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The Puritans and The Crucible

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Essential Question: How does a good writer develop arguments to support claims in an analysis of topics or texts?





Puritan Agenda:They wanted to reform their

national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence

Their attempt to “purify” the Church of England and their own lives

Left for the new world in 1620 to escape religious persecution and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Essential Question: How does a good writer develop arguments to support claims in an analysis of topics or

texts?

Puritan Beliefs: The Puritan community was a

theocracy, a government which blends church and state. The church’s officials were the government’s officials. Thus, church and state were not separate.

Puritans were expected to live by a strict moral code

All sins – from sleeping in church to stealing food – should be punished

God would punish sinful behaviorEssential Question: How does a good writer develop

arguments to support claims in an analysis of topics or texts?

Puritan Beliefs Continued:When a neighbor would

suffer misfortune, such as a sick child or failed crop, Puritans saw it as God’s will and did not help

The Devil was as real as God


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Puritan Beliefs Continued:Satan would select the

weakest individuals – women, kids, insane – to carry out his work

Those who followed Satan were witches

Witchcraft was the greatest crime - punishable by death


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Puritan Lifestyle:Church was the

foundation of Puritan life

It was against the law NOT to attend church

People were expected to work hard and repress their emotions & opinions


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Puritan Lifestyle Continued:Individual differences were

frowned upon

The clothing was dark & somber and dictated by the church

Children were expected to behave under the same strict codes as the adultsDoing choresAttending churchRepress individual differences


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Puritan Lifestyle Continued:Any show of emotion

(excitement, anger) was discouraged and disobedience was severely punished

Children rarely played

Puritans saw toys & games as sinful distractions


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Puritan Lifestyle Continued:Boys practiced carpentry skills

and explored the outdoors (hunting/fishing)

Girls were expected to tend to the house, helping mothers cook, wash, clean, & sew

Many children learned to read, but households owned only the Bible and other religious works


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1692

Salem Witch Trials


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Betty Parris became strangely ill. She dashed about, dove under furniture, contorted in pain, and complained of fever. The cause of her symptoms may have been some combination of stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis.

Talk of witchcraft increased when other playmates of Betty, including eleven-year-old Ann Putnam, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, and Mary Walcott, began to exhibit similar unusual behavior.

A doctor called to examine the girls, suggested that the girls' problems might have a supernatural origin. The widespread belief that witches targeted children made the doctor's diagnosis seem increasingly likely.

How it started:


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1. Strong belief that Satan is acting in the world Disease, natural catastrophes, bad fortune

2. A belief that Satan actively recruits witches and wizards3. A belief that a person afflicted by witchcraft exhibits certain

symptoms4. A time of troubles, making it seem likely that Satan was active

Congregational strife in Salem Village Frontier wars with Indians

5. Stimulation of imaginations by Tituba6. Teenage boredom7. Confessing “witches” adding credibility to earlier charges8. Old feuds (disputes within congregation, property disputes) between

the accusers and the accused spurring charges of witchcraft.

Causes of Witchcraft Hysteria:


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Arthur MillerFirst Performed in 1953

The Crucible


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Characters:John Proctor :

Local farmer; stern, harsh-tongued man; hates hypocrisy

Abigail Williams:Rev. Parris’s niece; only

servant for the Proctors; smart, good liar, vindictive when crossed

Elizabeth Proctor:John’s wife; fired Abigail;

supremely virtuous, but cold

Rev. Parris:Minister of Salem’s

church; paranoid, power-hungry; many people hate him; he is concerned about building his position in society


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Characters:Rev. John Hail:

Young minister and expert on witchcraft; critical and intelligent mind

Rebecca Nurse:Wise, sensible woman;

liked by all in the community

Francis Nurse:Rebecca’s husband;

wealthy, influential man; respected by most, but an enemy of Thomas Putnam

Thomas Putnam:Wealthy, influential man;

holds a grudge against Francis Nurse; wants land


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Characters:Ann Putnam:

Thomas’s wife; has given birth to eight children, but only Ruth survived

Judge Danforth:Deputy Governor of MA

and judge at the witch trials, believes he is doing what is right for Salem

Giles Corey:Elderly but feisty farmer;

famous for his tendency to file lawsuits

Ruth Putnam:Lone surviving child of

the Putnam’s; falls into a strange daze after being caught dancing


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Characters:Tituba:

Rev. Parris’s black slave from Barbados; agrees to perform voodoo

Mary Warren:Servant in Putman’s

household; timid; easily influenced by those around her

Betty Parris:Rev. Parris’s 10-year-old

daughter; falls into strange daze after being caught dancing

Martha Corey:Giles Corey’s third wife;

her reading habits are frowned upon by the church/community


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Characters:Ezekiel Cheever:

man from Salem who acts as clerk of the court during the witch trials; determined to do his duty for justice

Mercy Lewis:One of the girls in

Abigail’s group

Herrick:The marshal of Salem

Judge Hathorne:A judge who preside,

along with Danforth, over the witch trials


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Documents

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