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Óëààíáààòàð Çîõèîí áàéãóóëàã÷èä: Áàéãàëü îð÷èí, àÿëàë æóóë÷ëàëûí ÿàì Хөвсгөлийн ÓÒÕÃН-èéí Õàìãààëàëòûí Çàõèðãàà Øèíæëýõ Óõààíû Àêàäåìè Ìîíãîë óëñûí èõ ñóðãóóëü Äэлхийн байгаль хамгаалах сан (WWF)-ãèéí Ìîíãîë äàõü õºòºëáºðèéí ãàçàð ÝÐÄÝÌ ØÈÍÆÈËÃÝÝÍÈÉ ÁÀÃÀ ÕÓÐËÛÍ ÝÌÕÒÃÝË “ADMON” õýâëýëèéí ãàçàð õýâëýâ. Õýâëýñýí òîî øèðõýã: 300
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ADMON .
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[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
The researchers of the Physical Ge ography section, Institute of Geography, MAS have undertaken physical geography regional study in the Khuvsgul Mountain area in 2000-2004. This paper shows some results of reliefs distribution and morphogenetic types of the geomorphological study in the Khuvsgul Mountain area.
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. 2500 , , , . . (2859 ), (2923 ), (2773 ) .
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. .. (1888), .. (1906), . (1970), .. (1972), .. (1976) .
. 4200 2, 4200 2, 3000 2, 16.5 . , , , . , , , , . , , 2300-2800 , . 1600-1750 70 (..).
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I. -
, , , . , . : , , (H=2800-3500 , h=1200-1500 ), , , , (H=2700-3200, h=1000-1200 - ), , , , (H=2600-3100, h=1000- ), , (H=2500-700 , h=800-1000- ), (H=2200-2500 , h=800-1000 ), , (H=2100-2500, h=700-1000), , , (H=2000-2400, h=600-800), , , , (H=2000-2300, h=600- ), (H=1700-2000., h=200-
17
500, ), (H=1400-1700, h=200- ) .
II.
, , . , . , , , , , , , , .
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- , , . -
, . , , , , . , 1300-1600 , 50-100 . , , , .
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, , , .
1. (, , ) .
1.
0.5-0.6 /2 . : 5.5 /2. , , , ,
18
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2. , . , .
3. . . , , , , . .. (1969) 2600 2, 1700 . , , , .
4. -, -, - . -, -, -, - . , , , . , , .
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. ( ) , , , , .
6. -- - . , -, - , , , . - , , , , , -- , , .
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19
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1. .. . .,1998.
2. . .,1982.
3. . - . 10. .
4. . . .,1992.5. .,
. .,1970.
6. . - . .,1969.
7. . . .,1969.
8. .. , ., 1968.
9. . - . ., 2001.
10. . . ., 2004.
20
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1.
- ( ., 1977; 1977; 1977) . , 2001 - , , , , 30000 , 5 (, 2007). 1 (..., 2007).
1990- 780000 9 , 10 . ( ., 2001; ., 2001; Prokopenko et al., 2001).
1645 - , . , .
2.
1-2 25 81 HDP-01 ( 1). , ,
1.
21
1 - .
3.
, 3 . 250-300 ( ., 2002). 1-2 - . 5 : 5-6 , 2 8-9 , 3 22-23 , 4 21-23 , 5 180 ( ., 2002).
1- 1-4- . 1- .
3.1.
1- 50 (, 2001; Tomurhuu ets., 2003; , 2003; , 2003; Narantsetseg ets., 2003, Prokopenko et al., 2005). 2 ( 2).
(7.5GY5/1) ,
. , (7.5Y4/2, 10Y3/1) , 20-140 - 2-4 (HB105; 13; 14; 19 20) 1-4 1-2 (Prokopenko et al, 2005).
( 3). - (Bryophyta) . . - (. 11, H02-6 HV04-14). . . , - , . . , , ( , 2003).
100- , . .
22
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23
3.2.
20-81 - 4 HDP04 . HDP04 2004 239,3 (50o57.368 .; 100o21.571 .) 81 . 57,2 - - , 78,5 - - . HDP-04 9 49 , .
, 30-60 - . , , , . - 0,1-1 2-10 - , . 6 . 0,5 2-5 - (4166-4161 , 4145-4141 , 4036-4033 , 3980-3979 ) .
HDP-04 49 . . . 1 ( 4). : / /
1. 1-2
2. 5-10
3. 2-5 4. 1-3
. .
