Human Nuclear Physiology

Human Nuclear Physiology

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©Krichkov A., Shnaybel O., 2013


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Krichkov А., Shnaybel О.


Key words: human gamma radiation, human nuclear physiology, radionuclides,

ageing.

Within the frame of supraphysiological mechanism of human ageing, this work

describes experiments and observations on human nuclear physiology and determines

the physiological processes where natural and cosmogenic radionuclides participate.

Various age periods of human life are examined. The first observation characteristics

are given of the Highly Organized Energy Medium interacting with human at the

moment of his first breath.

The investigations presented in this paper are attributed to biophysics, medical

physics and radiobiology.

In the middle of the twentieth century Bohr N. [1] mentioned in one of his

works: “The entire history of the organic evolution provides us with the results of

experiencing the incomprehensible possibilities of atomic interactions in nature” [2].

We will consider the following issues: to what extent a human participates in natural

atomic interactions, whether atomic reactions are peculiar to a human, and whether

nuclear reactions influence human physiology.

It is known from references that a human has his own radioactivity contributed

by the natural radionuclides distributed in human body.

Table 1. Average radionuclide content in human body with the mass of 70 kg

and equivalent radiation doses created by the radionuclides [3].

No. Radionuclide Quantity, mg Radioactivity, Bq Radiation dose,

μSv/year

1 40

К 22 5600 190

2 87

Rb 280 870 6.9

3 14

C 1.5 х 10-5

2900 13

4 238

U 0.09 1.1 6.8

5 232

Th 0.03 0.11 0.7

6 226

Ra 3.1 х 10-8

1.1 8.0


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On the other hand, it is known that the following natural sources are taken into

consideration for the evaluation of equivalent annual dose received by a human.

Table 2. Evaluation of equivalent annual dose received by a human, μSv/year

[4].

Source World average dose Typical range

Space radiation 0.38 0.3 - 1

Gamma radiation of the

Earth

0.48 0.3 – 0.6

Inhalation of 222

Rn, 220

Rn

and their radioactive

products

1.3 0.2 - 10

Internal radiation 0.24 0.2 – 0.8

All natural sources 2.4 1-12.4

Pursuant to the above information, a human is radioactive himself, i.e. a human

radiates. Therewith, radiation of the Earth and space radiation are taken into

consideration for calculation of the equivalent dose received by a human.

Is human radiation continuous or cyclic? The following experiments were

conducted in order to answer the question.

In the first experiment, observations were made over volunteers, namely, 15

men aged 28-34. The observations were made under controlled radiation-monitoring

conditions. Each person was observed for 24 hours, readings were taken every 15

minutes.

As of the date of the experiment, the terrestrial magnetic field was quiet.

Activity of the Sun was low. A more detailed description of the experiment can be

found in the work “Supraphysiological Mechanism of Human Ageing”.

Technical characteristics of the equipment: RADEX RD 1706 radiation

indicators. Certificate of compliance 060070010 issued by Federal State Unitary

Enterprise (FSUE) “National Research Institute for Physicotechnical and Radio

Engineering Measurements”. Dose rate readings range is 0.05 to 999 μSv/h,

registered gamma radiations energy range is 0.1 to 1.25 MeV.

Figure 1. Human emission of gamma quanta according to the circadian (daily)

cycle.

The horizontal axis shows the time.

The vertical axis shows the emission level (µSv per hour).


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The blue line symbolizes the average background level in the room assumed as

a straight line in order to avoid overloading the figure. In fact, the instrument

readings oscillation range was ± 0.01 µSv/h.

The red line symbolizes the background level in the area.

The green line symbolizes the human emission threshold value.

The violet line means the emission of 40

К and 14

С assumed as a straight line.

Complete calculation of the contribution of these radionuclides into human own

radioactivity is given in the work “Supraphysiological Mechanism of Human

Ageing”.

The second experiment performed a year afterwards, at the same geographical

point and in the same period of calendar year, allowed for a statistically reliable

verification of the first experiment and provided extended knowledge of human

gamma radiation in a daily cycle.

Subject to the observations were eight people, namely, men aged 28 – 34. As

of the time of measurement, Activity of the Sun was low, the terrestrial magnetic

field was normal.

The performed experiment applied a triple monitoring principle, namely,

radiation-monitoring, monitoring by count rate in gamma pulse per second, and

spectrometric monitoring with spectrograms taken at a 20 to 40 minutes interval.


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Such time delta, which reduces purity of the experiment, is explained only by well-

being of a person. The major task of the experiment was not to do harm to health of

the people. Any of the participants could any time terminate the experiment. In terms

of practice, depending on his individual capacities, a person can withstand the

measurements for 20 minutes or for 40 minutes without any special efforts.

Measurements were performed against human body, with end surface of the detector.

Equipment: Canberra InSpector 1000 – digital scintillation gamma-

spectrometer, software Genie – 2000, stabilized scintillation gamma radiation

detector unit with a NaI(TI) crystal. IPROS – 2.

Measured energy range was 50 keV – 3 MeV. Energy resolution in the peak of

total absorption of gamma quanta with energy 661.6 keV was up to 8 %. External

detection unit response to the gamma radiation of nuclide Cs – 137 – 1,300 ranged ±

46 pulse/seс/mSv/h.

Spectrum length – 256, 512, 1,024, 2,048 or 4,096 channels.

Integral nonlinearity – no more than 0.6 %.

Spectrometric tract capacity – no less than 5 х 104 pulse/sec.

Maximal input count rate – no less than 5 х 105 pulse/sec.

Verification certificate No. 3 – 22589/13311104 (Federal State Institution,

Mendeleev Center for Standardization and Metrology).

Figure 2. Interactive event diagram (by gamma), excluding external

background. Daily cycle.

The horizontal axis shows the time.

The vertical axis shows μSv/h.

The calibrated background of the room of 0.043 μSv/h was assumed a straight

line in the figure. In fact, there were oscillations in the range of ± 0.01 μSv/h.

Radioactivity indicators set at the indication threshold of 0.05 μSv/h were used for

the background level monitoring. The threshold value was never exceeded in the

course of observations.


