HOW TO....WITH PAPER

HOW TO.....WITH PAPER

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All images in the various chapters are attributed to the author

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....MAKE NEWSPAPER PULP........MAKE PAPERCRETE STOOLS...

....MAKE PAPER PULP........MAKE PAPER....

....SHREDDED NEWSPAPER RESIN........NOT MAKE NEWSPAPER WOOD....

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....PROCESS....This document explains the process I created and utilised to create innovative installation pieces out of Newspaper and White Paper. The process used to create these pieces encourages you, the user to interact with paper in a way that you will not have previously experienced. Through the hands on making and manipulation with the material you will begin to understand it possibilities and limitations as a material, which will hopefully inspire you to create wonderful things. This process of working and creating using paper can be and should be applied to other materials, so you begin to understand how they work also and encourages an alternative interpretation of the materials through critical reflection.

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....MAKE NEWSPAPER PULP....All of the following processes require the raw ingredient of newspaper pulp. To create it fol-low these instructions:1. Newspaper is ripped up into small pieces and layered into a bucket. 2. Two kettles of boiling hot water are poured over the paper until fully submerged and then left for three days for the newspaper’s cellulose fibres to break down.

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....MAKE PAPERCRETE USING A PROCESS SPECIFICATION....

A step by step construction guide on everything you need to consider to make your own version of the papercrete stools on the opposite page. To work out how much it will cost you see page 37:EQUIPMENT NEEDED:1 bucketStucco mixer attachment for screw driver1 mould

MATERIALS NEEDED:1 bucket filled with newspaper pulp 1 kettle of boiled water1 margarine tub of sand2 margarine tub of cement

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1. Soaked newspaper put into a black bin and more water added to ensure the newspaper is covered. 2.Stucco mixer attachment used to mix soaked newspaper for 10 minutes or till an oatmeal consistency is achieved.

Papercrete

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3. Squeeze the excess water out of the newspaper pulp using two sieves that fit inside each other.4. Add two parts of Portland cement to one part of sharp sand and mix using a stucco mixer.

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5. Add two parts of newspaper pulp to the cement and sand mixture and mix using a stucco mixer.6. When mixed thoroughly add 1 part water and mix again using the stucco mixer.7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 two more times so the finished mixture contains 6 parts newspaper pulp, 3 parts water, 2 parts Portland cement and 1 part sharp sand.

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8. Once thoroughly mixed take mixture out and start to layer it into the mould (for ortho-graphic drawings on how to make them see page 22). It is important to do this in layers to ensure that each layer is pressed down well to reduce the amount of air gaps.9. Leave in a well ventilated area where there is a constant temperature for 2-3 weeks. After 2 weeks remove the mould to allow the papercrete to be properly ventilated and to aid the drying out process. To be able to compare your observations of the papercrete as it drys out with the observation of one of my samples as it dried see page 34.

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....MAKE PAPERCRETE USING A PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION....

This specification differs from the process specification as it states a performance criteria that the papercrete sample must fulfil. The mix I used for the process specification does actually fulfil these performance criteria, which should give you some idea about how the element’s quantity in the mix influences its performance. This is just another way of looking at how a material can be specified.

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E 12 Papercrete

15 SPECIFICATION• Papercrete generally: To PC1• Exchange of Information: Provide papercrete producer with information required by PC1

25 BASIC DESIGNATED CONCRETE for seats• Designation: Crit 1 shelving unit• Coarse recycled aggregates: not permitted only sharp sand to be used• Consistence class: To a damp lumpy porridge consistency no flowing• Additional requirements: Submit proposals

50 PREMATURE WATER LOSS• Requirement: Prevent water loss from papercrete formed in well sealed moulds - Formers: 9mm thick plywood - All joints to be sealed with PVA glue to reduce seepage with tack’s to strengthen PVA joints against the weight of the wet papercrete

60 PLACING AND COMPACTING• Formers to receive papercrete: Clean, smooth and free from water which might damage the formers

prematurely.• Timing: Place as soon as practicable after mixing and while sufficiently plastic for full compaction to

prevent air gaps.• Temperature limitations for concrete: 300C maximum and 50C minimum. Do not place in a boiler

room as intense continual heat will cause flaking of exposed surface.• Compaction: Fully compact to full depth to remove entrapped air especially in the corners of form

work joints. Continue until you feel all the joints are filled and pushing down makes no difference. -Method of compaction: pressing down with fingers to ensure joints and corners are filled.

