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Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________

Anatomy & Physiology

Unit 1-The Human Body: An Orientation Read pages 1-20

1. Define Anatomy and Physiology. Describe and give two examples of complementarity of structure and function. Complete on a separate piece of paper. Pages 1-2

2. Create and color or make a collage of an illustrated chart (8 x 10) showing the organizational levels of the human body, beginning with the least complex and finishing with the most complex. Explain how all the levels are related to each other. Page 3

3. Make an organized chart of the 11 organ systems. Include the major function of that body system and list at least two organs within that system. Pages 4-5

a. Complete the worksheet in the packet labeled Body Systems.

4. Complete the worksheet Maintaining Life, which includes the eight necessary life functions and five survival needs (in packet).

5. What is homeostasis? Compare and contrast a positive and negative feedback mechanism and give an example of each. Complete on a separate piece of paper in paragraph form.

6. Describe Anatomical position and define the following body landmarks (in packet).

Page 12

7. Complete the labeling as instructed. All labeling sheets are in the packet. a. Body orientation and directional terms. Page 14 b. Body planes. Page 15 c. Body regions or cavities. Pages 16-20

8. Complete the Challenging Yourself Questions; choose 3 of the 5 questions to complete

(in packet).

 

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Body Systems

Using the key choices, identify the body systems to which the following organs or functions belong. Insert the correct answers in the answer blanks.

Key Choices

A. Cardiovascular D. Integumentary G. Nervous J. Skeletal

B. Digestive E. Lymphatic/immune H. Reproductive K. Urinary

C. Endocrine F. Muscular I. Respiratory

________ 1. Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes

________ 2. Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland

________3. Provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act

________4. Includes the heart

________5. Protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage

________6. Protects the body; destroys bacterial and tumor cells

________7. Breaks down foodstuffs into small particles that can be absorbed

________8. Removes carbon dioxide from the blood

________9. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues

_______10. Moves the limbs; allows facial expression

_______11. Conserves body water or eliminates excesses

_______12. Allows conception and childbearing

_______13. Controls the body with chemicals called hormones

_______14. Is damaged when you cut your finger or get a severe sunburn

Using the key choices from the above exercise, choose the organ system to which each of the following sets of organs belongs. Enter the correct letters in the answer blanks.

_____1. Blood vessels, heart _____5. Esophagus, large intestine, stomach

_____2. Pancreas, pituitary, adrenal glands _____6. Breastbone, vertebral column, skull

_____3. Kidneys, bladder, ureters _____7. Brain, nerves, sensory receptors

_____4. Testis, vas deferens, urethra

 

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Maintaining Life

Match the terms for functional characteristics of organisms in Column B with the appropriate descriptions in Column A. Column A Column B _________ 1. Keeps the body’s internal environment distinct A. Digestion

from the external environment B. Excretion

_________ 2. Provides new cells for growth and repair C. Growth _________ 3. Occurs when constructive activities occur D. Maintenance of at a faster rate than destructive activities boundaries _________ 4. The tuna sandwich you have just eaten is E. Metabolism broken down to its chemical building blocks F. Movement _________ 5. Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and G. Responsiveness

elimination of nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys H. Reproduction

_________ 6. Ability to react to stimuli; a major role of the nervous system _________ 7. Walking, throwing a ball, riding a bicycle _________ 8. All chemical reactions occurring in the body _________ 9. At the cellular level, membranes; for the whole organism, the skin Correctly identify the survival needs that correspond to the following descriptions.

A. Appropriate body temperature C. Nutrients E. Water B. Atmospheric pressure D. Oxygen

_________ 1. Includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals

_________ 2. Essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing

_________ 3. Single substance accounting for over 60% of body weight

_________ 4. Required for the release of energy from foodstuffs

_________ 5. Provides the basis for body fluids of all types

_________ 6. When too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional

 

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Anatomical Position

Describe anatomical position. Be sure to discuss the position that various parts of the body are in.

Body Landmarks-first define the terms below and then label the diagrams appropriately with the landmark terms.

Anterior Body Landmarks

Abdominal

Acromial

Antecubital

Axillary

Brachial

Buccal

Carpal

Cervical

Deltoid

Digital

Femoral

Inguinal

Mammary

Manus

Nasal

Oral

Orbital

Patellar

Pelvic

Peroneal

 

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Pollex

Pubic

Sternal

Tarsal

Thoracic

Umbilical

Posterior Body Landmarks

Brachial

Cephalic

Gluteal

Lumbar

Occipital

Popliteal

Scapular

Sural

Vertebral

 

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Challenging Yourself

At the Clinic

1. A jogger has stepped in a pothole and sprained his ankle. What organ systems have suffered damage?

2. A newborn baby is unable to hold down any milk. Examination reveals a developmental disorder in which the esophagus fails to connect to the stomach. What survival needs are most immediately threatened?

3. In congestive heart failure, the weakened heart is unable to pump with sufficient strength to empty its own chambers. As a result, blood backs up in the veins, blood pressure rises, and circulation is impaired. Describe what will happen as this situation worsens owing to positive feedback. Then, predict how a heart-strengthening medication will reverse the positive feedback.

4. The control center for regulating body temperature is in a region of the brain called the hypothalamus. When the body is fighting an infection, the hypothalamus allows body temperature to climb higher than the normal value of about 38°C. Explain how this can be a negative feedback mechanism.