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The red color means the calibrated background of the room.

The green color shows values of human radiation monitoring.

Figure 4. Diagram of events at count rate in gamma pulse per second (count

rate 500 pulse/sec). Daily cycle.


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The lower axis shows the time.

The vertical axis shows the count rate (gamma pulse per second).

The blue axis shows the calibrated count rate of the room (282 gamma pulse

per second).

The green curve shows human radiation data according to the instrument

readings.

Figure 5. Human spectrogram in passive period of the day.


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Figure 6. Human spectrogram in active period of the day.

Live time: 829.030 sec Real time: 831.140 sec Start: 2: 8.2 (keV) Stop: 4095:3346.8 (keV) Measurement started on: Sun Apr 01 14:27:18 2012

Energy (keV)

Timing


Energy (keV)

Timing


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Discussion of the peaks subsequent to results of the experiments will be a topic

for further papers. This paper contains comparative analysis of radionuclide activity

in active time of the day in relation to passive time of the day.

Active periods of human gamma radiation in a daily cycle.

Night:

0030

– 00

50 increase in the activity of radionuclide

232Th, as compared to passive

period of the day.

0055

–

0115

increase in the activity of radionuclides 235

U, Ra + dau, as compared to

passive period of the day.

0130

– 01

50 increase in the activity of radionuclides Ra + dau,

40K, as compared to

passive period of the day.

Day:

1115

– 11

50 increase in the activity of radionuclides

40K,

235U, Ra + dau,

238U, as

compared to passive period of the day.

Evening:

1940

–2000

increase in the activity of radionuclides Ra + dau, 235

U, Th + dau, as

compared to passive period of the day.

2030

– 20

50 increase in the activity of radionuclide Th + dau, as compared to passive

period of the day.

2115

– 21


235U, as compared to passive period

of the day.

2200

– 22


232Th, as compared to passive

period of the day.

2230

– 23

00 increase in the activity of radionuclide Th + dau, as compared to passive

period of the day.

Average activity of radionuclides, by gamma radiation, as of the moment of

passive and active periods of the daily cycle.


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The analysis was conducted by the method of peak search by nuclide

correlation (excluding external background) and by the method of minimal detector

activity (MDA). Libraries used: “ANSI Gamma Guru. NLB”, “STD Lib”, “NLB”.

Table 3. Average activity of radionuclides by gamma radiation, as of the

passive and active periods of daily cycle.

Nuclide Passive period

(μCi)

Active period

(μCi)

Ra + dau 2.637 × 10-2

6.303 × 10-2

40

K 5.988 × 10-1

1.048 235

U 3.582 × 10-3

1.207 × 10-2

238

U 5.241 × 10-1

7.103 × 10-1

212

Bi 1.745 × 10-2

1.921 × 10-2

214

Bi 7.917 × 10-3

1.611 × 10-2

212

Pb 1.395 × 10-2

2.136 × 10-2

Pu no 6.501 × 10-3

231

Ра no 3.212 × 10-2

22

Na no 3.348 × 10-3

Th + dau no 1.136 × 10-2

231

Th

no 4.500 × 10-1

232

Th

no 14.000

As compared to passive period, in active period of the day human activity

increases by several radionuclides: more than twice by Ra + dau, 1.7 times by 40

K,

3.4 times by 235

U, twofold increase in activity by 214

Bi, and 14 times by 232

Th.

The revealed radionuclides belong to natural and native (except 22

Na, which is

a cosmogenic radionuclide of natural origin) and possess low activity, lower than 1

μCi in 99.99% of the cases, thus enabling us to attribute them to the low health

danger category. Increase in 232

Th activity up to 14 μCi is not critical for human

health either, the measured activity falling into the moderate danger category.

The performed experiments demonstrate that human own radioactivity is cyclic

by nature. Gamma radiation peaks were registered five times a day. Within a day,

energy is redistributed in a human and released by him in certain periods. The natural

radionuclides distributed in the human body take active part in the process.

Periodicity of human gamma radiation is regulated by upper respiratory tracts

and eyes of the human. This conclusion is based on changing conditions of the

experiments. If measurements are taken in complete darkness, unsynchronization of


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the gamma radiation peaks can be observed within a day in relation to a human who

is watching the changing intensity of the day and night light flux.

Lungs, bronchi and trachea also take active part in periodicity of human

gamma radiation. When measurements of a human were performed with filter-

ventilator unit switched on to discharge radon and radon radiation products, we again

observed unsynchronization of the human own radiation periodicity in relation to a

person who was breathing normal atmospheric air.

The performed experiments provided one more important observation that

scintillation detectors based on inorganic monocrystals cannot be applied for long-

term study of a human. Health deterioration is recorded with all the participants on

the second day of the experiment. Semiconductor detectors are more suitable for

long-term observation of a human.

Radionuclides of the Earth origin permanently exist in a human body. Let’s

consider the main of them, which are expressed within active periods of the daily

cycle either as gamma radiation peaks, or as increase of own activity. 235

U, 238

U, 232

Th belong to long-living natural radionuclides with the half-periods of 713 million

years – 235

U; 4.5 billion years – 238

U; and 1.2 billion years – 40

K, which belongs to

long-living single radionuclides that do not form a family.

Half-life of a radionuclide is a criterion of the biological hazard posed by the

radionuclide. If the half-life is long, as stated above, such radionuclide is of low

hazard due to low radioactivity rate.

It is known from references that radionuclides form transportable (soluble)

compounds and non-transportable (insoluble) compounds in the internal environment

of a human body. The organ for primary depositing of transportable compounds,

which are removed from a body with urine, is the human skeletal system in 90% of

cases. The remaining non-transportable compounds deposit in the upper respiratory

tracts in 99% of cases [5].