6392-6186 - 34 8 . .
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1. , 0,5 2. , 2 3. , 2,5 4.
, 2 5.
, 2 6. , 3 7. , 3
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:
1. . . .: , 1989, 120 .
2. ., .. // . 1977. - . 13-14.
3. .., .. // . - 1977. - . 14-16.
4. .., .. // ( ). - - , 5. - 1977 . - . 80-90.
5. .., .., .., .., .. ., 2001. - . , . 2001., . 42, 1-2, . 35-47.
6. .., .. 1998. 12 500 , . - . . , 1998., . 6, 1, . 73-87.
7. .. 2003. : : 2001-2002 .
8. .., .., ., ., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., ., ..
26
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, , 2001, . 42, 1-2, . 8-34.
9. -. .: // . 2007., 10.
10. . - . 2007.
11. .., .., .. . 15-14 . . , 2003., . 390, 1, . 109-112.
12. .., .., .. . // . 2001., . 42, 1-2, . 384-390.
13. .., . ., . . // . 2002., .382, 2, . 261-263.
14. ., ., ., . . - , 2003.. 2: 67-88
15. Chun Jong-Hva & Cheong Daekyo. Paleoclimatic implications of Late Quaternary core sediments from the southern part of the lake Hovsgol, Mongolia. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea. V. 41, No. 4, p. 511-522., 2005.
16. Kashiwaya Kenji., Tsukamoto Takuya., Kawai Talayoshu. A study on Environmental Changes Inferred from lake bottom sediments of Lake Hovsgol in Mongolia. Abstract volume of the International Workshop: Terrestrial sediment Information and Long Term Environmental Changes in East Eurasia. Kanazawa, Japan, p., 100, 2003.
17. Narantsetseg Ts., Vorobyova S.S., Tomurhuu D., Oyunchimeg Ts., Fedotov A.P., Chebykin E.P. Diatom analysis in sediment of lake Khubsugul: its implication to the paleoclimate changes // Abstact Issue on Geology and Geoecology of Mongolia Mongolian Geoscientist. 2003., 19, - P. 82.
18. Nara F., Naraoka H., Watanabe T., Soma Y., Soma M., Horiuchi K., Tani Y. and Kawai T., Oda T, Nakamura T. Response of phytoplankton productivity to climate change recorded by sedimentary photosynthetic pigments in Lake Hovsgol (Mongolia) for the last 23,000 years: Quaternary International. 136, p. 71-81, 2005.
19. Prokopenko A.A., Kuzmin M.I., Williams D.F. et al. Basin-wide sedimentation changes and deglacial lake-level rise in the Hovsgol basin. NW Mongolia. Quaternary International, 2005., v. 136, p. 59-70.
20. Tomurhuu D., Fedotov A.P., Oberhaensli H., Narantsesteg Ts., Oyunchimeg Ts. The char-acteristics of the uppermost sediments of the Lake Hovsgol, north Mongolia: its implication to the paleoenvironmental changes. International Workshop on terrestrial Sediment Information and long term Environmental Changes in East Eurasia. November 24-28, 2003., Kanazawa, Ja-pan, p. 99.
27
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1904 - ( ., 1998) . Kh99/01 ( ., 2001), HB105 ( ., 2003), 8, 22 (Prokopenko et al., 2005), HDP-04 .
, , , , , .
(N 50.5936, E 100.3532, 169 ) 2004 02-1 1-10 - 112 ( 1). 60 , , (), (Shepard, 1954). 1000X 150 300 , 1 (Per Boden, 1991). Krammer, Lange-Bertalot (1991a, 1991b, 1997, 1997b) .
.1 02-1
28
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2. 112.0-102.0 . 1 3.6-22.8 . 1 0.10-0.35 .
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29
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. , ( 2001). .
1. .., .., .. ., , // . . 38, 51, 957-980, 1997.
2. .., .. 12500 , . . 6, 1, 73-87, 1998.
3. ., .., ., ., .. . - , 14, ., 123-134, 2003.
4. .., .., .., .. , , , 42, 1-2, 384-390, 2001.
5. Kashiwaya ., Tsukamoto T., Kawai T. A study on environmental changes inferred from Lake Bottom sediments of Lake Hovsgol in Mongolia. Abstract volume of International Workshop: Terrestrial sediment information and Long Term Environmental Changes in East Eurasia. Kanazawa, Japan, p. 100, 2003.
6. Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1997a. Bacillariophyceae. 1. Teil: Naviculaceae//Ettl, H., Gerloff, J., Heynig, H. and Mollehauer, D. (eds) Susswassarflora von Mitteleuropa. Band 2/1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. 876 pp.
7. Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1997b. Bacillariophyceae. 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae. Epithemiaceae. Surirellaceae//Ettl H, Gerloff J, Heynig H. and Mollehauer D. Susswassarflora von Mitteleuropa. Band 2/2. VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena. 596 pp.
8. Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1991a. Bacillariophyceae. 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilaria-ceae, Eunotiaceae//Ettl H., Gerloff J., Heynig H. and Mollehauer D. Susswassarflora von Mitteleuropa. Band 2/3. Gustav Fischer Verlag: Stuttgart, Jena. 576 pp.
9. Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1991b. Bacil-lariophyceae. 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Erganzungen zu Navicula und Gomphonema, Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis Teil 1-4 // Ettl, H., Garther G., Gerloff J., Heynig H. and Mollehauer D. Susswassarflora von Mitteleuropa, Band 2/4. Gustav Fischer Verlag: Stuttgart, Jena. 437 pp.
10. Per Boden, 1991. Reproducibility in the random setting method for quantitative diatom analysis. v. 37; 3, p. 313-319.
11. Prokopenko A.A., Kuzmin M.I., Williams D.F., Ge-lety V.F., Kalmychkov G.V., Gvozdkov A.N., So-lotchin P.A. Basin-wide sedimentation changes and deglacial lake-level rise in the Hovsgol basin. NW Mongolia. Quaternary International 136, 59-69, 2005.
12. Shepard F.P. Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay ratios Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. v. 24, p. 151-158, 1954.
13. Tomurhuu D., Fedotov A.P., Narantsetseg Ts., Oyunchimeg Ts., The characteristics of the uppermost sediments of the lake Hovsgol, North Mongolia: its implication to paleoenvironmental changes, international workshop changes in East Euroasia. Kanazawa, Japan, and p99, 2003.
14. Van dam H, Mertens A. and Sinkeldam J. A code checlist and ecological indicator values of fresh diatoms from The Netherlands. Netherlands J.aqu. Ecol, 28, pp 117-113, 1994.
31
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4- Bi, Pb, TL, Cs, Rb, Cr, Li
5- Hf, Ge, Th, Ga, Ti, U, Se, Sb, Zn, Ni
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1 , , , 3- .
. . As Br , .
( ) , P, Ca, V, Ni, Se, Br, Sr, Mo, Sb, I, W U, As, Rb Pb ( 25-30%) . 3- (62 44 ) . 4 . :
1. (Li, Be, Zn, Cd, Tl, Pb, Ni, Co, Se, Sb, V, U, W, Sc, Y, - Ln, Cr, Rb, Ga, Ti, Th, Mo P).
2. (C
, Ca, Sr, Mg, Mn
I).3.
, As Br.
4. Fe, Ba, P. (Ge, Zr, Sn, Hf, Re) (B, Na, Si, S, Cu, Nb, Pd, Cs, Ta, Hg, Bi) .
Cd, Se, Sb, V W, Mo U . pH- . (Strumm and Morgan,1996).
( 2004). (4,89-6,21% 7,8-20%) Cyclotella ocellata Pant., stephanodiscus aff alpinus Cyclotella bodanica .
50-46 - ( 2).
105 , , , , . 16-20 %, 40-50%, 24-28% ( 2) , . 15-25% . Sr, Ca, Mg ( 3) , . pH- .
, 4 .
:1- .
28000-15000 . , Ca, Mg, Na , .
2- .
36
`` , , : ``
15000-13000 . . , Ca, Mg , Sr .
3- . () . 13000-11500 .
4- . 11000- . , .
1. , , .
2. , , .
3. , P, Ca, V, Ni, Se, Br, Sr, Mo, Sb, I, W U , Ca, Mg, Sr
.
4. , .
, .
1. Fedotov A.P., Chebykin E.P., Semenov M.Yu., Vorobyova S.S., Osipov E.Yu., Golobokova L.P., Pogodaeva T.V., Zheleznyakova T.O., Grachev M.A., Tomurhuu D., OyunchimegTs., Narantsetseg Ts., Tomurtogoo O., Dolgikh P.T., Arsenyuk M. I., M. De Batist. Changes in the vol-ume and salinity of Lake Khubsugul (Mongolia) in response to global climate changes in the upper Pleistocene and the Holocene // Palaeogeogra-phy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2004., V. 209, P. 245-257.
