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Human CommunicationTHIRD EDITION
◄ Judy C. Pearson Paul E. Nelson Scott Titsworth Lynn Harter ►
C H A P T E R
Interpersonal Communication:Couples, Teams, Cultures
S I X
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄ 2Chapter 6 Objectives
• Define interpersonal relationships & interpersonal communication
• Explain the importance of interpersonal relationships
• Describe the dark side of interpersonal relationships
• Explain the importance of friendship
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄ 3Chapter 6 Objectives
• Explain the three stages in interpersonal relationships
• Understand how to maintain positive relationships
• List motivations for terminating relationships
• Name four essential interpersonal communication behaviors
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄ 4What is Interpersonal Communication?
The process of using messages to generate
meaning between at least two people in a situation that
allows mutual opportunities for both speaking and
listening
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄ 5What is Interpersonal Communication?
Communication that occurs within interpersonal
relationships
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄ 6Interpersonal v. Impersonal Relationships
• Interpersonal– Make predictions
based on information about the other specific person
– Use knowledge of the other as a unique person as the basis for the interaction
• Impersonal– Make guesses about
the conversation based on sociological or cultural information
– Use general social interaction rules as the basis for the interaction
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄ 7What are Interpersonal Relationships?
Associations between two people who are
interdependent, who use some consistent patterns of interaction, and who have interacted for an extended
period of time
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄ 8The Importance of Interpersonal Relationships
• The need for inclusion
• The need for affection
• The need for control
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄ 9The Importance of Interpersonal Relationships
• Some relationships are complementary relationships
• Some relationships are symmetrical relationships
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄10The Dark Side of Interpersonal Relationships
• Obsession• Misunderstanding• Gossip• Conflict• Codependency• Abuse
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄11What is Self-Disclosure?
The process of making intentional revelations about oneself that others would be
unlikely to know and that generally constitute private,
sensitive, or confidential information
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄12Why is Self-Disclosure Important?
• Allows us to develop a greater understanding of ourselves
IOpen area
IIBlind area
IIIHidden
area
IVUnknown
area
Known to self
Not known to self
Not known to others
Known to others
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄13Why is Self-Disclosure Important?
• Allows us to develop a greater understanding of ourselves
• Allows us to develop a more positive attitude about ourselves and others
• Allows us to establish more meaningful relationships with others
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄14Factors Affecting Appropriate Self-Disclosure
• Disclosure generally increases as relational intimacy increases
• Disclosure tends to be reciprocal
• Negative disclosure is directly related to relational intimacy
• Disclosure may sometimes be avoided
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄15Factors Affecting Appropriate Self-Disclosure
• Self-disclosure varies across cultures
• Self-disclosure varies by co-cultures
• Relational satisfaction and disclosure are curvilinearly related
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄16Friendships are Essential Interpersonal Relationships
• Contribute to our well-being
• Can be based on shared activities or level of information shared
• Change over time
• Are perceived to improve as we develop
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄17Friendships are Essential Interpersonal Relationships
• Friendships are affected by psychological predispositions
• Six stage model for development (Rawlins, 1992)
• Maintenance depends on intent of the relational partners
• Cultural differences in how friendships are defined
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄18Developing Cross-Cultural Relationships
• Have meaningful personal interaction
• Maintain equal status
• Find ways to build interdependence
• Respect individual differences
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄19The Stages in Interpersonal Relationships
• Relational Development – the process by which relationships grow– Initiating
– Experimenting
– Intensifying
– Integrating
– Bonding
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄20The Stages in Interpersonal Relationships
• Relational Maintenance – the process of keeping a relationship together– Three dialectics
• Integration/Separation• Stability/Change• Expression/Privacy
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄21The Stages in Interpersonal Relationships
• Relational Deterioration – the process by which relationships deteriorate– Differentiating– Circumscribing– Stagnating– Avoiding– Terminating
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄22Motivations for Initiating Relationships
• Proximity
• Attractiveness
• Responsiveness
• Similarity
• Complementarity
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄23Maintaining Relationships
• Co-cultural differences affect how and why we maintain relationships
• The way we communicate affects how we maintain relationships
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄24Terminating Relationships
• Hurtful messages
• Deceptive communication
• Aggressiveness
• Argumentativeness
• Defensiveness
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄25Essential Interpersonal Communication Behaviors
• Affectionate and supportive communication
• Influencing others– Compliance-gaining– Compliance-resisting
• Developing a unique relationship– Personal idioms– Rituals
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
◄26Improving Interpersonal Communication
• Bargaining
• Commit to learn a variety of communication skills
• Demonstrate behavioral flexibility