Natural thorium is an almost pure isotope of 232

Th, with 100% content (by

mass) in the natural mixture of isotopes. “The organ for primary depositing of

transportable compounds of natural thorium is bone tissue, while non-transportable

compounds mostly deposit in lungs [6]. Thorium metabolism is characterized as

follows: “… human lungs contain 9 μg of thorium, mineral part of bones contains 30

μg of thorium. Thorium mostly deposits on the endosteal surfaces of the bone

mineral, close to the blood-forming tissue, and links mostly to mucopolysaccharide as

well as albumins and globulins. It is very slowly distributed in a compact bone during

the bone resorption and formation” [7]. “Normally, 0.1 – 2 μg of thorium per day is

removed with urine” [8].


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Radionuclides accumulated by human bone tissue are bone-seeking

radionuclides. “They are distributed in the bone mineral phase for a long time

through chemical exchange. Such radionuclides are transferred from the blood steam

onto available bone surfaces and then concentrated in surface bone cells, osteocytes,

which participate in active mineralization of the bone tissue… Pu and thorium are

surface bone-seekers accumulating on bone surface, which can be later on reabsorbed

or trapped in the process of the bone growth or restructuring. Pu is also accumulated

by bone marrow” [9].

Let’s consider uranium and its influence of human physiology. “Daily

excretion of 20 to 50 μg of uranium with urine corresponds to the 30 mg of natural

non-transportable uranium contained in the lungs” [10]. “Skeleton contains more than

90% of the uranium deposited in a human body” [11].

Uranium content in various organs and tissues of an adult (per 1 gram) [12].

Organs and tissues Content

Lungs 8.17 x 10-8

Cerebellum 4.49 x 10-9

Heart 4.42 x 10-9

Pancreatic gland 7.5 x 10-9

Liver 6.6 x 10-8

Brain 2.5 x 10-6

Pituitary gland 1.36 x 10-6

Blood (1cm3) 4.1 x 10

-10

40K also participates in physiological processes of a human by “conditioning

the human blood radioactivity which varies within the range of (1.2 – 1.7) x 10-12

Ci/g

[13]. “Reduction of potassium level is expressed by muscle weakness and cardiac

rhythm disorder… Potassium is so closely connected with the heart that its blood

content allows for high probability forecasts of the cardiac rhythm disorder.

Generally speaking, large part of potassium participates in cardiac muscle rhythm. In

1906 German and American physiologist and biologist Loeb Jacques performed

demonstrative experiments to show potassium ion effect on a muscle. The muscle

was placed into light solution of potassium salts and achieved the muscle contraction

by graduate increasing the solution concentration” [14].

The low-energy radiation of the natural radionuclides distributed in a human

body play an important role in the physiological processes of the human body.

Radioactive sources are redistributed, change their activity and emit energy on daily

basis. If we compare a human to a flashlight, than we can say in simple words that the


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flashlight turns on and burns five times a day. If the flashlight burns, there must

surely be a source of power. In a human, the source of power is mostly located in the

bone tissue.

The investigations performed allow for the following conclusion. Long-living

radionuclides are known to leave a body by means of excretion. Large part of natural

radionuclides is known to be deposited in the human skeletal system. Therefore,

excretion of natural radionuclides from a body is concurrent with the bone tissue

decomposition.

Figure 7. Human gamma radiation in correlation with the age qualification

[15].

The vertical axis shows the emission level (μSv/h).

The horizontal axis shows the age.

The blue column symbolizes the human radiation.

The red column symbolized the calibrated background level in the room.

It is clearly demonstrated that the older a person the lower his own gamma

radiation power is.

Similar pattern is observed in the process of the bone tissue formation and

decomposition.

Figure 8. General ratio (in %) between the bone formation marker and bone

tissue disintegration marker depending on the age [16].


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The lower axis shows the man’s age in years.

The vertical axis shows the percentage.

The green column shows the bone formation marker.

The red column shows the bone tissue disintegration marker.

Though bone tissue is quite stable in time, its mass and density reduce with

time. “It is generally admitted that loss of the bone substance starts in people of both

genders after the age of 30. Decrease of bone mass mineral density is 0.3–0.5% per

year for men, and the value preserves throughout the life time. In women the process

of bone mass density reduction is more complicated. Before the menopause, the

process occurs at a similar rate with men and can reach 0.7–1.3% per year. However,

after the menopause the bone mass reduction speeds up to 2–3% per year for the first

5–10 years, then after 10 years of menopause the bone mass loss rate decreases to the

average of 1% per year” [17].

Finally, there is a source of power in the human and human own radiation

system that is located in the skeletal system, and there are organs that regulate

intervals or periodicity of human radiation. One of the regulators of the human

radiation periodicity is upper respiratory tract. Upper respiratory tracts are known to

be the organ of primary depositing of non-transportable (insoluble) natural


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radionuclides, but they are also the organs of maximum accumulation of the

following elements.

Table 4. Accumulation limits of elements in human upper respiratory tracts,

wet weight (mg/kg) [18].

No. Element Minimum accumulation Maximum accumulation

1 Li 0.02 (lungs)

2 Al 43.1 (bronchi)

3 S 1436 (trachea)

4 Ca 1028 (trachea)

5 Sc 8 x 10-3

(bronchi)

6 Hg 2 x 10-4

(bronchi)

7 Co 0.1 (trachea)

8 Se 0.04 (lungs)

9 Rb 2.6 (trachea)

10 Sr 5.2 (trachea)

11 Y 0.01 (bronchi)

12 Sb 0.013 (lungs)

13 Ba 1.8 (trachea)

14 La 0.05 (lungs)

15 Ce 0.13 (lungs)

16 Pr 8 x 10-3

(lungs)

17 Nd 0.02 (bronchi)

18 Sm 3 x 10-3

(bronchi)

19 Eu 9 x 10-4

(trachea)

20 Gd 5 x 10-3

(bronchi)

21 Tb 6 x 10-4

(bronchi)

22 Dy 4 x 10-3

(bronchi)

23 Ho 5 x 10-4

(bronchi)

24 Tm 2 x 10-4

(bronchi)

25 Yb 1 x 10-3

(bronchi)

26 Lu 2 x 10-4

(bronchi)

27 Hf 4 x 10-3

(trachea)

28 W 0.09 (trachea)

29 Au 0.01 (bronchi)

30 Pb 0.2 (trachea)

31 Bi 0.01 (trachea)

32 U 5 x 10-3

(trachea)


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It can be clearly seen from the above table that along with non-transportable

uranium the upper respiratory tracts of a human contain a whole group of actinoids

and several transuranian elements. We can thus suppose that we do not know

everything about lungs’ function in a human physiology.