70 CURING AND PROTECTING• Evaporation from surface of concrete: Prevent throughout curing period - Surfaces to be covered by form work: Retain form work in position and, where necessary to satisfy curing period, cover surfaces immediately after striking.

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-Top surfaces: Cover immediately after placing and compacting. Replace cover immediately after any finishing operations.• Curing periods: -All surfaces if used as an installation piece which will not be exposed to the elements or wearing surfaces (3-4 weeks) -Remove form work after 1 - 2 weeks when the papercrete feels solid upon touch and the surface dry with no dampness• Protection: Protect papercrete from shock, indentation and physical damage by placing it in a suit

able space before you cast into the form work as it won’t be able to be moved when wet

E20 FORM WORK FOR IN SITU CONCRETE

60 BOARD SUBSTRUCTURE FORM WORK• General: Lay tightly butted and fully supported on firm, even substrate. Restrain against movement during papercrete placement. Seal joints to prevent penetration of papercrete.• Plywood boards held together with tacks and PVA so easy to remove: Keep dry. Seal joints with PVA

70 FORM WORK• General: Accurately and robustly constructed to produce finished papercrete to the required dimensions.• Formed surfaces: Free from twist and bow with intersections, lines and angles square, plumb and true.• Joints between forms and completed work: Prevent loss of grout and formation of steps.• Holes and chases: Form with inserts or box out as required.

Standard PC1PC1.1 Compression load = 2 average men of 65kg jumping up and down PC1.2 Shock level = Can be dropped from the height of two stories (6m) and stay wholePC1.3 Waterproof = Withstand continual rain for 3 daysPC1.4 Intended working life

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...MAKE PAPERCRETE MDF FORMER’s...To make the papercrete stools you need to create some MDF moulds to contain the material while it drys. The orthographic drawings and cutting lists on the following pages will aid you with the former creation to replicate the stools that I created. The MDF moulds are constructed using butt joints and lots of PVA glue so that they will be easily removed when needed.

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500mm

100mm

100mm

350m

m350

mm

350m

m

512mm

500mm 362mm

362m

m35

0mm

350m

m36

2mm

362m

m

100mm 362mm

100mm

PLAN

SIDE ELEVATION END ELEVATION1:10 500mm depth stool former ortho-graphic drawings

BOX 1

DIMENSION OF 6MM MDF QUANTITYBox 1350 mm x 500 mm 2362mm x 350mm 2512mm x 362 mm 1

Box 2100 mm x 350 mm 4100 mm x 362 mm 4362 mm x 362 mm 2

CUTTING LIST

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500mm

100mm

100mm

350m

m

350mm

350m

m

512mm

500mm 362mm

362m

m35

0mm

350m

m36

2mm

362m

m

100mm 362mm

100mm

PLAN

SIDE ELEVATION END ELEVATION

BOX 2

500mm

100mm

100mm

350m

m

350mm

350m

m

512mm

500mm 362mm

362m

m35

0mm

350m

m36

2mm

362m

m

100mm 362mm

100mm

(top) 1:10 Axonometric of 100mm stool and 500mm stool(bottom) 1:10 100mm depth stool former orthographic drawings

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462mm

450mm

450mm

250mm

362mm

362m

m

350m

m350

mm

350m

m

350m

m

250mm

250mm 362mm

350m

m36

2mm

362m

m

PLAN

BOX 3

SIDE ELEVATION END ELEVATION1:10 450mm depth stool former ortho-graphic drawings

DIMENSION OF 6MM MDF QUANTITYBox 3362 mm x 462 mm 1350 mm x 450 mm 2362 mm x 350 mm 2

Box 4350 mm x 250 mm 2362 mm x 250 mm 2362 mm x 362 mm 1

CUTTING LIST

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462mm

450mm

450mm

250mm

362mm

362m

m

350m

m

350mm

350m

m

350m

m

250mm

250mm 362mm

350m

m36

2mm

362m

m

PLAN

SIDE ELEVATION END ELEVATION

(top) 1:10 Axonometric of 450mm stool and 250mm stool(bottom) 1:10 250mm depth stool former orthographic drawings

462mm

450mm

450mm

250mm

362mm

362m

m

350m

m

350mm

350m

m

350m

m

250mm

250mm 362mm

350m

m36

2mm

362m

m

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...TO UNDERSTAND PAPERCRETE PROPERTIES...

