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HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING DESIGN: WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS FOR THE
DIRECTION FOR OUR INDUSTRY
Dr. Tom Lawrence, PE, LEED®-AP, [email protected]
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High Performance Building Design – What the Future holds for the Direction for our IndustryBy ASHRAE
Approved for:
1General CE hours
0LEED-specific hours
ASHRAE related speaking events outside U.S. mainland
High Performance Green Buildings and related topics are becoming a big focus around the globe
Introduction and Topics Covered
¨ What is a “high-performance” building?¨ Steps toward net-zero energy buildings
and consideration for more than just energy¨ What future trends might be in store
¤ Smart grid, smart buildings¤ “Future proofing” the design¤ Resiliency¤ Performance versus promise
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HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDING DESIGN: GENERALIZATIONS
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What is a High-PerformanceGreen Building, Anyway?
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¨ Low energy consumption? (Nearly Net-Zero?)¨ Low water consumption?¨ High return-on-investment for the owner?¨ “Performance” of the occupants?¨ The building’s impact on the surrounding locality
(performance of its “neighbors”)?¨ Smooth operations and maintenance?¨ Does it make the cover of a famous architectural
digest?
What is a High-PerformanceGreen Building, Anyway?
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‘High-performance building' means a building that integrates and optimizes on a life cycle basis all major high performance attributes, including energy conservation, environment, safety, security, durability, accessibility, cost-benefit, productivity, sustainability, functionality and operational considerations.
U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act, 2007
What is a High-PerformanceGreen Building, Anyway?
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Sustainability is not sustainable, unless it is cost competitive.
Cost competitive is a vague term and can be interpreted many ways …
Building Performance Scale
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¨ Code-minimum performance
¨ “High-Performance Building”
Some think that meeting building and energy codes is “good” or at least “good enough”
Many of the registered green buildings are somewhere between “Code Minimum” and “High Performance”
Energy “Requirement” Tiers (U.S.)
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¨ No energy code ¤ “Government can’t tell me what level of efficiency”
¨ Minimum code performance¤ International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
or ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2XXX
¨ Improved by XX% better than Standard 90.1¤ LEED certification or other programs
¨ High-Performance Green Building¤ ASHRAE Standard 189.1, IgCC
Trend toward performance based, rather than prescriptive based
Status and Future Trends
• In U.S. - ASHRAE Standard 189.1 and IgCC merged in 2018 with Standard 189.1 being the technical basisn ‘Unofficial’ goals for cost-effective nearly net zero n Adoption and enforcement a problem
• In EU – Difficult to get compliance with 2020 goals of EPBDn 2020 goals of 20%ê in GHG emissions (1990 base); 20% share
of renewable energy and 20% é overall energy efficiencyn Setting goals for 2030 of 40%ê in GHG emissions; 27% share of
renewable energy and 27% é overall energy efficiencyComparison¤ EU: More overall focus on energy, more stringent¤ US: Overall, whole building approach (+ indoor air quality,
water efficiency, materials, etc.)
Or Net-Zero Energy Communities?
NET-ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS
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Discussion of Net-Zero Energy
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¨ What is net-zero energy; what basis to use?¨ Hierarchy in working toward net-zero¨ Characteristics in designing toward a net-zero
energy building¨ Moving beyond just an individual building
Defining Net-ZeroEnergy Buildings (NZEBs)
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¨ What qualifies a building as Net-Zero?¤ Multiple ways to quantify building energy performance¤ Multiple ways to quantify energy sources
Need common quantifiable metricsto compare NZEBs
Net-Zero Building Concept Definitions
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¨ Site energy¤ Energy consumed at the site (meter)
¨ Source energy¤ Includes generation energy, transmission, etc.
¨ Energy costs¤ Net meter cost (time of day costs, etc.)
¨ Emissions¤ Generally CO2, all energy “carbon free” or
perhaps accounting for carbon credits elsewhere(?)
ASHRAE’s (former?) Primary Definition for Net-Zero
Net Zero = Net Zero Site Energy (Generally);Unless comparisons also include environmental concerns
or need to use a common metric
What is EUI, NEUI?
