Humans Factor

8/10/2019 Humans Factor

1/12

Human Factors

inthe

Design and Evaluation

of

Central Control Room

Operations

Neville A. Stanton

Paul Salmon

Daniel Jenkins

Guy W alker

CRC Press

Tay lo r F ranc is G rou p

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor Francis Gr ou p, an i n f o r m a business


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Conten ts

List of Figures xvii

List of Tables xx iii

Preface xxvii

The Authors xxix

Chapter 1 Introduction to Hu ma n Factors and Ergono mics 1

Chapter 2 Com petencies

7

2.1 Ou tline 7

2.2 Key Issues 8

2.2.1 Individual Operator Com petencies 8

2.2.2 Team Com petencies 8

2.2.3 Competence Identification 8

2.2.4 Com petency-Based Training 9

2.2.5 Com petence Assessment 9

2.2.6 Com petence M anagem ent Systems 10

2.3 Standards and Guidelines 10

2.3.1 M anaging Competence for Safety-Related

Systems 10

2.3.2 Developing and M aintaining Staff Competence 10

2.3.3 Com petence Assessm ent for

the Haza rdous Industries 11

2.3.4 Control of Major Accident Haz ard Regu lations 11

2.4 Hum an Factors Literature 11

2.4.1 Com petence 11

2.4.2 Team Com petencies 16

2.4.3 Identifying Com petencies 22

2.4.4 Com petence Managem ent Systems 22

2.5 Guidance and Recom mendations 25

2.6 Assessment and Evaluation 26

2.6.1 Competence Identification 26

2.6.2 Com petence Assessment 27

2.6.2.1 Establish Com petence Performance

Standards and Assessm ent Criteria 30

2.6.2.2 Select Appropriate Com petence

Assessment M ethods 35

2.6.2.3 Select Rem edial M easures and

Und ertake Com petence Assessments 35

2.7 Exam ple 35

Bibliography 40

v


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vi Hum an Factors in the Design and Evaluation of C on trol Room Op erat ions

