytic production close to the point of demand – where grid balancing payments allow affordable hydrogen
• Production from biomass or waste – a number of options for hydrogen are maturing but have not yet been successfully demonstrated at scale
• Spare refinery or industrial capacity –often have spare capacity for hydrogen – can be cleaned and used for energy applications
• Carbon Capture – if carbon capture becomes a reality, very low cost, low carbon hydrogen can be made from natural gas
• Natural gas is reformed to make hydrogen (and CO2) for the majority of today’s applications 1% of the world’s energy is hydrogen at some point!
Today’s incumbent – production from natural gas
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Hydrogen price is affected by scale and the cost of primary energy
Hydrogen price is very sensitive to the size of demand and the price of energy
Note, no margins are included here
Range for taxed diesel price parity for a bus (assuming 37l/100km, diesel @ £1.1/litre and 7-8kg/100km)
ROADMAP FOCUS – Creating scale, ensuring research into the most promising production options and enabling collaborations with other segments
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Contents
Producing affordable hydrogen
Transport uses
Hydrogen for heat
Stationary fuel cells
Summary
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It is now possible to buy a hydrogen vehicle and operate on public
roads
• Vehicles are now relatively easily available, (albeit with a price premium)
• Earliest adopters can now begin trials using the existing infrastructure and making
use of the funding which is available to achieve cost parity
• The next 5-10 years should see a progressive increase in the range of models and
the spread of stations, and a significant decrease in cost of ownership
Passenger cars (from OEMs) Light commercial vehicles (RE-EV)
12-18m buses Larger trucks and vans
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There are nine operational Hydrogen stations in the UK with a combined capacity of 1.4 tonne-H2/day, with four more expected to by early 2017
Hydrogen infrastructure
in the UK today†
HRS currently operational
HRS operational but no public access
HRS currently under development
# Location Operator Capacity Pressure Source Project(s) Launch
1 Lea Interchange, London Air Products 320 kg/day Bus only 350 bar Delivered SMR CHIC 2011
2 Honda, Swindon BOC 200 kg/day 350 (& 700) bar On-site WE SWISH, SWISH2 2011, (2014)
3 Hatton Cross, London Air Products 80 kg/day 700 bar Delivered SMR HyTEC, HyFIVE 2012
4 Kittybrewster, Aberdeen BOC 360 kg/day 350 [& 700] bar On-site WE HyTransit, H2ME 2015, [2016]
5 Hendon, London Air Products 80 kg/day 350 & 700 bar Delivered SMR LHNE, HyFIVE 2015
6 AMP, Sheffield ITM Power 80 kg/day 350 [& 700] bar On-site WE Innovate-UK 2015, [2016]
7 Baglan, South Wales Uni of S. Wales 35 kg/day 350 [& 700] bar On-site WE OLEV 2011, [2016]
8 NPL, Teddington ITM Power 80 kg/day 350 & 700 bar On-site WE HyFIVE 2016
9 CEME, Rainham ITM Power 80 kg/day 350 & 700 bar On-site WE HyFIVE 2016
10 TBC, London ITM Power 80 kg/day 700 bar On-site WE HyFIVE [2016]
11 Tullos, Aberdeen Hydrogenics 80 kg/day 700 bar On-site WE ACHES [2016]
12 TBC, London ITM Power 80 kg/day 700 bar On-site WE H2ME [2017]
13 TBC, London ITM Power 80 kg/day 700 bar On-site WE H2ME [2017]
Key hydrogen infrastructure
operators in the UK
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Completed upgrade indicated by ( )
Target launch or upgrade indicated by [ ]
†Excludes small-scale HRS in Birmingham, Coventry, Glamorgan (Glyntaff), Isle of Lewis, Loughborough,
Nottingham, University of South Wales.
London
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3
5
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In addition 2 mobile refuellers (OLEV) and 3 HRS in
London area (H2ME2) are already funded for installation in
2017.