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Source: ASHRAE Technology Council Ad Hoc Committee on Energy Targets (June 2010)
Total Energy = All energy consumed in this building annuallyNet Energy = Total Energy - Amount generated
by on-site renewable energy systems
Determining “Nearly Net-Zero” Goal
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¨ For any particular country or region:¤ Define a set of building(s) and target year as
reference baseline¤ Determine the highest overall efficiency possible
with technology and products available then, and estimate annual energy use (EUI)
¤ Estimate the installed cost of on-site renewable energy at the target date
¤ Determine that amount of on-site renewable that would be cost effective, accounting for predicted energy prices
¤ Net EUI = EUI – renewable energy on-site
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Standard 90.1-2016, Site EUI
Std. 189.1-2017, Site EUI w/ renewable50.5 (572)43 (487)
Energy Efficiency and Renewables
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The 4-Rs¨ Reduce: First, limit amount required¨ Reuse: Look for potential energy
recovery opportunities¨ Renewables: Only then include
on-site renewable energy systems¨ Rethink: The design process
(actually is FIRST!)
System Efficiency
Renewable Sources
RegenerativeSystems
For purpose of this discussion, “Net-Zero”is synonymous with “Nearly Net-Zero”
DESIGNING FOR NET-ZERO
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Three Steps or “Wedges”
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Building Envelope Measures
Energy Efficiency Measures
Renewable Energy Measures
Some Common Characteristicsof Net-Zero Energy Buildings
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¨ Shape, orientation, thermal mass¨ Envelope improvements¨ Daylighting – Shading; Lighting Efficiency¨ Efficient ventilation ü¨ Energy recovery, pre-heating or cooling¨ Good solar (or other renewable) resource¨ Occupant “buy-in” and cooperation¨ Incentives/mandates to make it net-zero¨ Integrated design, sufficient design/analysis
resources
Efficient Ventilation
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¨ The first place to start for the efficient mechanical system design
¨ Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)¤ Can ensure sufficient ventilation in all zones
without “over-ventilating”
¨ Ventilation energy recovery a “must” for many situations and most climates
¨ Demand-controlled ventilation for variable occupancy, particularly high-density spaces
Some Common Characteristicsof Net-Zero Energy Buildings
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¨ Shape, orientation, thermal mass¨ Envelope improvements¨ Daylighting – Shading; Lighting Efficiency¨ Efficient ventilation¨ Energy recovery, pre-heating or cooling ü¨ Good solar (or other renewable) resource¨ Occupant “buy-in” and cooperation¨ Incentives/mandates to make it net-zero¨ Integrated design, sufficient design/analysis
resources
Being Innovative: Data Centers
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¨ Data center energy recovery¤ Constant source of “waste” heat¤ Building heating¤ Water pre-heating¤ Absorption cooling¤ Be aware of thermodynamic limits
Data Center Air Energy Recovery TechniquesMay 2012 ASHRAE Transactions
https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/bookstore/datacom-series
Being Innovative: Heat Recovery Chillers
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Lower annual energy consumptionLower annual operating costReduces cooling tower water evaporationFirst-cost and space are issuesNeed coincidental heating load
Alternate: heat pump
Some Common Characteristicsof Net-Zero Energy Buildings
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¨ Shape, orientation, thermal mass¨ Envelope improvements¨ Daylighting – Shading; Lighting Efficiency¨ Efficient ventilation¨ Energy recovery, pre-heating or cooling¨ Good solar (or other renewable) resource ü¨ Occupant “buy-in” and cooperation¨ Incentives/mandates to make it net-zero¨ Integrated design, sufficient design/analysis
resources
Some Common Characteristicsof Net-Zero Energy Buildings
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¨ Shape, orientation, thermal mass¨ Envelope improvements¨ Daylighting – Shading; Lighting Efficiency¨ Efficient ventilation¨ Energy recovery, pre-heating or cooling¨ Good solar (or other renewable) resource¨ Occupant “buy-in” and cooperation ü¨ Incentives/mandates to make it net-zero¨ Integrated design, sufficient design/analysis
resources
Some Common Characteristicsof Net-Zero Energy Buildings
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¨ Shape, orientation, thermal mass¨ Envelope improvements¨ Daylighting – Shading; Lighting Efficiency¨ Efficient ventilation¨ Energy recovery, pre-heating or cooling¨ Good solar (or other renewable) resource¨ Occupant “buy-in” and cooperation¨ Incentives/mandates to make it net-zero ü¨ Integrated design, sufficient design/analysis
resourceshttp://www.dsireusa.org/Database State Incentives for Renewable Energy
Location Does Matter
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¨ Climatic “sweet spots”¤ San Francisco versus Chicago in the U.S.¤ Marseille versus Prague
¨ Dense urban high-riseversus low density,low-rise development
Need to Change the Approach to Traditional Design Process
¨ The traditional/conventional design process is very linear and compartmentalized.
