PURITAN PURITAN PERIODPERIOD

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

THE DISCOVERY OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICAAMERICA

EUROPE AT THE TIME OF EUROPE AT THE TIME OF COLUMBUSCOLUMBUS

At the time of Columbus’ discovery of At the time of Columbus’ discovery of America, EUROPE was in a state of America, EUROPE was in a state of WARWAR

The CRUSADES - brought about The CRUSADES - brought about TRADE contacts with the EASTTRADE contacts with the EAST

13th Ct. the rise of the fierce 13th Ct. the rise of the fierce MONGOLS in the East helped MONGOLS in the East helped European ECONOMY- trade from the European ECONOMY- trade from the East came to the European continent East came to the European continent through the BYZANTINE EMPIRE and through the BYZANTINE EMPIRE and then by sea to VENICE and GENOA.then by sea to VENICE and GENOA.

Contacts with the ORIENT also improved Contacts with the ORIENT also improved European SCIENTIFIC and European SCIENTIFIC and TECHNOLOGICAL knowledge – (the TECHNOLOGICAL knowledge – (the MUSLIMS' knowledge of MUSLIMS' knowledge of MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY and MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY and NAVIGATION was far superior to that of NAVIGATION was far superior to that of the Europeans then; the technological the Europeans then; the technological advances also came from CHINA, ex. the advances also came from CHINA, ex. the invention of the GUNPOWDER .invention of the GUNPOWDER .

This put Europe on the path of This put Europe on the path of TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION and TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION and superiority.superiority.

Beginning of the 14th century – rise of Beginning of the 14th century – rise of the OTTOMAN TURKS – ruling over a the OTTOMAN TURKS – ruling over a vast territory from WEST AFRICA to vast territory from WEST AFRICA to INDONESIA, including the Indian Ocean.INDONESIA, including the Indian Ocean.

Spices and commodities could no Spices and commodities could no longer be carried overland to longer be carried overland to CONSTANTINOPLE. Now trade ships CONSTANTINOPLE. Now trade ships had to sail to the RED SEA or the had to sail to the RED SEA or the PERISAN GULF. From here, they PERISAN GULF. From here, they went to Europe via the Mediterranean went to Europe via the Mediterranean ports in AFRICA and ASIA MINOR.ports in AFRICA and ASIA MINOR.

Oriental goods and spices became Oriental goods and spices became SCARCE and EXPENSIVESCARCE and EXPENSIVE

Something had to be done to deal Something had to be done to deal with the demand for spices. Was it with the demand for spices. Was it possible to reach the Orient through possible to reach the Orient through another route?another route?

VOYAGES AND VOYAGES AND EXPLORATIONEXPLORATION

The Europeans by then had a general The Europeans by then had a general idea that the Earth was round. Several idea that the Earth was round. Several EXPEDITIONS were made to find an EXPEDITIONS were made to find an ALTERNATIVE SEA-ROUTE around ALTERNATIVE SEA-ROUTE around Africa to the East.Africa to the East.

Prince HENRY OF PORTUGAL Prince HENRY OF PORTUGAL gathered gathered sailorssailors, , astronomersastronomers, , shipbuildersshipbuilders and and mapmakersmapmakers from from all over Europe, developed smaller and all over Europe, developed smaller and stronger ships called the CARAVEL.stronger ships called the CARAVEL.

In 1497, In 1497, VASCO DA VASCO DA GAMA GAMA ((PortuguesePortuguese) ) set out in the set out in the quest of quest of spices and spices and discovered discovered the sea route the sea route to to INDIA INDIA from from Europe Europe through the through the Cape of Good Cape of Good Hope.Hope.

CHRISTOPHER CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS - a COLUMBUS - a native of GENOA, native of GENOA, believed that he believed that he had touched the had touched the Oriental coast. In Oriental coast. In fact, he had fact, he had discovered a new discovered a new continent. Thus, continent. Thus, Columbus Columbus discovered discovered AMERICA on AMERICA on October 12, 1492.October 12, 1492.

Between 1492 and 1504 Between 1492 and 1504 Columbus made 4 VOYAGES to Columbus made 4 VOYAGES to the new continentthe new continent

UUntil his death in 1506 ntil his death in 1506 Columbus Columbus continued to believe that he had continued to believe that he had reached Asia through an reached Asia through an alternate routealternate route

It was AMERIGO It was AMERIGO VESPUCCI, an VESPUCCI, an Italian working Italian working under the Spanish under the Spanish monarch, who monarch, who cleared this cleared this misconception. misconception. Between 1497 and Between 1497 and 1505, Amerigo 1505, Amerigo visited the new visited the new continent four continent four times, wrote a series times, wrote a series of letters describing of letters describing the NEW WORLD.the NEW WORLD.