An assumption can be made based on the information and statistics of the

investigations performed. At present moment, nuclear reactions that occur in human

physiology can be analyzed, and conclusions can be made relying on the regularities,

conceptuality and correlation to physiology. A certain reaction should not be

considered with the accuracy admitted for the nuclear physics. The reason is behind

the following two aspects.

It is a known that similar results can be achieved in an experiment under

similar conditions. Technical conditions of the experiments conducted were similar,

but people subject to the experiments were different. On the other hand, we know that

there are no two identical persons. This can be the reason for the measurement error

which is inadmissible in terms of the nuclear physics.

The second aspect is related to conditions of the experiments. The main

condition for the experiments was safety of human life and health for the intravital

recording of low-energy nuclear reactions in human body. On the other hand, in order

to obtain a complete report on all the nuclear reactions in a human body with certain

atomic interactions, we would have to provide fatal experimental conditions.

The fact of human gamma radiation with daily reproduced cycle is not a

controversial fact and it is consistent with contemporary knowledge. “The studies

performed and the observations allow for a promising conclusion that human ability

to generate an electromagnetic wave helps him to streamline his biological structure,

to maintain metabolic balance and at the same time to reduce temperature mode by

“switching on” the internal cooling system. In other words, the ability to generate an

electromagnetic wave is identical to self-organization, while self-organization in

human physiology is identical to the temperature mode reduction” [19].

Let’s consider the human body temperature mode in details. Pursuant to the

concept of supraphysiological mechanism of ageing, an average person does not face

any health problems till the age of 21 – 25. Radionuclides are contained in the well-

formed bone tissue, and bone formation marker prevails over the bone tissue

resorption marker. The rate of human own radiation enables to maintain proper mass

balance, and the body is well cooled with the help of its own electromagnetic

radiation. Further on, by the age of 45 in average, there is a latent process of

weakening in human physiology. After this age, the process of reduction of the bone

tissue density and physical weight starts to dominate over the process of the bone


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tissue formation. Natural radionuclides start to be removed from the body as the bone

tissue decomposes. The level of human own electromagnetic radiation goes down,

and the ability to get cooled reduces concurrently. Body entropy increases. The

heating is minor, by 0.1 – 0.3º С, and at the first sight such difference in the

temperature mode cannot do harm to human physiology but for one thing. The

exclusion is human brain. Human brain is contained in an enclosed space, i.e. in the

skull. Cooling abilities are reduced considerably for an enclosed space.

Along with the brain, blood glands, namely, pituitary gland, hypothalamus and

pineal body, are also contained in the skull. Pituitary gland mass is 0.5 grams,

hypothalamus mass is about 5 grams, and plineal body mass is about 0.2 grams. For

the organs located in the confined space, that have the mass of 0.2 to 5 grams,

temperature increase by tenths of a degree is critical. Malfunction of pituitary gland,

hypothalamus and pineal body occurs.

Let’s consider the responsibilities of the blood glands in a human body.

Hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland regulate biosynthesis of the

thyroid gland hormones, stimulate adrenal cortex, facilitate follicle maturation in the

ovaries, regulate ovulation, stimulate synthesis of protein, formation of glucose,

decomposition of fats, regulate growth of the organism, lactation and parental care

instinct [20].

Hypothalamus responds to all the changes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid,

including temperature, composition, and content of hormones. Hypothalamus

receives information from the centers which regulate the work respiratory and

cardiovascular systems. Centers of thirst and hunger are located in hypothalamus.

There are also the centers that regulate human emotions and behavior, in particular,

defense, nutrition and sexual reactions. Sleep, awakening, temperature mode and

vegetative processes that ensure surviving of a human are kept within. Hypothalamus

regulates all functions of the body except for cardiac rhythm, blood pressure and

spontaneous respiratory movements [21].

Pineal body regulates daily rhythm of a human; hormones generated by pineal

body participate in the normalization of reproduction processes and period duration in

women. Pineal body regulates the work of central nervous system. Pineal body

failure is directly related to the sexual development dynamics and sexual disorders

[22].

Thus, there occurs a misbalance in a human body that affects all the above

listed aspects. Nevertheless, the regulatory function of the adaptation mechanisms is

activated in a human. This function ensures removal of inorganic substances. The

body does not reduce its lipoid tissue, for it is anyway cooled well due to the large

surface area contacting with the ambient air. However, the inorganic elements, which

are mostly depositing in the bone tissue, would not stand the increasing thermal load.


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The ability of a human body to get rid of inorganic compounds with ageing is well

known and investigated.

For the recent 10 years, a lot of methods have been proposed to assess

biological age of a human by certain criteria. In spite of the numerous hypotheses,

there are only a few methods for the evaluation of human biological age recognized

by the scientific and medical community.

A reliable and approved method for the human age assessment depending on

blood values will be described below.

Effect of ageing on the clinical blood values. With ageing, along with

hormonal misbalance and reduction of vitamins B6, B12, С (except vitamin А); there

is a reduction of inorganic compounds such as serum calcium, serum iron, serum

phosphorous, serum zinc and serum selenium [23].

This way a human body adapts to the increased temperature mode subsequent

to the reduction of its own electromagnetic radiation.

By now, we have been dealing with adult physiology. Let’s consider issues

related to the childhood. How the reserve of inorganic substances is formed in a

child, and when a child becomes a source of electromagnetic waves.

Besides the reserve formed in the intrauterine growth period during pregnancy,

inorganic substances start to accumulate in a child during breast feeding. Breast

feeding is known to be the way to provide a child with the nutrient materials required

for child’s growth and development. According to references, breast milk has the

following composition: dry substances – 11.9%, fat – 3.9 %, protein – 1.0 %, lactose

– 6.8 %, mineral substances – 0.2 %.