2. Tomurhuu D., Chebykin E.P., Fedotov A.P., OyunchimegTs., Borobyova S.S. and Narantsetseg Ts., 2003 a. Lake Hovsgols sediment geochemistry. Abstract volume of Baik-sed-2, International workshop on sedimentary processes in large Lakes. 17-18 January 2003., Gent, Belgium., p. 56.
3. .., .., ., ., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., ..,
.., .., .., .., .., ., .. - // 2001., . 42, 1-2, . 8-35.
4. ., ., . , . - - , 14, 2003., 135-147.
5. ., .., ., ., . - - , 2006., 16, 141-148.
6. ., .., ., ., .. . - - , 14, 2004., 123-133.
37
.
. , , , , .
( 1989).
, . , , , ( 1989) .
, , , , , . 4 , . , .
, , .
: , .
3491 . 1647.8 . 1580 66.8 - . . 7710 2 . 44% 2273 2 . 22% 1127 2 , , 2500 - . .
: , , , , ,
, -
1 1668 50026 100009 1963
2 1650 51029 100040 1968
1.
38
`` , , : ``
, ( 1, 1) 1975-2009 , .
-1.5--5.70, -1.0--4.70 .
. 34,90, 31,20 .
2- 1975-2009 35 -4.00C, -2.90 1.10- / 2/.
2005-2009 5 1, 2- -1,1 - -1,3 0C- , 0,0 2,30C- 0,50C / 3/.
1.
2. ,
3.
39
4.
2005-2009 5 1, 2,12- -0,7 - -3,6 0- , 0,6 - 2,50- 0,5 0- . / 4/
,
1975-2009 35
31,80, 36,10 4,30- ( 2).
1975-2009 35 -47,70C, -37,4 0C
-10,30C- ( 2).
1.
, , .
2005-2009 5 1, 2,12- -0,8 - -2,20- , 0,5 - 2,40- 0,60- / 5/.
1975-2009 35 58,50, 65,10 6,60- ( 3).
,
.
- , ,
.
- , ,
1 31,801997.07.102002.07.252007.08.12
-47,70 2000.02
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2.
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3.
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6.
1975-2009 35 -49,90C, -44,50C -5,40C- ( 3).
2.
.
6- 1975-2009 296,3 , 249,6 ( 6).
296,9 5 306,1 ( 7).
260,8 5 332,1 ( 8).
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8.
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2. , 5 0,50C- .
3. 1975-2009 31,80C 1997, 2002, 2007 , 36,10C 1977
. -47,70C 2000 , -37,40C 1996 .
4. 5 0,6 0- .
5. 1975-2009 58,50 1995 , 65,10 2003
41
. -49,90 2005 , -44,5 0 1996 .
6. 1975-2009 296,3 , 249,6 . 1986 533,4 , 2001 466,2 , 2002 161,9 , 1978 134,7 .
7. 5 , .
8. , , . , , , .
1. ., . , . ., 2007, -7.
2. ., . . ., 2008., -79-84.
3. . . ., 1988., -1-169
4. . . ., 1992., -24-31.
5. . . ., 1989.
6. . ., 1989., -8-10
7. . 2006-2007 ., ., 2008., -7-11
42
`` , , : ``
., .
, , ,
, -23.10 1039,8 . .
P P (1)
(2):
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(4)
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a b
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, . , (1 -18.50, 2000 -28.10 ) 7 ( 1988 110 2002 150 ) . 1987-2007 -3.90 0.90- [1]. .
.. (AZn) [2]. ( 1).
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43
. , .
, . 70-75%- , 20-22%- , 3-10%- , . 25- , 300-325 , 14-80 , 5-15 [3].
. (C) (6) .
(6)
: - ,
Q - ()
, /2
.. [4] . , , .
30% 43%-
%02 05 08 11 14 17 20 23
00
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80
130
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1. %
. . (7%) 20% ( 1).
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1. . 13-17%- .
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1. ., . . , , 30, 2009., .98-110.
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3. .., .. . ., 2009.
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44
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., ..**
* -
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1903 [1903] . 1946 . 1945 7, 9- , 1946 2- - . (- , , , ) - .. (- , ) . 1959 . 1970 , , , . , 1978, 1982], , 1974; , 1972, 1973; 1974, [1985, 1995], , [1983].
, , 1994 - , , - . - , .