NATIVE AMERICANSNATIVE AMERICANS

WILLIAM BRADFORDWILLIAM BRADFORD, govern, governoror of the of the Plymouth colony, declared in 1617: Plymouth colony, declared in 1617:

"The unpeopled countries of America [are] "The unpeopled countries of America [are] devoid of all civil inhabitants, where there devoid of all civil inhabitants, where there are only savage and brutish men, which are only savage and brutish men, which range up and down, little otherwise than range up and down, little otherwise than the wild beasts of the same." Bradford the wild beasts of the same." Bradford made this statement three years before made this statement three years before the landing at Plymouth Rockthe landing at Plymouth Rock””

Much before the Europeans set foot in Much before the Europeans set foot in the ’new’ world, an entire civilization the ’new’ world, an entire civilization had existed in the Americashad existed in the Americas

around 75,000,000 people who spoke around 75,000,000 people who spoke 2,000 distinct languages2,000 distinct languages

great civilizations in about 1500 BC in great civilizations in about 1500 BC in the South American Continent, where the South American Continent, where environmental conditions were best environmental conditions were best suitedsuited

the OLMECS – both a culture and the OLMECS – both a culture and religion – the GULF OF MEXICOreligion – the GULF OF MEXICO

the ZAPOTECthe ZAPOTEC

the MAYANSthe MAYANS

shared - CALENDAR SYSTEM shared - CALENDAR SYSTEM

2 CALENDARS – SOLAR (365 2 CALENDARS – SOLAR (365 days), RITUAL (260 days)days), RITUAL (260 days)

TEOTIHUACAN – modern day TEOTIHUACAN – modern day MEXICO CITY – flourished in 150 MEXICO CITY – flourished in 150 BC, lasted for a millennium BC, lasted for a millennium

TEOTIHUACAN civilization built TEOTIHUACAN civilization built majestic PYRAMIDS, CARVED majestic PYRAMIDS, CARVED TEMPLES, CITIES, MARKET PLACE, TEMPLES, CITIES, MARKET PLACE, IRRIGATION SYSTEMIRRIGATION SYSTEM

by 800 AD their capital was by 800 AD their capital was abandoned – declineabandoned – decline

the TOLTECS – capital TULAthe TOLTECS – capital TULA ancient Mexico and Central America ancient Mexico and Central America 12th ct. Tula razed to the ground12th ct. Tula razed to the ground

the MAYANS – contemporaries of the the MAYANS – contemporaries of the OlmecsOlmecs

by AD 300 had developed a remarkably by AD 300 had developed a remarkably advanced culture, which flourished till advanced culture, which flourished till AD 900AD 900

TEMPLES, ASTRONOMY, SCRIPT, TEMPLES, ASTRONOMY, SCRIPT, PEACEFUL PEOPLEPEACEFUL PEOPLE

the AZTECS – one of the greatest the AZTECS – one of the greatest civilizationscivilizations

1325 built the capital of 1325 built the capital of TENOCHTITILAN – urban way of life TENOCHTITILAN – urban way of life

When HERNANDO CORTEZ came to When HERNANDO CORTEZ came to the city in 1519 – it was bigger than the city in 1519 – it was bigger than any European city of that time, more any European city of that time, more than 60,000 merchants, great MARKET than 60,000 merchants, great MARKET PLACE, huge HOSPITAL (surgeons PLACE, huge HOSPITAL (surgeons who were as advanced as their who were as advanced as their counterparts in Europe), TEMPLES, counterparts in Europe), TEMPLES, CLASS STRUCTURE (nobles, army CLASS STRUCTURE (nobles, army officers, priests), developed a SCRIPTofficers, priests), developed a SCRIPT

NORTH AMERICAN NORTH AMERICAN INDIANSINDIANS

Hunting and fishing were the chief activities + Hunting and fishing were the chief activities + gathering plants, nuts and berries (growing gathering plants, nuts and berries (growing season too short for agriculture)season too short for agriculture)

portable TEPEESportable TEPEES COMMUNAL SHARING extended to LAND useCOMMUNAL SHARING extended to LAND use EGALITARIAN values (without any written laws EGALITARIAN values (without any written laws

or jails, order and discipline was maintained, by or jails, order and discipline was maintained, by way of ostracism). Though civilized, their LACK way of ostracism). Though civilized, their LACK OF TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE - especially OF TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE - especially in the usage of weapons, a LACK OF UNITY in the usage of weapons, a LACK OF UNITY between the various tribes, and DISEASES were between the various tribes, and DISEASES were the 3 main reasons for their inability to resist the the 3 main reasons for their inability to resist the European onslaught in the New World.European onslaught in the New World.

Initially, these tribes accepted the white Initially, these tribes accepted the white foreigners in their midst, and helped foreigners in their midst, and helped them to adjust and learn about their them to adjust and learn about their new environment.new environment.

