How to succeed with energy efficient refurbishment measures

TVE 15 067

Examensarbete 30 hpOktober 2015

How to succeed with energy efficient refurbishment measures A study of the CONCERTO initiative, BEEM-UP

project and EPC model

Maja Wennerberg Fåhraeus

Institutionen för teknikvetenskaperDepartment of Engineering Sciences

Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten Besöksadress: Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 Hus 4, Plan 0 Postadress: Box 536 751 21 Uppsala Telefon: 018 – 471 30 03 Telefax: 018 – 471 30 00 Hemsida: http://www.teknat.uu.se/student

Abstract

How to succeed with energy efficient refurbishmentmeasures

Maja Wennerberg Fåhraeus

Buildings consume 40 % of Europe’s total energy consumption and causes 33 % of the CO2 emissions. (Pol and Lippert, 2010) Existing old buildings, especially those constructed with limited energy standards before 1960, are in need of refurbishment and energy efficiency. (Economidou, 2011)

The thesis is a part of the EU project GrowSmarter, where smart solutions for sustainable cities are to be implemented in the lighthouse cities Stockholm, Cologne and Barcelona. (European Commission, 2014)

The purpose of this thesis is to look into the experiences, success factors and barriers from the CONCERTO initiative, BEEM-UP project and EPC model, focusing on energy efficient refurbishment. The intent is that e.g. authorities, municipalities, companies and building owners, who are planning on performing energy efficient refurbishment measures, can access identified success factors and barriers in previous projects of different scale and methods.

The conclusions of this study are that the communication and cooperation between stakeholders in a project, knowledge transfer and training of installers are important factors for successful projects. Information and involvement of tenants facilitates work execution, improves results after refurbishment and increases energy knowledge and awareness. The data quantity and quality is another influencing factor on building performance and the difference between calculated and measured energy savings. Stakeholder approach, energy performance regulations, ownership structure and financial status/possibilities for the building owner can affect project results.

UPTEC FRIST** ***Examinator: Nora MassziÄmnesgranskare: Björn PalmHandledare: Jörgen Wallin

Acknowledgements.

Jörgen'Wallin'for'being'my'tutor'through'the'work'of'this'thesis'

'

Björn'Palm'for'enabling'this'master’s'thesis'within'the'GrowSmarter'project'

'

Stuart'Alford'and'Valentina'Bonaccorso'for'guidance'to'the'CONCERTO'website'and'database.'

'

Ute'Heda,'contact'for'the'CONCERTO'Hannover'site,'for'useful'documentation'

'

Lotta'Bångens'at'EnergiEffektiviseringsFöretagen,'for'directing'me'to'people'and'companies'with'

EPC'experience'

'

Gunnar'Ericsson'at'Locum'for'input'in'form'of'interview'and'document'on'EPC'

'

Per'Mattson,'Scandinavian'Purchasing'Group,'for'input'in'form'of'interview'on'EPC'experiences'

'

Mattias'Nordström'at'Sweco,'for'sending'me'the'interview'study'from'EPC'projects'

'

Involved'parties'in'the'GrowSmarter'project'for'valuable'experience'and'interesting'meetings'

'

And'last'but'not'least,'to'my'wonderful'family'and'friends'for'their'love,'support'and'

encouragement'

' .

Abstract(.............................................................................(Fel!'Bokmärket'är'inte'definierat.!

Acknowledgements(...........................................................................................................(1!

Abbreviations(....................................................................................................................(3!

1.(Introduction(...................................................................................................................(4!1.1!Problem!and!purpose!.................................................................................................................................................!4!1.2!Question!formulation!and!hypotheses!...............................................................................................................!5!

2.(Methodology(.................................................................................................................(6!

3.(Results(...........................................................................................................................(7!3.1!CONCERTO!......................................................................................................................................................................!7!3.1.1$Hannover$....................................................................................................................................................................$12!3.1.2$Ajaccio$.........................................................................................................................................................................$17!3.1.3$Conclusions$and$Discussion$CONCERTO$.......................................................................................................$23!

3.2!BEEMDUP!.......................................................................................................................................................................!27!3.2.1$Alingsås$.......................................................................................................................................................................$32!3.2.2$Delft$..............................................................................................................................................................................$35!3.2.3$Paris$.............................................................................................................................................................................$39!3.2.4$Conclusions$and$Discussion$BEEMGUP$..........................................................................................................$42!

3.3!EPC!–!Energy!Performance!Contracting!.........................................................................................................!47!3.3.1$Experiences$from$EPC$projects$.........................................................................................................................$49!3.3.2$Conclusions$and$Discussion$EPC$......................................................................................................................$52!

4.(Final(Conclusions(and(Discussion(..................................................................................(53!4.1!Success!factors!and!barriers!................................................................................................................................!53!4.2!Further!project!analysis!.........................................................................................................................................!55!4.3!Author’s!recommendations!for!a!successful!project!.................................................................................!59!4.4!Suggestions!of!further!research!.........................................................................................................................!60!

References(.......................................................................................................................(61!Literature!.............................................................................................................................................................................!61!Websites!...............................................................................................................................................................................!62!Interviews!............................................................................................................................................................................!63!

.

' .

Abbreviations.

RES''' ' Renewable'energy'sources'

CHP''' ' Combined'heat'and'power'plant''

BAU''' ' Business'as'usual''

ICT'' ' Information'and'communications'technology''

HVAC'' ' Heating'Ventilation'Air'Conditioning'

DHW'' ' Domestic'hot'water'

LCA'' ' Life'cycle'analysis'

'

Building'envelope'' Physical'separator'of'building'interior'and'exterior'

Rebound'effect'' Reduction'of'expected'gains'from'efficiency'increase'because'of'e.g.''

behavioural'influence''

' .

1..Introduction.

1.1.Problem.and.purpose.

The'energy'performance'and'energy'consumption'of'Europe’s'buildings'constitutes'one'of'the'

largest'CO2'emissions'in'this'part'of'the'world.'European'households'in'2009'consumed'68%'of'

the'total'final'energy'use'in'buildings.'(Economidou,'2011)'Buildings'consume'40'%'of'Europe’s'

total'energy'consumption'and'causes'33'%'of'the'CO2'emissions.'Also,'70'%'of'the'EU’s'energy'

consumption'and'about'the'same'share'of'greenhouse'gas'emission'are'concentrated'to'the'city'

areas.'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010)''

'

Energy'efficiency'is'in'focus'when'constructing'new'buildings,'but'refurbishment'and'energy'

efficiency'of'older'buildings'also'need'to'be'addressed.'The'Europe'building'stock'consists'mainly'

of'these'older'buildings,'over'40'%'of'residential'buildings'were'built'before'the'1960s'when'

building'regulations'were'limited.'The'inadequate'insulation'of'the'building'envelope'in'older'

buildings'is'shown'by'historic'Ucvalue'data,'and'proves'limited'insulation'standards'in'those'

construction'years.'This'means'that'the'potential'for'saving'energy'and'CO2'and'in'this'sector'is'

large.'It'also'in'holds'potential'for'societal'benefits'as'part'of'a'sustainable'future.'(Economidou,'

2011)'

'

The'overall'heating'energy'consumption'in'buildings'have'decreased'since'the'1970s,'as'a'result'

of'improving'measures'in'existing'buildings'and'a'low'heating'demand'in'new'buildings.'At'the'

same'time,'the'electric'energy'consumption'has'increased'due'to'direct'electricity'heating'in'

small'houses,'lighting,'climate'units'and'more'electricity'consuming'gadgets'in'the'households.'

There'is'significant'potential'for'decrease'in'both'heating'and'electricity'consumption.'Even'if'

new'all'buildings'would'be'constructed'to'have'very'low'energy'consumption,'it'would'only'

mean'a'decrease'in'energy'consumption'increase.'That'is,'to'achieve'energy'consumption'

decrease'in'the'overall'building'sector,'measures'in'existing'buildings'is'what'will'make'a'

difference'during'many'years'to'come.'This'requires'efficient'usage'of'resources'allocated'to'

energy'economization.'Also,'the'implemented'measures'and'technical'solutions'chosen'for'

energy'savings'must'demand'reasonable'amounts'of'resources'in'relation'to'the'saved'energy.''

(Abel'and'Elmroth,'2008)''

'

The'building'performance'depends'on'the'building'envelope,'installed'technical'systems,'

climatic'conditions,'social'conditions'(e.g.'fuel'poverty)'and'behavioural'factors'(e.g.'typical'

indoor'temperatures).''

(Economidou,'2011)'

'

Heating,'cooling,'hot'water,'cooking'and'appliances'consume'the'most'energy'in'households;'

around'70%'of'this'energy'is'used'for'space'heating.'Buildings'in'North'&'West'Europe'mostly'

use'gas'and'oil.'In'Central'&'Eastern'Europe'coal'consumption'is'high,'and'district'heating'has'

the'largest'share'of'all'European'regions.'RES'(Renewable'energy'sources)'–'biomass,'

geothermal,'solar'heat'and'wastes'–'contributes'to'the'total'final'energy'consumption'to'a'share'

of'21'%'in'Central'&'Eastern,'12'%'in'South'and'9'%'in'North'&'West'Europe.'(Economidou,'

2011)'

'

The'thesis'is'a'part'of'the'GrowSmarter'project'where'smart'solutions'for'sustainable'cities'are'

to'be'implemented'in'the'lighthouse'cities'Stockholm,'Cologne'and'Barcelona.'The'aim'is'to'

integrate'transport,'energy'and'ICT'sectors.'Through'largecscale'demonstrations,'sustainable'

energy'communities'and'energy'efficient'buildings'will'be'developed'to'improve'the'quality'of'

life'for'European'citizens.'An'energy'consumption'reduction'of'60'%'and'increased'use'of'RES'

aims'at'reducing'the'environmental'impact.'Refurbishment'of'existing'buildings'is'one'part'of'

reaching'this'target.'(European'Commission,'2014)'

'

The'purpose'of'this'thesis'is'to'look'into'the'experiences'from'different'projects'focusing'on'

energy'efficient'refurbishment.'The'intent'is'that'i.e.'authorities,'municipalities,'companies'and'

building'owners,'who'are'planning'on'performing'energy'efficient'refurbishment'measures,'can'

access'identified'success'factors'and'barriers'in'previous'projects'of'different'scale'and'methods.''

'

The'CONCERTO,'BEEMcUP'and'EPC'projects'have'been'studied'since'they'focus'largely'or'solely'

on'energy'efficient'refurbishment.'The'approaches'and'funding'methods'are'somewhat'

different.'Information'and'results'from'each'project'can'be'found'in'the'respective'chapters.'

Readers'can'also'focus'directly'on'the'overall'conclusions'of'this'thesis'and'find'the'common'

success'factors'and'barriers'identified'in'the'projects,'and'final'conclusions.''

1.2.Question.formulation.and.hypotheses.

Have'the'project'sites'studied'reached'their'targets?'Which'technical,'social,'economical'and'

administrative'success'factors'and'barriers'have'been'identified?'What'are'the'reasons'for'these'

success'factors'and'barriers?'Can'similarities'be'found'between'the'projects?'

'

Hypothesis(1:'Cooperation'between'stakeholders'throughout'the'project'is'one'key'factor'to'successful'projects.''

'

Hypothesis(2:'Including'focus'on'tenant'involvement'is'believed'to'give'greater'success'that'

projects'only'focussing'on'the'technical'and'economical'aspects.''

'

Hypothesis(3:'Projects'rarely'evaluate'the'outcomes'of'other'previous'projects'to'prevent'

making'the'same'mistakes.'The'reason'for'this'is'believed'to'time'pressure'and/or'that'type'of'

study'not'being'included'in'the'project'budget.''

'

Hypothesis(4:'Economical'limitations'strongly'influence'the'contractor'hired,'measures'

implemented'and'therefore'the'performance'outcome.''

' .

2..Methodology.

The'initial'plan'for'this'thesis'was'to'study'one'successful'and'one'unsuccessful'refurbishment'

project'site'within'each'of'the'EUcinitiative'CONCERTO,'the'BEEMcUP'project'and'from'the'EPC'

model.'The'main'method'is'to'study'whether'a'project'has'reached'its'energy'performance'

targets'and'in'that'way'find'suitable'and'then'to'identify'the'success'factors'and'barriers'

encountered'during'the'project.'The'thesis'looks'into'the'background'of'the'project'sites,'

refurbishment'measures'implemented,'targets'vs.'results,'data'collection,'quality'assurance,'

success'factors'and'barriers.'The'common'factors'of'the'different'projects'are'then'concluded'

and'discussed'to'produce'concrete'results'that'can'be'used'in'future'refurbishment'projects.'''

'

Within'the'CONCERTO'project'there'are'58'communities'to'choose'from,'are'they'are'in'this'

thesis'selected'from'information'on'focus,'target'vs.'results'and'data'quantity'and'quality.'The'

BEEMcUP'project'consisted'of'three'refurbishment'sites'with'quite'clear'results'that'were'all'

analysed'and'compared,'thus'no'selection'of'sites'was'applied.'The'EPC'method'proved'to'be'

difficult'with'respect'to'finding'two'sites'to'compare.'This'is'however'a'wellctested'method'for'

energy'savings,'and'many'relevant'experiences'were'accessible.'Therefore,'already'performed'

interviews'were'analysed'and'completed'with'own'interviews'on'success'factors,'barriers'and'

general'guidelines.''

'

The'frame'of'this'thesis'is'limited'to'including'energy'efficient'refurbishment'of'existing'

residential'buildings.'However,'when'studying'the'EPC'method,'some'examples'from'nonc

residential'building'projects'have'been'included'where'experiences'seemed'relevant'to'include.''

The'financial'models'and'political'circumstances'of'the'projects'have'only'been'studied'briefly'

and'included'if'they'make'success'factors'or'barriers.'

'

Specific'analyses'of'energy'performance'and'degreecday'calculations'are'not'included'in'this'

thesis.'This'detailed'information'can'be'found'in'the'respective'project'documents.''

'

During'the'course'of'the'projects'analysis,'different'categories'for'success'factors'and'barriers'

were'identified'and'defined'according'to'the'following'categories'and'scopes:'

1.(Technical/comfort(Technology'experience,'sector'education/training,'data'quality'and'quantity,'building'

performance:'energy,'indoor'climate,'comfort.''

'

2.(Social/behavioural(Public'awareness,'involvement'of'tenants,'information'to'target'groups,'acceptance/attitudes.'

'

3.(Financial(Energy'costs,'profitability,'financial'support,'recession,'economic'limitations'in'community'etc.'

'

4.(Organizational/planning(Cooperation'and'communication'between'stakeholders,'time'planning,'energy'

agencies/assistance,'regulations,'project'coordination,'analysis.''

'

' .

3..Results.

3.1.CONCERTO.

Method'The'overall'CONCERTO'approach,'objectives,'results'and'identified'success'factors'and'barriers'

were'studied'to'get'an'overview'of'the'extensive'project.'It'was'then'concluded'that'a'

reasonable'limitation'was'to'study'project'sites'focussing'almost'solely'on'energy'efficient'

refurbishment.'From'these'sites,'the'plan'was'to'pick'one'successful'and'one'unsuccessful'to'

study'more'closely.'For'the'study'of'CONCERTO'in'this'thesis,'the'definition'of'“successful”'is'

that'the'overall'results'for'the'site'is'in'line'with'the'overall'CONCERTO'energy'saving'targets.'A'

project'is'described'as'“unsuccessful”'when'it'shows'modest'energy'savings'results'and'has'not'

reached'the'overall'targets.'Nonetheless,'the'“unsuccessful”'may'have'reached'one'or'more'of'

the'specific'targets'set'for'the'site.''

'

For'this'purpose,'the'CONCERTO'overall'performance'of'the'26'communities'report'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010)'was'analysed'to'find'2'sites'among'the'58'communities'involved'in'the'project.'In'

this'thesis,'a'first'selection'of'sites'to'study'is'based'on'information'on'focus,'target'vs.'results'

and'data'quantity'and'quality.'Hannover'and'Amsterdam'seemed'to'be'suitable'objects'to'

compare'when'looking'at'expected'and'monitored'energy'performance'of'existing'buildings'

after'renovation'in'the'report'by'Pol'and'Lippert,'2010'(see'figure'1).'However,'problems'

occurred'when'trying'to'find'specific'facts'and'results'from'the'Amsterdam'site.'Instead,'after'

studying'the'evaluation'of'e.g.'performance'requirements'in'table'6'from'CONCERTO'planning'and'implementation'process'assessment'report'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010),'Evaluation'of'(Smart)'Solutions'–'Guidebook'for'Assessment'Part'II'–'Final'Assessment'Report'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'and'by'looking'in'the'CONCERTO'database

1,'Hannover'and'Ajaccio'were'chosen'as'CONCERTO'

sites'to'include'in'this'thesis.'''

Barriers'and'success'factors'encountered'were'displayed'on'the'CONCERTO'website.'However,'

when'researching'the'reports'of'Hannover'and'Ajaccio'more'closely,'more'factors'were'

discovered'and'added'to'the'lists'to'be'compared.''

'

'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''1'(databasehttp://concerto.eu/concerto/dbcaccess.html)'

'

Figure'1.'Expected'and'monitored'energy'performance'of'existing'buildings.'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010)''The'CONCERTO'initiative'CONCERTO'is'a'EU'initiative'within'the'European'Research'Framework'Programme.'The'initiative'

was'established'by'the'European'commission'in'2005'and'started'with'a'network'of'27'cities.'

Five'years'later'the'project'demonstrated'the'benefits'of'growing'knowledge'in'58'cities'in'23'

European'countries.'CONCERTO'highlights'the'coordinating'role'of'local'authorities'in'

sustainable'urban'development,'with'focus'on'energy.'These'demonstration'communities'have'a'

mission'to'research'and'demonstrate'how'the'use'of'renewable'energy'sources'and'energy'

efficiency'measures'in'buildings'can'be'incorporated'on'a'large'scale.'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010)'

'

CONCERTO'aims'to'demonstrate'that'the'energycoptimisation'of'districts'and'communities'as'a'

whole'is'more'costceffective'than'optimising'each'building'individually,'if'all'relevant'

stakeholders'work'together'and'integrate'different'energyctechnologies'in'a'smart'way.'

(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'By'involving'politicians,'stakeholders'and'local'partners'such'as'

housing'associations,'energy'companies,'research,'business'and'interested'inhabitants,'new'

standards'for'the'societies'of'the'future'can'be'developed.'Instead'of'targeting'specific'

technologies'the'cities'themselves'chose'a'set'of'technologies'to'implement,'depending'on'their'

idea'of'sustainable'energy'systems'and'previous'local'energy'planning.'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010)'

Campaigns'on'energy'saving'and'publicity'to'attract'new'investors'are'used'as'additional'

measures.'Training'sessions'support'the'construction'measures'and'improve'craft'skills'on'site.'

The'experience'gathered'should'be'made'available'for'other'cities'and'communities.'