More professionally oriented sources report on the following composition of

breast milk.

Table 5. Breast (mother’s) milk composition [24].

No. Components Concentration

1 Total protein 7 – 20 g/l

2 Fat 13 – 82 g/l

3 Lactose 49 – 95 g/l

4 Arsenic 0.3 – 24.0 μg/l

5 Cadmium 0.7 – 4.6 μg/l

6 Chrome 0.4 – 5.1 μg/l

7 Cobalt 0.2 – 3.0 μg/l

8 Cuprum 197.0 – 751.0 μg/l

9 Nickel 1.5 – 39.0 μg/l

10 Selenium 10.0 – 62.0 μg/l

11 Lead 3.6 – 30.0 μg/l


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12 Manganese 3.2 – 42.0 μg/l

13 Mercury 0.2 – 13.0 μg/l

According to the information from additional sources [25]. We should also add

calcium – 32 mg, iron – 0.03 mg, magnesium – 3 mg, phosphorous – 14 mg,

potassium – 51 mg, sodium – 17 mg, and zinc – 0.17 mg. 17 inorganic elements in

total. Therefore, a child starts to build up his reserve of inorganic elements from the

first hour of his life.

Naturally, the question arises, at what moment of his life a human becomes

radioactive, at what moment of his life a human starts to be a source of the

electromagnetic waves. In order to answer the question, studies were performed at the

women center for pregnancy support and in a delivery room of the maternity home.

The task set for the observations over pregnant women was to find out at what

gestational age the developing fetus becomes a source of the electromagnetic waves.

The following results were obtained from the observations: no statistically reliable

changes in the gamma radiation of a pregnant woman as compared to that of a non-

pregnant woman were noticed. The subject gestational age was 12 weeks to 39

weeks. 39 weeks of gestational age mean a completely formed fetus, when there is a

countdown to the delivery, but the fetus does not have a radioactivity of his own, and

he is not a source of the electromagnetic waves. Even in her late gestational age, a

pregnant woman does not differ any way from a non-pregnant woman, within the

same monitored age and weigh limits. Radiometric survey was used for the

monitoring of pregnant women.

Equipment: radiation dosimeter – radiometer, the measurement range of photon

radiation dose intensity is 0.10 – 100 μSv/h; the photon energy range for the dose

intensity measurement is 0.04 – 3.0 MeV; readings of the control source in gamma

mode – (1.7 ± 0.1) μSv/h; verification certificate No. 41054.1К964 (Federal State

Unitary Enterprise All-Russian Research Institute of Physicotechnical and

Radiotechnical Measurements)

Further investigation was relocated to the delivery room, where spectrometric

measurements were made as of the moment of delivery, i.e. as of the moment of a

human coming into being. The equipment specification has been described earlier in

the paper as a part of description of the periodicity of human radiation in a daily

period.


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The resulting statistical data were analyzed in the three control groups, namely,

radiation-monitoring, monitoring by count rate in gamma pulse per second and

spectrometric monitoring with four spectrograms per a delivery (mother before

delivery, mother after delivery, child at the first breath, and child at the postnatal

supervision). In addition, analysis of the radionuclide activity was performed in the 5

groups (mother before delivery, mother after delivery, child at the first breath, child

at early postnatal supervision, child at later postnatal supervision).

The following data were additionally considered in the analysis: background

level in the room, and interference from the obstetrical team.

The result obtained is as follows.

Figure 9. Interactive event diagram (by gamma), excluding external

background.

Calibration values:

Green line is for the room background.

Measured values:

Blue color is for a mother.

Red color is for a child.

The vertical axis shows mSv/h.

The horizontal axis shows time.


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Contractions. First breath. Supervision.

Figure 10. Diagram of events at count rate in gamma pulse per second (count

rate 500 pulse/sec).

The vertical axis shows the count rate, gamma pulse per second.

The horizontal axis shows the events.


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The blue color denotes a mother, the red color denotes a child, the green color

denotes the background in the room. Events on the horizontal axis (from left to right):

1 – contractions, 2 – the first breath, - 3 – postnatal supervision.

Average activity of radionuclides by gamma radiation, as of the moment of

delivery, the first breath and postnatal supervision. Check measurement – mother’s

spectrogram as of the moment of contractions, 3 – 5 minutes before that child

appears.

The analysis was conducted by the method of peak search by nuclide

correlation (excluding external background) and by the method of minimal detector

activity (MDA), activity of 214

Pb was measured. Libraries used: “ANSI Gamma

Guru. NLB”, “STD Lib”, “NLB”.

Table 6. Average activity of radionuclides by gamma radiation, as of the

moment of delivery, the first breath and postnatal supervision [26].

Nuclide

Mother

before

delivery

(µCi)

Mother

after

delivery

(µCi)

The first

breath

(µCi)

Early

postnatal

supervision of

the child (2

min. after

delivery).

Later

postnatal

supervision

of the child

(25 - 30

min. after


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(µCi) delivery).

(µCi) 235

U 4.1 × 10-2

2.0 × 10-2

2.6 × 10-2

4.1 × 10-2

2.3 × 10-2

40

K 4.3 × 10-1

1.1 1.2 1.9 3.6 × 10-1

238

U 5.8 × 10-1

9.0 × 10-1

8.0 × 10-1

5.1 × 10-1

3.2 × 10-1

214

Pb 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 214

Bi 2.4 × 10-1

7.4 × 10-1

1.5 × 10-1

1.5 × 10-1

5.3 × 10-1

238

U + dau 3.9 × 10-1

4.8 × 10-1

4.9 × 10-1

2.0 × 10-1

3.1 × 10-1

231

Ра no no 1.4 × 10-1

no no 7Be no no 1.0 × 10

-1 5.3 × 10

-2 no

22Na no no 9.4 × 10

-4 no no

Pu no no 4.1 × 10-2

4.2 × 10-2

no

22Na – activity is specified as non-stable.

The results obtained allow for several observations.

As of the moment of the first breath of a child, recorded and measured activity

of radionuclides is observed, which is not peculiar for a mother during contractions.