Soon a bitter STRUGGLE ensued – Soon a bitter STRUGGLE ensued – expeditions looking for GOLD and expeditions looking for GOLD and SILVERSILVER

In the NORTH - land grabbing and the In the NORTH - land grabbing and the control of FUR TRADE at the expense of control of FUR TRADE at the expense of the Native Americansthe Native Americans

AMERICA WAS NOT DISCOVERED AMERICA WAS NOT DISCOVERED BUT CONQUEREDBUT CONQUERED

CHRONOLOGY OF THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE CONQUEST:CONQUEST:

1492 - 1504 1492 - 1504 COLUMBUS' 4 voyages to the New World.COLUMBUS' 4 voyages to the New World.

1513 1513 PONCE DE LEON discovers Mainland of Florida.PONCE DE LEON discovers Mainland of Florida.

1519 -’21 1519 -’21 CORTEZ conquers MEXICO (conquered the CORTEZ conquers MEXICO (conquered the

AZTECS, went on to destroy the MAYAN AZTECS, went on to destroy the MAYAN civilization)civilization)

1532 -’35 1532 -’35 PIZZARPIZZARRRO conquers PERU (against the INCAS)O conquers PERU (against the INCAS)

1539 -’41 1539 -’41 DE SOTO explores the US and discovers the DE SOTO explores the US and discovers the

Mississippi.Mississippi.

DOCTRINE OF DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERYDISCOVERY

When Columbus sailed from Spain in search When Columbus sailed from Spain in search of a short route to the Indies and landed of a short route to the Indies and landed somewhere in the BAHAMAS islands, he somewhere in the BAHAMAS islands, he thought that he had the authority and right thought that he had the authority and right to claim those lands for the Spanish to claim those lands for the Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand. monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand.

The Doctrine was a principle of the The Doctrine was a principle of the European Law of Nations, what we today European Law of Nations, what we today would call International Law, and it would call International Law, and it REGULATED THE CONQUEST AND REGULATED THE CONQUEST AND CIVILIZATION OF THE NEW WORLD and CIVILIZATION OF THE NEW WORLD and other territories occupied by non-European other territories occupied by non-European peoples, throughout the 15th, 16th, 17th, peoples, throughout the 15th, 16th, 17th, even into the 18th and 19th centuries. even into the 18th and 19th centuries.

Europeans believed that under their Europeans believed that under their LAW LAW OF NATIONS OF NATIONS the discovery of lands the discovery of lands occupied by what were then called occupied by what were then called heathens, infidels and savages gave rights heathens, infidels and savages gave rights of conquest and colonization to the of conquest and colonization to the discovering European Nation. discovering European Nation.

This Doctrine of Discovery has origins This Doctrine of Discovery has origins going back a thousand years into European going back a thousand years into European history - the history - the CRUSADES CRUSADES to the Middle East to the Middle East in the 11th and 12th centuries. in the 11th and 12th centuries.

The POPE - power to designate Christian The POPE - power to designate Christian kings and princes to raise armies and to go kings and princes to raise armies and to go on Crusades, literally holy wars to re-on Crusades, literally holy wars to re-conquer the holy lands from the infidel conquer the holy lands from the infidel Muslims.Muslims.

The Pope would issue a “BULL,” The Pope would issue a “BULL,” authorizing Christian princes to raise authorizing Christian princes to raise armies, to travel to the Middle East, armies, to travel to the Middle East, and to acquire lands in the name of and to acquire lands in the name of the Church. In exchange for this papal the Church. In exchange for this papal license the Christian monarch who license the Christian monarch who would launch the crusade would get would launch the crusade would get exclusive trading privileges and would exclusive trading privileges and would also have the responsibility to convert also have the responsibility to convert the infidel Muslims in those territories the infidel Muslims in those territories to Christendom.to Christendom.

The basic theory of the Crusades was that if The basic theory of the Crusades was that if a people did not believe in the Christian a people did not believe in the Christian god, they violated natural law, the law of god, they violated natural law, the law of nature. Consequently, if they refused to nature. Consequently, if they refused to convert and admit Christian missionaries, convert and admit Christian missionaries, war may be declared again them by the war may be declared again them by the Pope and not by anyone else.Pope and not by anyone else.

In the 1400s, Europe begins its exploring In the 1400s, Europe begins its exploring and colonizing activities beyond the and colonizing activities beyond the Mediterranean. PORTUGAL becomes the Mediterranean. PORTUGAL becomes the first European country to begin exploration first European country to begin exploration of the west coast of AFRICA.of the west coast of AFRICA.

Conflict between PORTUGAL and SPAINConflict between PORTUGAL and SPAIN

PAPAL BULLS - granting Portugal a PAPAL BULLS - granting Portugal a monopoly over Africamonopoly over Africa

Other European nations with colonizing and Other European nations with colonizing and imperial interests must look elsewhereimperial interests must look elsewhere

1480'S1480'S CRISTOPHER COLUMBUS CRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, a , a Genoese sailor, approached the Spanish Genoese sailor, approached the Spanish Crown.Crown.