The recipe shown in the guide is just one option, with the properties that I found from my sample of the same mix recorded under Mix 14 observation’s. This table has been used to record the possibilities and limitations that I have experienced from making papercrete samples over a period of nearly a year. This table will hopefully give you an idea about what manipulations could be done with the papercrete mixes to get samples with different properties. It also includes my critical reflections on each property discovered as it was through these reflections that I was able to further the sample materials.

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CONDITIONS POSSIBILITIES REFLECTIONSMix 1: Dried outside Lighter than concrete Replacement of cement/aggregate with newspaper 29/03/2012 8cm deep Takes shape of a mould Easily pushed into place

Not a liquid material Mixture will not leak out of mouldColour can be added Use of concrete dye70% recycled raw material used Reduces use of cement/aggregate so is cheaper/sustainableCan be spray painted Allows colour to take on the surface

Mix 2: Dried inside a hot boiler room Lighter than original mix Use of more sand less cement03/05/2012 2cm deep Dried out in 21 days Less water used and thinner depth of material

Mix 3: Dried in a sunlit room Dried in 18 days Temperature of room reflects outside but warmer27/06/2012 3cm deepMix 4: Dried in a sunlit room Dried in 20 days Temperature of room reflects outside but warmer27/06/2012 3cm deep Lighter in colour Less cement used in the mixMix 5: Dried in a sunlit room Dried in 20 days Temperature of room reflects outside but warmer27/06/2012 3cm deepMix 6: Dried in a sunlit room Particles a lot smaller and cohesive Enough water used to pulp paper 27/06/2012 3cm deepMix 7: Dried in a sunlit room Dried in 20 days Temperature of room reflects outside but warmer08/08.2012 3cm deep Lighter in colour Less cement used in the mixMix 8: Dried in a sunlit room Very lightweight Excess water used05/09/2012 3cm deep Particles more cohesive Excess water used

Looks like a solid brick Excess water used making it more liquid so takes shape wellLight in colour Less cement used

Mix 9: Dried in a sunlit room Very lightweight Excess water used05/09/2012 3cm deep Particles more cohesive Excess water used

Looks like a solid brick Excess water used making it more liquid so takes shape wellLighter in colour Less cement used

Mix 10: Dried on a window cill Good shock absorber Due to air pockets left by evaporated water 24/10/2012 10 cm x 10 cm cube Good thermal insulator Due to air pockets left by evaporated water

Good acoustic insulator Due to air pockets left by evaporated water Dried in 21 days Temperature of room reflects outside but warmer







Mix 14: Dried in window less room Newspaper soaked before ripping - quicker Soaking of newspaper allows more than one to be ripped up14/11/2012 Water squeezed out using sieves - quicker Water is pressed out using two sieves

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LIMITATIONS REFLECTIONSWill blunt tools used to cut it Reduce cement contentNewspaper visible Blend the newspaper betterTime consuming process Highlight these elements and rethink themTook 28 days to dry Try leaving in hotter environment/reduce water contentNeeds to be ventilated Reduce water content

Mix very sandy Reduce sand content Crumbled when touched Reduce sand content as it reduces the cohesion of particlesSurface not very smooth Use of pine wood as a former has lots of grainsFlakey surface with large particles not very cohesive Newspaper not pulped with water Can be broken easily by hand Not enough water to allow hydration of cement/reinforcementSmaller particles does not look very cohesive Not enough water to allow hydration of cement/reinforcementCan be broken easily by hand Not enough water to allow hydration of cement/reinforcementSmaller particles does not look very cohesive Not enough water to allow hydration of cement/reinforcementCan be broken easily by hand Not enough water to allow hydration of cement/reinforcementCan be broken easily by hand Not enough water to allow hydration of cement/reinforcementDried in 26 days White paper requires longer to drySmaller particles does not look very cohesive Not enough water to allow hydration of cementWas a bit harder to break by hand Use of reinforcementHarder to break by hand but did eventually Hydration of cement by water ratio better/reinforcementMore water to squeeze out of paper - takes longer Find a new way of squeezing out waterDried in 32 days Excess water

