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Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

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Page 1: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

LECTURE # 6

1

Page 2: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

The World, its Resources, and Humankind

2

The World

ResourcesMINERALS

Place, History,

Economy, Politics, Disease

Humanity

Page 3: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

MINERALS

3

Page 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

~8000 BC - Salt

3750 BC - Coal

3000 BC - Antimony

2500 BC - Arsenic

~2000 BC - Sulfur

1669 - Phosphor

1732 - Cobalt

1774 - Manganese

1808 - Calcium

1817 - Selenium

1818 - Iodine

1824 – Silicon

1990 - Coltan

1990 - REE

MINERALS

E. MORAN - 2017 4

Page 5: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

SALT (NaCl) =

Sodium (Na) Chloride (Cl)

5

Page 6: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 6

Crystalline mineral of sodium chloride (NaCl)

Vast amounts in sea water (3.5%) and in mines

Saltiness = basic human taste

Essential to human health

Processed from sea water and from salt mines

Taxation and active commerce

Trade and War

SALT

Page 7: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 7

~ 8000 BC – First evidence of processing salt from sea –

Romania – boiling spring water

Human habitation around water and salt

The name “salt” from Latin “sal” “salarium” = soldier’s pay

Salt present in meat, less in plants - nomads do not eat salt. Farmers do.

Main trading: Chinese, Hittites, Hebrews, Egyptians, Indians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines

“Salting the Earth”

Salt for barter

Salt trading routes – Via Salaria = Ostia-Rome

Salt - Timeline

Page 8: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 8

2800 BC – Active exchange - Egypt and Phoenicians

Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara

800 BC – Salzburg on river Salzach – salt deposits

Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece and Rome

War of Venice and Genoa over salt transport

Liverpool became rich exporting salt from mines of Cheshire

Columbus’ voyages financed by salt from S. Spain

Oppressive salt tax in S. France cause for French

Revolution

1930 – Gandhi “Salt Satyagraha” making own salt boycotting

British raj.

Salt – Timeline (cont’d)

Page 9: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Salt Deposits at the Dead Sea

9

Page 10: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Red Rock Salt, Pakistan

10

Page 11: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Salt Mounds, Bolivia

11

Page 12: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Salt – Brine from Sea Water Being Boiled

Thailand

12

Page 13: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 13

~200 Mil. Tonnes produced

Producers: China, USA, India, Germany, Canada

Production:

• Sea water evaporation in ponds

• Mines (rock salt) followed by refining

Huge reserves of salt

Uses: 6%-17% - Human consumption

6% - Food processing

12% - Water conditioning process

6% - Agriculture

Salt - Economics

Page 14: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 14

Salt = 40% sodium by weight

1 tsp (6g) = 2,300 mg of sodium

Sodium is a source of electrolyte necessary for the

normal function of almost all organs

Necessary for water regulation in the body

Salt intake in Western countries = 10g/day High

blood pressure, stroke

WHO < 2000 mg/day (5 g of salt/day)

Less than 1200 mg/day (3 g of salt/day) is not

recommended

SALT and HEALTH

Page 15: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

~8000 BC - Salt

3750 BC - Coal

3000 BC - Antimony

2500 BC - Arsenic

~2000 BC - Sulfur

1669 - Phosphorus

1732 - Cobalt

1774 - Manganese

1817 - Selenium

1818 - Iodine

1824 - Silicon

1990 - Coltan

1990 - REE

MINERALS

E. MORAN - 2017 15

Page 16: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

COAL [(Carbon (C)]

16

Page 17: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN – 2017 17

(?) Volcanic activity dead forests in wetlands buried

under soil pressure of soil

carbonization peat lignite

sub-bituminous coal

bituminous coal anthracite

graphite

Uses: Heating

Fuel for generation of electric power (40%

made with coal)

Coal Formation and Uses

Page 18: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Bituminous Coal

18

Page 19: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Anthracite

19

Page 20: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 20

Old English = “mineral of fossilized carbon”

Combustible sedimentary rock – coal beds or coal

seams

Chiefly carbon with some sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen,

and nitrogen

Mine extraction - accidents, environmental hazards,

disease

COAL

Page 21: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 21

1000 BC - Used for smelting copper in China

300 BC - Theophrastus - “On Stones” - anthrakes

~1300 CE - Marco Polo – “black stones which burn like logs”

200-400 CE - Roman Britain – Coal was known (uses?)

