StudycommissionedbytheEmbassyoftheKingdomoftheNetherlandsandundertakenby

March2017

HORTICULTURESTUDYPhase1:MappingofEUFreshProducemarket

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ContentsFreshProducemarket............................................................................................................................3

Imports&Export................................................................................................................................4

EastAfricafocussedEUcountries......................................................................................................5

Products.................................................................................................................................................7

EUproduction....................................................................................................................................7

Non-EU...............................................................................................................................................7

RoleofSmallholders...............................................................................................................................8

Sourcing..................................................................................................................................................9

Phytosanitaryandquality......................................................................................................................9

Certification............................................................................................................................................9

B2B,C2B&Organic..........................................................................................................................10

EUlegislation&MRL........................................................................................................................10

PreferentialArrangements...................................................................................................................10

Logistics................................................................................................................................................11

Endcustomer.......................................................................................................................................12

MarketDevelopments..........................................................................................................................12

Avocado............................................................................................................................................12

Garlic................................................................................................................................................13

Herbs................................................................................................................................................13

Limes................................................................................................................................................13

Mangoes...........................................................................................................................................14

Pineapples........................................................................................................................................14

SweetPotato....................................................................................................................................15

TenderstemBroccoli........................................................................................................................15

Productstrends................................................................................................................................15

Opportunities.......................................................................................................................................16

Incountrypacking............................................................................................................................16

Supplychainimprovements.............................................................................................................17

Brexit................................................................................................................................................17

Investment...........................................................................................................................................17

Annex1VegetablesimportedbyEUfromAfrica.................................................................................18

Annex2FruitsexportedToEUfromAfrica..........................................................................................19

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Abbreviations

AYR AllYearRound

B2B BusinesstoBusiness

B2C BusinesstoConsumer

BRC BritishRetailConsortium

BSCI BusinessSocialComplianceInitiative

CIF Cost,Insurance&Freight

EAC EastAfricanCommunity

EHEC EnterohaemorrhagicEscherichiacoli

EPA EconomicPartnershipAgreement

ETI EthicalTradingInitiative

EU EuropeanUnion

FEPEX laFederaciónEspañoladeAsociacionesdeProductoresExportadores

GGN 13-digitnumberthatuniquelyidentifieseachproducerandindividualmemberofaproducergroupintheGLOBALGAPdatabase

GlobalGAP Global-GoodAgriculturalPractice

GRASP GLOBALG.A.P.RiskAssessmentonSocialPractice

LDC LeastDevelopedCounty

MRL MinimumResidueLevels

NAFTA NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement

USA UnitedStatesofAmerica

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FreshProducemarketThreeareastendtodominatetheglobaltradeinfreshproducenamelytheEuropeanUnion,NAFTA(US,MexicoandCanada)andAsiaandthePacific.TheEUisthebiggestimporteroffruitandvegetableswithfiguresestimatedat50%ofglobalimportsandproviding40%ofexports,howevertradingandprocessingareinthehandsofonlyafewEUcountries.

Top10EUimporters–Vegetablesin€

Top10EUImporters–Fruit

AsaresultofglobalisationandgreaterdemandinnewmarketslikeLatinAmerica,Asia,MiddleEastandAfrica,butalsothesideeffectoftheRussianembargoesandeconomiccrisisinseveralmarkets,aprocessofdiversificationofinternationaltradeflowistakingplace.Thisisresultinginashiftofsupplychainsleadingtotheopeningofnewmarketsandincreasedlocaldemandfromemergingeconomies.ThishasreducedtheattractivenessoftheEUasthenewmarketshavelesslegislationandpotentiallyhighermargins.

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€Millionsx1.000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure1SourceITCTradeMap–InternationalTradeStatisticsAccessed10/01/2017

Figure2SourceITCTradeMap–InternationalTradeStatisticsAccessed10/01/2017

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€Millionsx1.000

2011 2012 2013 2014

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Imports & Export AccordingtoFreshfel(EuropeanFreshProduceAssociation)in2014,theEUimportedaround13.1milliontonnestothevalueof€12.5billionofwhichfruitis87%ofimportedvolume.Themaincategoriesimportedarebananas,pineapples,applesandpearsfromtheSouthernHemisphere,aswellastablegrapesandcitrusfruit.TheEUremainsanetimporterasthevolumeimportedexceedstheexportvolume.ThebiggestsuppliersincludeSouthAfrica,CostaRica,Morocco,Turkey,Ecuador,Chile,Colombia,Peru,Brazil,NewZealand,Argentina,Israel,EgyptandDominicanRepublic.