Chapter 3 Training 43

3.1 Ou tline 43

3.2 Key Issues 43

3.2.1 Training Needs Analysis 43

3.2.2 Training Preconditions 44

3.2.3 Training Design 44

3.2.4 Training Content 44

3.2.5 Training Delivery M ethods 44

3.2.6 Team Training 44

3.2.7 Transfer of Training 45

3.2.8 Training Evaluation 45


3.3.1 M anag ing Competence for

Safety-Related Systems 45

3.3.2 Developing and M aintaining Staff Com petence 46

3.3.3 Com petence Assessment

for Haz ardous Industries 46

3.3.4 Con trol of Major Accident Haz ard Regulations 47


3.4.1 Definitions 47

3.4.2 Training Theory 47

3.4.3 Training Nee ds Analysis 50

3.4.3.1 Introduction 50

3.4.3.2 Training Needs 52

3.4.3.3 Training Needs Analysis M ethods 54

3.4.4 Training Design 56

3.4.5 Pretraining Conditions 58

3.4.6 Training Delivery M ethods 59

3.4.6.1 Introduction 59

3.4.6.2 Training M edia 60

3.4.7 Team Training 62

3.4.7.1 Crew Resource M anagement 64

3.4.8 Transfer of Train ing

and Post-Training Conditions 67

3.4.8.1 Transfer of Train ing 67

3.4.8.2 Post-Training Conditions 68

3.4.9 Training Evaluation 69

3.4.10 Sum mary 70

3.5 Guidelines and Recom mendations 70

3.6 Assessm ent and Evaluation 71

3.6.1 Training Need s Analysis 71

3.6.1.1 Organ izational Analysis 75

3.6.1.2 Task Analysis 78

3.6.1.3 Person Analysis 78


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Contents v

3.7 Example TN A 78

3.7.1 Training Need s Analysis 78

3 7 1 1

Orga nizational Analysis 78

3 7 1 2 Task Analysis 80

3 7 1 3

Person Analysis 80

Bibliography 85

Chapter 4 Procedures 89

4.1 Ou tline 89

4.2 Key Issues 89

4.2.1 Identification of Proce dure Requireme nts 89

4.2.2 Development of Proce dures 90

4.2.3 Training Staff in Procedures 90

4.2.4 Review, M aintenance, and Update of Proced ures 90

4.2.5 Form at of Proce dures 90

4.2.6 Com pliance with Proced ures 90

4.2.7 Efficacy of Procedu res 91

4.2.8 Proce dural Flaws 91


4.3.1 Revitalizing Procedures for Major Ha zards 91

4.3.2 Inspectors Toolkit: Hum an Factors in the

M anagement of Major Accident Haz ards 91

4.3.3 1999 Control of Major Accident Hazard

Regulations 91

4.3.4 Successful Health and Safety M anagem ent 92


4.4.1 Defining Procedures 92

4.4.2 M odels of Proce dures 92

4.4.3 Developing Proced ures 93

4.4.4 W hen Procedures Fail 95

4.4.5 Procedural Noncom pliance 98


4.5.1 Identify Tasks Req uiring Procedures 99

4.5.2 De termine Level of Proce dural Aid

Required and Format of Proc edure 101

4.5.3 W rite and Review Proce dure 101

4.5.4 Approve Proce dure 102

4.5.5 Train Proce dure 102

4.5.6 Monitor Proce dure 102


4.7 Exam ple 103

4.7.1 Proced ure Development Process 103

4.7.2 Evaluation of Existing Proce dures 108

Bibliography 110


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vi i i Hum an Factors in the Design and Evaluation of C on trol Room Op erat ion s

C ha pte r 5 Co mm unication Proces s 113

5.1 Ou tline 113

5.2 Key Issues 113


5.4 Hu man Factors Literatu re 114

5.4.1 The Con trol Room as a Sociotechnical System 114

5.4.2 The Purp ose of Com mu nication:

Teamwork and Shared Aw areness 116

5.5 Gu idance and Reco mm endations 118

5.5.1 M inim um Requiremen ts 118

5.5.2 Human Factors Best Practice 119

5 5 2 1 Social Network Analysis 119

5 5 2 2

Com mun ications Usage Diagram 119

5 5 2 3 Team Comm unications 119


5.7 Exam ple 124

Bibliography 125

Chapter 6 M anning and W orkload

127

6.1 Ou tline 127

6.1.1 M ann ing 127

6.1.2 Workload 127

6.1.2.1 M ental Workload 128

6.1.2.2 Physical Workload 128

6.2 Key Issues 129

6.2.1 M ann ing 129

6.2.2 Workload 130


6.3.1 M ann ing 133

6.3.1.1 Control of Major Accident

Haza rds Regu lations 133

6.3.2 Workload 133

6.3.2.1 M ental Workload ISO Standards 133

6.3.2.2 Physical W orkload ISO Standards 134


6.4.1 M ann ing 135

6.4.2 Workload 135

6.4.2.1 M ental W orkload 135

6.4.2.2 Phys ical W orkload 141

6.5 Gu idance and Recomm endations 141

6.5.1 M ann ing 141

6.5.2 M ental W orkload 141

6.5.2.1 Personnel Guidelines and

Recom men dations (ISO 9001:2008) 143


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Contents ix

6 5 2 2

Task Guidelines and Recom mendations

(ISO 9001:2008) 143

6 5 2 3 W orkspace and Environment

(ISO 9001:2000) 144

6 5 2 4

Social Factors (ISO 9001:2008) 144

6 5 2 5 Time Factors (ISO 9001:2008) 145

6 5 2 6 Orga nizational Factors

(Tsang and Vidulich, 2006) 145


6.6.1 M anning 145

6.6.2 W orkload 146

6 6 2 1

M ental W orkload 146

6.6.3 Exam ples 150

6 6 3 1 NASA-TLX Procedure and Advice 150

6 6 3 2

Physical W orkload 154

6.7 Exam ple 156

Bibliography 159

Chapter 7 Autom ation

163

7.1 Ou tline 163

7.2 Key Issues 163



7.4.1 History of Automation 164

7.4.2 Ironies of Automation 165

7.4.3 Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem s 166

7.4.4 Sociotechnical Considerations 166

7.4.5 Dy nam ic Allocation of Function 168

7.5 Gu idance and Recomm endations 169

7.6 Assessment and Evalua tion 175

7.6.1 Functional Analysis 175

7.6.2 M andatory Assignm ents 176

7.6.3 Prelim inary Assignments 178

7.6.4 Allocation of Function 180

7.6.5 Fitts List 182

7.6.6 Core Job Characteristics 185

7.7 Example 185

7.7.1 M arsden and Kirby s Allocation

of Func tion Analysis 185

7.7.2 Constraints-Based Approach to

Functional Analysis 186

7.7.3 Dy nam ic Allocation of Function 187

Bibliography 190


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x Hu ma n Factors in the Design and Evaluation of C on tro l Room Op era tions