Argument that the riches of the Middle East Argument that the riches of the Middle East and the Indies of India, China, silk, trade, and the Indies of India, China, silk, trade, spices… can be reached by a shorter sea spices… can be reached by a shorter sea route, rather than sailing around Africa, but route, rather than sailing around Africa, but rather sailing directly west. In 1492 the rather sailing directly west. In 1492 the Spanish Crown accepts Columbus’s Spanish Crown accepts Columbus’s proposal, finances a voyage of three ships, proposal, finances a voyage of three ships, sailing to the west in search of a shorter sailing to the west in search of a shorter spice route to the Indies.spice route to the Indies.

By looking at the Natives, by asking By looking at the Natives, by asking them questions, by seeing how they them questions, by seeing how they lived, by recognizing that they did not lived, by recognizing that they did not know or ever heard of the Christian know or ever heard of the Christian God, Columbus assumes that as they God, Columbus assumes that as they are "infidels and savages," he can are "infidels and savages," he can claim their lands for the Spanish claim their lands for the Spanish Crown.Crown.

In a series of papal bulls, the Pope in In a series of papal bulls, the Pope in Rome awards the discoveries that Rome awards the discoveries that Columbus made to the Spanish CrownColumbus made to the Spanish Crown

The Papal Bull, “Inter Caetera The Papal Bull, “Inter Caetera Divinae” issued by Pope Alexander Divinae” issued by Pope Alexander VI, DIVIDES THE WORLD VI, DIVIDES THE WORLD BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND SPAIN SPAIN everything to the east of what’s called everything to the east of what’s called

the “Papal Line of Demarcation” is the “Papal Line of Demarcation” is granted to Portugal so that Portugal granted to Portugal so that Portugal gets all of Africa and a good part of gets all of Africa and a good part of Brazil. To the west of that line the Brazil. To the west of that line the world inhabited by the savages and world inhabited by the savages and infidels of the New World is granted infidels of the New World is granted to Spain.to Spain.

““Wherefore, all things considered Wherefore, all things considered maturely, and as it becomes Catholic maturely, and as it becomes Catholic kings and princes, considered with kings and princes, considered with special regard for the exaltation and special regard for the exaltation and spread of the Catholic faith, you have spread of the Catholic faith, you have decided to subdue the said mainlands decided to subdue the said mainlands and islands discovered by Columbus, and and islands discovered by Columbus, and their natives and inhabitants with God’s their natives and inhabitants with God’s grace and to bring them to the Catholic grace and to bring them to the Catholic faith. With proviso, however, that these faith. With proviso, however, that these mainlands and islands found or to be mainlands and islands found or to be found, discovered or to be discovered, be found, discovered or to be discovered, be not actually possessed by some other not actually possessed by some other Christian king or prince.” Christian king or prince.”

The first settlements in America were The first settlements in America were under the Spanish flag.under the Spanish flag.

THE FRENCHTHE FRENCH The French went towards today's CANADA The French went towards today's CANADA

– set up a settlement called QUEBEC - – set up a settlement called QUEBEC - became the main military, political, became the main military, political, religious and economic center (fur trade)religious and economic center (fur trade)

From Quebec, the French quickly moved From Quebec, the French quickly moved towards the west. In the next 50 years, towards the west. In the next 50 years, French explorers had reached almost till French explorers had reached almost till the ROCKY MOUNTAINS. And by the the ROCKY MOUNTAINS. And by the 1770, the French had occupied the GULF 1770, the French had occupied the GULF OF MEXICO and the region from the OF MEXICO and the region from the mouth of the Mississippi to the mouth of mouth of the Mississippi to the mouth of St. Lawrence rivers. St. Lawrence rivers.

THE ENGLISHTHE ENGLISH England was among the last to England was among the last to

establish colonies in the New World.establish colonies in the New World.

Shortly after Columbus’s discoveries Shortly after Columbus’s discoveries in 1492, the English Crown (HENRY in 1492, the English Crown (HENRY VII) commissions another Italian VII) commissions another Italian navigator, [Giovanni] Caboto, JOHN navigator, [Giovanni] Caboto, JOHN CABOT, to sail to the west.CABOT, to sail to the west.

The English were preoccupied with The English were preoccupied with their internal, political and religious their internal, political and religious problems + war with Spain. problems + war with Spain.

QUEEN ELIZABETH - active QUEEN ELIZABETH - active colonization and exploration colonization and exploration activities of North Americaactivities of North America

WALTER RALEIGH, HUMPHREY WALTER RALEIGH, HUMPHREY GILBERTGILBERT

WALTER RALEIGHWALTER RALEIGHRALEIGH RALEIGH established the established the first English first English colony in 1587 colony in 1587 on ROANOKE on ROANOKE ISLAND, (off ISLAND, (off the coast of the coast of what is now what is now North North Carolina) – the Carolina) – the settlement settlement known as known as "LOST "LOST COLONY" COLONY" (disappeared (disappeared with no with no traces).traces).