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Ferries and trains are also being developed as part of a general trend towards heavier duty vehicles
Alstom’s fuel cell train prototype was recently announced – a fleet of these trains will operate in Germany
This ferry will be converted to run on hydrogen to service a crossing in one of Norway’s larger fjords
The Levenmouth Community Energy project will produce hydrogen directly from a renewable energy system (wind + PV) and fuel 10 vans and 2 dual fuel refuse trucks
ROADMAP FOCUS – Creating the conditions for expansion of the hydrogen network via clustered deployment of vehicles Focussing on the UK development of new vehicles for heavy duty and small niche vehicle applications
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Contents
Producing affordable hydrogen
Transport uses
Hydrogen for heat
Stationary fuel cells
Summary
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The Leeds H21 project is based on using hydrogen as a viable and affordable alternative to heat pumps or heat networks for UK heat
The H21 project envisages a series of activities to prove the concept leading up to the start of a city wide conversion from 2026
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The Leeds H21 project is creating a lot of attention based on the conversion of a city’s gas grid to hydrogen
Source: H21 report
The report envisages a ~5 year exploratory stage before a commitment to the conversion. Conversion work would start ~2026
ROADMAP FOCUS – ensure first phase of preparatory work is carried out before a big political decision in circa 2020
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Contents
Producing affordable hydrogen
Transport uses
Hydrogen for heat
Stationary fuel cells
Summary
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Substantial CO2 savings are available from stationary fuel cells as they are highly efficient
Source: Advancing Europe’s energy systems: Stationary fuel cells in distributed generation, Roland Berger for the FCH JU (2015)
The CO2 emissions above are based on fuel cells running on natural gas. Greater savings would be
possible in future where fuel cells are supplied with a low carbon source of hydrogen.
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Three large scale fuel cell CHP systems are operational in London (the largest installed capacity of any European city)
• The crown estate in Regent’s Street (~270,000 square feet) was equipped with a 300kWe molten carbonate fuel cell by Logan Energy Crown
Estate – Q3
The New Building
(‘The Walkie-Talkie’)
• A second molten carbonate system was installed in the New Building in Fenchurch Street
• In this location, the fuel cell CHP was evaluated as the best option to ensure compliance with London planning regulations requiring local generation
The Palestra Building
• Logan installed a CHP system in Transport for London’s Palestra building: a 200 kWe phosphoric acid fuel cell unit
• The system cut an estimated 40% of CO2 emissions, along with around £90,000 per annum in cost savings
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Small scale combined heat and power (CHP) and prime power applications with fuel cells are also being developed
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Introduction
Fuel cell systems of <2kWe suitable for installation in domestic properties either as CHP or prime power
Fuel cell CHP in the 2-20kWe range are suitable for larger commercial applications
Ceres, a UK company, may have the potential to become a leader in small-scale CHP technology
ROADMAP FOCUS – Encourage larger system manufacturer to make an economic case for a UK support scheme Ensure tightened air quality legislation for generators in cities Continue support for small CHP manufacturers, aiming to promote UK development
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Fuel Cell CHP is a disruptive technology in the micro-CHP market driving rapid growth in Japan
• Fuel Cell CHP (FC CHP) is a rapidly growing market, capturing over 70% of the global mCHP market in 20141.
• The global leader in FC CHP is Japan, which started demonstrations in 2003, with a substantial subsidy program (ENE.FARM) started in 2009.
• The leading manufacturers (Toshiba, Panasonic) are already producing 20,000 units/year (PEM).
• The European market has not yet seen deployment of this scale: less than 1,500 units have been deployed in Europe with less than 100 in the UK
Introduction
Source: Delta-ee (2012): www.delta-ee.com/images/downloads/pdfs/Delta-ee_mCHP_market_status_and_potential_Cogen_Czech_161012.pdf (s.8)
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Contents
Producing affordable hydrogen
Transport uses
Hydrogen for heat and the wider energy system
Stationary fuel cells
Summary
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In summary
• Producing affordable hydrogen – needs scale and affordable primary energy
• Transport uses – starting to mature, real vehicles are on the road – an emerging trend is to target heavier duty vehicles first
• Hydrogen for heat and the wider energy system – very exciting alternative to expensive options for decarbonising heat – more work needed to prove the option
• Stationary fuel cells – capable of providing near term decarbonisation, require supporting legislation/regulation