The children who have no transuranian elements according to spectrogram

analysis as of the moment of the first breath are subject to respiratory failure during

early postnatal supervision and intensive care. Prognostic on Apgar scale reduces in

the absence of the following radionuclides: 231

Ра, 7Be, Pu at the first breath.

Apgar score, ranging 0 to 10, is a method used for the initial evaluation of

child’s health evaluation. Score less than 3 means that the child’s health condition is

critical. Score 7 means normal state of health.

Analysis of the four spectrograms per a delivery (mother before delivery,

mother after delivery, child at the first breath, and child at the postnatal supervision)

allows for a conclusion that there is no energy redistribution or energy transfer from

mother to child.

The first breath spectrograms show external, single and simultaneous exposure

of the child throughout the energy spectrum with concurrent activation of

radionuclides and emergence of the new ones, which are not peculiar to mother. The

entire process occurs in the time interval of 60 seconds to 300 seconds.

The fact of emergence of new natural and cosmogenic radionuclides as of the

moment of the first breath and disappearance of the same within 5 to 20 minutes

doubt accuracy of the experiment. On the other hand, the steadiness of emergence of

new natural and cosmogenic radionuclides and quick disappearance of the same

suggest that we are facing an unexplored phenomenon.


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The amount of statistical data allows to make a conclusion based on the binary

algorithm, namely, in the process of delivery, as of the moment of the first breath of a

child, emergence of electromagnetic wave is recorded in the gamma quantum

spectrum. Supposedly, the source of the wave is a child [27].

Let’s consider the issue related to the emergence of new natural radionuclides,

not peculiar to mother, at the moment of the first breath of a child. These are 231

Ра, 7Be, Pu. Protoactinium (

231Ра) emerges as a result of decomposition of

235U peculiar

to a human. The half-life of protoactinium is 324,000 years, which means that it can

be evaluated as a low-danger radionuclide for a human. It is very little known about

presence and migration of protoactinium in the biosphere. Like protoactinium,

plutonium (Pu) belongs to the group of elements in the actinoid family. Beryllium-7

(7Be) belongs to the group of cosmogenic radionuclides and contributes significantly

into radioactivity of the ground air. 7Be content in the air is related to the solar

activity, has seasonal trend and latitudinal dependency [28]. Maximum of the 7Be

production occurs at the latitude of 15 – 17 kilometers [29]. This observation of the

cosmogenic radionuclide points at its atypical behavior. It attends each newly born

child having “descended” from the height of 15 – 17 kilometers, and disappears in

five minutes. Should we perform the experiment on 7Be recording on the ground and

install a detector in the air inlet, we would have to pump hundred thousands cubic

meters of the atmospheric air before we could measure activity of the radionuclide.

Analysis of the activity and emergence of new radionuclides in a child at the

moment of his first breath provides extensive knowledge of the effect on natural

radionuclides on the human physiology. Natural radionuclides not only accumulate

in the upper respiratory tracts of an adult, where they ensure periodicity of human

gamma radiation, but also perform regulatory function in the respiratory center of a

human and let the human breath. Since breathing provides for the normal course of

metabolism (interchange of matter and energy) and maintains the stability of internal

medium (homeostasis), natural radionuclides participate in the processes.

Further observation will be about an uninvestigated phenomenon registered in

the delivery room as of the moment of delivery.

The suggestion that at the moment of delivery mother transfers part of her

energy to her child proved to be false. A child is influenced by the external

electromagnetic field, which acts once and concurrently, throughout the energetic

spectrum. The sources do not offer a scientifically verified description of the nature

of the external electromagnetic field or statistically reliable data in interaction with

the human physiology. That is why we suggest the wording “an uninvestigated

phenomenon”. The process of influence consists of the activation of radionuclides


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ISBN 978-5-9973-2372-1


and emergence of radionuclides that were not pertinent to a woman in labor and

surroundings of the woman in labor. The entire process takes 60 to 300 seconds,

whereupon the recorded radionuclides disappear in the early postnatal supervision.

It is known from the investigations that a completely formed fetus located in

mother’s body does not express its gamma activity, even 5 – 10 minutes before the

delivery. Than the delivery process takes place. There are some individual features

pertinent to delivery without pathology, especially, when a child makes the intake of

breath in his life. In average (according to the elaborated conditions of the

observation) the processes is as follows: a child comes through the maternal passages,

then the child stays in a new-born tray before the cord is cut, then silence and

awaiting for 20 – 120 seconds come, and the first breath and cry.

In the period of silence, for 20 – 120 seconds, a spectrometer registers and

measures activity of radionuclides. If the spectrometer does not register activity of

radionuclides of the actinoid family, the child health forecast worsens; if

transuranium radionuclides are not registered, there comes a respiratory standstill

after the first breath, and intensive care is required. If the registration is positive, the

child cries and breathes. Analysis of the spectrograms allows for the conclusion that

energy is transferred to a child with the help of a nuclear reaction. The impact takes

place once and concurrently, throughout the energetic spectrum from 0 to 2,700 keV.

A spectrogram of a child at the first breath differs from his mother’s spectrogram in a

less number of events only; during the later postnatal supervision child’s spectrogram

is similar to spectrogram of an adult.

It can be supposed that if a spectrometer does not record a nuclear reaction in

child’s body or, in other words, if the uninvestigated phenomenon does not enter the

low-energy nuclear interaction with child’s body, then what is called a phenomenon

of life will not occur in the normally formed child’s body.

Pursuant to the observations, we can suggest primary descriptive features of the

uninvestigated phenomenon.

It is friendly to a human, for it gives away a part of its energy which

accompanies the person throughout his life.

If we consider that every living human has a part of energy given away by the

uninvestigated phenomenon, the power of such phenomenon is enormous.

Due to the great power of the uninvestigated phenomenon and the possibility,

which is not excluded, that the phenomenon can participate in the germ of life of

other forms, families and species, the uninvestigated phenomenon can supposedly

rest outside the boundaries of laws known to the humankind.