(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1))''

Approximately'500'000'inhabitants'will'be'directly'affected'by'the'CONCERTO'project;'5'million'

people'are'indirectly'affected.'The'project'will'produce'about'1'830'000'm2'newly'constructed'or'

refurbished'buildings'and'save'about'530'000'tons'of'CO2cemissions'per'year.'(Pol'and'Lippert,'

2010)'

'

''''

Targets'• Fossil'primary'energy'demand'30'%'lower'than'national'regulation'for'reference'

building.2''

• National'targets'and'different'on'community'and'CONCERTO'level'presented'in'figure'2.'

• 20'%'improvement'in'energy'efficiency3'

• 20'%'share'of'renewable'energy2'

• 20'%'reduction'of'greenhouse'gas'emissions2'

(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'

'

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Figure'2.'Targets'for'energy'efficiency'2010/2016'on'national,'community'and'CONCERTO'level.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)' Results'Most'CONCERTO'communities'reached'an'average'primary'energy'reduction'of'at'least'70'%.'

However,'these'performances'have'been'achieved'based'on'calculated'design'data'but'have'to'

be'confirmed'with'metered'data,'according'to'Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013.'The'same'holds'for'the'

performances'of'refurbished'buildings.'A'reduction'of'primary'energy'demand'by'70'%'for'space'

heating'is'not'uncommon'for'residential'buildings'that'have'been'refurbished'in'CONCERTO.'The'

results'for'different'projects,'building'types,'energy'efficient'refurbishment'measures,'RES'

measures'and'activities'vary'significantly,'according'to'results'in'Evaluation'of'(Smart)'Solutions'–'Guidebook'for'Assessment'Part'II'–'Final'Assessment'Report.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)''

Data'collection'Some'results'from'the'implementation'of'a'monitoring'system'can'be'concluded'from'the'

quality'and'quantity'of'available'and'useful'data'from'project'sites.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''2'Additional'comparison'for'refurbished'buildings:'Fossil'primary'energy'demand'reduction'after'refurbishment'compared'

to'before'refurbishment.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'3'Contribution'to'EU'target'for'2020'

'

'

The'data'quantity'corresponds'to'the'number'of'reports,'deliverables'and'data'communicated'to'

CONCERTO'Premium.'A'high'quality'of'data'means'that:'

• Data'complies'with'the'data'requirements'of'CONCERTO'

• Clear'documentation'of'the'metadata'is'offered'

• Unrealistic'data'has'been'checked'and'discussed'with'the'respective'CONCERTO'project.'

(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'

'

Quality'assurance'A'quality'assurance'process'of'four'steps'was'defined'to'ensure'a'high'data'quality'within'

CONCERTO.'This'process'is'described'in'figure'3'below.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'

'

'Figure'3.'Description'of'the'quality'assurance'process'in'CONCERTO.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'

'

Success'factors''Key(success(factors(

+ Involvement'of'municipal'utilities'and'their'support'in'negotiating'with'building'owners''

+ Customised'energy'consultancy'and'participative'approaches'involving'residents'in'the'

renovation'process''

+ An'effective'integration'of'stakeholders'in'policy'processes'

(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

'

Other(+ Commitment'of'local'administrations'

+ A'reasonable'mix'of'stakeholders'

+ Choice'of'accompanying'activities'such'as'dissemination'of'information'

+ Use'of'appropriate'communication'tools'

+ Identification'of'the'right'target'groups'

+ Level'of'awareness'raised'in'the'communities'

+ Participation'of'relevant'decision'makers'

+ User'groups'and'market'actors'

(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

'

Barriers''Many'differences'between'barriers'within'CONCERTO'have'been'discovered,'according'to'

CONCERTO'planning'and'implementation'process'assessment'report'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010).'In'summary,'the'barriers'encountered'by'the'stakeholders'in'the'CONCERTO'communities'are'not'

only'administrative'and'technical,'but'also'social'and'financial.'They'can'also'be'specific'

depending'on'the'design'of'the'measures'implemented.'The'CONCERTO'analysis'shows'that'

administrative'and'legal'barriers'are'most'salient'in'an'analysis'of'all'58'project'sites.'(Di'Nucci'et'

al.,'2010)'

'

Extensive'refurbishment'measures'focusing'on'high'quality'standards'faces'many'barriers,'like'

opposition'from'inhabitants'or'financial'aspects,'and'are'therefore'still'quite'rare.'E.g.'there'are'

no'supply'and'exhaust'ventilation'systems'with'heat'recovery'in'the'assessed'projects.'

Monitoring'data'from'the'refurbished'buildings'is'available'but'still'insufficient'to'carry'out'a'

costscbenefit'analysis'based'on'the'actual'savings.'(Pol,'Österreicher'and'Iglar,'2009)'

'

'

'

' '

3.1.1.Hannover.

Project'background''CONCERTO(act2((act2'stands'for(“Action'of'cities'to'mainstream'energy'efficient'building'and'renewable'energy'

systems'across'Europe”.'

'

The'act2'project'consists'of'Hannover'in'Germany'and'Nantes'in'France'as'demonstration'

communities.'They'both'target'highcenergy'performance'in'urban'renewal'districts.'Koszalin'in'

Poland,'Malmö'in'Sweden'and'Newcastle'in'the'United'Kingdom'are'observer'cities.'Together,'

these'five'cities'work'together'to'implement'concepts'of'energy'provision,'combining'use'of'RES,'

energy'efficiency'technologies,'innovative'energy'management'and'rational'energy'use'on'

district'scale.'(CONCERTO,'21'February'2012'(1))'

'

Site(facts(Hannover'was'chosen'as'the'successful'refurbishment'site'to'study.'

'

Energy'efficiency'of'buildings'has'also'before'CONCERTO'been'a'key'consideration'in'Hannover,'

about'half'of'the'buildings'were'built'in'the'1950s'and'1960s,'with'poor'energy'performance.'

Hannover'approved'a'local'climate'protection'programme'in'the'mid'1990s'and'has'since'then'

focused'on'energy'efficiency'since'at'least'the'midc1990s.'They'then'started'looking'for'ways'to'

finance'modernization'and'retrofitting'of'buildings,'and'installing'RES'(such'as'solar'collectors).'


'

The'act2'project'in'Hannover'focuses'first'and'foremost'on'the'energy'efficient'retrofitting'of'

residential'buildings'(most'of'them'are'multicfamily'houses'owned'by'housing'companies).'

Another'target'is'to'improve'public'buildings'by'implementing'energy'efficiency'measures'and'

the'use'of'RES'(wood'pellet'boilers).'Also,'solar'energy'is'used'in'three'PV'plants'and'a'solar'

absorber'system'for'a'public'swimming'pool.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'

'

Energy'efficient'refurbishment'was'carried'out'in'52'residential'buildings'(398'dwellings'and'

26.000'm2'living'space).'Two'housingcdevelopment'companies'own'the'majority'of'these.'(act2,'

2012,'D'2.11)'Wooden'biomass'is'partly'used'in'the'coal'fuelled'combined'heat'and'power'(CHP)'

plant,'which'supplies'a'large'district'heating'network.'(CONCERTO,'31'October'2013)'

'

The'housing'associations'taking'part'in'this'project'are'large'actors'on'the'housing'market'in'

Hannover:''

• Gundlach'GmbH'&'Co.'KG'Wohnungsunternehmen,'who'describes'themselves'as'a'

sustainable'building'company.''

• Sparc'und'Bauverein'eG'and'Wohnungsgenossenschaft'Herrenhausen'(WGH)'are'coc

operatives.'

(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'

'

All'three'housing'associations'felt'it'was'very'important'that'the'tenants'actively'supported'

modernisation.'The'goal'was'to'ensure'it'was'implemented'smoothly,'and'that'a'high'level'of'

acceptance'and'satisfaction'was'achieved'on'the'part'of'the'tenants.''

(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)''

.

.

Refurbishment''Table'1'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Hannover'

demonstration'buildings.''

'

( Before(renovation( After(renovation(Walls( Bricks'and'mortar' 10'–'20'cm'insulation''

U'='0.18'–'0.244'[W/m

2K]'

Roof( 8'cm'mineral'wool' 16'–'30'cm'insulation''

U'='0.12'–'0.195'[W/m

2K]'

Cellar( Not'specified' 4'–'10'cm'insulation'

U'='0.25'–'0.616'[W/m

2K]'

Windows( Single'glazing' Low'energy'windows'

U'='0.75'–'1.85'[W/m2K]'

Heating( Individual'heating'systems' Centralised,'all'apartments'

connected'to'district'heating'(large'

existing'or'small'new'system)''

Energy(source(for(heating(and(DHW(

Gas' Coal'+'wooden'biomass7''

Wood'pellets8''

Heat'pump'(heating'only)9'

Gas'boilers'+'solar'collectors10'

Ventilation( Not'specified' Ventilation'systems'installed'in'

private'buildings11'

Comfort( ' Quality'control'and'checking'

airtightness.''

Additional'measures'in'some'

buildings,'e.g.'to'reduce'thermal'

bridges,'balcony'panels'and'

windows'fully'replaced.'

Table'1.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'in'Hannover.'(Act2,'2012,'D'2.11)''

' '

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''4'Depending'on'owner'

5'Depending'on'isolation'material'and'thickness'

6'Depending'on'isolation'material'and'thickness'

7'Heat'supply'from'large'district'heating'system'(CHP'plant):'33'buildings'owned'by'housing'companies.'

8'Heat'supply'from'local'district'heating'system:'8'buildings'owned'by'housing'companies'and'2'buildings'privately'owned.'

9'Bivalent'geothermal'electric'heat'pump.'1'building'owned'by'housing'company.''

10'Solar'heating'for'DHW'and/or'space'heating'depending'on'object.'8'privately'owned'buildings'(4'detached'houses'and'2'

multicoccupancy'objects).'11'Ventilation'systems'with'heat'recovery'in'2'of'4'buildings.'None'in'housing'company'buildings.''

Targets'vs.'results'EU'approval'of'the'project'was'delayed,'some'of'the'project'parts'removed'and'others'added.'

Therefore,'a'comparison'of'targeted'and'achieved'savings'is'not'presented'in'project'reports.'

(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'But'as'shown'in'table'2,'the'initial'

targets'of'the'CONCERTO'site'of'Hannover'were'from'an'overall'perspective'reached.'Energy'

savings'of'50c70'%'indicate'that'these'buildings'are'performing'better'than'buildings'refurbished'

according'to'BAU'(Business'as'usual)'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10).'

'

( Target(savings(( Results(savings(Primary(energy( Approx.'3'000'MWh/y

12'' 2'630'MWh/y

13''

Final(heating(energy14(

>2'000'MWh'through'energyc

efficient'thermal'insulation9''

3'950'MWh15''

50c70'%16''

Heating(+(DHW( Not'specified' 35c55'%17''

Electricity( Not'specified' 15c20'%'(300c400'kWh/year)18''

CO2Wemissions19( 500't' 580't'

Comfort20( All'apartments'in'line'with'comfort'

limits'

All'apartments'in'line'with'comfort'

limits''

Table'2.'Savings'targets'vs.'results'for'Hannover'site.'''

After'full'refurbishment'all'buildings'have'energetic'standard'considerably'higher'than'

regulation'demands'(main'target'was'to'reach'at'least'regulation'level'that'exist'for'new'

buildings).'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10)'The'overall'Ucvalue'before'refurbishment'was'1.85'W/m2K,'the'

national'regulations'for'refurbished'buildings'is'0.9'W/m2K'and'the'actual'overall'value'after'

refurbishments'was'0.45'W/m2K.'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'

'

Actual'savings'made'compared'with'the'savings'planned'is'not'applicable,'since'e.g.'the'

recession'and'a'delay'in'EU'approval'of'the'project'caused'cancellations'of'some'projects'

originally'planned.'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'

'

Data'collection'The'general'CONCERTO'data'collection'methodology'was'adapted'to'local'conditions:'

• Metering'of'physical'data,'defined'time'steps'during'a'defined'time'period'(preferred).''

• Collection'of'data'from'energy'consumers'or'providers'(second'choice).'

• Calculation'of'data'with'defined'methodology'(if'other'data'was'not'detailed'enough).'

• Estimation'from'statistical'analysis'basis'(final'option'when'lacking'data)'

(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''12'Performances'on'which'original'calculations'were'based.'The'goal'of'energy'improvements'was'to'achieve'Concerto’s'

newcbuild'standard'and'the'Kronsberg'redevelopment'standard.'The'building'envelop'should'then'above'all'be'extensively'

redeveloped.'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'13'Multicfamily'houses'only'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'

14'Final'energy'in'this'meaning'is'the'delivered'energy'input'(e.g.'heating'value'of'gas,'oil'or'pellets)'to'the'object'heating'

system,'metered'or'collected'separately'for'the'different'energy'sources.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'15'Final'heating'energy'saving'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'

16'Energy'efficiency'measures.'Before'refurbishment:'140'kWh/m

2'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10),'after'refurbishment:'45c70'kWh/m

2'

(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'17'The'energy'consumption'for'DHW'was'usually'unknown.'So'the'differentiation'between'heating'and'DHW'could'only'be'

calculated'for'the'status'before'renovation.'After'renovation'total'consumption'was'80c90'kWh/m2a.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'

18'Electricity'use'in'apartments.'Auxiliary'energy'in'the'form'of'electricity'needed'for'pumps,'ventilation'etc.'mostly'could'

not'be'metered'because'of'economic'reasons'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'19'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'

20'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'

'

The'data'quality'and'data'quantity'were'high'for'the'project'site'Hannover.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

Even'before'the'project'started,'the'local'energy'provider'was'integrated'as'a'project'partner,'

which'facilitated'high'data'quality'and'quantity.'The'energy'management'department'of'

Hannover'municipality'provided'energy'consumption'for'public'buildings.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'

!The'data'was'captured'back'in'2006.'The'results'for'some'buildings'are'available'for'six'heating'

periods.'To'date,'consumer'data'for'a'total'of'38'buildings'with'effective'floor'area'of'19'997'm2'

has'been'analysed.'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)''

'

Quality'assurance'It'was'mandatory'for'all'property'developers'to'take'part'in'a'quality'control'program.'The'tool'

was'adapted'for'the'renovation'projects'and'also'proved'its'usefulness.''

'

Quality'control'was'carried'out'to'ensure'that:'

• Climate'shell'of'the'building'met'CONCERTO'standards'

• Minimise'thermal'bridges,'guarantee'airtightness,'prevent'heat'losses'and'poor'quality''

• Construction'work'was'in'line'with'the'plan'

• Guaranteed'quality'of'work'for'tenants'and'property'owners''

'

Control'was'performed'in'5'stages:'

1. Testing'and'checking'of'compliance'with'specified'energy'figure,'verification'issued'

according'to'energycsaving'regulation'

2. Checking'of'project'planning'and'construction'details'(i.e.'thermal'bridges)'

3. Implementation'of'the'project'on'the'construction'site,'studying'of'documentation'

4. Checking'of'air'tightness'and'hydraulic'calibrating'of'heating'and'ventilation'systems''

5. Certificate'issued'

'(Anonymous,'n.d)21''

'

Success'factors''Technical/comfort(

+ High'quality'and'quantity'of'data'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

+ Local'training'ensured'work'quality'and'raised'participant’s'qualification'

+ Based'on'the'success'factor'above,'a'guide'for'architects'and'designers'was'developed'

+ Comfort'increase'in'apartments'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'

2013)'


'

Social/Behavioural(+ Strong'support'for'homeowners'making'retrofitting'as'easy'as'possible.'Tenants'were'

informed'about'rent'changes,'energy'and'other'costs'at'an'early'stage'(The'City'of'

Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'

+ A'tenant'advice'service'was'set'up'during'the'construction'phase,'providing'project'

information'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'

+ Energy'advising'campaign'for'tenants'with'low'income.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''21'PDF'c'act2'toolbox'for'local'players'Y'received'via'email'from'personal'contact'Ute'Heda'from'Stadt'Hannover.''

'

+ Dissemination'of'information'to'the'target'groups:'Information'material,'both'for'

tenants'and'promoters'and'the'onlinecplatform22'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'

+ Engagement'of'energy'advisers,'giving'initial'and'intensive'energy'advice'to'homeowners'

and'tenants.'They'also'gave'recommendations'for'retrofitting'measures'and'the'correct'

use'of'wood'pellet'boilers,'solar'thermal'energy'and/or'PV'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'

(2))'

'

Financial(+ Lowered'energy'costs'(tenants)'

+ Less'sensitivity'to'energy'price'rises'(tenants)'

(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)''

'

Organizational/planning(+ Establishment'of'the'Climate'Protection'Agency'(“Klimaschutz'Agentur'Region'

Hannover”)'as'an'administrative'and'institutional'body,'which'has'contributed'to'the'

acceleration'of'the'policy'implementation'process.''

+ Employment'of'so'called'“Energy'Assistants”'who'provided'assistance'with'calculating'

energy'consumption,'applications'for'loans'and'grants,'and'quality'assurance.'

(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'

'

Barriers''Technical/Comfort((

- Lack'of'experience,'skills'and'knowchow'on'the'part'of'craftsmen'in'the'region'

of'Hannover.''


- Some'groups'still'consider'quality'control'annoying,'time'consuming'and'difficult'to'fit'

with'construction'deadline'pressure.'(Anonymous,'n.d)23'

'

Social/Behavioural(- Negative'attitudes'towards'modernisation'(lower'energy'bills'are'set'against'rent'rises)'

- Feeling'of'a'lack'of'control'over'the'system'when'dismantling'individual'heating'systems'

and'implementing'centralised'heating'caused'reservations''

- Inconvenience'because'refurbishment'work'were'conducted'on'occupied'apartments'

- Reservations'and'problems'regarding'use'of'new'technologies'(heating'system,'

ventilation'–'which'were'therefore'not'fitted).''

(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'

'

Financial(- The'Global'Financial'Crisis'had'a'strong'impact'on'CONCERTO'act2'project'causing'delays'

in'the'completion'of'activities.'(Increased'need'to'communicate'measures'to'involved'

stakeholders.)'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'

'

Organizational/planning(- Reluctance'within'the'local'administration'against'a'new'little'tested'technology'(wood'

pellets'boilers).'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'

'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''22'www.klimaallianzchannover.de'

23'PDF'c'act2'toolbox'for'local'players'Y'received'via'email'from'personal'contact'Ute'Heda'from'Stadt'Hannover.'

3.1.2.Ajaccio.

Project'background''CONCERTO(cRRescendo((cRRescendo'stands'for(“Combined'Rational'and'Renewable'Energy'Strategies'in'Cities,'for'Existing'and'New'Dwellings'to'ensure'Optimal'quality'of'life”.'

'

The'aim'of'the'cRRescendo'project'is'to'integrate'a'sustainability'majority'into'the'energy'

infrastructures'of'buildings.'The'project'demonstrates'the'feasibility'of'this'aim'and'how'to'meet'

the'wishes'of'the'inhabitants;'living'in'a'clean'and'healthy'environment'in'energy'efficient,'

comfortable'homes.'In'this'project'Almere'(Netherlands),'Milton'Keynes'(United'Kingdom),'

Viladecans'(Spain),'and'Ajaccio'(Corsica,'France)'are'demonstration'sites.'(CONCERTO,'21'

February'2012'(2))'

'

Central'in'this'project'is'a'focus'on'ways'to'integrate'measures'for'energy'efficiency'with'

measures'for'increased'use'of'RES.'The'involved'communities'therefore'implements'an'

integrated'strategy'employs'numerous'techniques'of'technology,'polycgeneration'and'targeted'

innovation.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'Taking'buildings'from'the'1960s'and'making'them'more'

energy'efficient'is'one'of'the'main'challenges'being'tackled'by'the'cRRescendo'project.'