REASONS FOR THE REASONS FOR THE COLONIZATIONCOLONIZATION

ECONOMICECONOMIC exploiting the resources of the continent exploiting the resources of the continent

(sugar plantations, raising cattle, Natives (sugar plantations, raising cattle, Natives enslaved, first African slaves brought to enslaved, first African slaves brought to Virginia in 1619)Virginia in 1619)

BUSINESS DRIVE – TRADEBUSINESS DRIVE – TRADE first visitors had short-term posts and first visitors had short-term posts and

garrisons to trade with Native Americans or garrisons to trade with Native Americans or for gathering raw material, not permanent for gathering raw material, not permanent settlementssettlements

English – first had the idea of colonization English – first had the idea of colonization because they realized that more riches could because they realized that more riches could be extracted from the New World by those be extracted from the New World by those who stayedwho stayed

in 1606 a group of merchants from in 1606 a group of merchants from London approached the English Crown London approached the English Crown (KING JAMES), and they convinced (KING JAMES), and they convinced James to issue them a patent in the name James to issue them a patent in the name of the VIRGINIA COMPANY.of the VIRGINIA COMPANY. TOBACCO – Virginia – JAMESTOWN, JOHN TOBACCO – Virginia – JAMESTOWN, JOHN

SMITH (1607 - form 500 to 60 settlers ) SMITH (1607 - form 500 to 60 settlers ) loosely-bound society, only Smith was loosely-bound society, only Smith was holding it as a society holding it as a society

1617 – 500.000 pounds of tobacco to 1617 – 500.000 pounds of tobacco to England every year!England every year!

VIRGINIA VIRGINIA

The expanded The expanded East India Company House, , Leadenhall Street, London, as rebuilt 1799-1800, Leadenhall Street, London, as rebuilt 1799-1800, Richard Jupp, architect (as seen c. 1817; , architect (as seen c. 1817; demolished in 1929) demolished in 1929)

ASYLUM - PURSUIT OF ASYLUM - PURSUIT OF LIBERTYLIBERTY convicted CRIMINALS had a choice to convicted CRIMINALS had a choice to

sail on the shipssail on the ships PILGRIMS fled their homes in Europe PILGRIMS fled their homes in Europe

because of religious persecutionbecause of religious persecution SURPLUS POPULATION in Europe – SURPLUS POPULATION in Europe –

POVERTY (poor people selling POVERTY (poor people selling themselves into INDENTURED themselves into INDENTURED SERVITUDE for a period of 4 to 7 SERVITUDE for a period of 4 to 7 years)years)

RELIGIOUS ZEALRELIGIOUS ZEAL to found a NEW ISRAELto found a NEW ISRAEL

PURITANSPURITANS The PILGRIMS had to flee their homes The PILGRIMS had to flee their homes

in Europe, because of religious in Europe, because of religious persecution. They were part of a large persecution. They were part of a large religious group called the PURITANS.religious group called the PURITANS.

PROTESTANT REFORMATION in PROTESTANT REFORMATION in ENGLAND – early part of the 16th ENGLAND – early part of the 16th CenturyCentury

HENRY VIII – Pope refused to allow him HENRY VIII – Pope refused to allow him to divorce CATHERINE OF ARAGON to divorce CATHERINE OF ARAGON (had failed to produce a male heir to the (had failed to produce a male heir to the throne)throne)

HENRY HENRY VIIIVIII

CATHERINE CATHERINE OF ARAGONOF ARAGON

HENRY VIII – establishes the HENRY VIII – establishes the CHURCH OF ENGLAND in 1534CHURCH OF ENGLAND in 1534

Succeeded by EDWARD VI – who ran Succeeded by EDWARD VI – who ran England as a PROTESTANT countryEngland as a PROTESTANT country

Edward VI dies (16), succeeded by Edward VI dies (16), succeeded by his elder sister MARY (CATHOLIC) – his elder sister MARY (CATHOLIC) – persecution of the Protestantspersecution of the Protestants

Mary succeeded by ELIZABETH – Mary succeeded by ELIZABETH – compromise between Protestantism compromise between Protestantism and Catholicism, but draconian and Catholicism, but draconian measures against separatistsmeasures against separatists

QUEEN QUEEN ELIZABETELIZABET

H IH IHenry VIIIHenry VIII

’s ’s daughterdaughter

PROTESTANT PROTESTANT SEPARATISTS:SEPARATISTS:

PURITANSPURITANS mission to "purify" the Church of England mission to "purify" the Church of England

of all later changes and additions, from of all later changes and additions, from anything that was not substantial to anything that was not substantial to religion (religion (MATERIAL SIGNS MATERIAL SIGNS of the of the church’s wealth and strength) + the church’s wealth and strength) + the RITE RITE (the way to worship God). (the way to worship God).

wanted to abolishwanted to abolish:: the EPISCOPAL HIERARCHY and the PRAYER the EPISCOPAL HIERARCHY and the PRAYER

BOOK, BOOK, also some of the RITUALS - simplicity in also some of the RITUALS - simplicity in

church ritual practice, vestments (no candles, church ritual practice, vestments (no candles, no music), against the CELEBRATION OF no music), against the CELEBRATION OF CHRISTMAS, which obviously was not called CHRISTMAS, which obviously was not called for in the Bible. for in the Bible.