Chapter 8 Supervision 193

8.1 Outline 193

8.2 Key Issues 194

8.2.1 Supervision Type 194

8.2.2 Superv isor s Role, Responsibilities,

and Functions 194

8.2.3 Staff Roles and Resp onsibilities 195

8.2.4 Supervision Assessm ent 195

8.2.5 W eaknesses Assoc iated with

Supervisory Approach 195

8.2.6 Supervision W eakness Coun termeasu res 195

8.2.7 Supervisor Com petence 195

8.2.8 Sup ervisor Workload 196

8.2.9 Relationship between Supervisor

and Subordinates 196

8 2 1 Relationship between Management

and Supervisor 196

8 2 11 Com munication 196

8 2 12 Interaction between Team M embers

and M anagem ent 196

8.3 Stan dard s and Gu idelines 196

8.3.1 Successful Health and Safety M anagement 196

8.3.2 Different Types of Supervision and the Impact

on Safety in the Chem ical and Allied Industries:

Assessm ent M ethodology and User Guide 197

8.4 Hu man Factors Literature 197

8.4.1 Superv ision 197

8.4.2 Different Forms of Supervision 199

8.4.3 No te on Leadership Styles 201

8.4.4

Status uo

201

8.4.5 Teams and Teamwork 204

8.4.6 Study of Supervision 205

8.4.7 Consequ ences of Inadequ ate Supervision 206

8.5 Gu idance and Reco mm endations 210


8.7 Exam ple 218

Bibliography 221

Chapter 9 Shift Pattern s

225

9.1 Ou tline 225

9.2 Key Issues 226

9.3 Standa rds and Guidelines 227

9.3.1 W orking Time Regulations 227

9.3.2 Health and Safety Leg islation 227


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Contents xi

9.4 Human Factors Literature 228

9.4.1 The Body Clock 228

9.4.2 Sleep 229

9.4.2.1 Sleep Patte rns for the

Day Worker 230

9.4.2.2 Sleep Patte rns for the

Shift or Night Worker 230

9.4.2.3 Effects of Sleep Deprivation 230

9.4.3 Social Challenges 231

9.4.4 Health and Weil-Being 231

9.4.4.1 He art Problem s 231

9.4.4.2 M ental Well-Being 231

9.4.4.3 App etite and Digestion 232

9.4.5 Handover 232

9.4.6 Sum mary 232

9.5 Guidance and Recom mend ations 233

9.5.1 Employer s Che cklist 234

9.5.2 Health Qu estionnaire 234

9.5.3 Shift Handovers 235


9.6.1 Strategies for the Em ployer 236

9.6.2 Strategies for the Em ployee 237

9.6.2.1 Cop ing with the Shift

and M anaging Fatigue 238

9.6.2.2 Traveling Hom e 238

9.6.2.3 Sleep 238

9.6.2.4 Lifestyle 238

9.6.3 Additional Assessm ent M aterials 239

9.6.3.1 Fatigue and Risk Index Tool 239

9.6.3.2 Epw orth Sleepiness Scale 241

9.6.3.3 The Standard Shiftwork Index 241

9.6.3.4 Shift Handover 242

9.7 Exam ple 242

9.7.1 Best Practice Guidelines 242

9.7.2 Risk Assessm ent 244

9.7.3 Fatigue Assessm ent 246

9.7.4 Handover 246

Bibliography 247

Chapter 10 Control Room Layout

249

10.1 Ou tline 249

10.2 Key Issues 249


10.3.1 Relevant Standards 251


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xii Hu ma n Factors in the Design and Evaluation of C on tro l Room O pe ration s


10.4.1 Dim ensions of the W orkstation 254

10.4.1.1 Th e Seat 256

10.4.1.2 Seat Height 256

10.4.1.3 Seat Depth 256

10.4.1.4 Seat W idth 257

10.4.1.5 Lateral Clearan ce between Arm rests 257

10.4.2 W orkstation Desk Design 257

10.4.2.1 Desk Height 258

10.4.2.2 Leg Room 258

10.4.2.3 Size of the Work Surface 259

10.4.3 Display Screens 260

10.4.4 Nu mber of Displays 261

10.4.5 Other Aspects Affecting Room Layout 261

10.4.5.1 Layou t Analysis 261

10.4.5.2 Social Organ ization 262

10.4.5.3 Access 262

10.4.5.4 Au xiliary Functions 262

10.4.5.5 Safety Con siderations 262

10.4.5.6 Flex ibility 263


10.5.1 M ethods 263

10.5.1.1 Layout of the Room 263

10.5.1.2 Physical Layout

of the W orkstation 263


10.7 Exam ple 265

10.7.1 Th e Ch air 266

10.7.1.1 Calculating Sitting Pos tures

for Population Extrem ities 269

Bibliography 270

Chapter 11 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA)

