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Human RightsandTerrorism
Defense Institute of International Legal Studies
Regional Defense Combating Terrorism Fellowship Program
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
2
Introduction:Module Objectives
• Participants will be able to define the major sources of human rights law
• Participants will be able to list the human rights available during arrest, detention, trial, and punishment
• Participants will be able to list the human rights issues in interrogation and combating terrorism generally
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
I. Introduction: What law applies?
Ordinary crime
•National constitution and laws•International human rights law
3
Internal Armed Conflict
• National constitution and laws
• International human rights law
• International law of armed conflict
4
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
I. Introduction: What law applies?
International Armed Conflict
•Customary international law of armed conflict
5
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
I. Introduction: What law applies?
I. Relationship BetweenLaw of Armed Conflictand Human Rights Law
• Internal armed conflict
• International armed conflict
The law of armed conflict prevails in those situations in which both provide rules.
6
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
I. International Human Rights
Purposes:
•Protect citizens from government
•Obligate government to provide benefits to citizens
7
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
Sources:
•International agreements
• Binding on States which are party to them
•Customary international law
• Binding on every state unless a persistent objector
•Domestic law
8
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
I. International Human Rights
I. UN Charter – Article 1(3)
“The Purposes of the United Nations are:
3. To achieve international cooperation in ....promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinctionas to race, sex, language, or religion.”
9
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
II. UN Universal Declarationof Human Rights
• Adopted by General Assembly in 1948
• non-binding list of aspirational goals
• Some have become binding as customary international law
10
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
• 159 party states• committed respect
specified rights in their borders
• agree domestic laws to give effect to specified rights
• obligations may be limited by reservation
11
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
II. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Nations not yet a party:
12
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
Antigua & BarbudaBahamasBrunei DarussalamChina (PRC)CubaFijiGuinea-BissauKiribatiLaosMontenegroMyanmar (Burma)NauruOmanPakistan
PalauPapua New GuineaQatarSaint Kitts & NevisSaint LuciaSao Tome & PrincipeSolomon IslandsTongaTuvaluUnited Arab EmiratesVanuatu
II. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
• A nation may temporarily suspend most rights due to public emergency threatening life of nation, except:
• Arbitrary deprivation of life
• Torture or cruel, inhuman,or degrading treatment
13
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
II. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
• prohibition on slavery and servitude
• imprisonment for debt
• retroactive application of criminal law
• recognition before the law
• right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion
14
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
II. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
II. Customary International Law of Human Rights
• Prohibits:
• Genocide
• Slavery or slave trade
• Murder or causing disappearance of persons
• Torture or cruel, inhumane, degrading treatment
15
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
• Prolonged arbitrary detention
• Systematic racial discrimination
• Consistent pattern of gross violation of other internationally recognized human rights
16
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
II. Customary International Law of Human Rights
III. Human Rights in Arrest and Detention of Terrorist Suspects
• only on grounds and procedures established by law
• informed at time of arrest of reason; promptly informed of charges
• be promptly brought before judge; be tried or released in a reasonable time
17
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
• entitled to court hearing on lawfulness of detention
• release and compensation for unlawful arrest or detention
• persons detained treated with humanity and respect
18
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
III. Human Rights in Arrest and Detention of Terrorist Suspects
• fair, public hearing by impartial tribunal
• public disclosure of judgment
• presumed innocent
• informed of nature and cause of charges
19
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
IV. Human Rights in the Trial and Punishment of Terrorist Suspects
• adequate time and facilities to
• prepare defense
• be tried without delay
• defend himself in person or through counsel
20
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
IV. Human Rights in the Trial and Punishment of Terrorist Suspects
• examine government witnesses and obtain witnesses on own behalf
• assistance of an interpreter
• right not to testify against self
• have conviction & sentence reviewed
21
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
IV. Human Rights in the Trial and Punishment of Terrorist Suspects
• right not to be tried twice for same offense
• right to be tried only for offense established at time crime was committed
• right not to be arbitrarily deprived of life
22
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
IV. Human Rights in the Trial and Punishment of Terrorist Suspects
VI. Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
• Convention on Torture Definition:
• “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person….”