Methodist Church, 1882. Bodie California

15491549Book of Common Prayer Book of Common Prayer

((16621662))

DIVISION IN THE PURITAN DIVISION IN THE PURITAN CAMPCAMP

disagreement concerning the disagreement concerning the organization of the earthly churchorganization of the earthly church

MAJORITY (MAJORITY (PRESBYTERIANSPRESBYTERIANS) – ) – hierarchy of clergy substituted by hierarchy of clergy substituted by the hierarchy of ruling bodies (from the hierarchy of ruling bodies (from the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY to the the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY to the COUNCIL OF ELDERS)COUNCIL OF ELDERS)

CONGREGATIONALISTSCONGREGATIONALISTS rejected rejected all structures higher than individual all structures higher than individual churcheschurches

James IJames Ison of Mary son of Mary

Queen of ScotsQueen of ScotsThroughout the Throughout the reign of James I reign of James I

the Puritans the Puritans gained power in gained power in Parliament. By Parliament. By

the time of the time of Charles ICharles I 's 's

reign they had reign they had gained enough gained enough

support in support in Parliament to Parliament to

pass laws pass laws imposing their imposing their

viewsviews

During the reign of JAMES I - the Puritans During the reign of JAMES I - the Puritans gained POWER IN THE PARLIAMENT, gained POWER IN THE PARLIAMENT, became a major political force in England became a major political force in England and came to power in London, such a big and came to power in London, such a big power that they could kill James's son power that they could kill James's son Charles I. THE CIVIL WAR of 1642 marked Charles I. THE CIVIL WAR of 1642 marked the Puritan triumph. It led to the trial and the Puritan triumph. It led to the trial and executionexecution of King CHARLES I (1649), the of King CHARLES I (1649), the exileexile of his son, CHARLES II, and of his son, CHARLES II, and replacement of English monarchy with the replacement of English monarchy with the short-lived COMMONWEALTH OF short-lived COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND – ruled by a strict Puritan ENGLAND – ruled by a strict Puritan OLIVER CROMWELL. OLIVER CROMWELL.

1660 – the end of the Puritan power, the 1660 – the end of the Puritan power, the king and the RESTORATION came backking and the RESTORATION came back

OLIVER CROMWELLOLIVER CROMWELL

Confronted with pressure during the Confronted with pressure during the reign of Elizabeth's son James I, rather reign of Elizabeth's son James I, rather than risk beheading, some than risk beheading, some Congregationalists chose to leave Congregationalists chose to leave England for the NETHERLANDS. In England for the NETHERLANDS. In 1620 one such group decided to go on 1620 one such group decided to go on from there to AMERICA.from there to AMERICA.

102 PILGRIMS (first called 102 PILGRIMS (first called SEPARATISTS because they SEPARATISTS because they represented an extremist fraction, represented an extremist fraction, wanted to break away entirely from the wanted to break away entirely from the COE), ship MAYFLOWER, landed in COE), ship MAYFLOWER, landed in PLYMOUTH HARBORPLYMOUTH HARBOR

Landing of the Puritans in America, 1620

Mayflower in Plymouth HarborMayflower in Plymouth Harbor by by William Halsall (1882) (1882)

Early in his reign, Charles I wanted to Early in his reign, Charles I wanted to get Puritans to settle in America. This get Puritans to settle in America. This he did by offering them generous he did by offering them generous grants for settlement in America. One grants for settlement in America. One such grant went to the such grant went to the MASSACHUSETTS BAY COMPANY MASSACHUSETTS BAY COMPANY that organized an expedition in 1630 - that organized an expedition in 1630 - a much larger group of over 400 a much larger group of over 400 puritans, led by JOHN WINTHROP on puritans, led by JOHN WINTHROP on his flagship thehis flagship the ARBELLA, arrived in ARBELLA, arrived in MASSACHUSETTS BAY, today's MASSACHUSETTS BAY, today's BOSTON, NEW ENGLAND. BOSTON, NEW ENGLAND.

