How is America Changing?

• Moving West– People moving to Northwest Territory– Center of population is moving away from the East

Coast• New technology and transportation– Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney)– Canals (Erie Canal)– Roads (National Road)

Why Move West

• Economic reasons– Panic of 1837– People wanted a fresh start in the west.

• Lots of land– Farming and speculation– Easier to own land out west.

• Transportation revolution– More job opportunities in the west.

How do they get there?

• Conestoga Wagons• Santa Fe Trail– Missouri to New Mexico– Trade Route

• Oregon Trail– Missouri to Portland, Oregon– Most walked the trail, pushed hand carts.– Traveled in caravans.– Disease killed many travelers.

Problems from Expansion.

• Why is the balance of power between slave states and free states important to peace?

• The first example of problems starts when Missouri is to become a slave state.

Missouri Compromise

• Henry Clay makes the compromise.

• Missouri became a slave state, Maine became a free state.– Settled differences between slave

and free states.– Kept balance in the Senate

• 36°30’ line for future expansion– North is free, south is slave.

Missouri Compromise

Nullification• Do you remember the Virginia and

Kentucky Resolutions?• Tariff of Abominations– South against the tariff

• John C. Calhoun– Believes states can nullify acts of

Congress.– Nullify the tariff.

• Do not follow the law.

• Do states have this power?

The Gold Rush

• 1849 – Gold is found in California

• People rush to San Francisco to get rich.– Most find nothing.– Population soars in

California.

Compromise of 1850

• Henry “the Great Compromiser” Clay’s last compromise.1. California becomes a

free state.2. Southwestern

territories could determine if they allowed slavery.

3. New fugitive slave law.

Compromise of 1850

Popular Sovereignty

• Definition - The right of residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery.

North vs. South

North• Industrial• More population

– Over 80% of the nation’s population

• +90% of the nation’s technology is in the north.

• Lots of railroads and canals.• Pro-tariff

South• Agricultural• Very little industry• Very few railroads and

canals.• Anti-tariff

Fight Over Slavery

• Slave Revolt Leaders– Nat Turner– Gabriel Prosser

• Abolitionists– William Lloyd Garrison

– Frederick Douglass

Underground Railroad• Network to help slaves escape the South.• Harriet Tubman was a famous “conductor.”

• What type of economy should American have?

• Who has the right to determine if slavery is illegal?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Written by Harriet Beecher Stow.

• Story had a negative portrayal of slave owners.– Influenced northerners

views on slavery.

Failed Compromises

• Missouri Compromise• Compromise of 1850– Each end up failing.– Cannot fix the problem of slavery.– The public takes a stand in Kansas.

Kansas – Nebraska Act

• Repealed the Missouri Compromise line from 1820.

• Allowed settlers to vote whether or not to allow slavery.– Popular Sovereignty– Caused fights between pro-

slavery and anti-slavery settlers.

Bleeding Kansas

• Popular Sovereignty– Kansas becomes the

battleground over slavery.– Pro and Anti Slavery settlers

clash in Kansas.• John Brown - Pottawatomie

Massacre• Blood has been shed over

slavery.– Civil War starts in five years.

Dred Scott Case

• Slave that sued for his freedom.– He lived in a free territory for ten

years.– Claimed this made him free.– Lost his case.

• Supreme Court determined slaves could not be citizens because they were property.– The government cannot take away

someone’s property (5th Amendment).

Political Parties

• First two parties– Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans

• In the 1820s….– Democratic-Republicans becomes the Democratic

Party.– The Whig Party forms.

Political Parties Continued

• Democratic Party– Supported by farmers.– Rural parts of the country.– Andrew Jackson– Splits between the north and south over slavery in the 1850s.

• Whigs– Supported by businesses, merchants.– New England and growing industrial parts of the north.– Henry Clay, Daniel Webster– American System

• Build roads and canals, have tariffs, and a National Bank.

New Political Parties Form

Whig Party falls apart in the 1850s.1. Know - Nothing Party

Anti-immigration, Anti-CatholicNativism – favored native born Americans

2. Free - Soil PartyAgainst expansion of slavery, pro-labor

3. Republican PartyOpposed expansion of slavery into the territories.Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Political Party Posters

• Each student needs to make one political poster for one of the following political parties.– Free Soil Party– Know-Nothing Party– Republican Party– Democratic Party (Northern or Southern)

• Each poster needs to have the name of the party, the date of its founding, two drawings that relate to the party’s views, and a mission statement (why the party exists).

Bleeding Kansas Continued

• We left off with violent fighting over slavery.• Lecompton Constitution passed by pro-slavery

leaders in Kansas. Kansas will have slavery.– But most citizens were anti-slavery and voted

against the Constitution.• Accepted by President Buchanan.• Causes anger in the north.

Lincoln – Douglas Debates

• Illinois Senate Campaign in 1858.• Lincoln gains national recognition.• They debate slavery in the territories.• Douglas wins the election.

Lincoln’s Views

"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided.” - Lincoln, June 1858Lincoln was an abolitionist and was against the spread of slavery.Douglas supported popular sovereignty.

John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry (1859)

John Brown and 21 men attack the federal arsenal.

Capture 60 people and seize weapons.

Hopes slaves will join him and he can build an army.

Harpers Ferry is raided by the U.S. Marines and Brown is captured, tried, and put to death.

Election of 1860

Four candidates.Major issues were states-rights and slavery.Democratic party splits in two (North and South).Allows Lincoln to win without the support of a single southern state.

Angers southern states.

Election Results - Lincoln Wins with 180 Electoral votes

Southern Secession

South Carolina secedes first.Belief in states-rights and a fear of the U.S. government lead to secession.The Confederacy is formed on February 4, 1861.Jefferson Davis is elected as the president.

Jefferson Davis