1000 CE - Rhineland – Coal use for smelting iron ore

1300 CE - “Seacoal Lane” in London – unloading coal from

Newcastle-upon-Tyne for smiths at Westminster

Abbey

13th Cent. - Underground extraction – “pitcoal”= open mining

18th Cent. - Industrial revolution started in England –

steam engine

Coal Timeline

Page 22: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Coal mining in United States

22

Page 23: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

23

Page 24: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Coal mine in Wyoming

24

Page 25: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Coal miner in Britain - 1942

25

Page 26: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Miners Leaving their Mine Shift

26

Page 27: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

About Coal Mining

27

Page 28: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 28

Pneumoconioses = Occupational diseases due to

the inhalation of foreign particles and their

deposition into the respiratory tract

Anthracosis = “Black lung” disease of the miners

Coal particles are inhaled and deposited into the

bronchi (wind pipes) lining and into the lungs,

causing a fibrotic (scar tissue) reaction and

restriction of gas exchanges

Severe chronic lung disease Death

“Black Lung” Disease

Page 29: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

ANTHRACOSIS – Lung mass

29

Page 30: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Environmental activists blocking access

to a mine

30

Page 31: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

World Coal Production 1980-2012

31

Page 32: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 32

1947 – 750,000 miners in Britain, 2004 - only 5000

2001 – China - 50% of world production

USA, India, EU, Australia

Largest importer – Japan

Uses: Heat

Electricity – 40% world’s electricity

USA coal use is declining since 2012

Petro-Chemicals – increasing output due to

gasification syngas electricity

Coal – Production and Uses

Page 33: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Production of Chemicals from Coal

33

Page 34: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 34

Coal + oxygen + steam - Heated under pressure

Oxygen and water molecules oxidize coal CO + H2 =

“SYNGAS” used to fire engines electricity

Syngas gasoline and diesel

Syngas methanol gasoline

Since 1950s - Petrochemicals: Olefins, acetic acid,

formaldehyde, ammonia, urea, etc.

Gasification and Petrochemicals

Page 35: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

DIAMONDS

35

Page 36: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 36

What are the diamonds?

Internet: “Metastable allotrope of carbon”

A mineral made of pure carbon with the atoms in a strong bond and arranged in a particular structure (lattice)

Highest hardness (grade 10)

Highest optical dispersion

Colorless, but impurities may color:

Blue – boron, yellow – nitrogen, brown – lattice

defects, green – radiation exposure

DIAMONDS

Page 37: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Lattice of Diamond (left) and of

Graphite (right)

37

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond_and_graphite2.jpg
Page 38: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Diamond Lattice of Carbon Atoms

38

Page 39: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 39

1-3 Billion years (25% - 75% of Earth’s age)

Depth of 87 - 118 Mi. in the Earth’s mantle

Temp of 1650° - 2370°F

Pressure 45 - 60 kbars

May be produced synthetically (HPHT method)

“Diamond simulants” zirconium, germanium

Diamonds Formation

Page 40: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Schematic Diagram of a Volcanic

“Pipe”

40

Page 41: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 41

Cutting and polishing are done with scientific

knowledge, tools, and experience

Centers: Antwerp, Amsterdam, New York, Tel Aviv,

Johannesburg

Diamond cut & polished = brilliant

Weight reduction upon cutting ~ 50%

1 carat = 200 mg.

Uses: Jewelry

Industry - 80% of mined diamonds

Diamond Cutting

Page 42: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

The “Hope Diamond” 45.52 caratNational Museum of Natural History,

Washington, DC

CUT FROM “BLEU DE FRANCE” GIVEN TO LOUIS XIV 42

Page 43: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

“Bleu de France” Diamond

In 1669 Louis XIV had the Indian 115 carat

diamond recut

43

Page 44: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Brilliant set in a ring

44

Page 45: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

National Museum of Natural History,

Washington, DC

45

Page 46: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Diamond Exports by Country - 2014

46

Page 47: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 47

Approx. 130,000,000 carat mined/year = US $9 Bil.

9th cent. BC -18th cent. CE – India major producer

18th cent. – Brazil, Canada, Zimbabwe, Angola,

Russia

US – Arkansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana

Recent mines: Russia, Botswana, W. Australia,

D.R. Congo

Political issues: Revolutionary groups “conflict

and blood diamonds” - UN Kimberley Process

Diamonds – Production and Politics

Page 48: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 48

D.R. Congo – “Conflict diamonds” and “Blood

diamonds” – Stolen by rebels and sold on

the black market for own profit.