SELF-GOVERNMENTSELF-GOVERNMENTTHE MAYFLOWER COMPACT THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT

the first GOVERNING DOCUMENT of the first GOVERNING DOCUMENT of the Plymouth Colony the Plymouth Colony

signed by Pilgrims in the harbor on the signed by Pilgrims in the harbor on the board of theboard of the MayflowerMayflower

established the RULES and LAWS that established the RULES and LAWS that regulated their life in the Plymouth regulated their life in the Plymouth Plantation Plantation

this document to shape American this document to shape American society later - foundation of the society later - foundation of the CONSTITUTION of the USA in a CONSTITUTION of the USA in a figurative way figurative way

Signing of the Mayflower CompactSigning of the Mayflower Compact, a painting by Edward , a painting by Edward Percy Moran, Percy Moran, exhibited exhibited at the at the Pilgrim Hall Museum

KING’S CHARTER KING’S CHARTER

legal document from the KING OF legal document from the KING OF ENGLAND, which legitimized their ENGLAND, which legitimized their colony allowing them to settle the colony allowing them to settle the country and take the land there (as if country and take the land there (as if the king had owned the land) and do the king had owned the land) and do trade and commerce with merchants in trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the England, in accordance with the principles of mercantilism.principles of mercantilism.

Winthrop also had A COVENANT ON Winthrop also had A COVENANT ON THE ARBELLA SHIP – again the idea THE ARBELLA SHIP – again the idea that society should be based on legal that society should be based on legal documents – agreement between peopledocuments – agreement between people

ENGLISH COLONIESENGLISH COLONIESColonyColony SettlemeSettleme

ntnt LeaderLeader DateDate ReasonReason

VirginiaVirginia JamestownJamestown John SmithJohn Smith 16071607 TradeTrade

PlymouthPlymouth New New PlymouthPlymouth

William William BradfordBradford

16201620 Religious Religious freedomfreedom

MassachusMassachusetts Bay / etts Bay / New New EnglandEngland

BostonBoston John John WinthropWinthrop

16301630 Religious Religious freedomfreedom

New New HampshireHampshire

PortsmouthPortsmouth John MasonJohn Mason 16301630 Religious Religious freedom and freedom and better landbetter land

ConnecticutConnecticut HartfordHartford Thomas Thomas Hooker Hooker (minister)(minister)

16361636 Religious Religious freedomfreedom

Rhode Rhode IslandIsland

ProvidenceProvidence Roger Roger WilliamsWilliams

16361636 Religious Religious freedomfreedom

PURITAN ETHICSPURITAN ETHICSINFLUENCESINFLUENCES:: MARTIN LUTHERMARTIN LUTHER

Christian theologian and Augustinian monk Christian theologian and Augustinian monk whose teachings inspired the PROTESTANT whose teachings inspired the PROTESTANT REFORMATION and deeply influenced the REFORMATION and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions.traditions.

1517 -1517 - 9595 Theses at the door of the church in Theses at the door of the church in WITTENBERGWITTENBERG

to return to the teachings of the Bibleto return to the teachings of the Bible

challenged the position of the clergy in regard challenged the position of the clergy in regard to individual salvation (the selling of to individual salvation (the selling of indulgences)indulgences)

salvation is a gift of God's gracesalvation is a gift of God's grace

began the tradition of began the tradition of clerical marriageclerical marriage within several Christian traditionswithin several Christian traditions

condemned as condemned as hereticalheretical by Pope Leo X by Pope Leo X

JOHN JOHN CALVINCALVIN

DOCTRINE OF PREDESTINATION: DOCTRINE OF PREDESTINATION: at at the beginning of time God had chosen the beginning of time God had chosen some people for salvation, while others some people for salvation, while others were headed for eternal damnation.were headed for eternal damnation. only a few "elects"only a few "elects"

all human attempts at earning salvation - all human attempts at earning salvation - meaningless.meaningless.

Predestination (Calvin) – depressing, but Predestination (Calvin) – depressing, but Puritans didn’t have any problem with that Puritans didn’t have any problem with that because they considered themselves to be because they considered themselves to be chosenchosen

COVENANT THEORY - principle on which COVENANT THEORY - principle on which INDIVIDUAL CHURCHES of Puritan INDIVIDUAL CHURCHES of Puritan Congregationalists were RELATED DIRECTLY Congregationalists were RELATED DIRECTLY TO GODTO GOD

Puritans believed that they were the Puritans believed that they were the NEW ISRAELITES, they were sure NEW ISRAELITES, they were sure that they had a COVENANT with God that they had a COVENANT with God (the same that in the Old Testament (the same that in the Old Testament was made with the Israeli people)was made with the Israeli people)

Unlike the other settlers, they had a Unlike the other settlers, they had a vision, believed that they were going vision, believed that they were going to the new Canaanto the new Canaan

They saw themselves as lights – They saw themselves as lights – "CITY UPON A HILL" - the world will "CITY UPON A HILL" - the world will look at themlook at them

Their arrival in America was a sign of the Their arrival in America was a sign of the Covenant (a long and problematic trip)Covenant (a long and problematic trip)

