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Religion “Citizens were born into

membership in churches just as they were born into citizenship in countries. From the fourth century on, state churches represented the norm in European Christianity.” (Holmes)

http://z.about.com/d/geography/1/0/Q/B/tord1.jpg

Native Americans

WWW.LIB.UMICH.EDU/TCP/EEBO/FEATURED/CASAS.HTML

HTTP://ETEXT.LIB.VIRGINIA.EDU/ETCBIN/JAMESTOWN-BROWSE?ID=J1009B

England circa 1600

Religious background

Economic background

Political background

Jamestown 1607http://www.history.com/minisites/jamestownanniversary/

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HTTP://COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/WIKI/IMAGE:CAPTAIN_JOHN_SMITH.JPG

1619HTTP://WWW.HISTORY.ORG/ALMANACK/PLACES/HB/CAPPC2.JPG

HTTP://WWW.JAMD.COM/SEARCH?ASSETTYPE=G&ASSETID=56248520&TEXT=JAMESTOWN+SLAVES

Rebellion … 1676 HTTP://WWW.STOCKTON.EDU/~GILMOREW/0COLHIS/SOU22.JPG

THE BURNING OF JAMESTOWN, 1676 1901PYLE, HOWARD(1853-1911 AMERICAN)LITHOGRAPH PRIVATE COLLECTION

The Haves1700s

HTTP://WWW.HISTORY.ORG/ALMANACK/PLACES/HB/HBPAL.CFM

GOVERNOR’S PALACE/ WILLIAMSBURGFINISHED 1722

STRATFORD HALLLEE FAMILY HOME

BUILT 1730

BRUTON PARISH, WILLIAMSBURG

The Parish Anglican majority Required attendance, yet… Fithian description Sabbath represented a day off

for whites and slaves… Reading from Book of Prayer

sanctioned by law…repetition.

BRUTON PARISH

“The appointed set of words, read in the midst of a community ranged in order of precedence, continuously evoked postures of deference and submission. Liturgy and church plan thus readily combined to offer a powerful representation of a structured, hierarchical community.” (Issac)

Plymouth, 1620HTTP://WWW.HISTORYPLACE.COM/UNITEDSTATES/REVOLUTION/REVGFX/MAY-COMPACT.JPG

HTTP://IMAGES.GOOGLE.COM/IMGRES?IMGURL=HTTP://WWW.NEW-ENGLAND-VACATIONS-GUIDE.COM/IMAGES/PLYMOUTH-TRAVEL-MAP.GIF&IMGREFURL=HTTP://WWW.NEW-ENGLAND-VACATIONS-GUIDE.COM/PLIMOTH-PLANTATION.HTML&H=300&W=500&SZ=26&HL=EN&START=3&USG=__NBTM3WSXZ1UYSRECK-F1EQ3_5Z4=&TBNID=CSWRTMX9E0GOVM:&TBNH=78&TBNW=130&PREV=/IMAGES%3FQ%3DPILGRIMS%2BPLYMOUTH%2BMAP%26GBV%3D2%26HL%3DEN%26SAFE%3DSTRICT%26CLIENT%3DDELL-USUK%26CHANNEL%3DUS%26SA%3DG%26AD%3DW5

PuritansHTTP://WWW.HARVARDSQUARELIBRARY.ORG/CHISTORY/IMAGES/34WINTHROP.JPG

HTTP://WWW.BEMENTFAMILY.COM/IMAGES/MASSBAY1630-42.JPG

Puritans Go from persecuted minority

to intolerant majority Quakers Banishment Law Theocracy? 1700 Anglicans arrive

OLD NORTH CHURCH BOSTON

Exceptions to the rule… Rhode Island and Roger Williams Maryland … proprietor Roman Catholic

yet…Toleration Act of 1649

Predates GB’s by 40 years Predates William Penn’s Holy Experiment

Predates the Enlightenment BUT not an act of freedom of religion but of religious tolerance. Difference?