49053 52000, 99000 101056- .
, , , .
2770 2, 4990 2, 262 , 383.3 3, 1645 , 69%- . 136, 36.5 .
, ( 1) . 2, 1- .
1. , (1:500000)
45
. , ,
()
(/3) (/3)Ca2+ Mg2+ K++Na+ HCO3- SO42- Cl-
III
00429
42.5
36.47 7.78 8.75 164.07 0.049 1.136 222.28
00433 37.02 6.44 14.0 170.8 5.87 1.136 235.26
00434 29.45 11.55 12.0 164.7 6.48 2.556 226.73
IV
00438
66.3
26.05 13.13 12.25 164.7 6.48 1.704 224.31
00442 34.46 8.51 8.0 158.6 4.85 1.988 216.4
00444 33.26 9.73 4.75 152.5 4.85 2.272 207.36
V
00422
77.65
29.25 12.4 9.0 164.7 4.049 2.272 221.67
00423 32.06 9.73 8.75 158.6 5.26 1.988 216.38
00424 34.4 8.75 12.25 170.8 4.049 1.988 232.23
VII
00408
113.05
34.06 10.45 6.75 164.7 5.26 1.136 222.35
00409 35.2 9.24 5.0 158.6 3.84 1.988 213.86
00410 32.8 10.21 8.75 164.7 4.85 1.704 223.01
VIII00401
121.5530.86 10.57 5.75 152.5 4.06 1.988 205.73
00404 31.26 11.91 4.5 158.6 3.44 1.988 211.69
1. ( )
2. ( )
. 205.73-235.76 /3 . , (205.7 /3) .
0, 2.5, 19.0, 38.0, 50.0, 100.0, 140.0 (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na++K+, HCO
3-, Cl-, SO
42-,
, . 3,
2- , .
46
`` , , : ``
( ) 210.4-262.4 /3- 213.8 /3 . ,
2. ,
() T
0C (-/
3)
/3 (/3)
2 (/3)
2 (/3)
Ca2+ Mg2+ K++Na+ HCO3- Cl- SO42-
0 3.8 2.5 34.3 9.6 11.5 161.5 1.1 7.0 225.1 9.0 2.50
2.5 3.6 2.51 34.3 9.6 11.5 161.6 1.1 7.0 225.1 9.0 2.33
19.0 3.7 2.52 34.5 9.7 10.8 161.6 1.1 7.0 224.0 9.0 2.33
38.0 3.6 2.51 34.7 9.5 11.2 161.6 1.1 7.0 225.1 9.0 2.33
50.0 3.5 2.51 34.5 9.6 11.2 161.6 1.1 7.0 225.0 9.0 2.68
100.0 3.5 2.51 34.8 9.4 11.2 161.6 1.1 7.0 225.1 9.0 2.68
140.0 3.5 2.52 34.3 9.7 11.2 161.6 1.1 7.0 224.8 9.0 2.90
0 3.8 2.52 34.5 9.7 11.5 161.5 1.7 7.0 225.9 9.5 0.79
4.0 3.7 2.52 34.9 9.7 10.8 161.5 1.7 7.0 225.5 8.81 0.94
8.5 3.8 2.52 35.6 9.7 10.3 161.5 1.7 7.0 225.1 9.6 0.53
17.0 3.5 2.52 35.8 9.0 11.5 161.5 1.7 7.0 226.3 9.2 0.30
34.0 3.4 2.52 35.6 9.0 11.1 161.5 1.7 7.0 226.1 7.7 0.44
50.0 3.7 2.52 35.6 9.0 11.4 161.5 1.7 7.0 226.2 8.23 0.44
100.0 3.6 2.52 35.6 9.0 11.5 161.5 1.7 7.0 226.2 8.20 2.64
140.0 3.4 2.52 35.6 9.0 11.5 161.5 1.7 7.0 226.3 9.20 3.6
, , , .
12- 6- . 2- 262.9 /3 . . 12- 45 , 1- 70-80 , 2- 100-120 , 3- 120-133 [., . 1983].
. 10, 10 - 13.0- 48.0 /3- , 25.9 /3
3. ,
47
(247.2 /3) 9.5 . . 210.4-224.9 /3 7- 210.4 /3 . 65-80.90% . , , 0, 2.5, 19.0, 38.0, 100.0, 140.0 , , . ( ) (205.7 /3) . 26.0-34.5 /3, 9.1-14.3 /3, + 5.8-12.2 /3 . Ca2+> Mg2+> Na+ + K+ . (90%) 161.6-189.0 /3, . 4.8-7.9 /3, 1.4 /3 .