Every earthly event, however seemingly Every earthly event, however seemingly casual, was a part of God’s timeless and all casual, was a part of God’s timeless and all encompassing plan and it had to be encompassing plan and it had to be reported and carefully interpretedreported and carefully interpreted

Assumed that "the elect" will in their Assumed that "the elect" will in their earthly life show signs of their special role, earthly life show signs of their special role, that they will be pious as well as successful that they will be pious as well as successful in business – they simply could do no wrong.in business – they simply could do no wrong.

urge to SUCCEED, HARD WORK – a urge to SUCCEED, HARD WORK – a necessary ingredient of HAPPINESS, the necessary ingredient of HAPPINESS, the CULT OF MONEY, the AMERICAN DREAMCULT OF MONEY, the AMERICAN DREAM

PURITAN VALUESPURITAN VALUES

GREATEST SINS TO THE GREATEST SINS TO THE PURITANSPURITANS::

SEPARATION of MAN FROM SEPARATION of MAN FROM GODGOD

SEPARATION of MAN from SEPARATION of MAN from MANMAN

NOT IMPROVING ONESELFNOT IMPROVING ONESELF

PILGRIMSPILGRIMS

GREATEST VALUES:GREATEST VALUES: PRUDENCEPRUDENCE TOLERANCETOLERANCE SYMPATHY SYMPATHY SELF-IMPROVEMENT (developing the talents SELF-IMPROVEMENT (developing the talents

that God gave you)that God gave you) Responsibility for the COMMUNITY (charity, Responsibility for the COMMUNITY (charity,

social service, volunteering)social service, volunteering) HARD WORKHARD WORK DISCIPLINEDISCIPLINE SELF-DENIALSELF-DENIAL HUMBLENESSHUMBLENESS MODERATIONMODERATION OBEYING GOD'S LAWS (thought that even the OBEYING GOD'S LAWS (thought that even the

smallest sin would break the Covenant with God smallest sin would break the Covenant with God - strict against drunkenness, adultery, murder, - strict against drunkenness, adultery, murder, and theft)and theft)

1690-93 – 1690-93 – SALEM – SALEM – WITCH WITCH CRAFT CRAFT TRIALS – TRIALS – more than more than 150 people 150 people imprisoned, imprisoned, 19 “witches” 19 “witches” hanged, 1 hanged, 1 pressed to pressed to deathdeath

DISSENTERS FROM DISSENTERS FROM PURITAN COLONIES:PURITAN COLONIES:

ROGER WILLIAMSROGER WILLIAMS a Puritan minister – Bostona Puritan minister – Boston religious freedomreligious freedom against COE and king (a public liar)against COE and king (a public liar) individual conscience has primacy over all individual conscience has primacy over all

laws and institutionlaws and institution Native Americans should be paid for the Native Americans should be paid for the

land that was taken from themland that was taken from them Puritan leaders wanted to send Williams Puritan leaders wanted to send Williams

back to England. Williams escaped them in back to England. Williams escaped them in 1636 and founded the 1636 and founded the Rhode Island Rhode Island ColonyColony..

ANNE ANNE HUTCHINSOHUTCHINSONN

claimed to claimed to have had have had direct direct revelation revelation from Godfrom God

banished to banished to Rode Island Rode Island 16371637

EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Started free schooling for all children Started free schooling for all children immediately after they landed at immediately after they landed at Plymouth, the first college 9 years after Plymouth, the first college 9 years after they arrivedthey arrived

Harvard 1636 Harvard 1636

Yale 1701Yale 1701

Princeton 1746Princeton 1746

Columbia 1754 Columbia 1754

Pennsylvania 1755Pennsylvania 1755

During the GREAT MIGRATION, During the GREAT MIGRATION, which began in 1630 and lasted till which began in 1630 and lasted till 16421642,, almost 20,000 people settled almost 20,000 people settled around the Bay. around the Bay.

By 1733, the British had set up a By 1733, the British had set up a total of 13 colonies in North Americatotal of 13 colonies in North America

The Puritans were not the only The Puritans were not the only colonists driven by religious motives colonists driven by religious motives (ANABAPTISTS, ANGLICANS, (ANABAPTISTS, ANGLICANS, CATHOLICS, QUAKERS), but CATHOLICS, QUAKERS), but PURITANS WERE BY FAR THE PURITANS WERE BY FAR THE MOST INFLUENTIAL on shaping MOST INFLUENTIAL on shaping AMERICAN IDENTITY AMERICAN IDENTITY

Quaker Mary Dyer being led to execution by Boston Puritans, 1660

PURITAN INFLUENCE/ MERITSPURITAN INFLUENCE/ MERITS

EDUCATIONEDUCATION

WASP DOMINATIONWASP DOMINATION

DEMOCRACY (SELF RIGHT)DEMOCRACY (SELF RIGHT)

CAPITALISM – ENTERPRISECAPITALISM – ENTERPRISE