Penn’s Holy Experiment John Adams claimed that PA

contained “Roman Catholics, English Episcopalians, Scotch and American Presbyterians, Methodists, Moravians, Anabaptists, German Lutherans, Cerman Calvinists, Universalists, Arians, Priestleyans, Socinans, Independents, Congregationalists,…Deists andAtheists” (Holmes)

AND…

The QuakersARCH STREET FRIENDS

MEETING HOUSE PHILADELPHIA

Salvation from within… through your inward light/conscience/soul … the Divine spark

Step towards power of the individual

Everyone can be saved 1750s no longer the key political

power… have moved to social activism…women play key roles

THE QUESTIONING OF INSTITUTIONS AND TRADITIONS

Enlightenment, Awakenings, Evolving

American Revolutionary creeds and dogma

The Enlightenment Science … Newton and the Natural Laws

of the Universe Deist and Voltaire’s “Supreme Architect” Locke’s Essay on Human Understanding

Use of Reason is the highest Virtue God established divine law and the law can be

discovered through reason. Human mind can be used to understand what God

intended American elite receptive to these ideas. What about the common person?

The Great Awakening 1730s – 1770s Various reasons … Led to waves of revivals Traditional services vs Evangelical

happenings“and therefore a divine revelation must

be a collection of rays of light…” (Samuel Davies’ sermon The Divine Authority of the Christian Religion)

Black and white audiences

George Whitefield Wesleyan Anglican

from GB 1739 – 42 tour from

GA to NE “gales of the heavenly wind” sermons

Crowds of up to 6,000

Media savvy The Spiritual Travels

of Nathan Cole

Jonathan Edwards “Our people do not so much need to have their

heads stored as to have their hearts touched.” and it was a “reasonable thing to endeavor to fright persons away from hell.”

“The bow of god’s wrath is bent and the arrow made ready on the string, and justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, and that of an angry God, without any promise or obligation at all that keeps the arrow one moment from being made drunk with you blood.” Sinners in the Hand… (all quotes from text: America)

Yet in 1754 The Freedom of Will …

Imitators abound, spiritual enthusiasm hard to control, revival of traditional

religion takes new direction

Split established churches Natural law led to Unitarianism

and Universalism New style of preaching New colleges in North Missionary movement in the

South

A chance for change… Southern missionaries goal to minister to

slaves as well as the yeoman farmer Slave owners and Anglican Church

defended slavery “as a Providential way for Africans to become Christians” (Boles)

Attack on elites traditional popular culture New Light Separate Baptists Waller’s story… Hierarchical authority vs. Brother and Sister An exception, Robert Carter III’s Deed of Gift

:YEOCOMICO BAPTIST CHURCH

MT. SHILOH BAPTIST CHURCH

Awakening results: Questioning of authority Ignoring the power of C of E

bishops over Anglicans …can lead to same questioning of King

Strengthens the sense of the individual

Intercolonial contact via media

Revolution Influence Virginia’s Declaration of Rights by George

Mason in June 1776 Declaration of Independence by Thomas

Jefferson in July 1776 James Madison’s 1785 Memorial and

Remonstrance against Religious Assessments

Jefferson’s 1786 Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom

United States Constitution

First Amendment Congress shall make no law

respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Wars for Empire

World Wars and the Colonies

King William’s 1689-97 Queen Anne’s 1702-1713 King George’s 1740-48 French and Indian 1754+

or Seven Years War 1756

Colonial Governments Appointed Governors 2 house legislatures with the power

to … Initiate legislation Elect leadership Discipline own members “power of the purse” DISTANCE the key

1713-55 population 1.33 million demand for land 1754 Ben Franklin’s

Albany Plan … “Join or Die”

Treaty of Paris 1763 France is gone! GB gets Canada and east

of Miss.River Spain gets Cuba for

Florida Spain gets west