. .. (1970) I (CCa
I) , 2.49-2.90 -
/3, , (pH=8.10) . [1978] 6, 7, 8- (9.24-9.44 /3) . 11.0-13.0 /3 10.8-11.8 /3 . , . 0.0-4.04 /3- 3.29 /3 . 4.96-6.48 /3
. , . , , 0.041-0.082 /3, 0.011-0.190 /3 . 0.003-0.0019 /3, 0.002-0.0012 /3, 0.8-2.4 /3 .
.
( )- 210.4-262.9 /3- , 52.58 /3 , , .
.
, 200 .
, .
94.73% , 62.5% . 8.82-12.9 /3, 92.53-116.6%
48
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, , , .
. 200
.
1. .. . -. .,1970.
2. . . ., 1989.
3. ., . - . ., 1983.
4. . - - .. . . . . . ., 1974.
5. . , . , . ., 2002., . 27-37.
6. .. - .. . . .. ., 1974.
7. .., . - : . ., 1978.
8. .., .. . - : . ., . 88-89, 1982.
49
,
., ., ., .
,
100 14 62% . , .
, . 1830- . , . , 1903 . 100 . 1970 - , , , , . , ., .., .. (1974, 1976), . (1983, 1985, 1995), . (1991) . - 1999-2001 , 2002-2006 , , , 2006-2008 .
, , , . , . () , , , , . 2760 , 136 , 20-37 , 414 , 138-265 , 380.7000 , 4920 . 10 , . , , 126 , 3 , 2 , 5.8 , 8.5 , . , 55 , 33 , 2 , 10 , 69 , 170 , 7 8 10 [1]. 90 , 101 ( 96 ) 403 , 358 , 45 , .
50
`` , , : ``
,
. , , , 3 , , , (pH), , (, , ), , . , - , MNS 900:2005, MNS 4586-98, , , - 1989 6 22- 68//61- , . , .
, , 1- HCO
3- 92% ,
Ca2+63% . 2.45-3.00 -/ . ( ) . ( 0.5%) . 190-260 /- , 225 / . 12- , 6- . . 13-48 /- 26 /
9.5 [4]. , , . . 210-225 /- 7- . . .
2006 7 , 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 40; 50; 100 , , . 15.50 7.78 /, 50 5.90 10.3 / ( 1, 2).
, ( ) , , , - , , 2- , , -/- , , . , , . , : , , , , , . , . ,
51
, , , , , , , , , , , . 1950 6 , 10 (16 ) . 1 10-15 . , (, , )
1.
2.
, [7]. 1.0- 40 ( ) . , . .
, , , , . , , , . - . . 40 , , . , . , , , . , , , , , ,
52
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. , ( ) . , . , , . 5 , 7 . 23 8- ... (, ) 4 1- 6 15- . . , . , , , , , , . , , .
, , . , -, . . 73 10 - , 27 11-50 .
, . /
3-/, /
2+/ . 200 /- . . /2+/ 3.5-18.6 / , /
3-/
18.3-64.1 / . . 9-10- 3-4- .
2500-3000 - . 10 - , . . , . HCO
3->SO
42->Cl-,
Ca2+>Na++K+>Mg2+ . , , 1- , , , - , [4]. 45 /, 150.8-191.9 /- 165.4 / . . 1999 9 - 136 / .
53
, , , , , . , . , . , . ( 39.3 /), ( 57.3 /) . 9 . , , . , 155.6-365.4 /- 293.9 / .
1. - *. //, ** / - /, *** . / / ( )
/ -/
, /, /-%/
3- CI- SO42- Na+ IC 2 Mg2T
* 83.6 0.90 I
53.5 0.9 8 2 7.0 10.5 3.2
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52.0 1 4 19.7 21.5 6.8 1 2
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67 1 5.3 12.0 21.0 9.0 1 2
* 137.0 1.35 I
90.7 1.3 11.3 10 2 18.0 5 4
* 45.0 0.40 I
25.8 1 4 5.9 4.6 5.5 1 5
** 136.0 1.30 I
82.4 5.3 13.0 10.7 22.0 2 4
* 69.4 0.67 I
44.2 2 1 5.4 5.5 10.1 2 1
** 167.8 1.55 I
106.8 5.3 13.0 14.2 24.0 4.3
* 83.3 0.97 I
61.0 1.3 1.6 2 1 13.5 3.7
** 161.5 1.75 II
103.7 5.3 13.0 8.6 24.0 6.7
* 114.1 1.30 1
79.4 1.3 6.3 4.5 17.4 4.9
* 158.2 1.70 1
103.7 5.3 10.0 8.1 26.1 4.9
* 165.3 1.15 CNaI
103.0 2 1 15.8 24.3 15.7 4 5
-*** 246.0 3.00 1
170.8 5.3 12.0 4 1 42.1 10.9
, , 1- 2- [4]. 210 / . , , , , , , , . 2 . . 2008 7- N-51029/23.0//, E-100043/19.3// , . 259.1 /, 3.10 -/, 0.1 /, 1.30 /, 9.9 /, 20.00, 8.25 .