'

Site(facts(Ajaccio'was'chosen'as'the'less'successful'site'to'study.'

'

Ajaccio'is'the'medieval'capital'of'the'French'island'Corsica.'Additional'to'the'challenge'of'

improving'buildings'from'the'1960s,'Ajaccio'faces'the'challenge'of'refurbishing'buildings'in'the'

historic'centre.''


'

Until'2003,'the'awareness'for'en'environmental'approach'was'low'in'Ajaccio.'In'the'site'

demonstrations,'with'focus'on'refurbishment,'conventional'energy'consumption'was'lowered'by'

approximately'20'%.'Corsica'was'lagging'behind'on'sustainability'and'the'timing'for'energy'

efficiency'measures'was'just'right.'When'signing'the'contract'with'the'European'Commission'in'

August'2005,'the'understanding'and'involvement'in'more'conscious'politics'on'environmental'

issues'in'Ajaccio'grew.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

'

City'of'Ajaccio'was'main'partner'for'the'renovation'area.'Another'partner'was'ADEME,'an'

agency'who'mainly'gives'technical'advices,'support'studies'and'investments'of'energy'

management,'air'quality'and'waste'management.'In'this'project'main'responsibility'for'ADEME'

was'monitoring.'Organisations'Erilia'and'OPH'own'most'of'the'buildings'in'Ajaccio'and'were'

responsible'for'the'refurbishments'and'new'buildings.'In'Ajaccio'427'apartments'have'been'

refurbished'and'346'm2'solar'collectors'installed.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

'

The'approach'was'to'reduce'CO2cemissions'and'simultaneously'lower'rent'the'for'social'building'

tenants,'e.g.'by'improving'the'building'insulation'to'reduce'heating'during'winter'and'by'

introducing'solar'thermal'collectors'for'DHW'production,'rather'than'gas'fired'boilers.'

(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

.

.

Refurbishment'Table'3'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Ajaccio'


'

( Before(renovation( After(renovation(Walls( Brick'or'concrete'from'the'

look'of'pictures'

U'='0.32'[W/m2K]

24'(regulation'0.5)''

U'='0.52'[W/m2K]

25'

Roof( Not'specified' U'='0.28'[W/m2K]

26'(regulation'0.4)'

U'='0.33'[W/m2K]

27'

Ground(floor( Not'specified' U'='0.37/0.42'[W/m2K]

28'(reg.'0.5)'

U'='0.93'[W/m2K]

29'

Windows( Not'specified' U'='1.81'[W/m2K]

30'

U'='3.26'[W/m2K]

31'

Heating( Individual'heating' Individual'heating'

Energy(source(heating(and(DHW(

Gas' Gas'+'solar'collectors32'

Gas33'

Ventilation( Not'specified' 1.4'air'changes/hour'(installation'of'

mechanical'ventilation)' '

Comfort( Not'specified' Air'quality'measured'by'ADEME'

agency.'

Table'3.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'in'Ajaccio.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''24'In'14'buildings'(276'apartments)'in'St'Jean'and'Pietralba'

25'In'52'apartments'in'the'buildings'of'Saint'Paul,'already'improved'compared'to'other'buildings'in'the'area.'The'extra'

effort'to'insulation'walls,'ground'floor'and'windows'were'not'feasible'for'building'owner.'26'In'14'buildings'(276'apartments)'in'St'Jean'and'Pietralba'






effort'to'insulation'walls,'ground'floor'and'windows'were'not'feasible'for'building'owner.'32'223'buildings'in'Saint'Paul,'Pietralba'and'Monte'e'mare'

33'196'apartments'in'St'Jean'

Targets'vs.'results'The'primary'energy'savings'compared'to'BAU'are'concluded'as'”comparatively'modest'but'

significant”'for'the'Ajaccio'site.'Variations'of'a'factor'of'10'in'heating'demand'were'found.'

(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'The'overall'targets'and'results'are'presented'in'table'4.'

'

Energy( Target(savings(( Results(savings(Primary(energy( 20'%'/'18'%

34'

'

'

~20'%'fossil'energy'reduction'

'

0.11'GWh35'

Heating( At'least'40'%'savings'

(refurbishment'of'public'

buildings)'

'

15'%36/40'%

37'

(Replacement'of'heating'

system,'including'old'

radiators'and'installation'of'

thermostatic'valves)'

DHW( Not'specified' 60'%''

(Where'solar'collectors'were'

installed)'

Electricity( Not'specified' 12c15'%''

(Efficient'lighting'and'

improvement'of'electrical'

installations)'

CO2Wemissions( At'least'50'%'of'greenhouse'

gas'emissions'for'government'

buildings'and'its'main'

institutions'within'8'years.38''

4'000'tons/year'(ecocbuildings'

with'integrated'measures)''

Gas( 20'%?' 17c22'%39''

Table'4.'Savings'targets'vs.'results'for'Ajaccio'site.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)''

' '

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''34'cRRescendo'project'goals'according'to'contracts:'20'%'in'2005'changed'to'18'%'in'2012.'

35'Measured'results'from'30'%'of'the'dwellings.'Overall'achieved'primary'energy'savings'for'Ajaccio'can'not'be'concluded'

based'on'the'limited'dataset.'Primary'energy'savings'based'on'monitoring'results'cannot'be'compared'directly'to'the'

primary'energy'savings'expected,'since'system'boundaries'may'vary.'36'St'Jean:'Measured'electricity'and'heating'consumption'considerably'higher'than'expected.'High'use'if'lightning,'

computers,'printers'and'music'players'were'constantly'on'standcby.'Besides'lack'of'efficiency'measures'differences'in'

function'and'occupation'can'explain'the'variations'(not'thoroughly'studied).''

Saint'Paul:'Buildings'already'improved'compared'to'other'buildings'in'the'area'–'the'extra'effort'to'insulation'walls,'ground'

floor'and'windows'were'not'feasible'for'the'building'owner.''37'Pietralba:'Planned'renovations'of'private'homes'were'cancelled'since'inhabitants'had'a'very'low'income'and'couldn’t'

invest,'even'in'refurbishments'with'a'reasonable'paycback'period.''38'Grenelle'environment'law'from'2007'set'an'overall'goal'of'reducing'primary'energy'consumption'in'existing'buildings'by'

38'%'by'2020'39'For'St'Paul'and'Pietralba:'significant'savings'achieved'through'efficiency'measures'and'solar'collectors.'St'Paul'(12'%'of'all'

refurbished'apartments)'performed'close'to'expectations.'For'Pietralba'(19'%'of'all'refurbished'apartments)'savings'were'

close'to/a'little'lower'than'expected.'

'

Data'collection'The'data'quality'and'data'quantity'was'low'for'the'project'site'of'Ajaccio.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

'

Technical'research'consisted'predominantly'of'monitoring'the'buildings'and'installations'in'

order'to'verify'whether'original'energy'ambitions'were'met.'Monthly'results'were'gathered'for'

production'and'consumption'of'heating,'cooling'and'electricity.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

'

Reference'monitoring'was'done'in'2'cases'early'in'the'project:'in'historic'apartments'in'the'old'

city'centre'and'in'a'public'office'building.'Gas'consumption'data'from'bills'were'also'collected,'

before'and'after'renovation.'A'measurement'program'was'set'up'to'measure'solar'hot'water'

yield,'hot'tap'water'consumption'and'heat'consumption.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

'

Data'from'utility'bills'turned'out'to'be'harder'to'get'than'expected,'not'all'households'wanted'to'

or'could'supply'this'information.'Consumption'averages'were'therefore'hard'to'calculate.'


'

Monitoring'campaign'implemented'to'measure'consumption'of'specific'equipment'in'

apartments'before'and'after'renovation.'Social'monitoring'was'carried'out'in'parallel'to'help'

educate'residents'in'energy'saving'and'renewable'energy'(surveys'conducted'in'homes).'


'

Quality'assurance'No'information'on'quality'assurance'for'the'cRRescendo'project/Ajaccio'site'was'found'in'

addition'to'the'overall'CONCERTO'quality'assurance'process.40''

'

Success'factors''Technical/Comfort((

+ Training'course'organized'in'Corsica,'resulting'in'20'professionals'from'the'industry'

gaining'knowledge'on'environmental'quality.'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))'

+ Meetings'Thermal'Regulation'2012'for'building'professionals'organized'to'raise'

awareness,'inform'these'professionals'on'good'practices'to'build'in'a'way'that'respects'

thermal'regulation.''

+ Good'architects'and'engineers'who'understood'performance'requirements'and'have'

high'motivation'to'work'together.''


'

Social/Behavioural(+ Information'areas'for'inhabitants'and'interested'parties'provide'individuals'with'advice'

and'practical'solutions,'to'improve'the'energy'performance'or'the'use'of'renewable'

energy,'in'construction'and'renovation'projects.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

'

Financial(+ The'combination'of'the'support'from'ANRU'and'the'CONCERTO'initiative'led'to'a'

positive'mix'in'terms'of'standard'and'cost'effectiveness.''

+ Use'of'the'instrument'”Clause'41”'in'this'project'means'that'parties'can'claim'their'costs'

based'on'actual'performance.'

(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''40'Request'to'receive'more'documents/information'from'the'project'from'contact'was'not'answered.''

(Organizational/planning(

+ The'project'received'good'benchmark'and'feedback'for'the'regional'energy'observatory.'


+ Connection'of'the'project'to'a'bigger'national'program'was'a'successful'cooperation'and'

enabled'Ajaccio'to'make'the'bigger'project'more'ambitious'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

+ The'connection'to'a'big'European'project'gave'Ajaccio'prestige'and'recognition'


+ Social'housing'landlords'contributed'to'planning'and'several'technical'meetings'


+ Ajaccio'learned'a'lot'on'dealing'with'cocownership'of'rented'buildings'(Molenbroek'et'

al.,'2012)'

'

Barriers''Technical/Comfort((

- Low'quality'and'quantity'of'data'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

- There'was'a'lack'of'training,'especially'for'installers'in'the'building'sector,'and'for'

architects'regarding'the'environmental'quality'of'buildings'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'

(2))'

'

Social/Behavioural((- Tenants'did'not'understand'intrusive'technical'monitoring'in'the'apartments.'(It'would'

be'better'to'combine'technical'and'social'monitoring'in'one'hand'and'do'it'locally.)'


- New'service'charges'were'introduced'in'some'buildings'due'to'risk'perception'of'

maintenance'with'the'relatively'unknown'solar'collector'technology.'This'caused'anxiety'

among'tenants'who'had'been'told'the'refurbishments'would'lower'their'bills'

(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)''

- Tenants'of'refurbished'buildings'were'badly'informed'about'the'project'and'did'not'

understand'why'monitoring'equipment'was'installed.'Getting'appointments'was'difficult'

in'the'beginning'–'difficult'to'find'the'contact'persion'to'inform'tenants'about'arrival'of'

installers.'(For'future'projects'the'municipality'could'make'better'use'of'their'partners'to'

communicate'more'with'inhabitants)'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

'

Financial((- The'CONCERTO'project'was'delayed'because'communities'did'not'receive'financial'

support'from'the'ANRU41'before'2009.'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))'

- The'plan'was'to'install'PV'in'119'homes.'This'was'feasible'with'el'tariffs'in'2009,'but'in'

2011'the'tariff'was'lowered'and'PV'was'no'longer'feasible'for'the'owner'and'

refurbishments'in'3'of'8'residential'buildings'were'cancelled'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012).'

'

Organizational/planning(- Delay'in'financial'approval'from'National'Agency'and'difficulties'in'different'funding'

scheme'synchronizations.'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))'

- Problem'with'regulations'regarding'refurbishment'of'the'old'city'centre.42'(Molenbroek'

et'al.,'2012)'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''41'“Agence'Nationale'pour'la'Rénovation'Urbaine”,'created'in'2003'to'improve'quality'of'life'in'specific'areas'characterised'

by'socioceconomic'difficulties.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

- Time'was'lost'in'the'beginning'of'the'project'because'not'all'buildings'and'partners'were'

identified.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

- Renovation'is'much'more'complex,'deals'with'a'lot'more'parties'than'new'building'

projects'and'requires'more'planning'and'communication'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

- Overall'coordinator'did'not'have'instruments'effective'to'steer'all'partners'(Molenbroek'

et'al.,'2012)'

' .

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''42'The'intention'was'to'install'solar'collectors,'but'work'can'only'be'performed'on'roofs'visible'from'common'areas,'i.e.'

sidewalks.'Most'buildings'have'facetted'roofs'situated'east'west'and'get'a'lot'of'shade.'The'original'target'of'the'project'in'

this'area'–'to'refurbish'10'buildings'the'old'center'–'was'not'reached.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

3.1.3.Conclusions.and.Discussion.CONCERTO.

CONCERTO'project'Key(success(factors(Key'success'factors'are:'involvement'of'municipal'utilities'and'their'support'in'negotiating'with'

building'owners,'customised'energy'consultancy'and'participative'approaches'involving'

residents'in'the'renovation'process,'and'effective'integration'of'stakeholders'in'policy'processes.'

(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'All'these'factors'indicate'that'cooperation'and'communication'should'be'

prioritized'throughout'the'project,'which'confirms'hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis,'that'cooperation'

between'stakeholders'throughout'the'project'is'one'key'factor'to'successful'projects.'

'

The'implementation'of'measures'that'affect'the'inhabitants'have'been'well'accepted'in'

communities'where'the'tenants'have'been'involved'and'informed'in'refurbishment'activities'

from'the'project'start.'Turin'and'Hannover'are'examples'of'sites'where'this'has'been'a'success'

factor.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'This'confirms'hypothesis'2'in'this'thesis;'that'on'focus'involvement'

of'tenants'lead'to'a'more'successful'project'outcome.''

'

The'CONCERTO'analysis'shows'that'administrative'and'legal'barriers'overall'are'the'most'

common.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'This'seems'reasonable,'since'the'CONCERTO'initiative'in'a'EUc

project'involving'many'communities'in'different'countries.'The'administration'and'legal'issues'

are'most'likely'unavoidable'barriers'that'must'be'overcome'before'a'project'like'this'can'

proceed.''

'

Social'and'financial'barriers'have'also'been'identified,'according'to'project'reports.'All'barriers'

can'be'specific'depending'on'the'design'of'the'measures'implemented.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'


opposition'from'inhabitants'or'financial'aspects,'and'are'therefore'still'quite'rare.''

(Pol,'Österreicher'and'Iglar,'2009)'

'

Different'barriers'were'encountered'during'implementation'in'buildings,'plants'or'CONCERTO'

areas'that'reached'bad'energy'performance'when'high'performance'levels'were'planned.''

These'barriers'could'be'problems'regarding'quality'insurance'on'construction'sites,'reluctance'of'

building'developer'to'stick'to'the'energy'performance'targets,'tenant'behaviour,'etc.'

The'expected'energy'performance'of'buildings,'plants'and'communities'could'in'theory'be'

compared'to'the'actual'figures'generated'through'metering.'However,'this'analysis'can'in'

practice'not'be'done'in'a'systematic'way'since'there'is'no'common'methodology'for'separating'

the'different'effects'that'influence'actual'energy'performance.'It'can'be'done'for'single'buildings'

and'plants,'but'requires'specific'research'and'since'many'parameters'cannot'be'metered'it'often'

means'high'uncertainties.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

'

'''''''''

Hannover'and'Ajaccio'The'main'differences'between'the'sites'of'Hannover'and'Ajaccio'are'presented'in'table'5'below.'

'

Category( Hannover( Ajaccio(History( Energy'efficiency'of'buildings'

a'key'consideration'also'

before'CONCERTO.'

Low'environmental'

awareness'before'CONCERTO,'

involvement'grew'during'the'

project.'

Climate(shell(and(installations(

Building'envelope'Ucvalues'

lower'than'regulations.'Switch'

to'district'heating'(biomass).'

Building'envelope'Ucvalues'

mostly'in'line'with'

regulations.'(Targets(and(results( After'refurbishment'all'

buildings'have'an'energetic'

standard'considerably'higher'

than'regulation'demands.'In'

line'with'overall'CONCERTO'

targets.'

The'primary'energy'savings'

compared'to'BAU'are'

comparatively'modest'“but'

significant”.'Below'overall'

CONCERTO'targets.(

Data(quality(and(quantity( High' Low'

Involvement(of(tenants( High'priority' Low'priority'

Economy(of(tenants( Not'identified'as'an'issue' In'some'cases'identified'as'an'

issue'

Financing( Stakeholder'approach.'

Guarantee'for'the'renovation'

measures'to'be'designed'in'

order'to'reach'the'set'targets(

Neighbourhood'approach.'

Funding'by'ANRU'and''

CONCERTO'(includes'

limitations).'

Quality(assurance( Quality'control'program'for'all'

property'developers'

Not'specified'

Table'5.'Comparison'and'main'differences'between'the'Hannover'and'Ajaccio'site.43'''

The'project'in'Ajaccio'presents'many'administrative/institutional'barriers'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'

2012),'which'conforms'to'the'overall'CONCERTO'analysis.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010).'In'Hannover,'

social'factors'are'the'most'frequent'barriers'and'also'most'frequent'success'factors'(The'City'of'

Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'One'explanation'for'this'can'be'that'the'

social/tenant'focus'was'very'large'in'the'Hannover'site'and'that'these'factors'therefore'have'

been'evaluated'very'closely.''

'

Hannover'seems'to'be'better'prepared'for'refurbishment'projects.'The'work'to'find'measures'

for'energy'efficiency'in'existing'buildings'was'already'in'motion.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'

(1))'Lack'of'skills'and'training'for'installers'and'craftsmen'is'an'identified'barrier'in'both'

Hannover'and'Ajaccio,'and'they'have'introduced'training'courses'to'deal'with'this'problem.'

Attitudes'of'tenants'are'identified'as'also'barriers'in'both'sites.'Although,'tenant'involvement'

was'a'major'focus'in'Hannover,'while'in'Ajaccio'the'lack'of'tenant'involvement'turned'out'to'

constitute'major'barriers'for'the'project.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1);'CONCERTO,'29'

January'2014'(1))'This'confirms'the'hypothesis'of'this'thesis'regarding'the'importance'of'tenant'

involvement'for'the'project'outcome.'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''43'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1);'CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(1);'The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'

2013;'Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'act2,'2012,'D'2.11;'act2,'2012,'D'2.10;'Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

'

'

The'data'quality'and'quantity'was'high'in'Hannover,'while'in'Ajaccio'there'were'many'problems'

regarding'data'collection'with'low'quality'and'quantity'as'a'result.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'In'

Ajaccio,'much'data'on'solar'hot'water'yield,'hot'tap'water'consumption'and'heat'consumption'

had'to'be'discarded'due'to'data'errors'that'were'discovered'too'late.'Data'from'utility'bills'

turned'out'to'be'harder'to'get'than'expected,'not'all'households'wanted'to'or'could'supply'this'

information.'Consumption'averages'were'therefore'hard'to'calculate.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

'

The'percental'savings'targets'for'Hannover'were'set'much'higher'than'in'Ajaccio.'(act2,'2012,'D'

2.11;'Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'This'indicates'a'correct'identification'of'initial'possibilities'and'

limitations'for'the'sites.''