Consumersworldwideareincreasinglydemandingahigher-valueandmoreinterestingrangeoffruitsandvegetables.Theresultisthat,whilethevolumeoffreshfruitandvegetableconsumptionaroundtheworldisbarelyincreasing,thevalueofglobalfruitandvegetabletradeisrising,spurredonbynewdevelopingmarketssuchasChinaandthehigherevolutionofestablishedmarketssuchastheUS.Thesecountriesarethemajorcontributorstogrowthinglobalfruitandvegetablesimportdemand,butotherslikeThailand,Malaysia,SouthKoreaandtheUnitedArabEmirateshavealsobecomepromisingmarkets.

WhiletheEuropeanmarketmightnotbethegrowthengineforglobalexportersitoncewas,itneverthelessremainsaverylargeandgrowingimportmarket.Thegrowthinnutandbananaimportshasbeenprominent,butrisingdemandformanyotherfruitandvegetablecategorieshasalsobeencreatingopportunities,especiallyforproducersclosetotheEUsuchasMoroccoandTurkey.

Well-establishedfreshproduceexporterslikethoseinNewZealand,theUS,AustraliaandChilearenaturallylookingtoplayagrowingroleinglobaltrade,butup-and-comingexportingnationssuchasMexicoandPeruarerisinginprominenceandprovingworthycompetitors.OtherproducernationssuchasMorocco,ThailandandVietnamarealsostrategicallywell-placedtocapitalise,astheylooktobetterorganiseandorientatethemselvestomeettheproductandqualityrequirementsoftoday’shigh-valueimportmarkets.What’smore,localsuppliersinmarketssuchasChinaarealsoactivelyinvestingtobettercompetewithimportedproduceandmeetgrowingdemandforaffordableproduceinthenearbyregion.

AccordingtodatafromEurostat;MoroccoandEgyptcontinuetogainweightasthemainnon-EUvegetablesuppliercountriesfortheEU,witharespective13%and10%growthinvolumeinthefirsthalfof2016overthesameperiodof2015,totalling482,571tonsand250,559tons.

EUimportsofvegetablesfromMoroccoaccountedfor31%oftheEU'stotalimportsfromthirdcountriesinthefirsthalfof2016.ImportsfromEgyptaccountedfor15%ofthetotal.

EUvegetableimportsfromMoroccoamountedto€591.6million(+10%),andaccountedfor36%ofthetotalvalueofEUimportsfromthirdcountries,whichamountedto€1,602million.EUimportsfromEgyptamountedto€155.5million.

ThetomatoistheflagshipMoroccanvegetableimportwith247,152tons,thatis8%morethaninthefirsthalfof2015and€249.6million(+7%)more.Leguminousvegetableimportsalsostoodout,asgreenbeanimportsincreasedby8%involumeand92,615tons.

ThemainvegetablesimportedfromEgyptarepotatoeswith157,459tons(+4%)andonions,with72,378tons(+31%).TurkeyfollowsMoroccoandEgyptanditisthethirdlargestsupplieroffreshvegetablesintheEUwith237,918tons,(+3%)withasharpincreaseinpotatoes(+26%),whichtotalled173,543tons.

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ThepositivetrendofvegetablepurchasesfromMoroccoandEgyptispartofaglobalincreaseinpurchasesfromnon-EUcountries,whichgrewby23%involumeand11%invalueinthefirsthalfof2016whencomparedwiththesameperiodof2015,amountingto1.55milliontonsand€1,602million.

AccordingtoFEPEX(Spanishfederationofassociationsofproducersandexportersoffruits,vegetables,flowersandliveplants),thestronggrowthofEUvegetableimportsfromthirdcountrieshasadirectimpactonintra-CommunityMemberStatesvegetabletrade,whichdecreasedinthesameperiodby1%.

Exports

EUexportshavebeenconstantlygrowingsincetheturnofthecentury.In2014,exportsreached6.2milliontonnestothevalueof€4.8bnofwhich68%isfruitand32%vegetables.RussiawasthemainrecipientofEUproduce,astatuschallengedbytheembargoinitiatedbytheRussianFederationinAugust2014.Nevertheless,EUexportersmanagedtostabilizeitsexportsandevenincreasetheexportedquantitywiththeopeningofnewmarketsandthesearchingofnewopportunities.

ThemainexportdestinationsoutsideoftheEUincludeRussiauntilAugust2014,Belarus,Switzerland,Norway,Ukraine,Algeria,Brazil,EgyptandSenegal.