54
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, , 1- . , . (475.2 /), (4.80 -/) . 2 2008 7
, , . . (152.0 /), (1.45 -/) . , .
/ -/
(/)
3 CI SO+2 Na+K* Ca2t Mg2t
* 39 3 0 35 CCaNaI
22 6 1 3 4.3 5.0 4.4 1 6
** 72 3 0.45 CNaI
36 6 5 3 10 0 11.7 8 0 0 6
* 57.3 0.46 CCaNaI
37.4 1.5 3.7 6.6 6.3 1.8
* 141.8 1.38 I
100.6 1.1 4.7 9.7 22.1 3.4
** 180.8 2.05 II
122.0 5.3 10.0 7.0 29.1 7.3
* 293 9 3 01 I
204 1 5.1 12 3 18 8 43.4 10 3
* 252.5 2.87 I
186.1 1.0 6.0 6.6 42.8 9.0
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161.7 5.3 11.0 4.1 40.1 10.3
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326.4 5.3 31.0 30.5 59.1 22.5
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53.3 1.9 9.5 5.6 13.0 4.0
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, . , . .
, , 2300 .
2. , *. /, 1970-1985/, ** / - , 1980-2000/, *** ., . / , 2008/
, , ( 3, 4). , . . .
- , , 1-2- , . , , , , , 6 , , 1-2- , ( 100-200 /), ,
55
3. 4. ,
( 1.80-2.40 -/), ( 1.25-1.40 -/) . .
6 2007 2008 . . , (337-377 /) , , , , , , , (200 / ) . . . , , 1.4 / . , , .
6 13 57 (8 , 14 ), (4 , 10 ),
(7 , 16 )- . (Odonta) 2 , (Coleoptera) 5 8 , (Hemiptera) 2 , (Diptera) 4 , (Gastropoda) 1 , (Gammarus sp.), , . 6 , , . , . , .
. , , , , . , , , , . , [5].
56
`` , , : ``
500 - , , .
. ( 5) 2008 7- , . 209.3 /, 2.30 -/, , 2.20 /, 9.8 /, 16.30, 8.18 . , , 1- .
5.
, , 1- , , .
100 .
, .
, , 2008 . .
, , , , , , , .
130.8 .
, , /5 /, /7 / 2
57
.
, .
1. , . ., 1989.2. ., .., ..,
.., ..., .., .., . : . ., . 1976., 207-229.
3. . . . ., 1975 .
4. ..
. . ., 1997.
5. ., . . , , ., 2008.
6. .., .. - . 3 , . -., 2008., 3.
7. . , 1999-2001.
58
, :
( )
..
, - ()
Methodical approaches to an economic estimation of recreational resources of transboundary territories are considered. Results of the economic estimation of recreational resources are presented here on the example of Khubsugul NP, situated in transboundary territory. Necessity of further researches in the field for the purpose of wide introduction of economic management methods in the field of recreational nature management is underlined.
- , , . , , - , . , , . , , . , , .
, , , ( , 1986).
.
, , -, , - . .
, , .
, , . , , .
, .. (1987) , ,
59
, . , , .
(, 1986). , , . : .
, : . , : , . .
, .. , , , , -, .
, . , , . , , .
- , ( ), ( ) . , , . , , - , . , , , ( ., 1999). , . ( ., 1999; . ., 2000) : , , ; - ; .. , .
. , - , .
() . , - , -
60
, :
, , , .
, , , , , , . , 14-15 . , . , - . - . - .
, . 15 15 (119-123 ), . . , 27 506 2008 . , , . 37 , 8 , 29. , 5 20 , 30-40 -. , . , - 1569 -.
