ROMANIA 1. COUNTRY PRESENTATION

2. HISTORY

3. WEATHER CONDITIONS IN THE REGION

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Country

presentation

Romania is a sovereign state

located in Southeastern

Europe.

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It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine,

Hungary, Serbia, and Moldova.

20 million inhabitants THE COUNTRY IS THE SEVENTH MOST POPULOUS MEMBER STATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

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Cities of Romania

BUCHAREST CAPITAL CITY

IASI THE CULTURAL CAPITAL OF

ROMANIA

CLUJ - NAPOCA EUROPEAN YOUTH CAPITAL

IN 2015

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History Romania's history has

not been as peaceful as

its geography. Over the

centuries, various

migrating people

invaded Romania.

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Romania's

historical provinces Wallachia and Moldova

offered furious resistance to

the invading Ottoman Turks.

Transylvania was successively

under Habsburg, Ottoman,

Hungarian or Wallachian rule,

while remaining a semi

autonomous province.

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Modern history

of Romania

Romania's post WWII

history as a communist-

block nation is more

widely known, primarily

due to the excesses of

the former dictator

Nicolae Ceaușescu.

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December 1989

The Romanian

Revolution in 1989 was

one of the few violent

revolutions in Europe

that brought an end to

Communist rule.

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The 1991 Constitution

re-established Romania

as a republic with a

multiparty system,

market economy and

individual rights of free

speech, religion and

private ownership.

In 2007, Romania

joins the European

Union, concluding the

modern history of the

country.

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Geography

and climate Topographic

map of Romania

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Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe and

the twelfth-largest in Europe. The terrain is distributed

roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains.

MOUNTAINS CROSSED BY FAMOUS

ROADS: TRANSFĂGĂRĂSAN ,

TRANSALPINA, TRANSRARĂU

HILLS BEAUTIFUL PLACES AND

LANDSCAPES

PLAINS FULL OF WIND TURBINES

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“

”

The Transfăgărășan mountain road is

one of the most spectacular roads in

the world.

JEREMY CLARKSON, TOP GEAR

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The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of

Romania The highest of which is Moldoveanu Peak at 2,544 m. They are surrounded by the Moldavian and Transylvanian plateaus and Carpathian Basin and

Wallachian plains.

14 Moldoveanu Peak

Danube river & Danube Delta

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The Danube river forms a large part of the border with Serbia and Bulgaria, and flows into the Black Sea,

forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and also a

biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site.

Romania has one of

the largest areas of

undisturbed forest in

Europe, covering

almost 27% of the

territory.

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Climatic presentation of the

Hârlau - Cotnari zone

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From a geographical point of view: it is situated in the contact area between the Suceava plateau

and the Moldova plains, both subunits of the Moldova plateau. It includes the following

settlements: Cotnari, Cepleniţa, Scobinţi and Deleni.

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The climate is

influenced by the

interference of North-

Western air masses with

the eastern ones, the

winter being cold and

droughty enough.

The climate is

temperate continental,

with an excessive

nuance specific to the

Eastern side of the

country.

The total annual solar radiation

has a value of 118,8 kcal/cm2 at the

Cotnari weather station, situated at

321 meters above sea level, the sun

shining on average for about 1900

hours/year.

Due to the fragmentation of the

landforms in the area, there are some

variations between high and low

areas when it comes to these values.

The 4 barric centers, the icelandic

depression, the azoric anticyclone,

the siberian anticyclone and the

mediterranean depression have a

great role in the development of the

meteorological processes and

phenomena in the area.

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Meteorological station - Cotnari

SEASONS Due to the atmospheric changes that have taken place in the last couple of decades, there is a clear distinction between the 4 classical seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter and 2 distinct periods: warm and cold.

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Air temperature

STATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL AMPLITUDE

COTNARI -3.5 -2.1 2.5 9.2 14.8 18.3 20.2 19.9 15.3 9.9 3.6 -0.9 8.9 23.7

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The air temperature differs with altitude, atmospheric dynamics and the surface

diversity.(landform, vegetation, soil etc)

Records say that the biggest annual average temperature in Cotnari was 11,6 º C in 1990

(considered a submediterranean year), and the smallest was 6,8 º C in 1942 and 1987 ( considered

cold temperate years).

The average thermal amplitude is relatively moderate in Cotnari (23,7 º C). This proves the

transitional position of the Cotnari Coast from obvious continental climate to moderate continental

climate.