East Africa focussed EU countries Tradeinfruitandvegetableproductshasbeenamongthemostdynamicareasofinternationalagriculturaltrade,stimulatedbyrisingincomesandgrowingconsumerinterestinproductvariety,freshness,convenienceandyear-roundavailability.Advancesinproduction,postharvesthandling,processingandlogisticaltechnologiesalongwithincreasedlevelsofinternationalinvestmenthaveplayedafacilitatingrole.Fordevelopingcountriestradeintheseproductshasbeenattractiveinthefaceofhighlyvolatileordeclininglong-termtrendsinthepricesformanytraditionalexportproducts.Althoughmanydevelopingcountrysuppliershaveenteredthefield,relativelyfewhaveachievedsignificant,sustainedsuccess,reflectingthefactthattheindustryishighlycompetitiveandrapidlychanging.

Asshownbelow,KenyahasbeensuccessfulinbuildingstrongtradingrelationsespeciallywithNetherlandsandUnitedKingdomwhorepresent72%ofallexportsfromKenya.Byvalue,theNetherlandsisthemainexportdestinationforfruitwith48%(Table1)and27%oftheoverallexportsandtheUnitedKingdomrepresentsof58%ofKenyanvegetableexportsin2015(Table2)andcombined45%ofoverallexportsfromKenya.

KenyaTop5FruitExportCountries2015 Value€(CIF) Volume/KG Netherlands 29,759,738 48% 10,649,000 47%France 16,830,981 27% 7,993,000 35%Germany 5,915,197 9% 720,000 3%UnitedKingdom 5,057,492 8% 1,157,000 5%Belgium 2,142,470 3% 883,000 4%EU28 62,628,431 22,587,000

Table1Source:EUExporthelpAccessed10/01/2017

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KenyaTop5VegetableExportCountries2015 Value€(CIF) Volume/KG UnitedKingdom 103,547,779 58% 29,885,000 58%Netherlands 35,510,800 20% 9,544,000 19%France 20,480,625 11% 5,607,000 11%Germany 9,672,072 5% 2,822,000 6%Belgium 7,994,332 4% 2,757,000 5%EU28 179,318,173 51,102,000

Table2Source:EUExporthelpAccessed10/01/2017

IncomparisontoKenya;TanzaniahaslowerdirectexportstotheEUasshownbelow.AsubstantialproportionofTanzania’sfreshproduce,destinedfortheEU,isexportedviaKenya’swell-establishedtransportlinks.TheNetherlandsandtheUnitedKingdomarethemainimportcountriesrepresenting94%intotalTanzanianexportvalue.TheNetherlandsisthemainimporterforfruitwith58%(Table3)and31%overallexportsandtheUnitedKingdomrepresentsof57%ofTanzanianvegetableexportsin2015(Table2)and57%oftheoverallexports.

TanzaniaTop5FruitExportCountries2015 Value€(CIF) Volume/KG Netherlands 5,312,181 58% 2,142,000 60%UnitedKingdom 1,715,278 19% 630,000 18%France 1,602,524 17% 703,000 20%Germany 303,638 3% 51,000 1%Spain 133,411 1% 36,000 1%EU28 9,190,543 3,599,000

Table3Source:EUExporthelpAccessed10/01/2017

TanzaniaTop5VegetableExportCountries2015 Value€(CIF) Volume/KG UnitedKingdom 6,684,893 57% 3,200,000 56%Netherlands 2,402,956 20% 786,000 14%Italy 1,730,091 15% 1,235,000 21%Belgium 524,760 4% 351,000 6%France 185,186 2% 81,000 1%EU28 11,733,019 5,746,000

Table4Source:EUExporthelpAccessed10/01/2017

Annex1&2showamoredetailedbreakdownofvegetablesandfruitimportedfromAfrica,showingthatbeansarethebiggestcategoryinvegetableswith58%whereasfruitismoredifferentiatedandisnotdominatedbyonespecificproductgroupandismadeupofgrapes21%,citrus16%,banana12%withthesegmentstonefruit(mango,pineapple,avocado,dates,figs)makingup14%.

TheNetherlandsandtheUKarekeyexportcountriesandbothfacedifferentchallengesandopportunitiesforbothKenyaandTanzania.

TheUKhasbecomeincreasinglyreliantonimportsoffruitandvegetablesoverthepasttwodecades,withaself-sufficiencyrateofjust58%invegetablesand11%infruit.Thishasbeendrivenin-partbylargeincreasesinimportsofnon-nativefoodstotheUK,suchaspineapples,melonsandavocados.