It is known that energy cannot come out of nowhere and disappear traceless,

for the energy conservation law must be preserved. In order that the uninvestigated


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ISBN 978-5-9973-2372-1


phenomenon stays consistent with the laws presently known, we should introduce a

name for it. It is proposed to call the uninvestigated phenomenon Highly Organized

Energy Medium. The denomination was proposed in the process of discussion by

Russian physicist Shikalov V.F., Doctor of Engineering.

Interaction between a child and the Highly Organized Energy Medium, which

is characterized by energy transfer and exchange in the form of radiation, is

consistent with the laws of physics. Einstein A. in his work “On the Quantum Theory

of Radiation” laid down a hypothesis concerning exchange of energy by means of

radiation [30]. One of the founders the quantum mechanics Heisenberg W. wrote the

following: “Elementary particles are all, so to say, built of the same substance,

namely, of energy, if you prefer. … Basically, they do not consist of matter, but they

are the only possible forms of the matter. Energy becomes the matter since it is

manifested in the form of elementary particles, since it is found in such a form [31].

We should further make an assumption in the human nuclear physiology.

Gamma radiation is of the same electromagnetic nature as the light. The light

can be considered as an electromagnetic wave with constant propagation speed in the

vacuum, or as a flow of photons, which are particles possessing energy, impulse.

Therefore, we can hereinafter apply the identified wordings, namely, human gamma

radiation, human photon radiation, and human light flux.

Pursuant to the above assumption, we will cite the opinion of Bohr N.: “From

the physical point of view, the light can be determined as transmission of energy to

the distance between material bodies … Indeed, important specific features of living

creatures shall be sought in their peculiar organization, where the properties capable

of being analyzed on the basis of common mechanics are intervened with typically

atomic properties in a way that can never be found in the inorganic matter … Hence,

the initial question is whether we should add to our analysis of the natural phenomena

any other yet missing fundamental ideas, before we could reach the understanding of

life based on a physical experiment [32].

The low-energy nuclear reactions registered in human physiology are also

consistent with the laws of physics. “Our world of chemistry and biology can exist

only in the environment where exchange of energy between particles is not too

intensive, and where there is enough energy for producing certain noncatastrophic

changes in the molecular structure” [33].

Although gamma quanta were discovered in 1900, and plenty of research has

been conducted to study their properties, taxonomy has not been developed for the

interaction between the low-energy gamma radiation and physiology and, therefore a

correlation between human physiology and gamma radiation has not been available.


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“Einstein was very sorry about unpredictability of the quantum mechanics,

because he realized that “God doesn’t play dice”. However, the results obtained in

Hawking’s article point out that “God does play dice. He sometimes throws the dice

to where we can’t see them” [34].

This fact of interaction between the Highly Organized Energetic Medium and

human physiology has been long concealed from researchers. It was, indeed,

invisible.

As a matter of fact information about a nuclear reaction is obtained in the form

of a trace in measurement instrumentation, which is presented in reports as a

radiation peak by certain radionuclide.

The studies performed concerned such periods of human life as the first

breathing-in, circadiac cycle, changing energy emission with ageing, and the last

breathing-in, as per the spectrogram given below. Due to the limited amount of

statistical data, the spectrograms given below should not be subject to scientific

assessment.

Figure 11. Spectrogram of life of an average human at normal air fluctuation.

Figure 12. Spectrogram of the last breathing-in at normal air fluctuation.


Energy (keV)

Timing


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ISBN 978-5-9973-2372-1


If compared, the two above spectrograms are different. The life spectrogram

uses almost the whole energy spectrum with various number of events throughout the

scale. The last breath spectrogram demonstrates smoothing the number of events

throughout the energy spectrum. The observation allows for a suggestion that energy

leaves a person.

Pursuant to the previously laid down assumption, that gamma radiation and

photon light and identical notions, we can use the wording “intensity of glow”. A

human acquires the possibility to “glow” in the gamma radiation spectrum while in a

maternity home, at the moment of his first breath, and continues to “glow” five times

a day in the daily reproduced cycle. Intensity of “glow” in the human radiation

gamma spectrum decreases with age. Each subsequent year reduces intensity of

“glow” in the human radiation gamma spectrum. A person fades away.

TIME


Energy (keV)

Timing


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ISBN 978-5-9973-2372-1


Initial figure was taken for further processing at http://v-garmonii-s-soboi.ru

As of the moment of the first breath of a human, there is a low-energy nuclear

reaction of a child with the Highly Organized Energy Medium, which results in the

emergence in the child of what is called a phenomenon of life, preceded by gamma

radiation of the child, or photon radiation, or a light flux. This observation allows for

a suggestion that emitting light by a human is not only a consequence of his living,

but also the reason for emergence of his life. This observation allows for a suggestion

that there is a supraphysiological mechanism over human biology and physiology,

which is manifested as the Highly Organized Energy Medium.

When speaking about energy and calculating energy within the physic-

mathematical model, we should take into account that the term “energy” is relatively

young. In its contemporary meaning, the term “energy” was introduced in 1808 by

English physicist Young T. instead of previously used notion “living force”. The

notion of “living force” was introduced by German physicist Leibnitz G.W. Leibnitz

also discovered the law of conservation of living forces that became the first wording

of the energy conservation law, and ventured a guess about transformation of some

types of energy into others.

Should a physicist of the year 1808 describe the experiments and observations

mentioned in the paper concerning the impact of gamma radiation on the human

physiology, he would put it like this: “As a result of the impact on a person from the

Highly Organized Energy Medium, the living force emerged in the person which is

expressed in the person five times a day. The expression of the living force reduces

each year, and at the moment of the last breath the living force leaves the person”.

Conclusion

Natural radionuclides distributed in a human body have direct participation in

the human physiology. During a day, there are five active periods of human own

gamma radiation, with energy release. The main radionuclides participating in the

process are 232

Th (thorium), 40

K (potassium), 235

U (uranium), Ra+dau (radium).

Periodicity of the human gamma radiation is determined by the upper respiratory

tracts and eyes of a human. Natural radionuclides perform regulatory function in

human respiratory enter and ensure the physical ability of breathing.

