How Reliable is the Extrapolation_Localized Particle Deposition Patterns in Human_rat Nasal Cavities

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How reliable is the extrapolation? Localizedparticle deposition patterns in human/rat nasalcavities

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RMIT University

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Jingliang Dong

RMIT University

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1 Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Proceedings of the ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition

2015 IMECE

November 13-19, 2015, Houston, Texas, USA

IMECE2015-52494

HOW RELIABLE IS THE EXTRAPOLATION? LOCALIZED PARTICLE DEPOSITION

PATTERNS IN HUMAN/RAT NASAL CAVITIES

Yidan SHANG, Jingliang DONG, Kiao INTHAVONG, Jiyuan TU*

School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering of RMIT and Platform TechnologiesResearch Institute (PTRI).

PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.

ABSTRACTTo improve the understanding of dose-response

extrapolation from rat to human, regional micro-particle

deposition patterns are numerically investigated and compared

between human and rat realistic nasal cavities using

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Resting breathing

conditions are chosen and airflow patterns are visualised by

streamlines. To have better comparisons of deposition patterns,

deposited particles are projected into pre-divided 2D domains

based on anatomical features using surface-mapping technique.

The results show significant differences between human and rat

due to the different nasal geometries, especially at vestibule

regions. In human case, large micro-particles deposit primarily

in vestibule, septum and pharynx and small micro-particlesrelatively scattered in the whole cavity. On the contrary, in the

rat case, large and small micro-particles are captured by the first

and second bend of vestibule region.

INTRODUCTIONThe nasal cavity is an efficient filtering component of upper

respiratory tract to protect the lung from airborne particles. To

evaluate the health risk by inhalation exposure, toxicity data

extrapolation from laboratory animals (e.g. rat, monkey) to

humans is widely used. Previous in-vivo and in-vitro

experimental studies indicated the nasal filtering is efficient when

micro-sized particles larger than 10 µm (for human) or 5 µm

(for rat), and nano-sized particles smaller than 10 nm (both forhuman and rat) [1-6]. Micro-particle deposition efficiency

increases rapidly as inertial increases with the size.

Experiments are costly and inefficient in this type of

investigations. Particle dosimetry models such as MPPD model

[7, 8] and semi-empirical model [9] have been developed to

predict the deposition efficiencies of inhaled particles among

different regions of the respiratory system for human and rat.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is an alternate

way to estimate airflow patterns and main particle depositionsites. Due to the intricate nasal cavity geometry, majority of

previous studies focused their research efforts on overall particle

deposition analysis. Numerous numerical studies roughly

indicated that the deposited micro-sized particles are mainly

concentrated at the nasal valve and the septum for the human

model, and at the anterior region of the nose for rat [10-13]

Besides, regional particle deposition efficiencies in the nasa

cavity are important as particles can cross the respiratory

epithelium and reach the underlying tissue, blood vessels and

even brain via the Blood-Brain-Barrier [14]. However to date

comparative studies of particle deposition patterns between

human and rat nasal cavities are limited because visualization of

deposition patterns are difficult even with a 3D viewer due tothe complexity of highly curved nasal geometries.

In this paper, airflow patterns and micro-particle deposition

patterns are investigated and compared between human and ra

nasal cavities. To advance the analysis method of particle

deposition, particle deposition patterns are visualized by surface

mapping technique proposed by Inthavong et al. [15-17

converting the complex 3D endothelial surface of nasal cavity

into a flat 2D domain. Both human and rat nasal cavities are

anatomically divided into seven regions accordingly fo

analysing and comparing regional depositions. This comparative

study can contribute towards improving extrapolations o

physiological response to inhaled particles from rat to human.

METHOD

A. Geometry

Two realistic models representing human (labeled as NC04

48-year-old male) and rat (labeled as RNC01, 400g Sprague

Dawley) nasal cavities are reconstructed from CT scans (Fig

1a,1b), the detailed reconstruction method of which can be

found in [18]. Each model includes both left and right nasa

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21101392_In_Vivo_Deposition_of_Ultrafine_Aerosols_in_the_Nasal_Airway_of_the_Rat?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-f3c8e4b7-76df-4037-b207-3a08135e317f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI5MjE1OTY5NztBUzozMjMzOTkwOTQ2MDM3NzZAMTQ1NDExNTc2MDU5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11890030_Deposition_of_fine_and_coarse_aerosols_in_a_rat_nasal_mold?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-f3c8e4b7-76df-4037-b207-3a08135e317f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI5MjE1OTY5NztBUzozMjMzOTkwOTQ2MDM3NzZAMTQ1NDExNTc2MDU5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14633009_A_Multiple-Path_Model_of_Particle_Deposition_in_the_Rat_Lung?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-f3c8e4b7-76df-4037-b207-3a08135e317f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI5MjE1OTY5NztBUzozMjMzOTkwOTQ2MDM3NzZAMTQ1NDExNTc2MDU5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14633009_A_Multiple-Path_Model_of_Particle_Deposition_in_the_Rat_Lung?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-f3c8e4b7-76df-4037-b207-3a08135e317f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI5MjE1OTY5NztBUzozMjMzOTkwOTQ2MDM3NzZAMTQ1NDExNTc2MDU5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11890030_Deposition_of_fine_and_coarse_aerosols_in_a_rat_nasal_mold?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-f3c8e4b7-76df-4037-b207-3a08135e317f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI5MjE1OTY5NztBUzozMjMzOTkwOTQ2MDM3NzZAMTQ1NDExNTc2MDU5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21101392_In_Vivo_Deposition_of_Ultrafine_Aerosols_in_the_Nasal_Airway_of_the_Rat?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-f3c8e4b7-76df-4037-b207-3a08135e317f&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI5MjE1OTY5NztBUzozMjMzOTkwOTQ2MDM3NzZAMTQ1NDExNTc2MDU5Mw==