'

The'DHW'production'in'buildings'from'solar'collectors'in'Ajaccio'was'almost'in'line'with'

expectations.'Heating'consumption'was'lower'than'expected'after'refurbishment'(not'measured'

before'refurbishment).'This'can'be'explained'by'the'consumption'in'Ajaccio'being'compared'to'

the'overall'consumption'in'France,'while'the'mean'temperature'in'Corsica'is'higher'that'average'

for'France.''Measured'consumption'is'based'on'average'from'different'apartments'with'a'huge'

spread.'Variations'in'heating'consumption'can'probably'be'explained'by'varying'setc

temperatures'and'occupation.'Also'the'heating'period'is'very'short'in'Ajaccio.'(Molenbroek'et'

al.,'2012)'Thus,'many'assumptions'had'to'me'made,'including'extrapolation'and'mean'values'

that'in'fact'may'not'be'applicable'given'the'actual'conditions'of'this'area'and'all'buildings'

included'in'the'calculations.'

'

One'Hannover'project'report'said'that'more'ambitious'measures'have'no'significant'effect'on'

energetic'standard.'Energy'consumption'of'about'60'kWh/m2a'is'very'similar'to'buildings'where'

only'the'glass'in'old'window'frames'have'been'replaced'and'thermal'bridges'only'taken'into'

account'as'dictated'by'basic'requirements.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10)'Another'report'states'that'

comparison'between'the'buildings'showed'that'more'complex'modernisation'measures,'like'

avoiding'thermal'bridges,'using'more'complex'balcony'insulation'and'new'windows'instead'of'

just'exchanging'the'window'panes,'caused'about'10%'less'heat'consumption.'(The'City'of'

Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'One'possibility'is'that'10'%'savings'seem'

insignificant'in'relation'to'the'ambitious'targets'of'the'act2'project.'To'say'that'10'%'energy'

savings'is'insignificant'may'otherwise'be'questioned.''

'

Results'from'the'Hannover'site'are'somewhat'difficult'to'overlook,'different'report'state'

different'savings'percentages.'No'comparison'of'targeted'and'achieved'savings'was'done'since'

the'included'buildings/measures'was'changed'during'the'course'of'the'project.'This'could'

preferably'have'been'done'anyway'to'give'an'idea'of'the'targets'and'savings,'with'the'changes'

taken'into'consideration.'The'most'interesting'results'have'been'summarized'in'table'1.'For'

more'detailed'numbers'on'savings'of'final'heating'energy,'primary'energy'and'CO2cemissions'in'

different'types'of'buildings'and'for'different'systems'and'installations,'see'Deliverable'2.11'in'

the'act2'project'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11).'

'

In'Ajaccio,'the'area'where'urban'renovation'is'given'highest'priority'fulfils'the'requirements'of'

the'ANRU44'and'has'benefited'from'financial'support'for'the'urban'renovation'programme'PRU.''

Even'though'this'means'strong'financial'support,'it'does'not'cover'energy'efficiency'measures,'

which'instead'can'be'funded'as'part'of'CONCERTO'activities.'Municipal'urban'renewal'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''44'“Agence'Nationale'pour'la'Rénovation'Urbaine”,'created'in'2003'to'improve'quality'of'life'in'specific'areas'characterised'

by'socioceconomic'difficulties.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

department'manages'the'program'locally.'There'exists'no'local'regulation'for'minimum'energy'

performance'requirements'after'refurbishment;'the'municipality'chose'housing'companies'with'

interests'in'receiving'extra'financial'support'to'achieve'higher'energy'performance.'This'means'

that'progress'very'much'depends'on'the'collaboration'of'housing'associations,'a'flaw'of'this'

strategy.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

((Hannover'shows'a'successful'example'of'stakeholder'strategy,'according'to'CONCERTO'report.'

Financial'subsidies'for'building'renovation,'including'comprehensive'energy'efficiency,'were'

granted'to'housing'companies'before'the'CONCERTO'project.'Later,'the'housing'companies'

became'contractors'in'CONCERTO.'Subsidies'were'therefore'granted'in'the'special'contracts'

framework'where'energy'performance'requirements'could'be'included.'This'constituted'a'

guarantee'for'the'refurbishment'measures'to'be'designed'in'order'to'reach'the'set'targets.'(Di'

Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

'

A'conclusion'is'that'stakeholder'approach'and'regulations'regarding'energy'performance'of'

buildings'are'very'different'in'Hannover'and'Ajaccio.'Hannover,'who'also'already'has'a'focus'on'

energy'efficiency'in'buildings'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1)),'had'a'strategy'that'guarantees'

energy'savings'according'to'regulations.'In'Ajaccio,'the'strategy'had'no'regulations'and'

therefore'guarantee'for'energy'performance'of'the'refurbished'buildings.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

Any'savings'achieved'seem'to'be'concluded'as'a'success.''

'

'

' !

3.2.BEEMKUP.

Method'When'studying'the'BEEMcUP'project'the'first'step'was'to'get'a'proper'overlook'of'the'three'

sites.'The'evaluation'reports'were'very'detailed'and'results'somewhat'differently'presented.'The'

results'were'clear:'the'project'did'generally'not'reach'its'targets'at'the'different'sites.'The'

background'of'the'project'was'looked'into,'the'chosen'measures'for'each'site,'the'results'and'

why'targets'were'not'reached.'The'success'factors'and'barriers'were'divided'into'the'categories'

defined'within'this'thesis.''

'

Quality'assurance'was'identified'to'be'the'same'for'all'sites'/'the'whole'project'and'is'therefore'

only'presented'in'the'project'overview,'not'separately'for'the'three'sites.''

'

Detailed'data'on'calculation'assumptions,'degree'day'corrections'and'specific'solutions'and'

results'for'Alingsås,'Delft'and'Paris'site'can'be'found'in'the'project'reports'but'have'been'chosen'

not'to'be'explained'in'detail'in'this'thesis.'The'error'sources'and'uncertainties'identified'in'the'

project’s'final'monitoring'report'are'summed'and'analysed'in'the'discussion'part'of'this'report.'

'

The'BEEMYUP'project'The'BEEMcUP'project'is'a'part'of'the'7

th'Framework'Programme,'cocfunded'by'the'European'

Commission'(BEEMcUP,'2014).'The'aim'of'the'BEEMcUP'project'is'to'demonstrate'the'

economical,'technical'and'social'feasibility'of'refurbishing'existing'buildings.'Measures'have'

been'implemented'in'the'sites'of'Alingsås'in'Sweden,'Delft'in'the'Netherlands'and'Paris'in'

France.'The'projects'applies'a'longcterm'perspective'and'uses'different'specific'financial'models'

to'enhance'the'potential'for'building'owners'who'want'to'replicate'the'model'in'the'future.'

Many'different'stakeholders'are'involved;'building'owners,'energy'companies,'constructors'and'

universities.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'

'

Energy'performance'targets'are'to'decrease'the'consumption'of'heating'energy'by'75'%,'DHW'

by'45'%'and'electricity'for'lighting'by'42'%.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'

'

The'BEEMcUP'methodology'is'based'on'comparison'of'a'baseline'period45'(before'

refurbishment)'to'a'reporting'period'(after'refurbishment).'This'requires'wellcdocumented'

energy'consumption'patterns'to'enable'a'comparative'analysis'and'evaluate'the'energy'savings'

in'the'project.'The'building'owner'and'tenants'are'expected'to'be'crucial'for'this'methodology'

throughout'the'project.'Sitecspecific'refurbishment'measures'are'the'key'when'choosing'

monitoring'strategy.'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'

'

Calculations'were'performed'in'WP1'to'establish'the'theoretical'energy'performance'of'the'

buildings'before'refurbishment.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'The'buildings'were'analysed'and'all'

stakeholders'gave'their'input'on'targets,'technical'feasibility,'legal'requirements,'costs'and'

potential'for'energy'savings.'The'environmental,'social'and'economical'targets'were'then'

defined'and'finally'led'to'a'methodology'for'choosing'the'best'performance'measures'including'

all'aspects'on'sustainability.'(LUWOGE,'2014)'

'

' '

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''45'The'time'period'and'parameters'used'to'compare'energy'performance'before'and'after'refurbishment.''

Measures'The'BEEMcUP'project'targets'the'following'measures:'

• Improvement'of'building'envelope'–'site'specific'(static'measure)'

• ICTc'and'HVACcsystems'(active'measure)'

• Involvement'of'tenants'(social'measure)'

• Innovative'financial'instruments'(economic'measure)'

(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'

'

Individual'measures'implemented'in'each'site'are'described'in'the'separate'site'sections.'

'

Targets'vs.'results'The'overall'targets'for'the'BEEMcUP'project'and'results'for'the'three'sites'are'shown'in'table'6.'

'

MONITORED'SAVINGS'(%)' Alingsås' Delft' Paris'Objectives'of'the'

BEEMcUP'project'

Heating' 80'46' 45' 60c65' 75'

DHW' 12'47' 14'

48' 0'/'52'

49' 45'

Electricity' 35'50' 0' 58' 42'(lighting)'

Table'6.'Calculated'targets'and'monitored'savings'for'the'BEEMYUP'project.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.3.8;''BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7)''Data'collection'The'overall'data'collection'within'BEEMcUP'consisted'of:''

• Analysis'of'building'typology'(region,'climate,'building'type,'living'area,'tenantctypology)'

• Analysis'between'years,'seasons,'typical'weeks'and'days'etc.'

• Energy'revision:'historical'energy'bills,'tenant'information,'equipment'inventory'and'

typical'use'of'residence.'Multiple'source'data;'combining'measurements,'meter'readings'

and'energy'bills'

• Comparison'to'a'baseline'period,'alternatively'to'a'control'group51'

• Definition'of'indicators'for'various'purposes:'raw'data,'first'level'indicators'and'

opportunity'indicators'

• Definition'of'influencing'factors'and'adjustments'(i.e.'degree'days,'heat'consumption,'

usage)'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'

'

Different'methods'were'used'for'the'three'sites,'depending'on'availability'and'accessibility'of'

data.'For'detailed'information'on'available'data'during'baseline'and'reporting'period,'the'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''46'After'adjustment'of'heating'control'system.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

47'Mean'value'from'two'reporting'periods.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

48'Average'for'all'the'dwellings.'Results'vary'between'+50'%'and'c50'%,'depending'on'individual'installation'choice.'(BEEMc

UP,'2014,'D.2.7)'49'Including'reduced'heat'losses'in'DHW'distribution'circuit.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

50'Mean'value'from'two'reporting'periods.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

51'According'to'Evaluation,'guidelines,'and'recommendations'for'the'monitoring'of'future'energy'retrofitting,'a'comparison'

of'baseline'and'reporting'period'is'more'suitable'when'evaluating'refurbishment'results,'instead'of'comparison'to'

reference'object,'which'has'proved'to'be'less'reliable.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'

'

'

recommendation'is'to'read'the'BEEMcUP'Final'Monitoring'Report'where'detailed'tables'can'be'

found.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'

'

Quality'assurance'The'pilot'sites'are'given'a'toolbox'to'control'the'project'objectives'throughout'the'

refurbishment'process.'A'Quality'Assurance'(QA)'methodology'was'developed'as'a'part'of'the'

BEEMcUP'approach.'The'QA'system'works'as'a'tool'for'systematic'communication'and'routine,'

to'ensure'that'right'responsibilities'and'actions'through'retrofitting,'commissioning'and'

maintenance'phases.'Objectives'are'decided'after'building'inventory'and'tenant'interviews'at'

the'beginning'of'the'project,'to'be'followed'up'by'actors'in'each'stage'of'the'project,'to'ensure'

that'objectives'are'met.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

'

To'ensure'optimal'refurbishment'measures'on'each'site'the'solutions'for'optimizing'building'

envelope'was'specific'for'each'site.'All'three'sites'were'analysed'and'discussed'based'on'

potential'for'improvement'of'energy'performance.'Architects'and'construction'specialists'

evaluated'all'measures'based'on'replication'and'innovation'potential.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'

Quistgaard,'2014)'A'methodology'was'developed'to'find'most'effective'refurbishment'

measures.'The'labelling'systems'DNGB,'LEED'and'BREEAM'were'discussed'with'focus'on'their'

economical,'socioccultural'and'ecological'KPIs.'These'were'evaluated'and'the'most'applicable'

indicators'were'included'in'the'BEEMcUP'project'toolkit,'which'compares'and'assesses'

refurbishment'projects'in'different'countries'in'a'holistic'way.'The'BEEMcUP'quality'assurance'

process'is'described'in'figure'4'below.'(LUWOGE,'2014)''

'

'

'Figure'4.'Package'variants'development'process.'(LUWOGE,'2014)''

Simulations'were'performed'to'find'the'optimal'technical'solutions'that'achieved'in'a'minimum'

performance'in'economic,'social'and'ecological'sustainability'for'each'site.'Many'possible'

refurbishment'concepts'were'evaluated'from'an'LCA'perspective'(see'figure'5'below)'to'indicate'

the'optimized'results.'(LUWOGE,'2014)'

'

Technical'site'visits'were'also'performed'to'get'en'a'clear'picture'of'the'site'where'the'

monitoring'system'was'going'to'be'installed.'The'purpose'was'to'get'evidence'of'limitations'

regarding'installations;'structures'or'architecture'that'previously'was'not'identified.'Lack'in'

function'and'comfort'can'also'be'discovered.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'

'

'

Figure'5.'Ecological'and'economic'indicator'performance'of'all'simulated'729'concepts'for'Paris'site.'Six'possible'technical'scenarios'were'identified.'Scenario'3'was'chosen'by'the'housing'company.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)''

The'IPMVP'(International'Performance,'Measurement'and'Verification'Protocol)'is'a'part'of'developing'the'monitoring'and'verification'plan'and'of'performing'energy'savings'calculations'

and'evaluation.'This'ensures'that'the'need'of'data'and'planned'measurements'will'give'a'

complete'and'detailed'evaluation'of'energy'efficiency.'This'also'allows'for'site'tailored'

methodologies.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'

'

Success'factors'+ Partnership'and'involvement'project'model'is'believed'to'be'the'key'success'factor,'

bringing'team'spirit'and'deep'dialogue'between'the'project'members.'(E.g.'start'the'

project'with'a'kickcoff'meeting.)'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

+ One'person'in'building'company'or'social'housing'group'dedicated'to'sustainability'

issues.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

+ Initial'evaluations'of'the'refurbishment'process'show'that'consistent'involvement'of'

tenants'is'important,'lowers'the'execution'costs'and'results'in'a'building'that'is'better'

adapted'to'household'needs.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)''

+ During'the'refurbishment'work'process,'communication'to'the'tenants'is'very'important,'

to'inform'and'discuss'the'project.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

'

Barriers'- Disturbance'for'tenants,'e.g.'more'constructor'visits'to'the'dwellings'than'planned.'

- Tenants'sometimes'perceived'that'promises'were'not'fulfilled.'

- When'giving'tenants'vague'or'too'much'information.'

- The'work'with'the'new'project'process'model'used'in'BEEMcUP'would'have'run'more'

smoothly'if'one'project'head'manager'would'have'been'engaged'throughout'the'project,'

according'to'project'documentation.'The'fact'that'people'left'the'project'before'it'was'

finished'and'had'to'be'replaced'by'new'staff'led'to'loss'of'team'spirit.''

- Comparison'of'energy'use'per'living'area'requires'a'more'united'approach'of'

measurement'data'units'in'different'countries.''

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

' .

3.2.1.Alingsås.

Site'facts'Alingsås'was'chosen'as'the'successful'site'in'BEEMcUP.'

'

Alingsås'is'situated'in'the'western'part'of'Sweden.'The'municipal'housing'corporation'

Alingsåshem'AB'owns'an'area'called'Brogården,'which'was'built'in'1971c1973'as'a'part'of'

Sweden’s'Million'Homes'Program.'The'area'has'a'culturalchistorical'value'that'Alingsåshem'need'

to'preserve.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'

'

The'buildings'in'Brogården'before'refurbishment'had'poor'standards'on'insulation,'electricity'

and'plumbing'system.'The'buildings'were'draughty'and'contained'many'thermal'bridges.'The'

use'of'DHW'was'high,'soundproofing'is'poor'and'kitchens,'bathrooms'and'common'areas'

needed'to'be'renewed.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'

'

In'line'with'policy'on'social,'economical'and'environmental'sustainability,'Alingsåshem'decided'

to'use'passive'house'technique.'This'means'comprehensive'external'and'internal'reconstruction.''

(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'

'

Refurbishment'Table'7'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Alingsås'


'

( Before(refurbishment( After(refurbishment(Walls( Curtain'brick'facade''

U'='0.34c0.58'[W/m2K]'

Well'insulated'passive'house'walls'

U'='0.10'[W/m2K]'

Basement( Concrete,'no'insulation'

U'='1.13'[W/m2K]'

Extra'insulation'of'ground'floors''

U'='0.17'[W/m2K]'

Roof( Wooden'rood,'thin'mineral'wool'

insulation'on'roof'slab'

U'='0.20'[W/m2K]'

Attic:'300'mm'mineral'wool''

Roof:'100'mm'mineral'wool'

U'='0.11'[W/m2K]'

Windows( One'glass'windows'

U'='3.40'[W/m2K]'

Cryptone'filled'low'emission'threec

glass'windows''

U'='0.85'[W/m2K]'

Heating( District'heating'(central,'

waterborne,'bio'fuels)''

District'heating'combined'with'

exhaust'air'heat'recovery'

DHW( District'heating'(centralised'system)'' District'heating''

Water'saving'taps'

Ventilation( Mechanical'exhaust'air'' Balanced'with'heat'recovery'

ICT((incl.(smart(meters)(

No'individual'measurements'' Electricity'individually'measured'

DHW'measured'per'dwelling''

Heating'measured'per'building'

Individual'invoices'and'feedback'

introduced'

RES( District'heating'(98'%'RES)' District'heating'(98'%'RES)'

Other(energy(savings(

' Tenants'receive'energy'saving'

pointers''

Table'7.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'for'buildings'in'Alingsås.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'''

Targets'vs.'results'Consumption'of'DHW,'electricity'and'heat'decreased'after'refurbishment.'Achieved'heating'

savings'were'80'%52'and'thereby'in'line'with'the'overall'objective'of'the'project.'The'target'for'

DHW'savings,'45'%,'was'too'ambitious;'the'savings'achieved'were'measured'to'12c15'%.'The'

electricity'consumption'decreased'by'33.7'%.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'

'

The'humidity'was'maximum'60'%'regardless'of'season.'This'factor'is'closely'connected'to'the'

indoor'temperature.'These'parameters'show'the'improvements'from'installing'mechanical'

ventilation.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'

'

The'CO2'level'in'the'dwellings'were'well'below'1000'ppm'after'refurbishment'and'in'line'with'

Swedish'demands.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'

'

Data'collection'One'building'that'was'representative'for'all'buildings'was'chosen'for'monitoring.'The'baseline'

was'set'up'some'years'before'tenants'moved'out,'which'they'did'during'refurbishment.'The'

reporting'of'measurements'after'refurbishment'was'done'about'one'year'after'the'tenants'had'

moved'back.'Degreecday'adjustment'of'energy'consumption'before'refurbishment'was'applied.'