Registered and measured activity of 238

U (uranium), 231

Ра (protoactinium), Pu

(plutonium) and cosmogenic radionuclide 7Be (beryllium) as of the moment of

delivery of a child is a characteristic forecast of the fact that a phenomenon of life

will occur in the child (heartbeating, breathing etc.) Activity of radionuclides in a

child as of the moment of delivery is a prognostic for initial assessment of the child’s

health condition.


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In the human physiology, the electromagnetic wave originating from a human

performs the function of cooling all the body systems and organs, and thus provides

for the normal course of metabolism and maintenance of homeostasis.

Power of the human own gamma radiation serves for the characteristic

valuation of human biological age and condition of the bone tissue.

With the help of his own electromagnetic radiation a person interacts with the

surrounding world, and such interaction is characterized by human gamma radiation.

On the other hand, gamma radiation is one of the means of conveying information.

Contemporary studies confirm that photons transport information [35].

Thus, a human interacts with the surrounding world, in a consistent and natural

manner, through the exchange of energy and information, implementing the principle

of an open quantum biological system.

The authors are grateful for the consulting and professional notes to the paper

to head of laboratory of FSUE National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”

Shikalov V.F., Doctor of Engineering.

References.

1. Bohr N. (1885 – 1962), Danish physicist theorist, Nobel laureate in

physics, known a founder of the first quantum theory, contributed considerably to the

development of nuclear and nuclear reaction theory and the processes of elementary

particles interaction with environment

2. Bohr N. 1962. The Unity of Human Knowledge. Magazine “Phusics-

Uspekhi”, vol. LXXVI, No.1, p. 23.

3. Abramov A.A., Badun G.A. 2011. Tutorial Guidance for the Course

“Fundamentals of Radiochemistry and Radioecology”. Moscow State University

named after Lomonosov M.V., Department of Chemistry. Baku branch. Baku, p. 81.

4. Ibid, p. 89.

5. Golutvina M.M., Abramov Yu.V. 1989. Control over radioactive

substances entering human organism and their content / Edited by Buldakov L.A.

Energoatomizdat. Moscow. ISBN 5-283-02983-2, р. 118.

6. Ibid, р. 154.

7. Ibid, р. 153.

8. Ibid, р. 156.

9. Gritsenko A.V., Khobotova E.B., Yeshchenko O.F. 2001. Radiobiology.

Study guide. Publisher Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University.

Kharkiv, р. 104 – 105.

http://www.multitran.ru/c/M.exe?t=4168410_1_2


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10. Golutvina M.M., Abramov Yu.V. 1989. Control over radioactive

substances entering human organism and their content / Edited by Buldakov L.A.

Energoatomizdat. Moscow. ISBN 5-283-02983-2, р. 164.

11. Baranovskaya N.V., Ignatova T.N., Rikhvanov L.P. 2010. Uranium and

thorium in human organs and tissues. Newsletter of Tomsk State University. No.339,

October, р. 183.

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Study guide. Publisher Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University.

Kharkiv, р. 138.

13. Ibid, р. 137 – 138.

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Newton, Dmitry Mendeleyev and Nikolay Kobozev. «Sputnik+». Moscow. ISBN

978-5-9973-1986-1, р. 25 – 26.

15. Krichkov A. Shnaybel O. 2012 г. Supraphysiological mechanism of

ageing. «Sputnik+». Moscow. ISBN 978-5-9973-1763-8, р. 23.

16. Ibid, р. 21 – 22.

17. Ibid, р. 21.

18. Ignatova T.N. 2010. Elementary composition of human organism and its

relation to inhabiting factors. National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University.

Tomsk. [Electronic resource] http://www.lib.tpu.ru/fulltext/a/2010/44.pdf

19. Krichkov A. Shnaybel O. 2012 г. Verification of the hypothesis of Isaac

Newton, Dmitry Mendeleev and Nikolay Kobozev. «Sputnik+». Moscow. ISBN 978-

5-9973-1986-1, р. 30 - 31.

20. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/гипофиз

21. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/гипоталамус

22. http://www.anatomus.ru/sistema-zhelez/epifiz-shishkovidnoe-telo.html

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25. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/

26. Krichkov A., Shnaybel O. 2012 г. Biophysics of the first breath.

«Sputnik+». Moscow. ISBN 978-5-9973-1985-4, р. 7 – 9.

27. Ibid, р. 12 -13.

28. Bezuglov M.V., Malyshevskiy V.S., Malykhina T.V. 2011. Photobirth of

cosmogenic beryllium-7 in the earth atmosphere. Electronic scientific review

«Investigated in Russia». http://zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru/articles/2011/046.pdf, р. 589.

29. Ibid, р. 598.

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http://www.lib.tpu.ru/fulltext/a/2010/44.pdf

http://www.anatomus.ru/sistema-zhelez/epifiz-shishkovidnoe-telo.html

http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/

http://zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru/articles/2011/046.pdf


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30. Einstein А. 1965. On the quantum theory of radiation. Magazine

“Phusics-Uspekhi”, vol. 86, No. 3.

31. Heisenberg W. 1958. Plank’s discovery and the philosophical problems

of atomic physics. Magazine “Phusics-Uspekhi”, vol. LXVI, No. 2, р. 171.

32. Bohr. N. 1933. Light and Life. Nature 131, p. 421 – 423. German

Version in Die Naturwissenschaften of Nature 21, p. 245 – 250 (1933).

33. Weisskopf V. 1971. Three stages in the understanding of constitution of

matter. Magazine “Phusics-Uspekhi”, vol. 104, No. 1, р. 134.

34. Zeldovich Ya.B. 1977. Gravitation, charges, cosmology and coherency.

Magazine “Phusics-Uspekhi”, vol. 123, No. 3, р. 497 – 498.

35. Polycarpou С., Cassemiro

K.N., Venturi

G. 2012. Adaptive Detection of

Arbitrarily Shaped Ultra short Quantum Light States. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 053602.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.053602.

http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/C.%20Polycarpou

http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/K.%20N.%20Cassemiro

http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/G.%20Venturi

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Human Nuclear Physiology