23
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
• Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
• undefined by international law
• national law fills the void
24
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
VI. Goal of Interrogation
• Obtain reliable information in a lawful manner in the minimum time
• Torture and other illegal methods:
• produce unreliable results
• damage subsequent collection efforts
• bring domestic and international
• discredit25
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
Executive Branch
•Presidential Policy: U.S. does not torture
•Presidential Order – November, 2001
• treat detainees humanely
26
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
• Field Manual on Military Interrogation
• 17 authorized techniques
• torture & other illegal methods prohibited
27
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
VI. FM 34-52 Interrogation Techniques
1. Direct Questions
2. Offer Incentives
3. Emotional Love
4. Emotional Hate
5. Fear-Up (Harsh)
6. Fear-Up (Mild)
7.Fear-Down
8. Pride & Ego-Up
28
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
9. Pride and Ego-Down
10. Futility
11. We Know All
12. File and Dossier
13. Establish Your Identity
14. Repetition
15. Rapid Fire
16. Silent
17. Change of Scene29
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. FM 34-52 Interrogation Techniques
VI. Department of Justice Memorandum – August, 2002
• Torture is:
• excruciating and agonizing pain
• equal to pain of serious physical injury or death
• mental pain that results in significant psychological harm of significant duration
30
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. Additional Techniques at GITMO
Approved by SECDEF 2 December 02 – 15 January, 2003:•False Flag/False Documents•Good Cop/Bad Cop•Stress Positions (4 hours)•Isolation (30 days)•Non-Standard Environment•Deprivation of Light
and Sound
31
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. Additional Techniques at GITMO
• Hooding• Prolonged Interrogation
(20 hours)• Remove All Comfort Items• Cold Field Rations• Removal of Clothing• Forced Grooming• Exploiting Fears (dogs)• Mild Physical Contact
32
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
• Approved by SECDEF after 16 April, 2003:
• Good Cop/Bad Cop
• Dietary Manipulation
• Environmental Manipulation
• Sleep Adjustment
• False Flag
• Isolation
33
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. Additional Techniques at GITMO
VI. Department of Justice Memorandum – December, 2004
• Torture is:
• extreme, deliberate and unusually cruel practices such as sustained systematic beatings, application of electric current to sensitive body parts, and tying or hanging in positions that cause extreme pain34
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
• March, 2005 - Defense Lawyers' Working Group Memorandum rescinded
• December, 2005 - Secretary of State announces policy of no cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment outside U.S. territory
35
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. Department of Justice Memorandum – December, 2004
VI. Detainee Treatment Act of 2005
• “No person in custody or under the effective control of the Department of Defense or under detention in a Department of Defense facility shall be subject to any treatment or technique of interrogation not authorized by and listed in the U.S. Army Field Manual on Intelligence Interrogation.” (Sec. 1402(a))36
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
• “No individual in the custody or under the physical control of the U.S. Government, regardless of nationality or physical location, shall be subject to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.” (Sec. 1403(a))
37
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. Detainee Treatment Act of 2005
Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld
IV. Torture
38
Supreme Court, June, 2006
- 1949 Geneva Conventions Common Article 3 applies to conflict with Al Qaeda
- It applies in armed conflict other than between nations
-- President’s interpretation that Common Article 3 does not apply to Al Qaeda is reasonable
-- Court has long held executive interpretation entitled to great weight
VI. Common Article 3of 1949 Geneva Conventions
• Detained persons must:
• be treated humanely
• not be subject to violence to life and person
• not be subject to humiliating or degrading treatment
• be cared for if wounded or sick
39
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. FM 2-22.2 Human Intelligence Collection Operations
• Detainees treated:
• humanely;
• no torture, or cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment;
40
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
• prohibited actions include:
• forcing detainee to be naked, perform sexual acts, pose in sexual manner
• hooding, duct tape over eyes
• beatings, electric shock, other physical pain41
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. FM 2-22.2 Human Intelligence Collection Operations
• "water boarding"
• use of military working dogs
• inducing hypothermia or heat injury
42
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. FM 2-22.2 Human Intelligence Collection Operations
• mock executions
• deprivation of necessary food, water, or
medical care
43
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VI. FM 2-22.2 Human Intelligence Collection Operations
Self-Determination
•External self-determination
• not applicable to minorities within a state
•Internal self-determination
• right to independent,
• democratic institutions
44
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VII. Self-Determination
• state option for election
• to determine independence
• state option to grant autonomy
45
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VII. Self-Determination
• Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
• Limitations on practice necessary for:
• Public safety
• Order
• Health
• Morals
• Rights of others46
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VII. Freedom of Religion
VII. Freedom of Expression
• Right to hold and express opinions
• Limitations:
• defamation
• national security
• public order, health, safety or morals
• war propaganda
• hate speech
47
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Human Rights
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
VIII. Terrorism as a Violation of Human Rights
• prohibition against arbitrary deprivation of life
• prohibition against torture or cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment
48
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Motivation
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
IX. Human Rights Enforcement
• Domestic legal systems
• UN Human Rights Council
• ICCPR UN Human Rights Committee
• Security Council
• Sanctions
• Criminal tribunals
• Peace enforcement
• Regional organizations49
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Motivation
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
X. Conclusion
• Human Rights protected by: Domestic law guided by relevant Human Rights Law
• Minimum Human Rights standards
50
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Motivation
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
X. Conclusion
• Only internal self-determination for minorities
• Violence not authorized to achieve rights
• States must balance rights
51
I. Introduction
II. Standards
III. Law
IV. Arrest and Detention
V. Trial and Punishment
VI. Torture
VII. Motivation
VIII. Terrorism
IX. Enforcement
X. Conclusion
Human RightsandTerrorism
Defense Institute of International Legal Studies
Regional Defense Combating Terrorism Fellowship Program