Harder to break by hand but did eventually Hydration of cement by water ratio better/reinforcementMore water to squeeze out of paper - takes longer Find a new way of squeezing out waterDried in 32 days Excess water

Newspaper took ages too rip up Larger scale need to soak newspaper before ripping itFailed under low compression force of 0.977kn per mm Not enough cement to allow high strengthExcess water came out of the mould Reduce water contentGaps in the solid block Mixture not pressed down well enough in large boxesNewspaper took ages too rip up Larger scale need to soak newspaper before ripping itMaterial did not record a fail in compression Such a good shock absorber caused material to deformGaps in the solid block Mixture not pressed down well enough in large boxes

Newspaper took ages too rip up Larger scale need to soak newspaper before ripping itMaterial did not record a fail in compression Such a good shock absorber caused material to deformGaps in the solid block Mixture not pressed down well enough in large boxes

Newspaper took ages too rip up Larger scale need to soak newspaper before ripping itFailed under low compression force of 0.612kn per mm Not enough cement to allow high strengthGaps in the solid block Mixture not pressed down well enough in large boxes

Excess water escaped out of mould Reduce water content/make molds watertightDried in 32 days No ventilation to increase evaporation of the waterMolds broke and turned moldy Need to be made from plastic not cheap woodVery heavy still after 21 days No ventilation to increase evaporation of the waterGaps in the solid block Mixture not pressed down well enough in large boxes

CONDITIONS POSSIBILITIES REFLECTIONSMix 1: Dried outside Lighter than concrete Replacement of cement/aggregate with newspaper 29/03/2012 8cm deep Takes shape of a mould Easily pushed into place

Not a liquid material Mixture will not leak out of mouldColour can be added Use of concrete dye70% recycled raw material used Reduces use of cement/aggregate so is cheaper/sustainableCan be spray painted Allows colour to take on the surface

Mix 2: Dried inside a hot boiler room Lighter than original mix Use of more sand less cement03/05/2012 2cm deep Dried out in 21 days Less water used and thinner depth of material

Mix 3: Dried in a sunlit room Dried in 18 days Temperature of room reflects outside but warmer27/06/2012 3cm deepMix 4: Dried in a sunlit room Dried in 20 days Temperature of room reflects outside but warmer27/06/2012 3cm deep Lighter in colour Less cement used in the mixMix 5: Dried in a sunlit room Dried in 20 days Temperature of room reflects outside but warmer27/06/2012 3cm deepMix 6: Dried in a sunlit room Particles a lot smaller and cohesive Enough water used to pulp paper 27/06/2012 3cm deepMix 7: Dried in a sunlit room Dried in 20 days Temperature of room reflects outside but warmer08/08.2012 3cm deep Lighter in colour Less cement used in the mixMix 8: Dried in a sunlit room Very lightweight Excess water used05/09/2012 3cm deep Particles more cohesive Excess water used

Looks like a solid brick Excess water used making it more liquid so takes shape wellLight in colour Less cement used

Mix 9: Dried in a sunlit room Very lightweight Excess water used05/09/2012 3cm deep Particles more cohesive Excess water used

Looks like a solid brick Excess water used making it more liquid so takes shape wellLighter in colour Less cement used









Mix 14: Dried in window less room Newspaper soaked before ripping - quicker Soaking of newspaper allows more than one to be ripped up14/11/2012 Water squeezed out using sieves - quicker Water is pressed out using two sieves

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...MAKE PAPERCRETE TEST SAMPLES...I have recorded my observations over a period of three weeks as one of the papercrete samples dried, so that comparisons can be made when you make your own sample of papercrete.