Since'the'building'had'reached'passive'house'standard'after'renovation,'the'degreecdays'

calculations'had'to'be'adjusted.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'

'

• Comparison'of'energy'consumption'before'and'after'refurbishment,'to'evaluate'energy'

savings'and'compare'them'to'the'overall'BEEMcUP'targets.'

• Comparison'of'expected'and'measured'energy'performance'before'and'after'

refurbishment'in'WP1'within'BEEMcUP.'

• Check'if'results'are'according'to'Swedish'building'rules'and'expected'performance'

calculated'by'building'constructor.''

• Household'electricity'and'common'electricity'measured'during'baseline'period.'These'

two'were'measured'separately'during'reporting'period.''

• Total'electricity'before'and'after'refurbishment'was'used'to'enable'a'comparison.'For'

analysis'of'tenant'behaviour'results'for'household'electricity'was'used'during'reporting'

period.''

• Consumption'of'tap'hot'water'was'during'baseline'period'measured'on'building'level.'

During'reporting'period'it'was'measured'on'apartment'level.''

(BEEMcUP,'2014)'

'

The'results'are'presented'in'varying'time'scales.'The'yearly'results'presented'as'sum'or'mean'

values'enables'calculations'of'global'savings'and'comparison'of'overall'project'targets.''

(BEEMcUP,'2014)'

'

Success'factors'Technical/comfort(

+ Passive'house'technique'used'for'refurbishment'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

+ Decreased'consumption'of'heating'energy,'DHW'and'electricity'after'refurbishment'

(even'though'targets'for'DHW'and'electricity'were'not'reached)'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

+ Comfort'requirements'(temperature,'humidity'and'CO2clevel)'set'by'building'owner'and'

legislation'fulfilled.'Less'draught'in'apartments'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''52'After'adjustment'of'heating'regulation'system.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

+ Higher'accessibility'for'e.g.'elderly'people'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

'

Social/behavioural(+ Tenants'involved'from'the'beginning,'invited'to'discussions'and'information'by'the'

building'owner,'given'the'opportunity'to'influence'the'refurbishments'''

+ Tenants'more'satisfied'with'their'homes'after'refurbishment'than'before'''

+ Energy'bills'controlled'and'paid'by'tenants'after'refurbishment,'which'encourages'

energy'savings''

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

'

Financial(+ Wellcanalysed'alternatives'and'open'books'with'regular'updates'led'to'fulfilment'of'

economic'objectives.'Despite'of'the'high'investment,'the'paycback'time'is'expected'to'be'

11'years.'If'no'refurbishments'had'been'done,'in'2030'the'area'would'be'a'loss'project,'

according'to'BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7''

+ Operation'and'maintenance'costs'lower'after'refurbishment''

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)''

'

Organizational/planning(+ Selfcinspections'of'building'by'foreman'of'each'trade'meant'strong'responsibility,'pride'

and'participation'of'all'parties'in'contribution'to'the'final'results'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

+ Partnership'and'involvement'project'model'is'believed'to'be'the'key'success'factor,'

bringing'team'spirit'and'deep'dialogue'between'the'project'members'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'

D.2.7)'

'

Barriers'Technical/comfort(

D DHW'consumption'target'proved'to'be'unrealistic'and'over'ambitious.'Consumption'

decreased'by'12'%,'which'means'an'improvement'but'does'not'reach'the'target'of'45'%'''

D Settings'in'heating'system'caused'excess'heat'supply.'This'was'detected'after'reporting'

period'1'and'then'adjusted'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Social/behavioural(- Tenants'had'to'move'out'during'refurbishment'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Financial(- High'investment'cost,'but'a'better'option'than'not'doing'any'refurbishment'since'that'

would'have'led'to'a'loss'project'in'the'long'run'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

'

Organizational/planning(No'barriers'identified''

' '

3.2.2.Delft.

Site'facts'Delft'was'chosen'as'a'less'successful'site'in'BEEMcUP.'

'

Social'housing'group'Woonbroon'owns'the'project'site'in'Delft'in'the'Netherlands.'

The'building'site'has'specific'identity'and'quality'values.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'

2014)'Before'refurbishment'the'dwellings'had'different'heating'solutions;'some'new'and'some'

up'to'40'years'old'systems.'The'space'heating'was'unevenly'distributed'during'very'cold'

weather,'which'caused'discomfort.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Similar'building'envelope'improvements'have'been'done'in'108'dwellings'of'3'different'types.'

All'dwellings'have'had'new'windows'and'about'50'dwelling'has'had'solar'heating'installed.'The'

tenants'in'34'dwellings'gets'updated'information'on'their'consumption'of'gas'and'electricity'

through'the'installation'of'feedback'system'TOON.'The'tenants'can'also'control'the'heating'in'

the'dwellings'via'an'app.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'dwellings'had'different'energy'savings'measures'implemented.'Other'measures'were'

depending'on'tenants’'choice:'

• New'heater'

• Central'heating'

• Combined'DHW'system'

• Solar'DHW'system'

• TOON'home'management'system''

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

' '

Refurbishment'Table'8'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Ajaccio'


'

( Before(refurbishment( After(refurbishment(Walls( Brick'facades,'supplement'insolation'for'

cavities'

U'='1.62'[W/m2K](

Repaired,'cleaned'and'

hydrophobic;''

U'='0.22'[W/m2K]'

Basement( Not'insulated''

U'='1.68'[W/m2K]'

Insulation'with'reflective'foil;'

U'='0.20'[W/m2K]'

Roof( Tiled,'not'insulated'

'

U'='1.39''

Extra'insulation:'200'mm'

graphite'enhanced'EPS;''

U'='0.25'[W/m2K]'

Windows( Double'glass'in'living'rooms'only,'

aluminium'frames'on'wood'

U'='6.17c6.75'[W/m2K]'

HR++'argon'filled'with'

reflecting'layer;''

U'<'1.2'[W/m2K]'

Heating((

Different'types'of'old'gas'heaters.''

No'insulated'distribution.''

Fossil'gas.'Individual'choice'

of'new'condensing'boilers'

and'solar'collectors.'

Waterborne'radiator'system,'

individually'controlled'

DHW( Decentralised'system,'fossil'gas'heating.''

No'energy'saving'measures.''

Water'saving'showers'

Ventilation( Natural'' Mechanical'


None'

'

Eneco'TOON'Display'–'Home'

Management'system'

Lighting( Incandescent' Not'specified'

RES( None'

'

Solar'heating'on'roof'(DHW'

and'heating)'


None'

'

Tenant'behaviour'focus;'

increased'awareness''

Table'8.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'for'buildings'in'Delft.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7)''Targets'vs.'results'About'half'of'the'ambitions'were'met.'The'results'vary'a'lot'since'different'refurbishment'

measures'were'implemented'in'different'dwellings'depending'on'the'decisions'of'the'tenants.'

Heating'energy'savings'vary'between'14c55'%.'Results'solely'from'insulation'measures'show'17c

37'%'heating'energy'savings.'The'dwellings'that'have'switched'to'high'efficient'boilers'show'

heating'energy'savings'of'35c50'%'and'the'ones'where'solar'heating'was'installed'show'55'%'

savings.'The'electricity'consumption'decreased'by'4'%'after'refurbishment.53'The'feedback'

system'TOON'led'to'7'%'lower'electricity'consumption'2014.'Many'targets'were'not'reached'

because'of'divergent'input'parameters'for'calculations'and'because'of'tenant'behaviour,'

according'to'the'final'monitoring'report'of'the'project.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

For'solution'specific'results'–'see'Deliverable'D.3.8'Final'reporting'of'monitoring'results'in'all'three'sites'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8).'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''53''The'consumption'is'30'%'lower'then'average'for'the'Netherlands'for'electricity'and'32'%'for'gas.'(“D3.8'Final'Monitoring'

Report”)'

Data'collection'Monitoring'data'was'analysed'per'dwelling'since'gas'and'electricity'are'measured'separately'for'

all'apartments.'All'dwellings'have'individual'energy'contracts'and'measurements'per'building'

are'therefor'not'possible.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Data'was'collected'by:'

• Reading'energy'meters'in'all'dwellings'(yearly'consumption)'

• Interviews'during'home'visits''

• Detailed'hourly'data'in'4'dwellings'(available'from'energy'company)'

• Interaction'with'a'group'of'people'active'during'refurbishment'with'focus'on'community'

involvement'and'energy'awareness'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Actual'meter'readings'were'in'many'cases'not'returned'and'had'to'be'replaced'by'prognoses.'

The'tenants'also'have'the'freedom'of'choosing'individual'energy'providers,'which'complicates'

the'data'collection'process.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'

'


+ More'even'space'heating'and'increased'comfort'

+ Solar'DHW'heating'systems'and'high'efficient'boilers'have'positive'effect.'(Solar'heating'

system'can'save'about'50'%'heating'energy.)'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Social/behavioural((+ Involvement'of'tenants'had'a'positive'effect'on'the'community'and'the'acceptance'of'

refurbishment'in'the'long'run'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

+ Savings'achieved'with'relatively'small'measures'and'low'effect'on'tenants.'(BEEMcUP,'

2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Economical(+ Savings'achieved'with'relatively'small'measures'and'therefore'low'costs.'(BEEMcUP,'

2014,'D.3.8)'

(Organizational/planning(No'success'factors'identified''Barriers'Technical/comfort(

D Dwellings'with'solar'heating'after'refurbishment'have'an'electric'water'pump'that'led'to'

higher'electricity'consumption'than'before'refurbishment.''

D Improvements'from'insulation'measures'of'building'envelope'smaller'than'expected,'

heating'behaviour'not'changed.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

D Dataset'flaws'complicated'the'analysis'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'

D Complaints'from'tenants'regarding'unfinished'work'and'poor'quality.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'

D.2.7)'

'

( (

Social/behavioural((D Lack'of'communication'to'tenants'regarding'final'specification'of'window'installations'

and'roof'reparations.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

D Rebound'effect'for'heating'and'DHW'due'to'higher'comfort'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'

D Tenants'became'somewhat'reluctant'to'the'refurbishments'and'housing'association'due'

to'project'start'delays.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

D Complaints'from'tenants'regarding'constructor'behaviour.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

'

Economical(D Real'estate'expert'estimated'that'the'project'investment'would'not'increase'property'

value.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

D The'social'housing'group'had'financial'limitations.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

D Lowest'cost'contractor'was'hired;'finalisation'of'building'works'took'longer'than'

expected.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

'

Organizational/planning(D Refurbishment'planning'was'moved'from'experts'in'regular'maintenance'to'a'temporary'

team'with'expertise'within'this'project.'This'did'not'have'a'positive'influence'on'reaching'

targets'and'integrating'community'development.''

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

' .

3.2.3.Paris.

Site'facts'Paris'was'chosen'as'a'less'successful'site'in'BEEMcUP.'

'

The'refurbishment'site'in'Paris'in'owned'by'ICF'Habitat'Novedis,'which'is'part'of'one'of'the'

largest'housing'companies'in'France.'The'site'consists'of'87'dwellings'in'one'building'that'was'

built'in'1950.'The'building'was'refurbished'in'1993'(boilers,'double'glass'windows'and'

insulation)'but'strongly'needed'of'improvement'regarding'HVAC'system'and'windows.'(Zietara,'

Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'

'

The'flawed'heating'system'led'to'high'energy'consumption,'there'were'thermal'bridges'and'risk'

of'mould'and'moisture'damages.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'A'new'boiler'was'

needed'and'HVAC'system,'electricity'and'plumping'needed'improvement.'Kitchens'and'

bathrooms'needed'to'be'renewed.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'Some'tenants'had'to'be'removed'

temporarily'during'the'refurbishment,'but'most'tenants'stayed'in'dwellings'the'work'execution'

period.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)''

'

Refurbishment'Table'9'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Paris'


'

( Before(refurbishment( After(refurbishment(Walls( Concrete'structure,'sandwich'insulation'

U'='1.40'[W/m2K]'!

180'mm'graphite'EPS;''

U'='0.30'[W/m2K]'

Basement(( Concrete''

U'='2.24'[W/m2K]'(basement'ceiling)'

110'mm'slag'wool''

U'='0.21'[W/m2K]'

Roof( Concrete'

'

U'='3.86'[W/m2K]'

+200'mm'PUR'on'roof'

120'mm'PUR'on'terrace'

U'='0.16'[W/m2K]'

Windows( PVC'double'glass,'20'years'old54' Street'façade:'Wood'

double'glazing'

Courtyard'side:'PVC'

double'glass''

Balcony'bow'windows:'

Aluminium'double'glazing''

(Umean=1.25'[W/m2K])'

Heating( Common'gas'boilers''

Floor'heating''

New'gas'condensation'

boilers'for'heating'and'

DHW.'

Radiators'with'individual'

thermostats'

DHW( Individual'electric'boilers'' Centralized'system,'

combined'heat'pump'with'

heat'recovery'from'

wastewater'

Ventilation( Natural'ventilation'till'' Centralized'system,'

mechanical'exhaust'air'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''54'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'


None'

'

SYNCO'living'system'

(expected'savings'11'%)''

RES( None'' Heat'recovery'from'grey'

water'and'sewage''


None' Focus'on'tenant'behaviour'

and'increased'awareness''

Table'9.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'for'buildings'in'Paris.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7)''Targets'vs.'results'The'calculated'savings'of'gas'consumption'for'heating'between'2011'and'2014'were'60'%'with'

extrapolation'based'on'measurements'January'c'June.'Actual'measurements'January'–'October'

show'savings'of'65'%.'Hardly'any'decrease'in'DHW'consumption'was'observed,'largely'because'

of'large'energy'losses'in'the'distribution'circuit.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'See'also'table'6'in'

section'3.2.'

'

The'common'electricity'consumption'savings'were'36'%'(JanuarycAugust,'2012c2014).'On'

dwelling'level'the'total'electricity'savings'were'58.3'%'and'lighting'electricity'100'%'increase55.'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)''

'

Data'collection'Calculations'of'the'theoretical'energy'performance'before'and'after'refurbishment'were'made'

in'WP1.'A'selection'of'dwellings'has'been'monitored'before'and'after'refurbishment.'Baseline'

was'established'though'analysis'of'energy'bills'and'partial'measurements.'The'plan'was'to'install'

SYNCO'LIVING'to'monitor'consumption'of'heat,'DHW,'electricity'and'indoor'temperature'for'

each'dwelling.'The'refurbishment'works'were'delayed,'and'the'SYNCO'LIVING'system'could'not'

be'installed'in'time'for'evaluation.'Instead,'temporary'equipment'was'installed'in'some'

apartments'to'collect'data'for'2014.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'gas'consumption'from'common'boiler'was'evaluated'through'collection'of'monthly'bills'for'

the'heating'system'of'the'building.'Data'available'from'2007'to'2009'and'2010'to'2014'(when'

project'ended)'for:'

• Individual'electricity'on'dwelling'level''

• Electricity'for'DHW'

• Electricity'for'lighting'

• Comfort'parameters:'Indoor'temperature'and'relative'humidity'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

During'baseline'period'the'gas'consumption'includes'only'heating'(DHW'was'before'

refurbishment'produced'by'electric'energy).'During'reporting'period'the'gas'consumption'

includes'both'heating'in'new'condensation'boilers'and'DHW.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'


+ Significant'decrease'of'gas'consumption'during'winter'months''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''55'Results'should'be'used'with'caution'since'estimation'on'building'level'has'been'done.'

'

+ Refurbishment'measures'improved'the'thermal'performance'of'the'building,'creating'a'

more'even'temperature'distribution'in'the'dwellings.'A'balanced'indoor'temperature'has'

a'strong'influence'on'tenant'comfort''

+ Air'tightness'improved'after'refurbishment''

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Social/behavioural(+ One'staff'member'of'the'constructing'company'was'assigned'the'specific'task'of'

communicating'with'the'tenants'and'meeting'their'request'whenever'possible'(BEEMc

UP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

'

Financial(No'success'factors'identified''

Organizational/planning(No'success'factors'identified''Barriers'Technical/comfort(

D Large'energy'losses'in'DHW'distribution'circuit.'(To'keep'the'overall'DHW'circulation'

temperature'acceptable'and'stable'the'system'required'24'kWh/m2,'year,'which'

corresponds'to'55'%'of'the'total'energy'production'of'the'boilers.)'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'

D.3.8)'

D Refurbishment'works'were'delayed,'which'caused'problems'with'measurements'during'

reporting'period'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

D System'failures'during'the'installation'process'of'DHW'system'BIOFLUIDES'(BEEMcUP,'

2014,'D.3.8)'

D Large'quantities'of'wood'chips'were'discovered'in'the'DHW'circulation'system'filter,'

which'should'have'been'cleansed'before'new'installation'of'BIOFLUIDES'(BEEMcUP,'

2014,'D.3.8)('

Social/behavioural(- More'awareness'regarding'efficient'energy'use'of'the'tenants'is'needed'(BEEMcUP,'

2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Financial(No'economical'barriers'identified''

Organizational/planning(- Refurbishment'was'delayed'by'7'moths'due'to'problems'with'consumption'reporting'to'

tenants'in'the'program'definition'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'

'

' '

3.2.4.Conclusions.and.Discussion.BEEMKUP.

Overall,'the'refurbishment'measures'of'the'BEEMcUP'project'led'to'energy'savings'in'all'sites,'

but'not'as'large'savings'as'targeted.'In'short,'high'building'envelope'standards,'high'investment'

cost'and'tenant'involvement'can'be'concluded'to'distinguish'the'Alingsås'refurbishments.'In'

Delft,'financial'limitations,'large'variation'of'implemented'measures,'time'delays'and'problems'

with'data'availability'are'most'salient.'Paris'showed'large'DHW'circulation'losses'and'data'

collection'problems.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'indoor'comfort'and'temperature'distribution'was'improved'in'all'sites.'The'success'of'

tenant'involvement'varies.'Energy'losses'in'the'DHW'distribution'circuit'constitute'a'barrier'and'

the'target'for'hot'water'energy'savings'was'generally'set'too'high.'Discrepancies'between'

calculated'and'metered'energy'consumption,'together'with'lack'of'data'and'the'tenant'

behaviour'factor,'are'in'project'reports'identified'as'the'main'reasons'for'overall'targets'not'

being'met.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'Additional'common'problems'in'the'project'sites'are'the'

available'energy'data'(especially'historic'energy'bills),'adequate'meters'and'sensors,'building'

configuration'limitation'and'the'communication'protocols.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'

'

After'studying'the'project'reports,'the'main'reasons'for'the'project'objectives'not'being'met'are'

in'this'thesis'identified'as:''

• Tenant'behaviour'and'lack'of'information/involvement.'This'even'though'the'social'

measures'were'one'of'the'main'objectives'in'the'BEEMcUP'project.''