What did United Nations do?

“The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing”

The World Looked on and Did Nothing

Page 49: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Synthetic Diamonds Grown by the

High-pressure High-temperature

Technique

49

Page 50: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Colorless Gem Cut From Diamond

Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition

50

Page 51: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

~8000 BC - Salt

3750 BC - Coal

3000 BC - Antimony

2500 BC - Arsenic

~2000 BC - Sulfur

1669 - Phosphorus

1732 - Cobalt

1774 - Manganese

1817 - Selenium

1818 - Iodine

1824 - Silicon

1990 - Coltan

1990 - REE

MINERALS

E. MORAN - 2017 51

Page 52: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

SULFUR (S)

52

Page 53: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 53

Solid yellow crystalline mineral abundant in

Earth’s crust

Occurs as native or as sulfide or sulfate minerals

Essential to life: Amino-acids and vitamins

Found in volcanic regions and hot springs

Mined in Sicily, Indonesia, Chile, Japan

SULFUR

Page 54: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Sulphur in fumarole – Volcano, Italy

54

Page 55: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 55

Old Testament - “brimstone” “fire-and brimstone” =

eternal damnation of unbelievers

Known in antiquity

6th cent. BC – Chinese medicine

1044 CE – Chinese black gunpowder

Alchemists used it for skin conditions

18th cent. – Sicilian mines - horrible conditions –

Booker T. Washington: “Sicily mine is the

nearest thing to hell that I expect to see in this

life.”

Sulfur Timeline

Page 56: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 56

Mining declined after 2002

Side product of oil refining

Uses: Sulfuric acid v. important in oil refining and mineral extraction

Fertilizers

Fungicides, pesticides

Sulfa drugs (antibacterial sulfonamides)

Winemaking (sulfites inhibit aerobic bacterial growth)

Sulfur – Production and Uses

Page 57: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Production and Price (US market)

Price is in Red

57

Page 58: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Burning of coal in industry sulfuric

dioxide in air + water + oxygen = sulfuric

acid acid rain

Effects of Acid Rain on a Forest in the Czech

Republic

58

Page 59: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

~8000 BC - Salt

3750 BC - Coal

3000 BC - Antimony

2500 BC - Arsenic

~2000 BC - Sulfur

1669 - Phosphorus

1732 - Cobalt

1774 - Manganese

1817 - Selenium

1818 - Iodine

1824 - Silicon

1990 - Coltan

1990 - REE

MINERALS

E. MORAN - 2017 59

Page 60: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

SILICON [Silica (Si)]

(Silicon dioxide SiO2)

(from Lat. silex)

60

Page 61: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 61

Second most abundant in the Earth’s crust

Known since old times

Major constituent of sand

Wide use in industry

SILICA

Page 62: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 62

Uses: Construction for Portland cement

Production of glass

Production of ceramics: Earthenware

Stoneware

Porcelain

Production of microchips

Health hazards: Silicosis – a lung disease due to

the inhalation of sand particles

Silica

Page 63: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

63

Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic

equipment today: electronics, computers,

mobile phones, and other digital home

appliances

Microchips = Integrated Circuits

Page 64: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

QUARTZ

64

Page 65: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 65

Second most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust

Name is from German “Quarz.” The name crystal

is from Greek “kristalos”

It is a crystalized form of silicon dioxide

A six-sided prism with a six-sided pyramid at one end

and embedded into a matrix at the other end.

Many varieties due to impurities and the structure

macro- or micro-crystalline structure

Rock crystal is the purest

QUARTZ

Page 66: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

A Cluster of Natural Quartz Crystals

66

Page 67: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Quartz crystal cluster from Tibet

67

Page 68: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Clear Rock Crystal

68

Page 69: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Amethist crystals on matrix

IRON IS THE IMPURITY 69

Page 70: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Rose quartz cluster

70

Page 71: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Smoky Crystal from the Alps

71

Page 72: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 72

Known from antiquity

Associated with funeral ritual in many countries

Semi-precious in Europe and in Middle East as

jade was in Asia. Many gems, vases,

decorative.

