Human and Social Biology Study Guide (Autosaved)

8/19/2019 Human and Social Biology Study Guide (Autosaved)

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HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE

SECTION A: LIVING ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

(1) Describe the characteristics of living

Organisms:

Movement

• —An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change

of position or place.

• An animal must move about and search for food.

• Movement of the entire body is known as locomotion

Respiration

The release of energy from food substances to do work in the body.

Oxygen from the air combines with food.

Water and carbon dioxide are produce and excrete as waste materials.

Also known as cellular respiration.

Sensitivity or Irritability

The ability to detect or sense changes in the environment stimuli! and to

make responses.

"or example moving towards the sent of food when you smell it.


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Growth/Development

This characteristic is when there is a permanent increase in si#e or weight of

a living thing.

$%t includes the replacement of worn&out parts of the body. An increase in cell number or cell si#e or both.

$'rowth re(uires an organism to take in material from the environment and

organi#e the material into its own structures.

Reproduction

This is the processes which !"e ore o# the s!e "i$% o# or&!$is'

—H(!$s (st repro%(ce i# the &ro(p is to s(r)i)e'

Repro%(ctio$ is o#te$ !$ e*te$sio$ o# the &rowth process' e'&'

—There !re two t+pes o# repro%(ctio$' ,Se*(!- Repro%(ctio$ !$% Ase*(!- Repro%(ctio$'

Excretion

—This ch!r!cteristic is the reo)!- #ro or&!$iss o# to*ic !teri!-s. the w!ste

pro%(cts o# et!/o-is ,cheic!- re!ctio$s i$ ce--s i$c-(%i$& respir!tio$0 !$%

s(/st!$ces i$ e*cess o# re1(iree$ts' —E*cretio$ is o$-+ respo$si/-e #or the reo)!- o# w!ste pro%(ce% /+ et!/o-is

i$ /o%+ ce--s' Reo)!- o# ($%i&este% #oo% #ro the i$testi$e is c!--e% e-ii$!tio$ or e&estio$'

Nutrition

This is the intake of food into the human body) so that body cells can make

energy and provide the materials for building up the body structures.


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$$The taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral

ions) containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair)

absorbing and assimilating them.

(2). *ompare the structures of an unspeciali#ed+lant and animal cell and selected

Microbes,

The -tructure of cells:

Animal cell

as a irregular shape

/o not usually have vacuoles but if present) they are very small.

*ell membrane surrounding the cell contents.


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lant cell

+lant

cells

have a

rectangular shape.

ave all the components of Animal cells and other parts.

Comparing plant and animal cellsBoth animal and plan cells contain the following:


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Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Vacuoles ibosomes

!i"erences Between #lant $nd

$nimal Cell


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Microbes

Microbes are single&cell organisms so tiny that millions can fit into the

eye of a needle.

0acteriaA bacterium is a unicellular organism) with a cell wall) cell

membrane and cytoplasm.

%t contains genetic material but no true nucleus.

0acteria are single&celled microbes) which are generally

smaller than other cells.

A line of 1222 bacteria stretch about 1 cm.0acteria can be ball shaped or rod shape.

%tructure of a Bacterium %t has a cell wall.

%t has a cell membrane.

%t contains /3A but not a true nucleus.

0acterium does not have parts such as those found in animaland plant cells.

The flagella help the bacterium to move


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Viruses 4iruses have two main parts.

An outer capsule made mostly of protein.

An inner core of nucleic acid /3A 563A!.

4iruses reproduce) but they can only do this inside a living cell.

0ecause viruses cannot carry out life functions such as growth and

reproduction) is they are not inside a living animal or plant cell.

All viruses are called parasites.

A parasite is an organism which lives on or in another organism.

4iruses are classified as parasites.

Structure o! a "irus A virus does not has cell wall or cell membrane.

-urrounded by a protein coating.

The protein coat protects genetic information of the virus.

A virus has no cytoplasm or cell parts.

#un$i 7east is a fungus that is unicellular.

7east cell contains mitochondria) nucleus) endoplasmic reticulum)

ribosomes and a large vacuole.


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(&) -tate the functions of cell structures,

Cel l membrane 'orms the boundary between the cell contents and the

surroundings.

Control the moement of substances into and out of the

cell.

Cytoplasm $ll cell actiities tae place here.

Contains the cell organelles for example mitochondria

and ribosomes.

3ucleus

This is where chromosomes are found

The nucleus controls the cell8s activities.

Mitochondrion

This is where cellular respiration take place.

Where energy for cell activities are release.

*ells which are more active contain more mitochondria.


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%ell wall *his is a non+liing layer outside of plants cell

membrane. *he cell wall allow substances to pass through it freely.

"acuole ,arge in plant cells and contain water (cell sap).

%mall and sometimes not permanent in animal cells.

%hloroplast The green pigment chlorophyll is found in it.

This is where photosynthesis take place.

3ot found in animal cells.

Ribosome

Makes protein


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(-) dentify selected cells which mae up the/uman body0

NERVE CELL

$ nere cell is lie a receier1 transmitter and

transmission line with the tas of passing a signal. Conducts nere impulses.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/nervecell.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/nervecell.html


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Epithelial cell 9ine the cavities and surfaces of structures in the body

"orm many glands

it help in secretion) selective absorption and protection

Sperm cell

-peciali#e to fertili#e egg.

the tail allows the sperm cell to swim towards the female sex cell.


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E$$ cells

ave a large nucleus containing genetic information from the female.

-tore food in the cytoplasm.

! explain the importance of cell speciali#ation in humans,

%pecialied Cells n *he /uman Body 3hile many cells mae up simple body parts1 such as tissues1

some complete more comple4 and specialied tass. *hese specialied cells are specially designed to perform the

functions for which they are intended. 5ach of these cell types are formed and operate di"erently1

ensuring that the cell can carry out the necessary body functionthat it is intended to complete. Example red blood cells, whiteblood cells and nerve cells.


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;! distinguish between osmosis and diffusion,

Diffusion:

The movement of particles from a region of high concentration.

(many particles in a small area) to a region of lowconcentration (few particles in a small area). When the particles

are released in the surroundings) they randomly move until there

is an even distribution of the particles throughout.

&smosis'

the movement of solvent particles (usually water) from a region of high

concentration to a region of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane.


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Human and Social Biology Study Guide (Autosaved)