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Hydroelectric Energy: An Overview
Hydroelectric Energy: An Overview
Kenneth M. Klemow, Ph.D.
Wilkes University
Kenneth M. Klemow, Ph.D.
Wilkes University
www.cs.berkeley.edu/~artin/
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Points to be coveredPoints to be covered
The water cycle Flowing water as a source of power Historic uses of hydro power Types of hydroelectric generation Benefits of hydroelectric power generation Current levels of hydroelectrical generation
capacity worldwide and in US Issues regarding hydroelectric Potential new sources of hydroelectricity The WebQuest
The water cycle Flowing water as a source of power Historic uses of hydro power Types of hydroelectric generation Benefits of hydroelectric power generation Current levels of hydroelectrical generation
capacity worldwide and in US Issues regarding hydroelectric Potential new sources of hydroelectricity The WebQuest
www.rdc.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/
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Flowing water is a source of powerFlowing water is a source of power
POWER (kW) = 5.9 x FLOW x HEAD
FLOW is measured in m3/sec HEAD is measured in meters
POWER (kW) = 5.9 x FLOW x HEAD
FLOW is measured in m3/sec HEAD is measured in meters
Hydro power is used in two waysHydro power is used in two ways
Electrical generationElectrical generation
plaza.ufl.edu/cjk11/
DirectDirect
www.mastergardenproducts.com/
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Direct uses of hydro energyDirect uses of hydro energy
Textile manufacturing Grist mills Sawmills Irrigation
Textile manufacturing Grist mills Sawmills Irrigation QuickTime™ and a
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www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/
Hydroelectric power generationHydroelectric power generation
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html
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Types of hydroelectrical generationTypes of hydroelectrical generation
Impoundment Pumped storage capacity Run of river (diversion)
Impoundment Pumped storage capacity Run of river (diversion)
Impoundment generating facilityImpoundment generating facility
geochange.er.usgs.gov/
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Pumped storage capacityPumped storage capacity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stwlan.dam.jpg
Diversion facilityDiversion facility
www1.eere.energy.gov/
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Classification of Hydro Plants Based on SizeClassification of Hydro Plants Based on Size
Micro - < 0.1 mWSmall - 0.1 - 30 mWLarge - >30 mW
Micro - < 0.1 mWSmall - 0.1 - 30 mWLarge - >30 mW
Classification of Hydro Plants Based on HeadClassification of Hydro Plants Based on Head
© 2000 Geothermal Education Office
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High - >66’
www.usbr.gov
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Low - 10-66’
www.fremontrescue.org/
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Ultra low - <10’
wdfw.wa.gov/fish/
Benefits of hydroelectric powerBenefits of hydroelectric power Economic benefits
No fuel costs Low labor
Dams provide recreation and flood protection Systems are long-lived (decades) Provides relatively constant power Conserves fossil fuels Benefits local economies Can be implemented remotely Can prevent pollution caused by fossil fuels
Economic benefits No fuel costs Low labor
Dams provide recreation and flood protection Systems are long-lived (decades) Provides relatively constant power Conserves fossil fuels Benefits local economies Can be implemented remotely Can prevent pollution caused by fossil fuels
Current worldwide hydroelectricity outputCurrent worldwide hydroelectricity output
715,000 megawatts 19% of all energy production
715,000 megawatts 19% of all energy production
www.wikipedia.org
Hydroelectric power output by country (1992)Hydroelectric power output by country (1992)
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html
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Hydroelectrical power output by country (2006)Hydroelectrical power output by country (2006)
050
100150200250300350400450
ChinaCanada
Brazil USARussia India
NorwayJapan
SwedenFrance
Output (TWh)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Hydroelectric capacityHydroelectric capacity
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© 2000 Geothermal Education Office
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ff.org/centers/csspp/library/
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U.S. Hydroelectric storage capacityU.S. Hydroelectric storage capacity
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html
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Environmental problems?Environmental problems?
http://iga.igg.cnr.it/geo/geoenergy.php
Impacts to fish and birds Upstream impacts
Wetlands are flooded Humans often displaced Siltation behind dams Release of greenhouse gasses
Downstream effects Scouring Temperature impacts Dam failures can flood downstream communities
Impacts to fish and birds Upstream impacts
Wetlands are flooded Humans often displaced Siltation behind dams Release of greenhouse gasses
Downstream effects Scouring Temperature impacts Dam failures can flood downstream communities
Potential new sources of hydroelectricityPotential new sources of hydroelectricity
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TidesTides
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Waves
Tide PowerTide Power
Based on diurnal movements of water in oceans
Most effective in areas with pronounced tides
Include Tidal stream systems
(kinetic energy of flow) Barrages (head energy of
surface differences)
Based on diurnal movements of water in oceans
Most effective in areas with pronounced tides
Include Tidal stream systems
(kinetic energy of flow) Barrages (head energy of
surface differences)
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www-staff.it.uts.edu.au
Tidal stream systemsTidal stream systems
Dominant technology is shrouded turbine
Prototypes have been tested in England, Australia, and Italy.
Outputs up to 1.2 MW are noted
Dominant technology is shrouded turbine
Prototypes have been tested in England, Australia, and Italy.
Outputs up to 1.2 MW are noted
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki
Barrage systemsBarrage systems
Depend upon impoundments built along coastlines
Developed in Canada, Russia, and France
Largest generates 240 MW.
Limited by geography, environmental considerations
Depend upon impoundments built along coastlines
Developed in Canada, Russia, and France
Largest generates 240 MW.
Limited by geography, environmental considerations
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki
Wave PowerWave Power
Based on up-and-down motion of sea surface
Can be captured using devices that convert motion to electricity
Could yield more electricity than tidal
Recently deployed systems include Portuguese project - 2.25 MW Scotland project - 3.0 MW
Challenges include low speeds, corrosion, wind damage
Based on up-and-down motion of sea surface
Can be captured using devices that convert motion to electricity
Could yield more electricity than tidal
Recently deployed systems include Portuguese project - 2.25 MW Scotland project - 3.0 MW
Challenges include low speeds, corrosion, wind damage
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www.dg58.dupage.k12.il.us
So, is hydropower the answer to our energy concerns?
So, is hydropower the answer to our energy concerns?
You tell me!You tell me!