5. A patient reports stabbing pains in the right hypochondriac region. The medical staff suspects gallstones. What region of the body will be examined?

BODY REGIONS (ANTERIOR) There are specific anatomical terms for regions of the body. These areas or regions frequently have Greek or Latin names because early western studies in anatomy occurred in Greece and Rome. During the Renaissance. European scholars studied anatomy and applied the ancient names to the structures. Label the various regions of the body and fill in their names. You can use a standard anatomy text or follow the key at the bottom of the page. A list of terms and their common names follows for the anterior side of the body. Color in the regions of the body.

cranial (head) facial (face) cervical (neck) deltoid (shoulder) pectoral (chest) sternal (center of chest) brachial (arm) antebrachial (forearm) manual (hand) digital (fingers) abdominal (belly) inguinal (groin) coxal (hip) femoral (thigh) genicular (knee) crural (leg) pedal (foot) digital (toes)

Answer Key: a. Cranial (head), b. Facial (face), c. Cervical (neck), d. Deltoid (shoulder), e Sternal (center of chest), f. Pectoral (chest), g. Brachial (arm), h. Abdominal (belly), i. Antebrachial (forearm), J. Coxal (hip), k. Manual (hand), I. Digital (fingers), m. Inguinal, n. Femoral (thigh), o. Genicular (knee), p. Crural (leg), q. Pedal (foot), r Digital (toes)

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17 Introduction I medical

BODY REGIONS (POSTERIOR) For the posterior view of the body fill in the terms and color the regions of the body. The anatomical names are given first with the common names in parentheses.

cephalic (head) nuchal (neck) scapular (shoulder blade) vertebral (backbone) lumbar (love handles) brachial (arm) olecranon (elbow) antebrachial (forearm) gluteal (buttocks) femoral (thigh) popliteal (back of knee) sural (cal f) calcaneal (heel)

Answer Key: a.Cephalic (head), b. Nuchal (neck), c. Scapular (shoulder blade), d. Brachial (arm), e. Vertebral (backbone), f. Olecranon (elbow), g. Lumbar (love handles), h. Antebrachial (forearm), i. Gluteal (buttocks), j. Femoral (thigh), k. Popliteal (back of knee), I. Sural (calf), m. Calcaneal (heel)

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ANATOMICAL POSITION AND TERMS OF DIREGION

When studying the human body it is important to place the body in anatomical position. Anatomical position is described as the body facing you, feet placed together and flat on the floor. The head is held erect, arms straight by the side with palms facing forward. Ali references to the body are made as if the body is in this position so when you describe something as being above something else it is always with respect to the body being in anatomical position.

The relative position of the parts of the human body has specific terms. Superior means above while inferior means below. Medial refers to being close to the midline while lateral means to the side. Anterior or ventral is to the front while posterior or dorsal is to the back. Superficial is near the surface while deep means to the core of the body. When working with the limbs, proximal means closer to the trunk while distal is to the ends of the extremities. Write the directional terms in the spaces provided and color in the arrows in reference to these terms. Note that these terms are somewhat different for four legged animals.

a. _ a. _

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Answer Key: a. Superior, b. Inferior, c. Lateral, d. Medial, e. Proximal, f. Distal, g. Anatomical position, h. Posterior, i. Anterior, j. Dorsal, k. Ventral

3 Introduction I medical

ANATOMICAL PLANES OF THE BODY Many specimens in anatomy are sectioned so that the interior of the organ or region can be examined. It is important that the direction of the cut is known so that the proper orientation of the specimen is known. A heart looks very different if it is cut along its length as opposed to horizontally. A horizontal cut is known as a transverse section or a cross section. A cut that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts is a coronal section or frontal section. One that divides the structure into left and right parts is a sagittal section. If the body is divided directly down the middle the section is known as a midsagittal section. A midsagittal section is usually reserved for dividing the body into to equal left and right parts. If an organ (such as the eye) is sectioned into two equal parts such that there is a left and right half then this is known as a median section. Label the illustrations and color in the appropriate planes.

c. _

a. _

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c. Answer Key: a. Frontal (coronal) plane, b. Transverse (cross-sedion) plane, c. Median (midsagittal) plane

b.

mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the heart in the pericardialBODY CAVITIES cavity, the major vessels near the heart, nerves, and the esophagus.

The organs of the body are frequently found in body cavities. The body Below the thoracic cavity is the abdominopelvic cavity, which contains is divided into two main cavities, the dorsal body cavity and the ventral the upper abdominal cavity, housing the digestive organs, and the body cavity. The dorsal body cavity consists of the cranial cavity, which inferior pelvic cavity, which holds the uterus and rectum in females or houses the brain and the spinal canal, which surrounds the spinal cord. just the rectum in males. Label the specific and major cavities of the The ventral body cavity contains the upper thoracic cavity, which is body and color them with different colors. subdivided into the pleural cavities, housing the lungs, and the

e. --------­

g.

h.------­

1.

c.-------­

b.------­

d.------­

Answer Key: a. Dorsal body cavity, b. Cranial cavity, c. Spinal canal, d. Ventral body cavity, e. Thoracic cavity, f. Mediastinum, g. Pericardial cavity, h. Pleural cavity, i. Abdominopelvic cavity, j. Abdominal cavity, k. Pelvic cavity