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24-Nov 26-Nov 28-Nov 30-Nov 02-DecCOLOURWEIGHT 780g 680g 650g 645g 630gTEXTURE ON TOUCH

Soft/watery Wet on surface but solid underneath

Water sheen still moist/solid underneath

Damp but solid Rough/solid

TEMPERATURE luke warm fridge cold Freezer cold Freezer cold Freezer coldSHRINKAGE none none Shrinking down Notable shrinkage

looks like a slug residue

Slightly more shrinkage

04-Dec 06-Dec 08-Dec 10-Dec 12-Dec 14-DecCOLOURWEIGHT 610g 590g 570g 550g 530g 510gTEXTURE ON TOUCH

Rough/solid Rough/solid Rough/solid Rough/solid Rough/solid Rough/solid

TEMPERATURE Freezer cold Freezer cold Freezer cold Freezer cold Freezer cold Freezer coldSHRINKAGE No more

shrinkageNo more shrinkage No more shrinkage No more shrinkage No more

shrinkageNo more shrinkage

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.MAKE PAPERCRETE STOOLS CHEAPLY.One of papercrete’s most lucrative property is that is a cheap to make and quite environmentally friendly, as it is made up of 70% recycled newspaper. Opposite is a copy of the cost analysis created to work out how much each stool cost to make. By doing it individually I was able to ensure that I kept under my budget of £150. By working out how much papercrete cost to make per 1m³ I was then able to compare it with other materials, which highlights its low economic cost.

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Box 1: 500mm x 350mm x 350mm 0.5m x 0.35m x 0.35m = 0.06125m³

Cement weight: 1m³ = 1440kg 0.06m³ = 88.2kgCement weight per 0.06125m³ of papercrete = 2/9 x 88.2kg = 19.6kg

Sand weight: 1m³ = 1660kg 0.06m³ = 101.71kgSand weight per 0.06m³ of papercrete - 1/9 x 101.7kg = 11.3kg

Box 2: 450mm x 350mm x 350mm0.350 x 0.350 x 0.450 = 0.055125m³

Cement weight: 1m³ = 1440kg 0.055125m³ = 79kgCement weight per 0.055125m³ of papercrete = 2/9 x 79kg = 17.5kg

Sand weight: 1m³ = 1660kg 0.55125m³ = 91.5kgSand weight per 0.055125m³ of papercrete = 1/9 x 91.5kg = 10.16kg

Box 3: 250mm x 350mm x 350mm0.250m x 0.350m x 0.350m = 0.031m³

Cement weight: 1m³ = 1440kg 0.031m³ = 43.24kg

Cement weight per 0.031m³ of papercrete = 2/9 x 43.24 = 9.6kg

Sand weight: 1m³ = 1660kg 0.031m³ = 49.8kg

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Sand weight per 0.031m³ = 1/9 x 49.8kg = 5.5kg

Box 4: 100mm x 350mm x 350mm0.1m x 0.35m x 0.35m = 0.01225m³

Cement weight : 1m³ = 1440kg 0.012m³ = 17.28kgCement weight per 0.012m³ of papercrete = 2/9 x 17.28kg = 3.83kg

Sand weight: 1m³ = 1660kg 0.012m³ = 19.567kgSand weight per 0.012m³ of papercrete = 1/9 x 19.5kg = 2.16kg

Overall CostOverall weight of cement = 19.6kg + 17.5kg + 9.6kg + 3.83kg + 3.83kg = 54.36kgCost of cement: 1kg from Lawson timber Newcastle = £0.20 54.36kg = £10.80

Overall weight of sand = 11.3kg + 10.16kg + 5.5kg + 5.5kg + 2.16kg = 34.62kgCost of sharp sand: 20kg from B and Q Newcastle = £1.80 34.62kg = 1.80/20 x 34.62 = £3.11

Cost of formers = £11.20

Cost of 1 castor= £2.33 x 8 = £18.64

Cost of boards = £4.20

Cost of no nails glue = £5.99

Cost of making Papercrete Stools = £10.80 + £3.11 + £11.20 + £18.64 + £4.20 + £5.99 = £53.73

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.MAKE PAPER PULP LIGHT INSTALLA-TION USING A PROCESS SPECIFICATION.