273

11.1 Ou tline 273

11.2 Key Issues 273



11.4.1 Con trol Task Categories 276

11.4.1.1 Category 1. Abn orma l

Situation Ha ndling 276

11.4.1.2 Category 2. No rma l Operation 276

11.4.1.3 Category 3. Op timization 276

11.4.2 Visu alization 278

11.4.3 Display Design 278

11.4.4 Elements 280


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Contents

xiii

11.4.5 Grouping of Data Elements 281

11.4.6 Information Density 281

11.5 Guidance and Recomm endations 281


11.6.1 HC l Check list 282

11.6.1.1 Visual Clarity 282

11.6.1.2 Consistency 282

11.6.1.3 Com patibility 283

11.6.1.4 Informative Feedback 284

11.6.1.5 Exp licitness 284

11.6.1.6 Appropriate Func tionality 284

11.6.1.7 Flexibility and Control 284

11.6.1.8 Error Prevention and Correction 285

11.6.1.9 User Guidan ce and Support 287

11.6.1.10 Overall System Usability 287

11.6.2 EEM UA User s Questionnaire 288

11.6.2.1 Physical Arrang ement 289

11.6.2.2 Access to Displayed Information 289

11.6.2.3 Navigation through Information

Hierarchy 289

11.7 Exam ple 290

Bibliography 292

Chapter 12 Alarm s

293

12.1 Ou tline 293

12.2 Key Issues 293




12.6 Assessmen t and Evaluation 300

12.7 Exam ple 302

Bibliography 305

Chapter 13 Environm ent 307

13.1 Ou tline 307

13.1.1 Accepted Definition 307

13.1.2 Brief Description 307

13.2 Key Issues 307


13.3.1 Relevant Standards 308


13.4.1 Objectively M easu rable States

vs.

Subjectively Felt States 308

13.4.2 Regu latory Processes 310


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xiv Hum an Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Co ntrol Room O pe rat ions

13.4.3 Systems Perspective 312

13.4.4 Latest Th inkin g 312

13.5 Guidan ce and Recomm endations 313


13.6.1 Am bient Temperature 313

13.6.1.1 M inimum Requ irements 313

13.6.1.2 Hum an Factors Best Practice 314

13.6.1.3 Am bient Temperature Exam ple 315

13.6.2 Air Quality 318

13.6.2.1 M inim um Requ irements 318


13.6.2.3 Air Quality Exam ple 319

13.6.3 Ligh ting 323

13.6.3.1 M inimum Requirements 323


13.6.3.3 Lighting Exam ple 324

13.6.4 Acoustics 326



13.6.4.3 Acoustics Exam ple 332

13.6.5 Vibration 332



13.6.5.3 Vibration Exam ple 333

13.6.6 Interio r Design and Aesthe tics 333



13.6.6.3 Aesthetics Exam ple 334

13.7 Sum mary 334

Bibliography 335

Chapter 14 Hu m an Error

337

14.1 Outline 337

14.2 Key Issues 337

14.2.1 Slips and Lapses 338

14.2.2 M istakes 338

14.2.3 Violations 339

14.3 Huma n Factors Literature 340

14.3.1 Person Approach 340

14.3.2 Systems Approach 341



14.5.1 SHER PA 346

14.6 Exam ple 348

Bibliography 367


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Contents

xv

Chapter 15 Safety Culture

369

15.1 Ou tline 369

15.2 Key Issues 369


15.3.1 Guide to Occupational Health

and Safety M anagem ent Systems 370

15.3.2 Occupational Health and Safety Zone 370


15.4.1 Defining Safety Cu lture 371

15.4.2 M odels of Safety Cu lture 372

15.4.3 Characte ristics of an Efficient Safety Culture 375

15.4.4 Building a Safety Cu lture 377

15.4.5 Co llecting Safety-Related Da ta 378

15.4.5.1 Accident Investigation and Analysis 379

15.4.5.2 Incident Reporting Systems 382

15.5 Guidelines and Reco mm endations 385


15.7 Exam ple 386

Bibliography 392

Author Index 395

Subject Index

403

Documents

Humans Factor