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How to Write Introduction
Shainn-Wei Wang, Ph.D.NCKU, College of MedicineInstitute of Molecular Medicine
Writing & Story telling
Science: the beauty of mind-Complexity & Simplicity-Vision & Fact-Structure & Outline-Objective & Subjective- Passion & logic- Dream & Reality
Complexity and Confusionusually go side by side
Can’t get there from here…
Two things to keep in mindAbsolute clarity in scientific writing - Clearly stated problem & conclusion - Well ordered structure - little need for ornamentation Scientific responsibility - reproducibility
Before writing a paper, you should have in mind a provisional title and an outline of the paper that
you propose to write
Repeated Process & Modifications
Some experienced writers prepare their title and
abstract after the paper is written, even though by
placement these elements come first
A logic way to write
IntroductionMaterials & Methods
Data processing
Figures & Tables(one idea one graph)
Proposal Experimental design
Justified conclusion
Provisional title & outline of research
Introduction & Discussion
Outlines of your results
Experimental designExperimental
design
Results
Outlines of your discussions
Literature search & Reference
Discussion
1
2
3
4
6
1, 6
1, 4, 6,
1
7
Brain StormLoop 2
Abstract &Title
5
Loop 1
-A bad beginning makes a bad ending - Euripides- A good beginning arouses expectations that the body of the essay satisfies. - Both the writer and reader must have a sense that the starting point is a logical or natural one
The First Section:
Introduction
The purpose of the Introduction is:
- To provide Sufficient background info to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the result of present study- Rationale for the present study
Introduction is the explanation of “ the essential elements” of your research
Cut into the points
it "Defines" for the reader what the paper (or essay) is going to address; it "Divides" the topic of the paper into the parts to be "Discussed.".
A good introduction does two things at least:
Naturally, there are a great variety of ways to accomplish these two tasks. But the point is that a good introduction leaves readers with a good idea of what the paper is all about and how the writer intends to "attack" his topic
The hook to gain the reader’s attention
-Why did you choose that subject ? Why is it important ?
- Define (topic & key words) - Divide (outline main points) - Discuss (position in literature) - Drive Home (the overall design and general picture of your study)
The 4 D’s
-The nature and scope of the problem investigated-State briefly and clearly your purpose -Review the pertinent literature to orient the reader-State the principle or particular method of the investigation -State the principl result of the investigation-State the principle conclusion(s) suggested by the results-Written in the present tense
Suggestions
Citations & abbreviations
- should mention previous published work(s) if close related papers have been or are about to published elsewhere, you should say so in the Introduction, customarily at or toward the end- Other citation and abbreviation rules follow journal’s guide
Ways to start the first sentence
Begin with a definition or explanation of a term relevant to your paper
Begin with an interesting fact Begin with a question Begin with an acknowledgment of an opinion
opposite to the one you plan to take Begin with a quotation. Just make sure you explain
its relevance Begin with an analogy. Make sure it's original but
not too far-fetched Begin with irony or paradox Begin with a very short narrative or anecdote that
has a direct bearing on your paper If introductions give you trouble no matter when you
do them or how you begin, sometimes it helps to construct several mini-outlines just for that paragraph and try each out to see which works best.
Introductory paragraph
Body
Conclusion
Brainstorming - Fact - Idea
Outlines:Outlines:Outlines:
Before you write, always spend 15 to 30 minutes creating an
outline first.
What?
Where?
How? Why?
When?
Which?
Draft: Layout Define & Divide
Outlines
-The outline will help keep your paper organized and focused and cut down on the number of rough drafts you generate.
- Use the following steps to construct your outline:
1. Brainstorming:
- Once you have decided on a subject, brainstorm your ideas by writing down any facts, thoughts, insights you have in the brainstorming section of your outline
- In order to get started brainstorming, ask yourself questions. How does the topic affect the current theory or findings? Is it agree or against something you have learned in class?
- Effective brainstorming is to really logically think about the topic, considering as much as possible about it.
2. Organizing & Specifying your
thoughts- Next, begin work on organizing
your introductory paragraph by answering the following questions:
- What is the research topic …- What is the definition of…- What is the problem related to...
3. Organizing introductory paragraph
- Organize your introductory paragraph by listing points to be made in each sentence.
- Always begin with the most general, gradually getting more and more specific, until you make your very specific thesis statement
4. Organizing the body of your paper.
-Using your thesis statement, list categories for the paragraphs in the body of your paper
-Each category should specify the position (problems or goals) of your study relative to current literatures.
5. Plan your conclusion
- The conclusion reverses the order of the introduction, moving from a paraphrase of your thesis statement to more general statements summing up the points made in your paper
- Remember, the conclusion should remind the reader of the points that have been made in the paper, and the concluding sentence should grab the attention of not only your reviewer but a general audience.
Example
Begin with a definition or explanation of a term relevant to your paper
RNA Incorporation Is Critical for Retroviral Particle Integrity after Cell Membrane Assembly of Gag
Complexes
2nd paragraph:
Define more specific terms related to theResearch topic
3rd paragraph
Communicate with the literature about RNA packaging mutantsin the assembly and packaging process
4th paragraph
Specify the the role of RNA in packaging and assembly and the problem(s) involvedin the current research
5th paragraph
Conclusion:Drive home and give overall picture of the study
Example
1th paragraph
Nucleocapsid-RNA Interactions Are Essential to Structural Stabilitybut Not to Assembly of Retroviruses
2nd paragraph
3rd paragraph
4th paragraph
5th paragraph
6th paragraphconclusion
ExampleAnnexin 2: a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Binding Protein Involved in Replication in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages
1st paragraph
2nd paragraph
小路
See you next time
Continue…