A step by step construction guide on everything you need to consider to make your own version of the paper pulp light installation on the opposite page. To work out how much it will cost you see page 53:EQUIPMENT NEEDED:BucketMouldHand blender

MATERIALS USED:Pre pulped newspaperPolyurethane glue

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1. The newspaper pulp has the excess water squeezed out of it using the two sieves which fit inside each other. 2. In a smaller container the squeezed newspaper pulp is blended for 10 minutes with a hand blender with polyurethane glue added to the mix gradually until a sticky well blended consistency is created.

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3. The material is then applied to the moulds in thin layers and left to dry. 4. Extra layers of the material can be then add-ed to increase the strength of the final material in the desired form.

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....UNDERSTAND THE PROPERTIES OF PAPER PULP...

When creating the paper pulp I have highlighted the possibilities and limitations of the material that I was able to understand as a result of making the material myself.

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POSSIBILITIES

Lightweight material

Embedded strength from high percentage of polyurethane glue and epoxy resin glue as long as form is not broken

Majority of forms can be achieved if they are hollow

Colour can be added to the mix if desired

Blend of the material does not take long

Easily cut and shaped

Material has a high percentage of recycled newspaper content

LIMITATIONS

Process of layering to increase the strength of the material takes a long time as each layer needs about 2 days to dry

Material needs to applied to a hollow form - material wouldn’t dry if in a solid block

Two types of glue used which are not that environmentally friendly

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..MAKE ORIGAMI STYLE PAPER PULP FORMERS..

To make the paper pulp light installation you need to create gelflex moulds to form the paper pulp on to. The gelflex shapes are made from MDF moulds whose orthographic drawings and cutting list are on the opposite page, which will aid you with the former creation to replicate the shapes used in the light installation. The triangle shapes need to be cut from 3 mm MDF and then stuck together into a 3D triangle shape using Gaffa tape along the length of the joints see page 51 for pictures.

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DIMENSIONS OF 3MM MDF QUANTITYLARGE ORIGAMI SHAPE150 mm x 150 mm x 210 mm 4MEDIUM ORIGAMI SHAPE105 mm x 105 mm x 150 mm 4SMALL ORIGAMI SHAPE80 mm x 80 mm x 110 mm 4

CUTTING LIST

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

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1. Using the orthographic drawings create the MDF origami inspired formers to pour the gelflex into. Line the formers with Gaffa tape to stop the gelflex from leaking out.2. Melt the gelflex down in the moulten pot for about 2 hours stirring frequently3. Using a ladle, spoon the gelflex into the MDF moulds and leave to set for an hour.4. As the moulds are held together with Gaffa tape they will be easily removed and can be used themselves to make paper pulp origami moulds.

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...MAKE PAPER PULP LIGHT INSTALLA-TIONS CHEAPLY...

One of paper pulp’s most lucrative property is that is a cheap to make and quite environmentally friendly as it is made up of 75% recycled newspaper. Opposite is a copy of the cost analysis created to work out how much the total light installation cost to make, which consists of 64 origami triangles. I was able to come in under my budget of £150 using this material. By working out how much paper pulp cost to make per 1m³ I was then able to compare it with other materials, which highlights its low economic cost.

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RECIPE/SPECIFICATION

3 parts newspaper pulp1 part PVA glue

PAPER PULP COST PER M3

3 parts newspaper pulp : 1 part PVA glue = 4 parts

NEWSPAPER PULP COST PER M3

Recycled newspaper = Free

PVA GLUE COST PER M3

PVA cost per 1 litre bottle = £7.48

PVA volume = 1/4 x 1m3 = 0.25m3 = 250 litres

PVA cost per m3 of paper pulp = 250 litres x £7.48 = £1870

Total cost of Paper pulp per m3 = £1870 + free = £1870

PVA GLUE COST FOR PAPER PULP LIGHT INSTALLATION

Amount of newspaper pulp used = 3000mm3

PVA volume = 1/4 x 3000mm3 = 750 = 0.75 litres

Total cost of paper pulp = £7.48/100 x 0.75l = £5.61

Fishing wire (£5.99) + light bulbs (£12) + Orange cable flex (£22) + light bulb holders (£10) + plywood board (£1.10) + no nails glue (£5.99) + white cable flex (£4.20) + electrical plug (70p) = £67.59