Referring to the absolute extreme temperatures, records say that the absolute minimum in

Cotnari was – 24,5 º C (in 1972) and the absolute maximum was + 36 º C (in 1988).

Thus the absolute multiannual thermal amplitude is 60,5 º C, which goes to

further demonstrate the « Thermic transition » position of the Cotnari Coast. The

average monthly temperature varies in the same way for the whole area.

The lowest average montly temperature is in January (-3,5°C) and the highest

one is in July (20,2°C). The number of sunny days in Cotnari is 289.

Number of freezing days (t≤0°): 106, lower than anywhere else in the NE of

Moldova

Number of frosty nights (t≤-10°C): 16,6

Number of summer days (t≥25°C): 55

Number of tropical days (t≥30°C): 9.

-3.5 -2.1

2.5

9.2

14.8

18.3

20.2 19.9

15.3

9.9

3.6

-0.9

-5

0

5

10

15

20

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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

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Atmospheric precipitations

STATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

COTNARI 20.8 21.9 27.0 48.1 62.6 83.5 79.0 57.1 44.4 25.5 28.9 26.1 524.9

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When it comes to precipitation, it is important to know the quantity, toughness and intensity of rain.

In the current climatic conditions, maximum drain is determined by torrential rain which cause an obvious

erosion of the soil. In the studied region, atmospheric precipitations decrease slowly from West to East in

relation to the altitude.

The annual precipitation average is 524,9mm/yr during the 1962-1997 period. This is generalized to

520mm/yr.

The monthly maximum of days with precipitations is hit in June (14), decreasing slowly to 3 in

February.

The hot semester (april-september) recieves the biggest part of the annual quantity of precipitation

due to frequent penetration by wet atlantic air masses and thermal convection rain.

The cold semester (october-march) is, due to the invasion of cold continental air masses, the poorest

in terms of precipitations, solid precipitations being dominant. Not only does the snow layer provide

humidity to the soil, but it also protects against frost.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

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being in January, 9, and the number of days with a snow layer is 61.

The average thicknes of this snow layer is 5cm with variations based on time and

location. Both values highlight a moderate thermal amplitude, this being advantageous

for the Cotnari vineyard.

This is a consequence of the high altitude which gets it out of the influence zone of

thermal excesses, positive and negative.

The maximum duration of torrential rain is usually hit in june, the rain becoming more

and more intense during the april-june interval.

The snow layer installs itself at the end of November and disappears in March. The

thickness of the layer varies as follows: 1 cm – November, 17 cm – December, 20 cm –

January, 19 cm – February, 4 cm – March.

Relative humidity & Nebulosity

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The relative humidity has an annual

average of 76%, the highest values,

around 84% being hit during the cold

season, while the moderate values, circa

74% are hit during the hot season.

The nebulosity monthly minimums are

registered in august and september (5

days) and the maximums usually go over

7 days during the november-april interval.

The annual average number of sunny

days is 109, the maximum being hit during

the may-september period, and the

average number of cloudy days is 138

days, the maximum being hit during the

december-january period.

Sunshine duration

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The duration of sunshine is

approximated at 2100

hours/year, the shiniest being

July and the least shiny being

December. It’s important to

consider the semestrial

repartition of this parameter.

Over 2/3 of its value is

distributed to the hot

semester (April – September),

the rest going to the cold

semester (October – March)

Winds

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The wind regime is determined by the evolution of air masses during the year and the orientation of the landforms. In Cotnari, North-Western winds are of the greatest frequency, followed by the South-Eastern and South-Western ones. Wind speeds do not vary too much, maintaining a stable 3-4 m/s. High monthly wind speeds are registered in March-April, and the slowest wind speeds are registered in July-September. Even if, sometimes, the winds hit blizzard speeds, over 80-100 km/h, they do not justify special protection measures, as they are accidental. Number of days with rime : 10 days Number of days with veneer : 6 days Number of days with fog : 36 days Number of days with hoar : 37 days

Special meteorological phenomena

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These phenomena are

characterized by discontinuity and

by irregular placement in space,

manifested trough hailstone, dew,

fog, hoar, veneer, rime, blizzards,

etc.

Hailstone can accompany

torrential rain. Fog has a greater

density at night, and it is more

frequent during the cold season.

Hoar, a phenomenon specific to

autumn and spring, is remarkable

trough the negative effects it has

on vegetation.

In conclusion, the Cotnari - Cepleniţa - Hârlau area has a temperate continental climate with personalized nuances determined by its placement in the North-Eastern part of the country.

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THANKS FOR WATCHING!

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