• Inadequate'data'quantity'and'quality,'especially'in'Delft'and'Paris.'

• DHW'circulation'losses'in'Alingsås'and'Paris,'where'the'systems'were'centralized'during'

refurbishment.''

• The'target'of'45'%'DHW'energy'savings'was'over'ambitious'and'unrealistic.''

• Many'assumptions'had'to'be'made'due'to'lack'of'data.'

• Cancellation'of'measures.'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Ownership'structure'varies.'Companies'own'the'dwellings'in'Alingsås'and'Paris,'while'a'social'

housing'group'that'is'a'noncprofit'organisation'owns'the'dwellings'in'Delft.'People'with'low'

income'are'the'target'group'in'Delft.'In'e.g.'Alingsås'the'company'Alingsåshem'are'supposed'to'

provide'homes'for'“everyone”'and'at'the'same'time'fulfil'the'sustainability'targets'of'the'city.'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'The'refurbishment'measures'chosen'in'the'cities'vary'significantly.'The'

buildings'in'Alingsås'are'refurbished'according'to'passivechouse'standards,'with'an'investment'

of'just'over'20'million'Euros'for'144'dwellings.'In'Delft'the'insulation'measures'are'modest'with'

an'investment'cost'of'approx.'3.5'Million'Euros'for'108'dwellings'and'Paris'the'deepcretrofit'led'

to'significantly'improved'insulation'for'an'investment'of'4.2'Million'Euros'for'87'dwellings.'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'One'conclusion'is'therefore'that'ownership'structure'and'financial'

status/possibilities'for'the'building'owner'affects'the'measures'chosen'and'the'building'

performance'outcome.'''

'

According'to'the'final'monitoring'report,'possible'explanations'for'differences'between'

calculated'and'measured'values'for'energy'consumption'are:'

• Air'exchange'rate'was'not'measures'before'refurbishment,'which'can'influence'

calculated'results'for'especially'heat'consumption.''

• ICTcsavings'are'based'on'assumptions'due'to'lack'of'data.''

• Room'temperature'before'refurbishment'may'have'been'lower'than'the'temperature'

used'in'calculations.'

• Efficiency'of'old'installations'was'assumed'and'could'not'be'calculated'exactly.''

• DHW'consumption'depends'on'tenant'behaviour'and'may'therefore'differ'from'

calculations.''

• The'”rebound'effect”'parameter'can'have'a'large'influence'on'consumption'but'cannot'

be'assumed'or'measured,'which'makes'evaluation'difficult.'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

As'can'be'seen'in'the'list'above,'lack'of'data'forced'the'project'to'include'many'assumptions.'A'

conclusion'is'that'the'more'actual,'reliable'data'available'before'and'after'refurbishment,'the'

smaller'the'differences'between'calculations'and'measurements.'Tenant'behaviour'including'

rebound'effect'is'concluded'as'possible'additional'reason'for'differences'between'calculation'

and'measurements.'Tenant'behaviour'seems'to'be'an'important'factor'that'is'also'difficult'to'

evaluate.''

'

When'calculation'the'possible'savings'in'a'project,'it'may'seem'somewhat'unrealistic'to'assume'

that'all'installations'are'functioning'optimally.'Also,'it'can'be'risky'to'make'many'assumptions'

when'it'comes'to'old'installations.'This'may'be'one'explanation'as'to'why'the'hot'water'savings'

were'over'ambitious.''

'

The'project'reports'stated'that'the'operative'temperatures'used'in'the'heating'consumption'

calculations'were'assumed'without'actually'looking'into'the'temperatures'set'in'the'dwellings.'A'

difference'of'one'degree'in'indoor'temperature'can'make'a'large'difference'when'calculating'

energy'savings.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'One'suggestion'is'therefore'to,'if'possible,'perform'onc

site'measurements'before'calculating'savings'targets.''''

'

Alingsås'Consumption'of'DHW,'electricity'and'heat'decreased'after'refurbishment.'Achieved'heating'

savings'were'80'%56'and'thereby'in'line'with'the'overall'objective'of'the'project.''The'target'for'

DHW'savings,'45'%,'was'too'ambitious;'the'savings'achieved'were'measured'to'12c15'%.'The'

electricity'consumption'decreased'by'33.7'%.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Actual'DHW'and'heat'consumption'were'higher'than'what'was'predicted'in'WP1.'The'difference'

can'be'explained'by'calculation'in'WP1'assuming'that'heating'and'ventilation'systems'are'

functioning'optimally.'The'indoor'temperature'in'calculations'was'also'set'lower'than'the'actual'

operation'indoor'temperature'turned'out'to'be.'DHW'circulation'losses'and'tenant'behaviour'

can'explain'can'be'possible'explanations'for'DHW'targets'not'being'reached'in'Alingsås.'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Expected'heat'consumption'was'lower'than'measured'during'the'first'reporting'period,'

unnecessary'amounts'of'heat'were'used'during'the'summer'of'2013.'No'district'heating'is'

assumed'to'be'used'during'spring,'summer'and'fall;'heating'was'actually'used'even'in'June'when'

outdoor'temperatures'were'high.'As'a'result,'the'ventilation'system'was'looked'into'and'

exposed'that'the'heating'system'started'as'soon'as'the'outdoor'temperature'was'below'18'

degrees'Celsius'(night'time).'Much'heat'had'been'stored'in'the'building'during'the'day'and'this'

added'heat'was'unnecessary'to'maintain'indoor'comfort'temperature.'A'new'control'strategy'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''56'Under'rapporteringsperiod'2,'efter'reglering'av'VVScsystem.'

was'therefor'developed'by'the'construction'company'Skanska'and'building'owner'Alingsåshem.'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)''

'

DHW'consumption'decreased'during'reporting'period.'Consumption'normally'goes'down'to'zero'

during'night'time,'which'indicates'that'there'is'no'leakage.'Lowcflow'taps'were'installed'during'

refurbishment,'which'is'one'of'the'reasons'for'DHW'savings.'The'savings'were'12c16'%,'almost'

in'line'with'WP1'simulations'where'the'number'was'12.5'%.'The'target'of'45'%'savings'was'over'

ambitious'and'unrealistic.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'Why'this'target'was'set'is'unclear'and'project'

coordinator'has'given'no'response'to'questions'sent.''

'

Heat'losses'from'circulation'system'was'calculated'as'11'kWh/m2,'year'after'refurbishment,'

before'it'was'not'measured.'I.e.'SVEBY'give'an'estimation'of'25'kWh/m2,'year,'so'results'can'be'

useful'in'other'projects.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'difference'between'monitored'(33.7'%)'and'calculated'(42'%)'targets'for'electricity'

consumption'can'be'explained'by'tenant'behaviour.'This'factor'is'difficult'to'compare'baseline'to'

reporting'period,'since'new'tenants'moved'into'the'building'after'refurbishment.'(BEEMcUP,'

2014,'D.3.8)'Again,'tenant'behaviour'seems'to'be'an'important'factor'difficult'to'evaluate.'

'

Delft'The'refurbishment'measures'in'Delft'reached'about'50'%'energy'savings,'compared'to'the'target'

of'75'%'(reboundceffects'included).'The'difference'between'theory'and'practice'is'seen'as'the'

main'cause'of'this,'according'to'Final'Monitoring'Report.'Limitations'in'calculations'and'tenant'

behaviour'may'have'contributed'to'targets'not'being'reached.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'

'

The'calculations'performed'in'WP1'do'not'fully'conform'to'refurbishment'measures'actually'

implemented.'Differences'in'wall'insulation'quality'and'lack'of'floor'insulation'are'the'largest'

differences.'The'percental'savings'are'lower'since'actual'energy'consumption'before'

refurbishment'was'significantly'lower'than'calculated'in'WP1.'The'calculation'also'assumed'that'

the'entire'building'was'heated,'not'just'one'room'per'dwelling,'which'was'the'typical'case'

before'refurbishment.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'efficiency'of'old'boilers'(before'refurbishment)'is'based'on'assumptions,'which'can'disrupt'

calculations'of'data'relative'baseline'period.'The'degreecday'factor'and'air'exchange'rate'are'

additional'factors'that'may'not'be'reliable,'according'to'project'reports.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Involvement'of'TOON'providers'and'tenants'had'a'positive'influence'on'the'community'and'

resulted'in'a'higher'acceptance'of'refurbishments.'The'fact'that'the'rent'would'not'increase'for'

the'tenants'also'made'that'process'easier.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

A'real'estate'expert'stated'that'the'investment'would'not'increase'property'value.'The'housing'

association'also'had'financial'limitations.'These'two'factors'led'to'inadequate'results.''

Refurbishment'measures'were'handled'by'a'temporary'expert'team'within'the'project'instead'

of'by'experts'in'regular'maintenance,'which'has'been'concluded'not'to'have'a'positive'effect'on'

target'reaching,'including'community'integration.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Building'envelope'improvements'are'modest'and'do'not'change'the'heating'habits.'To'see'effect'

the'building'needs'higher'thermal'resistance.'Technical'installation'improvements'have'side'

effects'regarding'energy'consumption,'i.e.'higher'comfort'from'solar'heating'causes'increased'

consumption.'Relatively'small'measures'have'resulted'in'savings,'which'is'seen'as'a'success'even'

though'targets'were'not'met.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'effects'of'insulation'measures'are'smaller'than'expected'because:'

D Small'reductions'in'window'surface'and'new'type'of'windows'give'solar'radiation'losses.''

D The'insulated'ceilings'borders'on'unheated'attic'spaces'and'often'unheated'bedrooms.''

D Insulation'of'ground'floor'was'cancelled'

D Sealing'cavities'in'walls'had'very'little'impact''

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'feedback'system'TOON'led'to'7'%'lower'electricity'consumption'2014.'Tenants'who'use'high'

efficient'heaters'use'more'electricity.'One'possible'explanation'for'this'is'that'highcincome'

households'have'high'efficient'heaters'and'generally'have'more'electricity'consuming'gadgets'in'

their'home.'The'electricity'consumption'can'change'because'of'household'adaptions,'but'also'

new'installations,'i.e.'solar'heated'DHW,'central'heating,'and'TOONcsystems'on'standcby.'

Dwellings'with'solar'heating'use'electric'water'pump'that'uses'500'kWh/year,'which'leads'to'

higher'consumption.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'results'for'the'Delft'site'was'especially'tricky'to'evaluate'and'present'since'so'many'

different'measure'packages'were'implemented.'A'recommendation'is'to'read'the'project'

documentation'more'closely'for'specific'information'and'results'of'measures'implemented.'

'

Paris'The'measured'savings'of'gas'consumption'for'heating'are'65'%.'Hardly'any'decrease'in'DHW'

consumption'was'observed,'largely'because'of'large'energy'losses'in'the'distribution'circuit.'

(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'The'common'electricity'consumption'savings'were'36'%.'On'dwelling'

level'the'total'electricity'savings'were'58.3'%'and'lighting'electricity'100'%'increase57.'(BEEMcUP,'

2014,'D.3.8)''

'

Individual'electricity'was'measured'in'a'number'of'dwellings'and'extrapolated'to'represent'all'

dwellings.'Disconnections'and'damages'to'sensors'led'to'data'loss'and'attenuate'results.''

Results'for'total'and'lighting'electricity'should'also'be'used'with'caution'since'en'estimation'was'

made'for'the'entire'building.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Thermal'energy'data'enables'detailed'analysis'of'the'real'performance'of'the'DHWcsystem'and'

identifies'losses'in'the'distribution'system.'Analysis'of'consumed'gas'and'electricity'are'the'basis'

for'energy'savings'calculations.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'BIOFLUIDES'system'recovers'heat'from'shower,'bath'and'laundry'machines'via'a'heat'

exchanger.'Here,'large'energy'losses'were'discovered.'Installations'showed'no'leakage'(nightc

time'consumption),'which'confirms'that'main'losses'occur'in'the'circulation'system.'The'heat'

losses'from'the'boiler'were'equivalent'to'55'%'of'the'DHW'demand.'Calculations'introduced'

some'parameters'based'on'hypothesis,'which'can'bring'uncertainties'to'the'evaluation.'

Miscalculations'can'occur'due'to'the'absent'information'of'the'efficiency'of'the'boiler'before'

refurbishment.''The'DHW'consumption'was'assumed'to'be'25'l/person'and'day,'when'the'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''57'Results'should'be'used'with'caution'since'estimation'on'building'level'has'been'done.'

'

French'average'consumption'actually'is'40'l/person'and'day.'This'lead'to'large'differences'in'

calculated'and'measured'consumption'and'savings.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Large'quantities'of'wood'chips'were'found'in'filter'connected'to'the'BIOFLUIDES'system'at'the'

end'of'the'reporting'period.'The'estate'manager'before'new'installation'should'have'cleaned'

this'filter.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'This'is'an'example'of'the'importance'of'communication'

between'the'involved'parties'in'the'project.'

'

Refurbishment'measures'improved'the'thermal'performance'of'the'building'and'caused'more'

homogenous'temperature'distribution'in'dwellings.'The'air'tightness'was'improved'and'air'

leakage'were'removed'during'refurbishments.'There'are'small'temperature'differences'within'

dwelling'areas,'which'indicate'adequate'regulation.'A'stable'indoor'temperature'has'a'large'

effect'on'the'comfort'for'the'tenants,'according'to'final'monitoring'report.'Measurements'of'

indoor'temperature'variations'show'behavioural'influence'on'energy'consumption'depending'

on'preferred'comfort'temperature.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'housing'company'in'Paris'chose'scenario'3'from'the'ecological'and'economic'indicator'

performance'of'all'simulated'729'concepts'for'Paris'site.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'

2014)'According'to'figure'5'that'was'the'worst'choice'on'the'ecological'scale,'and'the'housing'

company'seems'to'have'prioritized'economic'sustainability'before'ecological.'The'overall'BEEMc

UP'project'targets'were'economical,'technical'and'social'feasibility'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'

Quistgaard,'2014).'This'may'be'the'reason'as'to'why'ecological'indicators'are'not'prioritized.''

'

'

'

' '

3.3.EPC.–.Energy.Performance.Contracting.

Method'For'the'EPC'model'a'first'step'was'trying'to'find'examples'of'successful'and'less'successful'

projects.'Being'directed'to'projects'not'so'successful'and'trying'to'get'in'contact'with'the'lead'

partner'proved'to'be'a'major'barrier'for'this'project'in'itself.'Difficulties'getting'in'touch'with'

and'getting'information'from'people'with'experience'from'unsuccessful'projects'led'to'the'

development'of'an'alternative'study'approach.'

''

An'interview'study'over'EPC'experiences'of'different'contracting'authorities'gave'a'good'picture'

of'common'success'factors'and'barriers.'This'material'was'useful'when'formulation'questions'

for'other'contacts'with'EPCcexperience.'Interviews'were'then'performed'with'Gunnar'Ericsson'

at'Locum'and'Per'Mattson'at'Scandinavian'Purchasing'Group.'

'

The'general'recommendations'and'“warnings”'from'the'studied'interview'study'have'in'some'

cases'been'interpreted'and'reformulated'as'success'factors'and'barriers.'This'is'done'to'facilitate'

the'comparison'with'the'projects'BEEMcUP'and'CONCERTO.'The'aim'is'to'present'the'factors'

that'usually'lead'to'success'or'failure'in'an'EPCcproject.'

'

The'EPC'model'EPC'stands'for'Energy'Performance'Contracting.'It'is'a'business'model'used'to'invest'in'energy'

saving'measures'(Epec,'2014,'(4))'and'a'functioning'procurement'for'energy'savings'offering'a'

guarantee'of'performance.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'In'other'words'–'guaranteed'energy'savings'

finances'investments'in'energy'saving'measures.'(Gode'et'al.,'2007)'

'

EPC'contracts'are'normally'based'on'finding'all'profitable'saving'measures'in'a'property'

portfolio.'The'aim'is'to'decrease'maintenance'costs,'lower'energy'consumption'and'improve'

indoor'climate.'To'ensure'energy'savings'the'same'contractor'is'responsible'for'project'

development,'implementation'and'monitoring.'(Epec,'2014,'(2))'There'is'more'focus'on'the'

environmental'factors'in'EPCcprojects'now'than'before'(Ericsson,'2015).''

'

Successful'projects'are'based'on'a'wellcdefined'process,'holistic'outlook'on'technology,'

organisation'and'economy'and'on'committed'people'and'trust'between'the'stakeholders.''

(Epec,'2014,'(2))'The'EPC'model'lowers'the'number'of'procurements'and'saves'time'during'that'

phase.'(Mattson,'2015)'

'

Phases'in'EPC'projects''Phase(0(–(Project(preparation(and(procurement(The'property'owner'prepares'the'project,'establishes'the'targets'in'the'organisation'and'

produces'a'procurement'starting'with'a'”competence'and'creativity'test”'for'all'bidders,'often'

with'help'from'an'EPCcconsultant.''

'

Phase(1(–(Project(development(A'contractor'performs'analysis'of'the'buildings'to'establish'a'baseline'for'measures,'savings,'

costs,'need'of'education'etc.'The'property'owner'participates'in'this'work.''

'

Phase(2(–(Project(implementation(The'same'contractor'implements'the'agreed'measures'and'trains'the'operating'staff.'The'

property'owner'also'participates'in'this'work.'

'

Phase(3(–(Project(monitoring(The'same'contractor'leaves'a'savings'guarantee'and'comfort'guarantee'for'all'of'the'payback'

period,'to'ensure'repayment'of'the'investment.'The'operating'organisation'of'the'property'

owner'performs'the'agreed'service'and'operation'work.'(Epec,'2014,'(1))''

'

Refurbishments'Table'10'below'shows'the'most'common'insulation,'installations'and'system'measures'

implemented'in'EPC'refurbishment'projects.''

'

Common(measures(1. Installation'of'need'controlled'ventilation,'new'control'and'monitoring'systems,'new'

building'automation'system'

2. Operation'optimization'process'/'heating'system'and'ventilation'adjustment'/'education'

of'operating'staff'/'media'monitoring''

3. Installing'new'ventilation''

4. New'ventilation'med'heat'recovery'

5. Process'heat'recovery''

6. Exchanging'heating'system''

7. Exchanging'heat'exchanger'

8. Isolation'and'window'replacement'

9. Lighting'optimization'

10. Water'saving'measures'

Table'10.'General'measures'in'EPC'projects.'(Gode'et'al.,'2007)'''Objectives'

• Focus'on'the'energy'efficiency'issues'so'that'profitable'projects'are'performed'and'

prioritised'by'the'decision'makers.''

• The'property'owner'gets'access'to'many'competent'resources'during'an'intensive'period'

and'can'implement'a'large'number'of'measures.''

• EPC'projects'require'only'one'procurement,'regardless'of'the'number'of'properties'

included'in'the'project,'which'saves'costs.'

• Increase'the'technical'standard'of'the'buildings'and'decrease'energy'consumption'

without'decreasing'indoor'quality'parameters.''

• Decrease'maintenance'and'operation'costs''

• Collected'documentation'of'the'technical'standard'of'buildings,'basis'for'planned'

maintenance.''

• Raise'the'awareness'and'competence'of'the'staff'through'training.'

