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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 10
I.Composition and Functions of BloodA.Components
• .• Only fluid tissue in body• A __________________ in which the cells-formed elements are the
_____________________in a _______________matrix known as ________________.
• Fibrin strands apparent during blood clotting• For a blood sample spun in a centrifuge,elements to bottom and
plasma to top,RBCS=________________________@ bottom and wt.___________ between them and plasma….=___________________=WBC’s and platelets(cell fragments that help stop bleeding
• RBC’s=45% of the blood fraction(_________________)/WBC’s<1%/plasma~ 55%
Connective tissue
Living blood cells
Non-living matrix
plasma
erthrocytyesBuffy coat
leukocytes
hematocrit
B.Physical Characteristics and Volume
– Sticky,opaque fluid fluid– Metallic taste– Color varies from scarlet(O2 rich to dull red---
O2 poor– Heavier than water and 5x more viscous– pH 7.35-7.45– 38 C or 100.4 F– 8% body weight– Volume in healthy men is
________________________________
5-6 L or ~ 6 quarts
C. Plasma
• 90% water-liquid part of blood• Dissolves about 100 different substances-
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nutrients,salts,respiratory gases,hormones,plasma proteins,various wastes and products off cell metabloism
• ______________________--most abundant solutes most made by liver,except antibodies and certain hormones
• Example:___________________-carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation,is blood buffer,contributes to osmotic pressure of blood,keeping water warm in blood stream.
Plasma proteins
albumin
• Clotting proteins
• Antibodies to fight pathogens
• Liver is stimulated to make more proteins when level falls to low and respiratory and urinary system are stimulated to come to bat when blood is too
• acidic or alkaline
D. Formed elements
• 1)________________________or RBC’s-function to ferry O2 in blood to all cells of the body
– _______________----lack a nucleus and have few organelles
– A Hb bearing molecule– Lack mitochondria,so make ATP anaerobically…
saving on the O2 they carry– Biconcave discs(donuts)-great for gas exchange
Erthrocytes
anucleate
FYI----Hb=hemoglobin
– Outnumber wbc’s_________________and main reason behind blood viscosity
– 13-18 g/mL Hb male– ___________=decrease in O2 –carrying ability of
the blood– _________________=abnormal shape in Hb is
formed ,thus not allowing as many O2 molecules to unload
– ______________=an increase in # of RBC’s and may result from bone marrow cancer or from living at high altitudes-increases blood viscosity
1000 to 1 anemiaSickle-cell anemia
Polycythemia
2.Leukocytes=WBC’s
• 4000-11,000wbc/mm3(<1%total blood volume)• Complete cell• Can go in and out blood vessels to form protective
army• ____________________-leaping across• ________________________________allows them to
find damaged cells and they move to spot by ameboid motion
diapedesis Positive chemotaxis
• _______=total WBC count above 11,000-indicating a bacterial or viral infection
• _____________=low WBC count usually caused by drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer drugs
• ___________=bone marrow becomes cancerous and huge numbers of WBC’s are immature and incapable of carrying out normal protective function-so you are prey to infection and rbc’s are outnumbered as well as platelets
leukocytosisleukopenia leukemia
TWO GROUPS OF WBC’S:-GRANULOCYTES and AGRANULOCYTES
• GRANULOCYTES:granule containing,lobed nuclei,several rounde nuclear areas,cytoplasm stains w/ Wright’s stain
• Neutrophils-most numerous;multilobed nucleus and very fine granules;phagocytes of esp. bacteria and fungi
• ______________-blue-red nucleus that looks like phone receiver,lysosome-like,brick-red cytoplasmic granules/ increases much during allergies and parasitic infections
• _____________________-rarest-has lg,histamine granules that stain dark blue(Histamine is an _____________________________________________________
Eosinophils
Basinophils
Inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBC’s the inflammatory site
AGRANULOCYTES:lack visible cyoplasmic granules,more of a normal nucleus
• ________-large dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume-goes to lymphatic tissue;2nd most numerous wbc
• __________________-largest WBC;u-shaped nucleus;when they go into tissues they chanhe into macro phages
lymphocytes monocytes
• Never (neutrophils)
• Let (lymphocytes)
• Monkeys(monocytes)
• Eat (eosinophils)
• Bananas(Basinophils)
• Platelets-not cells=megakaryocytes---needed for clotting
E.Hematopoiesis
– In red bone marrow-myeloid tissue-in skull and pelvis,ribs,sternum.humerus,and,femur
– ______________________---common stem cell-see chart p.347
– As young cell has produced lots of hemoglobin,the nucleus and most organelles are ejected and cell collapses inward and you have a _______________,still having some_____________
– They enter bloodstream to transport O2 and will eject ER w/in 2 days(Maturation 3-5 days)
– __________________________is the hormone controlling RBC production rate-produced by the liver and mostly the kidneys
Hemocyto-blast
reticulocyte
ERerthropoietin
F.Formation of WBC’s and Platelets
• Stimulated by hormones:__________ and _____________-not only prompt red bone marrow to tun out WBC’s,but also assemble an army of WBC’s to ward off attacks by helping WBC’s protect
• ________________--accelerates production of platelets
• _____________-Long needle used in red bone marrow to test for such as aplastic anemia or leukemia
Colony stimulating factors (CSF’s) and interleukins
thrombopoietin
Bone marrow biopsy
II.Hemostasis=stoppage of bleeding-3 phases– 1)Vascular spasms occur-immediate release of
blood to blood vessel injury is_____________-causes spasms…narrows at that point,decreasing blood loss,until clotting can happen
– 2)Platelet Plug forms-repelled by intact endothelium,but when broken and collagen is exposed,platelets become sticky and cling to site.They release chemicals to enhance spasms and attract more platelets-a _______________forms
– 3)Coagulation events occur………
vasoconstriction Platelet plug or white thrombus forms
Coagulation cont’d
• a.TF(tissue Factor)-helping clotting--- is released• b. PF3________________-interacts w/TF and other
blood clotting proteins activating a clotting cascade• c. prothrombin activator---converts prohtrombin in
plasma to thrombin-an enzyme• d. Thrombin joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into
insoluble____________________----forms a mesh work that traps RBC’s and begins a clot----read p.350…..happens 3-6 min.
A phospholipid fibrin