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...MAKE SHEETS OF PAPER....A step by step construction guide on everything you need to consider to make your own sheets of paper on the opposite page. EQUIPMENT NEEDED:Mixing containerHand blenderScreen printing frameSpongeFelt

MATERIALS USED:Pre newspaper pulpWater

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1. Add the pre pulped newspaper to a con-tainer with extra water until it is quite water logged. Using a blender pulp the mixture until the newspaper is finely blended.2. Put the mixture onto to the mesh in the frame over a sink and spread out evenly. To create a frame see page 58.3. Place a piece of flexible acrylic plastic over the mixture and press down on it using a sponge to remove the excess water.4. Once the excess water is removed take the acrylic off carefully and leave to dry in a warm place until hard, usually about 3 days.

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..MAKE PAPER MAKING FRAMES..To make the frames use the orthographic drawings on the opposite page. The frame needs to be slightly bigger than the paper size you want it to be to allow for shrinkage and to cut down rough edges. The mesh can be anything from lace or fabric with a larger weave to allow the water to seep through.

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1. Using the orthographic drawings cut the pieces of MDF to size with a mitre joints.2. Join the mitre joints together using the corner formers with plenty of glue for each joint.3. Put two screws into each corner to ensure the joint is secure.4. When dry stretch the lace or netting taught over the frame and using a staple gun fix it to the inside of the frame.

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..MAKE SHREDDED NEWSPAPER RESIN..A step by step construction guide on everything you need to consider to make your own version of the newspaper resin on the opposite page.EQUIPMENT NEEDED:SyringeVolume measurerMould

MATERIALS USED:Pre shredded newspaper4Ml mekp catalyst250g water clear casting resin

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1. 4ml of mekp catalyst measured out using the syringe2. 125g of water clear casting resin spread around bottom of the mould creating a base layer 3. 2ml of mekp catalyst added into the mould with the clear casting resin and mixed together

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4. Shredded paper is added into the mould onto the base layer of water clear casting resin and catalyst with the other half of the mixture added onto the top of the shredded paper5. The material is left to dry for half an hour

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....UNDERSTAND THE PROPERTIES OF NEWSPAPER RESIN...

When creating the newspaper resin I have highlighted the possibilities and limitations of the material that I was able to understand as a result of making the material myself.

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POSSIBILITIES

Waterproof and solid material

Interesting colours can be seen through the resin

Will take shape of any mould that it is poured into

Takes 1/2 hour to set completely

Any material could be used to be suspended in the resin

LIMITATIONS

Cutting and shaping the material once set will be hard

Resin is toxic and needs to be used quickly as it will set once the catalyst is added

Takes the exact mould’s shape

Not a lot of newspaper is used in its creation and it isn’t an essential part of the material

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...NOT MAKE NEWSPAPER WOOD...A step by step construction guide on everything you need to consider to make your own version of the newspaper wood on the opposite page.

EQUIPMENT NEEDED:Bucket PaintbrushOld tray/paint tray

MATERIALS NEEDED:Stacks of old newspapersPolyurethane glue

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1. Polyurethane glue poured into bucket and then applied to each page of 4 - 5 newspapers.2. Newspapers stacked on top of each other in a bag with more glue poured into bag 3. Weights applied to compress pages and left to dry for 2 weeks.

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....UNDERSTAND THE PROPERTIES OF NEWSPAPER WOOD...

When creating the newspaper wood I have highlighted the possibilities and limitations of the material that I was able to understand as a result of making the material myself.

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POSSIBILITIES

Not as light as wood

Able to be cut easily without blunting tools

Interesting grains appear from the layering of the newspapers

A lot of newspaper material is used in the production of the material

LIMITATIONS

Is hard to mould into a certain shape

Takes 2 - 3 weeks to dry out

A lot of polyurethane glue needed to get the needed adhesive strength - a second application of poly-urethane was needed to allow correct adhesion

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....MAKE PAPERCRETE WITH A VIDEO....

Follow this link to a video tutorial of me making papercrete <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPW9C-CtU9s> or scan the code below. It documents the process used which can be applied to any other material not just papercrete. Happy making. Imogen

Documents

HOW TO....WITH PAPER