¨ This results in poor communications and reduced opportunity for collaboration.
¨ In turn, these lead to designs that are not optimized and that never look at the whole building as a system.¤ Instead, buildings become assemblies of systems that
have never been optimized together.
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What is Integrated Building Design?
¨ ASHRAE Technical Committee 7.01 –Integrated Building Design“Interaction among all building disciplines, from
earliest concept development throughout the building life cycle, in order to achieve integration of design efforts and operation of the total building.”
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(Future) Design & Operation Tools
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¨ Integrated design ü¨ Building Information Model (BIM) ü
¤ Mainstream now¤ Readily exchange and share data files of the
physical design and functionality¤ Useful for input to performance analysis and
future operational management
Future Design & Operation Tools
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¨ Virtual, augmented, mixed reality as design, maintenance and operation tools
Moving beyond that simple way of thinking
HIGH PERFORMANCE IS NOTJUST NET-ZERO ENERGY!
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Issues Involved in High Performance, Green Buildings
Indoor Air Quality
Energy Use
Water Use
Construction Materials
“Whole-building” Design
Transportation
Site Impact (noise, on-site pollution, etc.)
Recycling Building Materials
Occupant Comfortand Health
Lighting(interior and exterior)
Regional Impact (e.g., stormwater,heat island effect)
How many of these issues mighta typical ASHRAE member be involved with?
Think Outside the (ASHRAE) Box
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¨ To achieve true “high performance,” the project team must think of topics outside of their traditional lines of thinking (if we are to truly address high-performance buildings and sustainability…)
SMART GRID, SMART BUILDINGS AND DEMAND RESPONSE MANAGEMENT
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What is the “Smart Grid”?
¨ Modernized electrical grid using information and technology to more efficiently produce, transmit and use electricity
¨ Each sector of the electricity supply chain has different goals and objectives for the smart grid
¨ A “smart grid” could also apply to other utility supplies (natural gas, fuel oil, gasoline, water) where smart controls can help alleviate disruptions
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The Grand Challenge
Prior (solid line):Power
New (dashed line):Power , information exchanged -sensitized objects, smart grid and information system
Electricity generation, and the “smart-grid”
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Energy using devices: “The Internet of Energy Things”
Human interaction and control
On-site renewable energy, combined heat/cooling/power systems
INFORMATIONSYSTEM
Sensitized objects
Sensor and flow networks
Utilities:Good development so far
Renewable:Some initial work on integration
Built Environment: LOTS OF WORK STILL
Demand Response Scenarios
A. High Demand Relative to Supply:¤ Reduce peak demand during high load conditions or grid “stress”¤ Typically a summer cooling issue (occasionally in winter heating
in some locations)
B. High or Variable Supply Relative to Demand:¤ How to manage peak production from distributed generation
systems (renewable, CHP)?¤ Germany in June 2013 and continued this year¤ Becoming more common in parts of U.S. (at night, wind)
C. Managing for Low Carbon Energy Production:¤ An issue particularly for UK and EU now, others in future?¤ Management of demand to match type of supply available
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Energy Systems & Buildings Operations
Feedback to refine model predictions (adaptive learning)Feed forward model inputsMPC output; system operation inputs
Recent historical data and current day operation:• Real time energy price• Weather• Building loads• Energy storage• Renewable energy production
Forecast Data [Source]:• Real time price [Model predicted]• Weather [Forecast]• Building loads [Energy models]• Building occupancy [Scheduling]• Human Factors and
Thermal comfort impacts [Modeling]
• Renewable energy production[Correlation model]
Model Predictive Controller
Recommended System Operation (today and the coming 24-48 hours):• HVAC System Setpoints,
SchedulesGoal is to minimize:• Cost to operate• Total energy consumption• CO2 footprint• Negative impact on thermal
comfort, other operations
System Monitoring Fault Detection
and Diagnostics
Current operation status
Current operation status (for adaptive learning)
Smart grid interaction, such as demand response requests
Vision for Model Predictive Control
Integrated Building-Human-Cyber Systems
Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
From Smart Grid to a Neural Grid?