17th cent. Nicolas Steno – modern crystallography

1930 – Electronic industry used quartz crystals

Quartz Timeline

Page 73: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Persian Ewer in Rock Crystal – c. 1000

73

Page 74: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Cornucopia in rock crystal

(pure quartz) – Austria, 1890

74

Page 75: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 75

Piezoelectric properties – Jacques and

Pierre Curie – 1880. Quartz crystals

develop an electric potential upon

application of mechanical stress

(pressure)

Crystal oscillator used in the production of

very accurate measurements like time –

Quartz watch

Piezoelectric Effect

Page 76: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Tuning-fork crystal used in a modern

quartz watch

76

Page 77: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

A Quartz Clock

77

Page 78: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

CLAY

78

Page 79: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 79

Natural soil material - Minerals + traces of metal oxides +

organic matter

Absorbs water swells and becomes plastic

Upon drying or being fired becomes hard

Geologic clay deposits in layers of various colors

Formation: Chemical weathering of rocks by carbonic

acid and water

Firing in kilns ceramics: Earthenware,

Stoneware

Porcelain

CLAY

Page 80: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Clay Cliffs in Martha’s Vineyards

80

Page 81: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 81

14,000 BC – Used in Japan (Jomon Culture)

Clay tablets used for writing with a reed – Cuneiform

writing and the hieroglyphs

Man discovered the clay properties upon heating -firing

USES: Oldest building material, bricks – adobe

Wall and floor tiles

Pottery, dishware, cooking pots,

Domestic appliances, musical instruments, art

Clay - Timeline and Uses

Page 82: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Ceramic Vessel from Mesopotamia

4500 – 4000 BC

82

Page 83: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Cuneiform Writing

Sumerian (Mesopotamia) 3500-3000 BC

83

Page 84: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Egyptian Hieroglyphs

3300 BC

84

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“Eve of Long Beach,”

April 2011

85

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“Mia, the Burmese Lady”

White clay, May 2011

86

Page 87: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

“A Memory”

Clay, 2013

87

Page 88: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

“Thinking of Modigliani”

Clay, 2014

88

Page 89: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

At the Art Show, Long Beach, 11-17-12

89

Page 90: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

~8000 BC - Salt

3750 BC - Coal

3000 BC - Antimony

2500 BC - Arsenic

~2000 BC - Sulfur

1669 - Phosphorus

1732 - Cobalt

1774 - Manganese

1817 - Selenium

1818 - Iodine

1824 - Silicon

1990 - Coltan

1990 - REE

MINERALS

E. MORAN - 2017 90

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COLTAN

91

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E. MORAN - 2017 92

A metallic ore discovered ~1990

Name is short for columbite-tantalite

The Niobium-dominant mineral in coltan is Columbite

The Tantalum-dominant mineral in coltan is Tantalite

x 80 better conductor than copper

Resists high temperatures

Resists oxidation

COLTAN

Page 93: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

A Piece of Coltan

93

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E. MORAN - 2017 94

60 - 89% of world production used for:

Mobile phones, flat TV, video games, MP3, batteries,

laptops, GPS, airplane industry, optic fiber,

tele-guided weapons, artificial satellites

digital cameras, medical appliances

Late 2000 – Great demand for PlayStation 2

Coltan price increased temporarily

Coltan - Uses

Page 95: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

Tantalum Capacitor

95

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Map of Colonial Africa in 1910

96

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Africa after the Second Congo War

97

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E. MORAN - 2017 98

71% mined in D.R.Congo; 20% recycled

Australia - 10%

Thailand – 5%

Brazil – 5%

Major explorations. High global demand - still met

Major international theft, aggression, and war

United Nation – Plunder of gems and minerals by

militia and 125 companies

Smuggled coltan through Eastern Europe - Russia

Coltan – Resources - Economy

Page 99: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 99

“Resource Curse” = Countries rich in resources have

worse economic development

Children used in the extraction; paid 1-2 US$/day

Corruption, exploitation Political instability

paid militia, civil war

• 90% of young men – Leaving farms for mining

• 30% of youth are analphabets

• 60% do not have potable water

• 30% - undernourished

• 1 Million refugees

Eastern Congo invasion from Rwanda selling coltan

Coltan – Social and Political Issues

Page 100: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 100

D.R. Congo – “Conflict diamonds” and “Blood

diamonds” – Stolen by rebels and sold on

the black market for own profit.

D.R. Congo – “Resource Curse” – Coltan

Stolen by insurgent armies and sold to pay

mercenaries.

What did United Nations do?