, - -, , , , ( , ..), , , - .
25 35 . , 30 . -, ,
, 2008 . 148 416 800 . 5 664 763,36 .
, , , . , , , , . , , , .
, .
, , , . , , , .
, , . , () . , , ..
61
1. .., .., .., .., .., .. . . ., 1999., 112 .
2. .., .., .., .. . .: - ., 2000., 272 .
3. .. -- -. ., , 1987., 131 .
4. / . .., . . .: , 1986., 136 .
5. .. . // : . . . . 13-16 1986., II. ., 1986., .294-296.
62
, :
THE NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION POSSIBILITIES WITHIN THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS OF RUSSIA AND MONGOLIA
T.P. Kalikhman
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS, Russia, Irkutsk
Institutional frameworks are given positive and negative possibilities for natural protected areas environmental activities and creation of special transboundary territory in Russia and Mongolia. Short analysis is presented here covering the issues of national and regional (Russian) environmental laws, complexities of its realization, proposed three new transboundary natural protected areas: From Khubsugul to Baikal, Delger Muren and Sayan Cross.
..
. .. , ,
(). 1994 . ( ., 2006), ( ), . , 2003 . , 12 , 5 , 7 , (, 2007). () .
()
, , . , : , , , , , , , , .
, (1995) (, 2001). . ().
( 33- 14.03.1995) , . ,
63
( 2000 . ). . ( ), , .
, 01.04.1995 (Mngolian Environmental, 1996; Special Protected, 2000), : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) . , .
, , ( , - ). , , . (, , 2000). (Mongolian Environmental, 1996), , . , , , , , , 0.1-0.3 . .
, , . ( ), , , , , , . .
, , . , (, , 2002). (Mongolias tentativ..., 1999; Mongolias Wild..., 1996). , , , , .
, , , . , , () , . ( , , .) . , : , ,
64
, :
, , .
,
, . , . , .
( 7-175 28.09.1995), . , , , , - , , , , . , . , , (, 2002; , , 2005).
( 645 9.12.1996) , - , - . 2004 . , .
- ( 560-1 16.09.1997) ,
(, 2001). 2001 . . ( 1438-III 29.12.2005). .
, , ( 34/9- 19.09.2007). , , , . , , .
, , . , . , , , , , (, 2001). , ( ..., 1995).
, : , , .
65
.
. , . , , , , (, 1999). , . - , , , , , . . , , .
, , . , . , , , - . , .
,
10 , , . , . . , , , , . , , , . (). , , , () , .
, , . , , , , , . , , . . . , . , , , . , (, 1999).
,
66
, :
. , , 1994 . , , . , , , . .
, , :
1. . , . () , . , , -, , , , ; - ; , ; - , - , - , - , , - , ( 2001, 2002, Oyungerel, Savenkova, 2004; , 2007).
- 200 Global, WWF (, 2001).
, , .
2. -. . , ( 94- 01.05.1999). (). . , , , , - , , (, 2002). , , , .
, . . - 3000 . , .
- Global-200.
3. . , , , , , . , , () - , (, ) , , (, ) .
67
- - ( ., 2008; , , 2009).
- ( ), ( ), 2009 . ( ), ( ). , : ( / ), ( ); , , ( ), , ( ), ( ); - ( ),; ( ), , ( ), ( ) (, 2001, , 2002, ., 2006, , 2007, ., ., 2009, Special protected, 2000). - ( ) (, 2001).
, , , , : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ( ., 2008; ., ., 2009).
. , -
. , , , , , , .
, , . , ( , , ). , , , , , , . , , , . , (, ), .
, , , , (, 2007) ( ., 2006). (1989, /) (1996, /) (, 1997).
68
, :
:
12. .., . // . 2002., 2, . 45-53.
13. - . . 2001., 176 .
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3. .. : // , 2007., .12, . 41-66.
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8. . : -, , 2002., 264 .
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11. .., . // . 2000., 2, .131-138.
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This methodology can be used for conducting the tour-recreation assessment in any area of Mongolia. In addition, both GIC of tour-recreational resource and results of complex assessment on tour-recreational resource also intended for trainings, researches, traveling and tourism industry development in sum of Mongolia.
Due to Mongolia is becoming more popular of its unique histo-cultural recourses not only in North Eastern Asia but in the world; at the same time the development in Mongolian tourism industry is growing fast.
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, [, 1996]. Cystop-teris fragilis , ; Cystopteris fragilis , , , , (, 1996 ).
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