¨ Smart Grid 1.0¤ Some pockets of connectivity
¨ Currently evolving into Smart Grid 2.0¤ Widespread connectivity, communication and
automation (building systems evolving in parallel)¨ Future neural grid (and buildings?)
¤ “Everything Belongs”¤ Distributed energy assets and generation, storage¤ Cloud based AI evaluation, control¤ Self-healing and learning
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HIGH-PERFORMANCEFOR ENERGY AND BEYOND
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• Healthy but low energy buildings• Future-proofing buildings• Performance versus promise• Monitoring and verification
High-Performance for Energy and Beyond
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¨ How to maintain “Environmental Health in Low
Energy Buildings”? (theme of ASHRAE IAQ 2013)
¤ The saga of ventilation requirements in ASHRAE
Standards, LEED, etc.
¤ Can a building be “sick” in and of itself?
Is CO2 an Indoor Pollutant?
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Fisk et al., ASHRAE Journal, March 2013
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¨ “Future proofing” if possible
¤ Changing climate
¤ Changing energy systems
¤ Changing demographics
Developing a High-Performance Building
Design for the Future: Water
Source: National Center for Atmospheric Research 55
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Two scenarios for 2020-2029 annual temperatures (change baseline = 1980-1999)
“Optimistic” IPCC B1
“Pessimistic” IPCC A2
What design cooling temperature to use?(These are only ~10 years in the future!)
Design for Future Temperatures, not Current57
Projected Atlanta, Georgia Conditions (Worst/Best Case)# Days Temperatures > 95 F / 35 C
Resilience
¨ Becoming more important within ASHRAE and the industry
¨ ASHRAE providing resources to help designers make buildings more resilient so they can absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events
https://www.ashrae.org/standards-research--technology/resilience-activities-in-ashrae
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Defining Resilience in Context
“Capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, business, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow no matter what kinds of chronic stresses or acute shocks they experience”
100 Resilient Cities. 100 Resilient Cities.http://www.100resilientcities.org/
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Distinguishing ‘Chronic’ vs. ‘Acute’
¨ Chronic stress or problems¤ In a person: diabetes; heart
disease; etc.¤ In a city: inefficient public
transportation; energy, water or food shortages; air pollution; etc.
¤ In a building: poorly controlled HVAC; air infiltration; bad indoor air quality; etc.
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Distinguishing ‘Chronic’ vs. ‘Acute’
¨ Acute shock examples¤ In a person: heart attack or stroke¤ In a city: extreme weather events¤ In a building: grid or HVAC failure
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City and their buildings are interrelated!
Lessons from Puerto Rico
¨ The island was devastated by Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017 (also damaged earlier by Irma on September 8)
¨ Essentially entire island power grid down (>90%); very slow recovery, estimated at least six months
Monitoring in Smart Grid can Improve Recovery¨ Utilities can detect and address grid outages faster
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My house after Trop. Storm Irma, Sept. 11, 2017
Strategies to Achieve Passive Survivability
¨ Storm resilience¨ Cooling load avoidance¨ Natural ventilation and daylighting¨ Efficient building envelope¨ Passive solar heating¨ Renewable energy (PV and/or solar thermal)¨ Onsite water collection and storage
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Resiliency, Efficiency, Sustainability and “Smart” (RESS) – The Interrelationship
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Sustainability
Efficiency“Smart”
Resilience
Thank you!
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¨ Comments, questions, concerns, advice …
Dr. Tom Lawrence, P.E., LEED®-AP,F. ASHRAE
Questions
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¨ From the perspective of a tenant leasing space in a building, what might they consider to be a “high-performance building”?
¨ What do we mean by the term “future proofing” a building?
¨ Describe how a smart building can interact with the future smart grid.
¨ What are the 4 R’s in terms of designing for energy efficiency in a building?