“The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing”

The World Looked on and Did Nothing

Page 101: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

~8000 BC - Salt

3750 BC - Coal

3000 BC - Antimony

2500 BC - Arsenic

~2000 BC - Sulfur

1669 - Phosphorus

1732 - Cobalt

1774 - Manganese

1817 - Selenium

1818 - Iodine

1824 - Silicon

1990 - Coltan

1990 – Rare Earth Elements

MINERALS

E. MORAN - 2017 101

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RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

102

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• Cerium (Ce)

• Dysprosium (Dy)

• Erbium (Er)

• Europium (Eu)

• Gadolinium (Gd)

• Holmium (Ho)

• Lanthanum (La)

• Lutetium (Lu)

• Neodymium (Nd)

• Praseodymium (Pr)

• Promethium (Pm)

• Samarium (Sm)

• Scandium (Sc)

• Terbium (Tb)

• Thulium (Tm)

• Ytterbium (Yb)

• Yttrium (Y)

RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

E. MORAN - 2016 103

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E. MORAN - 2017 104

1787-1901 - Discovered in the soil of Ytterby, Sweden

17 elements found in the earth as oxides

Earth crust – 68 ppm (like Cu) - NOT SO RARE

Pacific Ocean seabed mud (?)

Isolation is difficult. Using difference in solubility and

other modern techniques

Used in high-tech. Reserves are dwindling.

Environment concerns: Radioactive slurry, toxic acids

in the refining process

Rare Earth Elements

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E. MORAN - 2017 105

Scandium - Light aluminum-scandium alloys for

aerospace, additive in metal-halide lamps,

radioactive tracing agents.

Yttrium – Yttrium-aluminum garnet laser (YAG), TV,

microwave filters, energy-efficient light bulbs,

additive to steel.

Lanthanum – High refractive glass, hydrogen storage,

camera lenses, catalyst for oil refineries.

Cerium - Oxidizing agent, catalyst for self-cleaning ovens

and for oil refineries

Praseodymium – Magnets, lasers, carbon arc lighting

Rare Earth Elements (1)

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E. MORAN - 2017 106

Neodymium - Magnets, lasers, didymium glass,

ceramic capacitors.

Promethium – Nuclear batteries, luminous paint.

Samarium - Magnets, lasers, neutron capture.

Europium - Lasers, mercury-vapor lamps,

fluorescent lamps, NMR.

Gadolinium - Lasers, X-ray tubes, computer

memory, MRI contrast agent, NMR, steel additive.

Terbium - Lasers, magnets, fluorescent lamps.

Dysprosium – Magnets, lasers.

Rare Earth Elements (2)

Page 107: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 107

Holmium - Lasers, magnets, optical spectrophotometers.

Erbium – Infrared lasers, vanadium steel, fiber-optic

technology.

Thulium – Lasers, portable X-ray machines, metal-halide

lamps.

Ytterbium – Infrared lasers, stainless steel, nuclear

medicine.

Lutetium – Positron emission tomography (PET scan),

high-refractive-index glass.

Rare Earth Elements (3)

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108

Till 1948 – India, Brazil; 1950s – S. Africa; 1960-1980 –

Mountain Pass, CA; 2010 - China

RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

Page 109: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 109

China – 90% of world production and exporter

Since 2009 China gradually reduced the

export quotas

China forced small independent miners to merge

into state-owned corporations

2012 – USA, EU, and Japan confronted China at

WTO

2014 – WTO: China had broken free trade

agreements

2015 – China had lifted all quotas

Rare Earth Elements

Economics and China

Page 110: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 110

Searches for alternative sources

Canada, Australia, Vietnam, Greenland – new

sources of REE

North Korea = 2nd largest reserve. Selling to China

Recycling started in Japan, France, Malaysia

Pricing: • Not exchange-traded

• Not sold in pure form

• Price dictated by demand

Rare Earth Elements

World Economics

Page 111: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

E. MORAN - 2017 111

China: Reason for reducing quotas

• Depletion of resource

• Environmental concerns

USA: Dysprosium import “most critical”

• World production of REE = 132,000 metric tons.

• China produces 129,000 metric tons

Solution: 1. New sources

2. Changing production policy

USGS - REE in So. Afghanistan’s Helmand province

1.3 Mil. tons - $7.4 Bil.

Rare Earth Elements

Geo-politics

Page 112: Human Anatomy and Physiology · Tuareg made caravan routes through Sahara 800 BC –Salzburg on river Salzach –salt deposits Celtic people traded salt and salted meat to Greece

END OF LECTURE # 6

112


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