(Epec,'2014,'(3))''

'

Results'When'it'comes'to'decreasing'energy'consumption'and'increasing'environmental'gains'for'an'

organisation,'EPC'has'proved'itself'to'be'an'efficient'form'of'procurement,'according'to'Gode'et'

al.,'2007.'Final'performance'is'often'higher'than'guaranteed'(the'idea'of'the'model'is'to'

guarantee'the'client'certain'minimum'savings).'(Gode'et'al.,'2007)'There'are'also'bad'

experiences'and'major'barriers'in'EPC'projects.'Unfortunately'the'contracting'authorities'

participating'in'these'projects'have'chosen'not'to'participate'in'the'interview'study'used'as'part'

of'this'thesis.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'This'was'also'the'experience'when'trying'to'find'additional'

knowledge'on'unsuccessful'EPC'projects.''

'

One'example'of'unsuccessful'projects'was'when'a'new'technology,'a'place'built'heating'unit'was'

tested.'There'were'problems'with'leakage'and'the'heat'exchanger;'the'controlling'function'was'

not'functioning'and'there'were'legal'issues'regarding'which'contractor'or'subcontractor'was'

responsible.'(Ericsson,'2015)'

'

The'outcome'of'the'project'can'vary'depending'on'if'the'building'owner'chooses'own'operations'

staff'or'if'an'operations'contractor'is'hired.'(Ericsson,'2015)'

'

Data'collection'Collection'on'data'is'mainly'carried'out'in'phases'0,'1'and'3.'The'data'collection'can'be'done'by'

installing'energy'meters'or'be'given'access'to'data'from'i.e.'energy'companies.'Results'from'the'

interview'study'made'by'the'Swedish'Environmental'Management'Council'shows'that'this'part'

of'the'project'is'very'important'to'establish'a'baseline'and'make'it'possible'to'calculate'the'

actual'savings.'Problems'with'data'collection'often'delay'the'project.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

'

Available'and'reliable'data'for'heat'consumption'is'required'in'order'to'calculate'the'guaranteed'

savings'correctly.'(Ericsson,'2015)'

'

Quality'assurance'The'quality'assurance'process'is'automatically'included'in'the'project'through'the'guarantee'of'

minimum'savings.'The'demands'for'technical'standards'and'indoor'climate'should'be'included'in'

the'procurement'to'ensure'that'the'contractor'i.e.'not'simply'lowers'the'temperatures'to'save'

energy.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

3.3.1.Experiences.from.EPC.projects.

Interviews'The'Swedish'Environmental'Management'Council

58'performed'an'interview'study'on'

experiences'from'EPC'in'different'contracting'authorities.'

'

Many'participants'of'the'study'are'the'most'satisfied'with:''

• Energy'savings'

• Environmental'benefits'

• Improved'indoor'climate'

• Improved'building'standard'

• One'large'project'instead'of'many'smaller'

• The'holistic'approach'makes'sure'that'the'project'reaches'politicians'and'management'

(Dalenstam,'2009)'

'

Reviews'of'the'education'included'in'an'EPCcproject'are'generally'very'positive,'since'the'staff'of'

the'property'company'can'perform'the'optimization.'To'include'the'whole'organisation,'

establish'the'project'politically'in'an'early'stage,'give'the'decision'makers'and'contractors'good'

and'detailed'statistics'and'focus'on'the'needs'of'the'customer'is'pointed'out'as'an'important'

factor.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''58'Miljöstyrningsrådet'

'

The'Danderyd'hospital'had'a'very'high'energy'consumption'with'an'annual'cost'of'32.7'million'

SEK.'The'main'target'for'the'EPC'project'in'the'buildings'was'to'decrease'heating'energy'

consumption.'A'measure'plan'was'developed'in'cooperation'with'energy'engineers'and'the'

Locum'operation'staff'to'find'the'most'profitable'energy'savings.'LCA:s'were'performed'for'the'

possible'measures'to'prioritize'the'most'useful'ones.'(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'

'

Implemented'measures:''

• Heating'adjustment'

• Lighting'control'

• New,'energy'efficient'heat'pumps'

• Heat'recovery'from'cooling'machine'

• Heat'recovery'from'ventilation'

• New'control'and'monitoring'system'

(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'

'

Before'the'refurbishments'the'heating'energy'consumption'was'150'kWh/m2,'while'after'

refurbishment'it'was'111'kWh/m2.'The'annual'heating'savings'could'heat'the'whole'Danderyd'

hospital'buildings'during'more'than'half'the'year'and'the'CO2'savings'are'about'395'tons'per'

year.'(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'

'

Success'factors'

Success(factors(+ Understanding'of'the'process'and'contract'(Mattson,'2015)'

+ Involvement'of'client'(Mattson,'2015)'

+ Knowledge'transfer,'education'level'depending'on'needs'(Mattson,'2015)'

+ Enough'own'human'resources'from'client'assigned'to'the'project'(Mattson,'2015)'

'

Technical/comfort(+ Training'included'in'project'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Engage'energy'suppliers'to'get'a'good'collection'of'statistic'during'the'monitoring'phase'

(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Sufficient'documentation'available'(i.e.'drawings)'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Many'details'from'the'contractor'at'the'analysis'phase'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ That'the'temperature'is'evenly'distributed'during'the'hours'of'the'day'(Ericsson,'2015)''

+ Available'and'reliable'energy'data'and'statistics'(Mattson,'2015)'

(Social/behavioural(

+ Good'communication'with'the'customer'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ See'the'contractor'as'a'partner'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Discuss'effects'on'building'with'the'building'manager;'e.g.'required'maintenance'after'

refurbishments.'(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'

+ Always'ask'energy'specialist'in'operations'for'advice'to'use'available'knowledge'during'

the'project.'(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'

'

Economical(+ Make'your'own'savings'calculation'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Brake'down'the'investment'costs'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

'

Organizational/planning(+ Cooperation'between'client'and'consultant'in'the'beginning'of'the'project,'and'later'

between'client'and'contractor,'with'regular'updates'and'meetings'(Mattson,'2015)'

+ Aid'of'other'contracting'authorities'that'have'performed'EPC'procurements'(Dalenstam,'

2009)'

+ Include'climate'demands'in'procurement'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Prioritize'project'leading'skills'when'choosing'contractor'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Create'an'organisation'that'is'engaged'and'agreed'upon'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Each'object'gets'its'own'project'leader'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Plan'for'enough'own'human'resources'throughout'the'project'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Continuous'updates'and'communication'with'building'manager'or'energy'controller'

regarding'installation'energy'and'control'system.'(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'

'

Barriers'Technical/comfort(

- Insufficient'details'from'building'analysis'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

- A'list'including'building'information'on'e.g.'area,'heating,'ventilation'and'insulation'is'

supposed'to'exist'for'all'buildings,'but'is'often'incomplete'due'to'changes'and'poor'

updating'(Mattson,'2015)'

- Monitoring'difficulties'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

- Authorities'not'given'part'of'bought'energy'analysis'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

- Training'level'not'suitable'for'all'of'the'staff'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

'

Social/behavioural(- Seeing'the'contractor'as'the'“enemy”'just'looking'to'make'money'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

- Technical'managers'can'sometimes'experience'the'involvement'of'a'procurement'

consultant'as'criticism'towards'their'competence.'They'may'think'that'they'should'be'

able'to'carry'the'project'themselves.'This'reluctance'often'passes'with'the'realization'of'

project'extent'and'that'the'involvement'of'a'consultant'significantly'can'boost'the'

knowledge'level,'avoid'appeals'and'secure'success'of'the'project'(Mattson,'2015)'

- The'municipal'CEO'may'have'decided'to'go'through'with'the'project'before'involving'the'

technical'manager,'which'can'cause'discourage'(Mattson,'2015)'

'

Economical(- Disagreement'regarding'profit'sharing'(which'energy'efficient'measures'should'be'

included)'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

'

Organizational/planning(- Decreasing'involvement'of'contractor'during'the'monitoring'phase'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

- Authorities'entering'deal'with'the'promise'from'the'contractor'that'they'will'handle'

most'part'of'the'project,'when'in'reality'large'own'human'resources'must'be'used'

(Dalenstam,'2009)'

- The'contracts'can'be'tricky'with'many'partners'involved;'client,'contractor,'

subcontractors,'tenants'etc.'(Ericsson,'2015)'

- Not'enough'own'human'resources'planned'for'the'project'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

- Forced'time'plan'(due'to'time'limited'governmental'grants)'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

- Time'delays'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

- Lack'of'engagement'from'client'can'result'in'a'project'restart'(Mattson,'2015)'

3.3.2.Conclusions.and.Discussion.EPC.

The'participation'from'performers'of'less'successful'projects'was'unfortunately'very'low.'

Fortunately,'previous'studies'and'interviews'performed'within'this'project'gave'quite'a'

unanimous'image'of'what'factors'lead'to'successful'EPC'projects.''

'

According'to'the'original'EPCcmodel'the'following'factors'lead'to'successful'projects:'

• Wellcdefined'process'

• Holistic'outlook'on'technology,'organisation'and'economy'

• Committed'people'and'trust'between'the'stakeholders''

(Epec,'2014,'(2))'

'

The'interview'study'read'within'this'project'and'the'interviews'performed'concur'with'the'

identified'success(factors'above'and'can'be'concluded'as:'+ Early'political'anchoring'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

+ Understanding,'engagement,'cooperation'and'communication'between'stakeholders'

throughout'the'project'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'

+ Knowledge'transfer'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'

+ Sufficient'own'human'resources'from'client'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015)'

+ Energy'data'collection,'wellcprepared'energy'data'providers'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'

2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'

'

The'barriers'can'simply'be'concluded'as'the'reversed'success'factors'above.'That'is,'if'the'

project'fails'to'fulfil'one'of'the'success'factors'above'it'will'most'likely'affect'the'outcome'

negatively.'Time'plans'were'excessed'when'there'was'lack'of'involvement'in'of'client'in'phase'0,'

not'enough'own'human'resources'were'assigned'the'project'and'when'there'were'issues'with'

data'collection'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015).''

'

The'quality'assurance'is'guaranteed'by'the'contract'(the'whole'idea'of'the'EPCcmodel).'(Gode'et'

al.,'2007)'Information'and'involvement'of'tenants'and'user'side'priorities'appear'to'be'low'in'

EPC'project'model'compared'to'the'other'projects.''

'

'

' '

4..Final.Conclusions.and.Discussion.

4.1.Success.factors.and.barriers.

Identified'key'factors'for'energy'efficient'refurbishment''• The'communication'and'cooperation'between'stakeholders'in'a'project'is'identified'as'

an'important'factor'for'successful'projects.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'Dalenstam,'2009;'

Mattson,'2015)'Try'not'to'change'stakeholders,'project'leaders'or'staff'during'the'

project'process.'

• Training'of'e.g.'installers'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'

(2))'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1)),'secure'knowledge'transfer'(Dalenstam,'2009;'

Mattson,'2015;'Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012).''

• Inform'and'involve'tenants'to'facilitate'work'execution,'improve'results'after'

refurbishment'and'to'increase'energy'knowledge'and'awareness.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'

BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8;'The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013;'

CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'

• The'data'quantity'and'quality'has'an'impact'on'the'final'energy'performance'and'the'

difference'between'calculated'and'measured'energy'savings.'Make'sure'to'establish'a'

good'contact'with'energy'data'providers;'companies,'tenants'etc.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'

Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

• Stakeholder'approach'and'energy'performance'regulations'may'affect'performance'

results'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1)).'Ownership'structure'and'financial'

status/possibilities'for'the'building'owner'affects'the'measures'chosen'and'in'that'way'

the'building'performance'after'refurbishment.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'

D.3.8)'''

'Success'factors'Key'success'factors'of'the'CONCERTO'initiative'are:'involvement'of'municipal'utilities'and'their'

support'in'negotiating'with'building'owners,'customised'energy'consultancy'and'participative'

approaches'involving'residents'in'the'renovation'process,'and'effective'integration'of'

stakeholders'in'policy'processes.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'All'these'factors'indicate'that'

cooperation'and'communication'should'be'prioritized'throughout'the'project,'which'confirms'

the'hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis;'that'cooperation'between'stakeholders'throughout'the'project'is'

one'key'factor'to'successful'projects.'It'also'points'at'the'relevance'and'correctness'of'

hypothesis'2;'that'on'focus'involvement'of'tenants'lead'to'a'more'successful'project'outcome.''

'

In'the'BEEMcUP'project,'partnership'and'involvement'project'model'is'believed'to'be'the'key'

success'factor,'bringing'team'spirit'and'deep'dialogue'between'the'project'members.'(E.g.'start'

the'project'with'a'kickcoff'meeting.)'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'This'also'confirms'hypothesis'1'of'

this'thesis.'Initial'evaluations'of'the'refurbishment'process'show'that'consistent'involvement'of'

tenants'is'important,'lowers'the'execution'costs'and'results'in'a'building'that'is'better'adapted'

to'household'needs.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'During'the'refurbishment'

work'process,'communication'to'the'tenants'is'very'important,'to'inform'and'discuss'the'

project.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'This'confirms'hypothesis'2'of'this'thesis.'A'conclusion'in'this'

thesis'is'that'there'seem'to'be'a'minimum'level'of'investment'in'order'to'succeed'in'an'energy'

efficiency'project.'

'

According'to'the'EPC'study'understanding,'engagement,'cooperation'and'communication'

between'stakeholders'is'vital'to'the'project'outcome'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015),'which'

further'confirms'hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis.''

'Barriers'It'is'difficult'to'compare'administrative/institutional'success'factors'and'barriers,'since'

CONCERTO'is'an'initiative'of'58'communities,'BEEMcUP'is'a'“packagecproject”'and'EPC'is'a'

model'ready'to'be'used.'

'

Comfort'(“rebound'effect”),'tenant'behaviour'and'circulation'losses'were'identified'as'barriers'

for'DHW'consumption/energy'savings'in'the'BEEMcUP'project.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'It'was'

difficult'to'analyse'effects'of'tenant'behaviour.'In'buildings'where'tenants'stayed'in'the'

dwellings'there'can'be'issues'of'disturbance,'acceptance'etc.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'To'

compare'the'results'of'one'site'where'tenants'moved'out'during'refurbishment'to'a'site'where'

tenants'stayed'during'construction'works'perhaps'doesn’t'give'the'most'reliable'results'

regarding'social/behavioural'barriers.''

'

The'CONCERTO'analysis'shows'that'administrative'and'legal'barriers'overall'are'the'most'

common.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'This'seems'reasonable,'since'the'CONCERTO'initiative'in'a'EUc

project'involving'many'communities'in'different'countries.'The'administration'and'legal'issues'

are'most'likely'unavoidable'barriers'that'must'be'overcome'before'a'project'like'this'can'

proceed.'Also'financial'and'social'barriers'have'been'identified,'all'barriers'can'be'specific'

depending'on'the'design'of'the'measures'implemented'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010).'Barriers'identified'

in'CONCERTO'in'sites'where'high'performance'levels'were'planned'faced'problems'regarding'

quality'insurance'on'construction'sites,'reluctance'of'building'developer'to'stick'to'the'energy'

performance'targets,'tenant'behaviour,'etc.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'

'


opposition'from'inhabitants'or'financial'aspects'(Pol,'Österreicher'and'Iglar,'2009).'This'confirms'

hypothesis'2'and'4'of'this'thesis,'limited'to'high'quality'refurbishment.''

'

Attitudes'of'tenants'are'identified'as'also'barriers'in'Hannover'and'Ajaccio.'Although,'tenant'

involvement'was'a'major'focus'in'Hannover,'while'in'Ajaccio'the'lack'of'tenant'involvement'

turned'out'to'constitute'major'barriers'for'the'project.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1);'

CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(1))'This'confirms'the'hypothesis'2'of'this'thesis'regarding'the'

importance'of'tenant'involvement'for'the'project'outcome.''

'

The'Global'Financial'Crisis'had'a'strong'impact'on'CONCERTO'act2'project'causing'delays'in'the'

completion'of'activities.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'BEEMcUP'results'show'that'financial'

status/possibilities'for'the'building'owner'affects'the'measures'chosen'and'in'that'way'the'

building'performance'after'refurbishment.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7;'BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'These'

reports'confirm'hypothesis'4'of'this'thesis;'that'economical'limitations'strongly'influence'the'

contractor'hired,'measures'implemented'and'therefore'the'performance'outcome.''

'

The'success'of'tenant'involvement'in'BEEMcUP'varies.'Energy'losses'in'the'DHW'distribution'

circuit'constitute'a'barrier'and'the'target'for'hot'water'energy'savings'was'generally'set'too'

high.'Discrepancies'between'calculated'and'metered'energy'consumption,'together'with'lack'of'

data'and'the'tenant'behaviour'factor'(confirmation'of'hypothesis'2'of'this'thesis),'are'in'project'

reports'identified'as'the'main'reasons'for'overall'targets'not'being'met.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

Additional'common'problems'in'the'project'sites'are'the'available'energy'data,'adequate'meters'

and'sensors,'building'configuration'limitation'and'the'communication'protocols'(BEEMcUP,'

2014,'D.3.7),'which'further'confirms'hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis;'that'cooperation'between'

stakeholders'throughout'the'project'is'one'key'factor'to'successful'projects.'

'

There'are'also'bad'experiences'and'major'barriers'in'EPC'projects'(Dalenstam,'2009).'The'

participation'from'performers'of'less'successful'EPC'projects'was'unfortunately'very'low'during'

the'work'of'this'thesis.'Unfortunately'the'contracting'authorities'participating'unsuccessful'

projects'have'chosen'not'to'participate'in'Erfarenheter'från'EPCYprojekt'by'Dalenstam,'2009,'

used'as'part'of'this'thesis.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'This'was'also'the'experience'when'trying'to'find'

additional'knowledge'on'unsuccessful'EPC'projects.''

Fortunately,'previous'studies'and'interviews'performed'within'this'project'gave'quite'a'

unanimous'image'of'what'factors'lead'to'successful'EPC'projects.'The'barriers'can'be'concluded'

as'the'reversed'success'factors.'That'is,'if'the'project'fails'to'fulfil'one'of'the'success'factors'

below'it'will'most'likely'affect'the'outcome'negatively:'''

1. Early'political'anchoring'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

2. Understanding,'engagement,'cooperation'and'communication'between'stakeholders'

throughout'the'project'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'

3. Knowledge'transfer'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'

4. Sufficient'own'human'resources'from'client'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015)'

5. Energy'data'collection,'wellcprepared'energy'data'providers'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'

2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'

'

Factor'number'2'confirms'hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis;'that'cooperation'between'stakeholders'

throughout'the'project'is'one'key'factor'to'successful'projects.''

4.2.Further.project.analysis.

Project'approaches'and'sites'CONCERTO'highlights'the'coordinating'role'of'local'authorities'in'sustainable'urban'

development,'with'focus'on'energy'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010).'The'aim'is'to'demonstrate'that'the'

energycoptimisation'of'districts'and'communities'as'a'whole'is'more'costceffective'than'

optimising'each'building'individually,'if'all'relevant'stakeholders'work'together'(correlates'to'

hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis)'and'integrate'different'energyctechnologies'in'a'smart'way.'