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nostrils and decelerates slightly till it reaches the pharynx region,

and then accelerates again to 6.5 m/s (Fig 2c). While in rat’s

case the airflow immediately turns sharply followed by a 180

degree bend and a 90 degree bend when inhaled into nostrils,

drastically accelerating it from nearly 0 to 10 m/s (Fig 2d). This

leads to significant impact of high inertial particles. The air

predominantly flows through the middle passage and a largerecirculation is found in the pocket-like olfactory region (Fig

2b), which may provide a possible site for particle deposition.

B. 3D micro-particle deposition patterns

Ten thousand particles are visualised in lateral view by dots

in the 3D domain. The particle Stokes number (Stk ) was used to

determine appropriate particles sizes representing equivalent

particle behavior between these two species. The particle

deposition efficiency is defined as the quantity of deposited

particles over inhaled particles.

Figure 3. 3D view of micro-sized particles deposition of two

particular particle sizes representing Stk < 0.1 and Stk > 1 in

human (a), and rat (b).

Figure 3 illustrates deposition of small particles (Stk < 0.1,

2.5 µm for human, 1 µm for rat, and coloured by blue) and large

particles (Stk > 1, 20 µm for human, 3 µm for rat, and coloured by red). In the human case, major deposition sites for large

particles are concentrated at the top of the vestibule, the main

passage and pharynx region (Fig 3a). While small particles

relatively scattered in the whole cavity. These patterns are

consistent with previous reported conclusions [10].

Comparing to the human model, the vestibule region of the

rat model performs more significant filtration function as the

majority of the inhaled particles deposits in this region,

especially for large particles (100% deposition) as shown in the

enlarged view. This is due to the unique nasal shape of two

sharp bends with 180 degree for the first bend and 90 degree for

the other one(Fig 2d). Small portion of small particles escaped

from vestibule are scattered in the main passage.

For both cases, particle deposition efficiencies for smal

particles are below 5% while for large particles are nearly 100%However, further detailed deposition features could not be

revealed from here due to data overlapping.

C. 2D micro-particle deposition patterns

Figure 4. 2D view of micro-sized particles deposition of two

particular particle sizes representing Stk < 0.1 and Stk > 1 in

human (a), and rat (b).

Through converting the particle deposition patterns into 2D

views, more deposition features can be observed. According to

the human case in the Figure 4a, more particles deposit in the

right nasal cavity due to the asymmetric geometry. Besides, the

septum region captures almost all large particles which deposi

in the main passage. For the rat case (Figure 4b), large particles

are significantly concentrated at the top of the first bend in the

vestibule. As a supplement to the deposition patterns in the 3D

view, majority of small particles deposit in both bends in the ravestibule. Considerable portions of the remaining particles which

are scattered in the main passage mainly deposit in the olfactory

region.

CONCLUSION

To improve the data extrapolation from monitored

exposures of laboratory animals to possible human exposure


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scenarios, this study numerically compared micro- and nano-

sized particle deposition patterns in human and rat nasal cavities.

Simulations are based on realistic 3D models

reconstructed from CT scans. Differences of nasal size, shape

and structure between two species lead to different airflow

patterns and affect particle motions. The major anatomical

difference is found at the vestibule region, where two sharpturns (a U-turn 180 degree bend followed by a 90 degree bend)

in the rat vestibule perform significant filtering functions

primarily for micro-particles. Deposited particles are visualized

in both 3D view and 2D view by applying the surface mapping

technique. Significant discrepancies of micro- and nano-particle

deposition patterns between the human and rat cases are

observed.

This study indicates that the extrapolation from laboratory

animals to human should be carefully considered due to their

physiological differences in the anatomical level. It also provides

an approach towards interspecies dose-response comparisons,

and facilitates policy makers and governments to conduct

particulate matter risk assessment and outline policies forreducing emissions of certain particulates when necessary.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was supported by the Australian Research

Council (ARC project ID DP120103958), and National Natural

Science Foundation of China (NSFC 21277080).

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*Correspondence email: [email protected]
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How Reliable is the Extrapolation_Localized Particle Deposition Patterns in Human_rat Nasal Cavities