(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)''

'

The'aim'of'the'BEEMcUP'project'is'to'demonstrate'the'economical,'technical'and'social'

feasibility'of'refurbishing'existing'buildings.'The'projects'applies'a'longcterm'perspective'and'

uses'different'specific'financial'models'to'enhance'the'potential'for'building'owners'who'want'

to'replicate'the'model'in'the'future.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'

'

EPC'is'a'business'model'used'to'invest'in'energy'saving'measures'(Epec,'2014,'(4))'and'a'

functioning'procurement'for'energy'savings'offering'a'guarantee'of'performance.'(Dalenstam,'

2009)''

'

In'Hannover,'energy'efficiency'of'buildings'has'also'before'the'CONCERTO'initiative'been'a'key'

consideration.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1))'In'Ajaccio,'the'awareness'for'en'environmental'

approach'was'low'until'2003.'Corsica'was'lacking'behind'on'sustainability'and'the'timing'for'

energy'efficiency'measures'was'just'right.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'All'three'housing'

associations'in'Hannover'felt'it'was'very'important'that'the'tenants'actively'supported'

modernisation.'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'Hannover'seems'to'

overall'be'better'prepared'for'refurbishment'projects'than'Ajaccio,'with'historical'energy'

awareness'and'high'energy'performance'targets.'''

'

For'BEEMcUP'in'short,'high'building'envelope'standards,'high'investment'cost'and'tenant'

involvement'can'be'concluded'to'distinguish'the'Alingsås'refurbishments.'In'Delft,'financial'

limitations,'large'variation'of'implemented'measures,'time'delays'and'problems'with'data'

availability'are'most'salient.'Paris'showed'large'DHW'circulation'losses'and'data'collection'

problems.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

Successful'EPC'projects'are'based'on'a'wellcdefined'process,'holistic'outlook'on'technology,'

organisation'and'economy'and'on'committed'people'and'trust'between'the'stakeholders.''

(Epec,'2014,'(2))''

'

Both'CONCERTO'and'BEEMcUP'are'part'of'European'Research'Framework'Programme.'(Pol'and'

Lippert,'2010;'BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8))'Thus,'in'the'CONCERTO'and'BEEMcUP'projects,'the'

funding'partly'comes'from'the'European'Commission'and'the'targets'are'a'part'of'the'energy'

and'CO2'emission'targets'within'the'EU.'EPC,'on'the'other'hand,'is'a'business'model'with'

performance'guarantee,'so'no'targets'are'set'that'will'not'be'reached'with'the'implemented'

measures.'The'projects'are'therefore'concluded'to'be'difficult'to'compare'when'it'comes'to'

subventions'and'financial'models,'within'the'scope'of'this'thesis.'This'type'of'study'is'suggested'

for'further'research.'

'

Refurbishment'measures'The'insulation'measures'vary'from'deep'renovation'to'modest'insulation'measures.'Many'sites'

switched'to'more'efficient'heaters'and/or'central'heating'in'the'demonstration'buildings.'

Renewable'energies'were'implemented;'bio'fuels,'solar'collectors,'heat'recovery'systems.'Water'

saving'measures'are'modest,'and'also'the'results'in'DHW'heat'savings.'Home'management'

systems'were'planned'in'many'buildings'but'not'always'implemented'due'to'time'delays'and/or'

technical'issues.'(Act2,'2012,'D'2.11;'Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012;'BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8;'BEEMcUP,'

2014,'D.2.7;'Gode'et'al.,'2007)''

'

One'observation'is'that'the'financial'status'of'the'building'owner'had'a'large'effect'on'ambition,'

implemented'insulation'measures'and'to'what'extent'other'factors'than'economical'were'

considered.'This'confirms'hypothesis'4'of'this'thesis;'that'economical'limitations'strongly'

influence'the'contractor'hired,'measures'implemented'and'therefore'the'performance'outcome.'

Changing'from'individual'to'central'heating'appears'to'often'cause'heat'losses'in'the'distribution'

circuit.'Good'communication'and'correct'information'to'tenants'during'refurbishment'works'is'

concluded'as'an'important'factor'for'success.''

'

Targets'vs.'results'In'CONCERTO,'the'fossil'primary'energy'demand'target'is'30'%'lower'than'national'regulation'for'

reference'building.'There'are'different'national'and'community'targets,'but'contribution'to'the'

overall'EU'targets'is'20'%'reduction'in'energy'consumption'and'CO2'emissions,'and'20'%'share'of'

RES.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'Most'CONCERTO'communities'reached'an'average'primary'

energy'reduction'of'at'least'70'%,'based'on'calculated'design'data,'according'to'Lützkendorf'et'

al.,'2013.'A'reduction'of'primary'energy'demand'by'70'%'for'space'heating'is'not'uncommon'for'

refurbished'residential'buildings.'The'results'for'different'projects,'building'types,'energy'

efficient'refurbishment'measures,'RES'measures'and'activities'vary'significantly,'according'to'

results'in'Evaluation'of'(Smart)'Solutions'–'Guidebook'for'Assessment'Part'II'–'Final'Assessment'Report.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'The'final'results'of'the'whole'CONCERTO'initiative'are'yet'to'be'studied.'Not'all'project'and'sites'were'finished'when'this'thesis'was'written.'More'

refurbishment'sites'can'be'studied'more'closely'when'additional'results'are'available.''

'

The'initial'targets'of'the'CONCERTO'site'of'Hannover'were,'from'an'overall'perspective,'

achieved.'Energy'savings'of'50c70'%'indicate'that'these'buildings'are'performing'better'than'

buildings'refurbished'according'to'BAU'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10).'After'full'refurbishment'all'buildings'

have'energetic'standard'considerably'higher'than'regulation'demands.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10)'

The'primary'energy'savings'compared'to'BAU'are'concluded'as'”comparatively'modest'but'

significant”'for'the'Ajaccio'site.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

'

Overall,'the'refurbishment'measures'of'the'BEEMcUP'project'led'to'energy'savings'in'all'sites,'

but'not'as'large'savings'as'targeted.'The'indoor'comfort'and'temperature'distribution'was'

improved'in'all'sites.'There'were'many'DHW'circulation'energy'losses'and'the'DHW'savings'

target'was'too'ambitious.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'Especially'the'DHW'savings'target'was'over'

ambitious.'Why'this'high'target'was'set'in'unclear'and'no'further'information'was'provided'from'

project'contacts'within'the'timeframe'of'this'thesis.''

'

EPC'has'proved'itself'to'be'an'efficient'form'of'procurement'in'projects'on'decreasing'energy'

consumption'and'increasing'environmental'gains'for'an'organisation.'(Gode'et'al.,'2007)'This'

model'focuses'mostly'on'contract'details,'procurement'and'energy'performance.'Tenant/target'

group'involvement'appears'not'to'be'a'priority'as'much'as'in'the'CONCERTO'and'BEEMcUP'

project.'The'interest'for'social'aspects'in'projects'can'be'included'in'the'project'through'interest'

from'client'and'contractor.''

'

Data'collection'The'general'CONCERTO'data'collection'methodology'was'adapted'to'local'conditions:'

• Metering'of'physical'data,'defined'time'steps'during'a'defined'time'period'(preferred).''

• Collection'of'data'from'energy'consumers'or'providers'(second'choice).'

• Calculation'of'data'with'defined'methodology'(if'other'data'was'not'detailed'enough).'

• Estimation'from'statistical'analysis'basis'(final'option'when'lacking'data)'

(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'

'

The'data'quality'and'quantity'was'high'in'Hannover,'while'in'Ajaccio'there'were'many'problems'

regarding'data'collection'with'low'quality'and'quantity'as'a'result.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'Data'

from'utility'bills'turned'out'to'be'harder'to'get'than'expected'in'Ajaccio,'not'all'households'

wanted'to'or'could'supply'this'information.'Consumption'averages'were'therefore'hard'to'

calculate.'Much'data'on'solar'hot'water'yield,'hot'tap'water'consumption'and'heat'consumption'

also'had'to'be'discarded'due'to'data'errors'that'were'discovered'too'late.'Data'from'utility'bills'

turned'out'to'be'harder'to'get'than'expected,'not'all'households'wanted'to'or'could'supply'this'

information.'Consumption'averages'were'therefore'hard'to'calculate.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'

This'shows'the'importance'of'prioritizing'a'high'quality'and'quantity'of'data'before,'during'and'

after'the'refurbishments.'''

'

In'Alingsås'one'building'that'was'representative'for'all'buildings'was'chosen'for'monitoring.'The'

baseline'and'reporting'period'was'established'from'calculations'and'metering'and'presented'in'

different'time'scales.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'In'Delft'monitoring'data'was'analysed'per'dwelling'since'

gas'and'electricity'are'measured'separately'for'all'apartments.'All'dwellings'have'individual'

energy'contracts'and'measurements'per'building'are'therefor'not'possible.'Data'was'collected'

through'energy'meter'readings,'interviewing'tenants'and'receiving'data'from'the'energy'

company.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'In'Paris'actual'meter'readings'in'many'cases'had'to'be'

replaced'by'prognoses.'The'tenants'also'have'the'freedom'of'choosing'individual'energy'

providers,'which'complicates'the'data'collection'process.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'Calculations'of'

the'theoretical'energy'performance'before'and'after'refurbishment'were'made'in'WP1.'A'

selection'of'dwellings'has'been'monitored'before'and'after'refurbishment.'Baseline'was'

established'though'analysis'of'energy'bills'and'partial'measurements.'The'gas'consumption'from'

common'boiler'was'evaluated'through'collection'of'monthly'bills'for'the'heating'system'of'the'

building.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'

'

The'data'collection'can'be'done'by'installing'energy'meters'or'be'given'access'to'data'from'i.e.'

energy'companies.'Results'from'the'interview'study'made'by'Dalenstam,'2009'shows'that'this'

part'of'the'project'is'very'important'to'establish'a'baseline'and'make'it'possible'to'calculate'the'

actual'savings.'Problems'with'data'collection'often'delay'the'project.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'

Available'and'reliable'data'for'heat'consumption'is'required'in'order'to'calculate'the'guaranteed'

savings'correctly.'The'electricity'consumption'is'often'difficult'to'calculate'and'is'therefore'

normally'not'included'in'the'guaranteed'savings.'(Ericsson,'2015)'

'

Lack'of'data'forces'projects'to'include'many'assumptions.'A'conclusion'is'that'the'more'actual,'

reliable'data'available'before'and'after'refurbishment,'the'smaller'the'differences'between'

calculations'and'measurements.'Regular'checks'of'the'accuracy'of'the'data'returned'by'meters'

are'recommended'to'avoid'much'data'having'to'be'discarded.'Tenant'behaviour'including'

rebound'effect'is'concluded'as'possible'additional'reason'for'differences'between'calculation'

and'measurements.'Tenant'behaviour'seems'to'be'an'important'factor'that'is'also'difficult'to'

evaluate.'Adequate'time'and'effort'in'project'start'to'assure'the'data'collection'throughout'the'

project'is'recommended.''

'

Quality'assurance'In'Hannover,'it'was'mandatory'for'all'property'developers'to'take'part'in'a'quality'control'

program.'Quality'control'was'carried'out'to'ensure'that'climate'shell'met'standards,'minimise'

thermal'bridges,'construction'work'was'according'to'plan'and'guarantee'quality'for'tenants'and'

property'owners.'Control'was'performed'in'5'stages:'

1. Testing'and'checking'of'compliance'with'specified'energy'figure,'verification'issued'

according'to'energycsaving'regulation'

2. Checking'of'project'planning'and'construction'details'(i.e.'thermal'bridges)'

3. Implementation'of'the'project'on'the'construction'site,'studying'of'documentation'

4. Checking'of'air'tightness'and'hydraulic'calibrating'of'heating'and'ventilation'systems''

5. Certificate'issued'

'(Anonymous,'n.d)''

'

No'information'on'quality'assurance'for'the'cRRescendo'project/Ajaccio'site'was'found'in'

addition'to'the'overall'CONCERTO'quality'assurance'process.''

'

Hannover,'who'also'already'has'a'focus'on'energy'efficiency'in'buildings'(CONCERTO,'31'January'

2014'(1)),'had'a'strategy'that'guarantees'energy'savings'according'to'regulations.'In'Ajaccio,'the'

strategy'had'no'regulations'and'therefore'guarantee'for'energy'performance'of'the'refurbished'

buildings.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'Any'savings'achieved'seem'to'be'concluded'as'a'success.''

'

EPC'contracts'are'normally'based'on'finding'all'profitable'saving'measures'in'a'property'

portfolio.'The'aim'is'to'decrease'maintenance'costs,'lower'energy'consumption'and'improve'

indoor'climate.'To'ensure'energy'savings'the'same'contractor'is'responsible'for'project'

development,'implementation'and'monitoring.'(Epec,'2014,'(2))'The'quality'assurance'is'

guaranteed'by'the'contract'(the'whole'idea'of'the'EPCcmodel).'(Gode'et'al.,'2007)'

'

A'more'thorough'analysis'of'the'quality'assurance'process'of'various'projects'can'be'carried'out'

to'find'the'best'approach'for'successful'projects.'The'time'plan'of'this'thesis'did'not'allow'a'

more'detailed'study'of'the'quality'assurance,'and'is'therefore'recommended'as'further'

research.'

'

Hypotheses'confirmation'Hypothesis(1:''Cooperation'between'stakeholders'throughout'the'project'is'one'key'factor'to'successful'

projects.''

This'hypothesis'is'confirmed'by'various'reports'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'Ericsson,'2015;'BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7;'Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.3.7)''

Hypothesis(2:''Including'focus'on'tenant'involvement'is'believed'to'give'greater'success'that'projects'only'

focussing'on'the'technical'and'economical'aspects.''

The'importance'of'social'aspects'and'tenant'involvement'is'confirmed'by'reports'studied'in'this'thesis'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.3.8;'Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'Pol,'Österreicher'and'Iglar,'2009;'BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7)''

Hypothesis(3:''Projects'rarely'evaluate'the'outcomes'of'other'previous'projects'to'prevent'making'the'same'

mistakes.'The'reason'for'this'is'assumed'to'time'pressure'and/or'that'type'of'study'not'being'

included'in'the'project'budget.''

Through'the'work'of'this'thesis'no'reports'have'contained'information'about'preYstudies'of'other'projects.'This'fact'is'assessed'to'partly'confirm'the'hypothesis.'However,'whether'time'pressure'and/or'project'budget'is'the'reason'for'the'potential'lack'of'preYstudies'of'other'projects'is'not'confirmed'and'needs'to'be'further'analysed.''

Hypothesis(4:''Economical'limitations'strongly'influence'the'contractor'hired,'measures'implemented'and'

therefore'the'performance'outcome.''

Reports'indicate'the'accuracy'of'this'thesis.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7;'BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.3.8;'CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'Further'studies'are'however'needed'to'thoroughly'analyse'this'factor.'

4.3.Author’s.recommendations.for.a.successful.project.

As'a'final'conclusion'and'interpretation'of'the'results'of'this'thesis,'the'author'will'in'this'chapter'

give'her'personal'guidelines'and'tips'on'how'a'refurbishment'project'can'be'planned'and'

executed'to'achieve'successful'results.''

'

To'ensure'communication'and'cooperation'between'stakeholders'in'a'project,'plan'a'kickcoff'

meeting'where'involved'parties'can'get'to'know'each'other'and'discuss'thoughts,'expectations'

and'aims'with'the'project.'Try'to'include'economical,'technical,'environmental'and'social'

aspects,'for'all'stakeholders'to'see'both'the'shortcterm'and'longcterm'goals'and'benefits.'Have'

an'agenda'with'presentations'of'each'stakeholder'with'time'for'questions'from'the'rest'of'the'

participants.'Make'sure'that'the'responsibilities'of'each'stakeholder'are'clear.'Start'working'on'

an'action'plan'and'an'evaluation'plan'that'need'to'be'read'and'confirmed'by'all'parties'before'

the'actual'refurbishment'work'begins.'Agree'on'how'data'should'be'collected'and'processed.'If'

possible,'try'not'to'change'stakeholders,'project'leaders'or'staff'during'the'project'process.'Plan'

regular'meetings'throughout'the'project,'to'identify'barriers'or'mistakes'as'soon'as'possible.'The'

idea'is'to'get'the'feeling'all'stakeholders'are'working'together'and'all'benefit'from'cooperation,'

and'are'not'competing'with'each'other.'''

'

Investigate'the'need'to'train'e.g.'installers,'make'sure'they'all'have'sufficient'knowledge'about'

the'project,'responsibilities'and'aim'and'are'trained'by'people'with'the'right'experience'if'

necessary.''

'

Inform'and'involve'tenants'in'an'early'stage'in'the'project.'Clarify'how'the'project'will'affect'

them,'both'positively'and'negatively.'Again,'point'to'both'shortcterm'and'longcterm'benefits.'Try'

to'be'creative,'e.g.'have'workshops,'make'a'quiz,'and'give'examples'of'earlier'successful'similar'

projects.'This'will'probably'make'them'feel'more'involved,'they'can'influence'some'parts'of'the'

project'and'may'facilitate'work'execution,'improve'results'after'refurbishment'and'increase'

energy'knowledge'and'awareness.'Give'the'tenants'regular'updates'during'the'refurbishment'

work.'If'possible,'have'one'person'who'mainly'is'responsible'for'the'social'part,'communication'

with'and'information'to'tenants.'

'

To'maximise'data'quantity'and'quality,'make'sure'to'establish'a'good'contact'with'energy'data'

providers;'companies,'tenants'etc.'Avoid'asking'or'searching'for'data'at'the'last'minute,'and'be'

clear'which'type'of'data'is'needed'and'for'what'purpose.''

'

Try'focusing'on'the'main'goal'and'global'importance'of'this'type'of'project'–'energy'efficiency'

towards'economical,'environmental,'technical'and'social'sustainability.''

'

4.4.Suggestions.of.further.research.

Comparison'between'projects'with'different'structure'and'stakeholders.'

'

Recommendations'for'financial'models'used'in'projects.'

'

Demographic'factors'effect'on'project'execution'and'outcome.'

'

Comparison'of'political/administrative/institutional'approaches.'

'

Quality'assurance'process'–'what'are'the'key'factors'during'project'startcup,'execution'and'

evaluation?'

'

Is'there'a'minimum'investment'level'for'successful'refurbishment'projects?'

'

' '

References.

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'

act2,'2012.'D'2.10'Scientific'manuscript(s)'that'can'be'submitted'to'a'scientific'journal.'[online]'proKlima.'Avaliable'at:'

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'

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'

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'

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'

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'

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'

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'

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'

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'

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'

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'

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'

Pol,'O.,'Österreicher,'D.,'Iglar,'B.,'2009.'The'refurbishment'actions'in'the'European'Concerto'initiative:'first'impact'analysis,'barriers'and'recommendations.'[online]'Wien:'Austrian'Institute'

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'

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'

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'

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'

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'


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'


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'


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'

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'

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'

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Interviews.

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Fåhraeus.'[FaceTime]'Stockholm/Saltsjöbaden'20150602.''

'

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Fåhraeus.'[Telephone]'Stockholm/Saltsjöbaden'20150527.''

.