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TheEUiscurrentlythemainsourceoffoodimportstotheUK.AccordingtoUKgovernmentdatain20151,40%ofallfreshvegetableimportscamefromSpainand28%camefromtheNetherlands,withPolandandFrancebothproviding4.0%imports.

TheBritishRetailConsortium(BRC)warnedthattherewasadangerthatthecostofEUimportsmightincreasefollowingBrexit,ifthegovernmentappliedcustomsduties.Asurvey2ofUKretailersaskingabouttheimpactofBrexitfoundthataboutone-thirdofUKretailersareconsideringsourcingfromadifferentcountryand38%expecttoseemoreproducesourcedfromAfrica.PotentialchangestoEUtariffs,thefallingvalueofsterling,andattemptstoreducecostsbysourcingoutsideEuropewerelistedasfactorsbehindanychange.

BrexitisaconcerntotheNetherlandsFreshProduceindustry.AccordingtotheGroentenFruitHuis,exportsin2013fromtheNetherlandstotheUKwasworth€932million,secondonlytoGermany(€2.8Billion).InthecaseofaBritishleave,itcouldhavesignificantimpactonthefreshproducetrade,primarilybetweentheEU-27andtheU.K.,giventheimportanceofEU-27shipmentsoffreshproducetotheU.K.market.

IfthesedevelopmentshaveasignificantimpactonthetradingrelationshipwiththeNetherlandsitisunclearwhattheimpactwouldbeforKenyaandTanzania.ThefacttheUKisalreadydominantinthesemarketstheconclusioncouldbethatexportvolumescouldgrowwithoutvolumesshippedtotheNetherlandsbeingnegativelyaffected.

ProductsEU production In2015,almost2.2millionhectaresoflandintheEUwasusedtoproducevegetablesforfreshconsumptionandforprocessingwhichamountsto1.9%ofallEUarableland.Melons,tomatoes,peppers,eggplants,courgettes,cucumbersandgherkinscoveredmorethanaquarter(27.6%)ofthisarea.Root,tuber&bulbvegetables,suchascarrots,radishes,onions,shallotsandgarliccamesecond(18.8%),followedclosely(17.8%)bythediversegroupofleafyandstalkedvegetables(suchaslettuce,spinach,chicory,endives,asparagus,artichokes,etc.).Freshpulses(mainlypeasandbeans)wereproducedon13.0%ofthevegetablearea,brassicas(cabbages,cauliflowersandbroccoli)on12.4%andstrawberrieson4.9%ofarablelandmass.

Almosthalf(47.2%)ofthevegetableareawaslocatedinjustthreeMemberStates.ThesewereItaly(19.5%),Spain(16.6%)andPoland(11.1%).ThisfirstgroupwasfollowedbyasecondgroupmadeupofFrance(10.9%)andRomania(7.1%).

Amongindividualvegetablecrops,tomatoesoccupiedthelargestarea,accountingfor11.7%ofthetotalvegetablearea.TheareasusedtogrowtomatoeswerepredominatelyinItaly(41.9%)andSpain(22.8%),followedatadistancebyRomania(9.5%),Portugal(7.3%)andGreece(6.7%).

Non-EU In2015,theEUimportedfruitandvegetablesfromthirdcountrieswithavalueofabout€19.1billion.Fruitimportsweremuchmoresignificantthanvegetables,accountingfor88.4%ofthetotal.

1https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/557993/AUK-2015-05oct16.pdf2http://www.newsroom.barclays.co.uk/r/3384/supply_chain_considerations_front_of_mind_for_retailers

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Freshanddriednutswerethemostimportedcrops(26.2%)intermsofvalue,followedbybananas(17.7%),dates,figs,pineapplesandavocados(together11.5%),grapes(9.9%)andcitrusfruits3

Fruitandvegetableswereimportedfromalargenumberofcountries,scatteredaroundtheglobe.TheUnitedStates(15.0%)Turkey(10.7%),SouthAfrica(8.4%),Morocco(6.7%)andCostaRica(6.2%).Almosthalfofthetotalvalueofimportedfruitandfreshvegetablesoriginatedfromthesefivecountries.

Thereisaclearspecialisationtrendintheimportcountries,twothirdsofbananasoriginatedfromCentralandSouthAmericawithColombiaaccountingfor26.0%,Ecuador24.5%andCostaRica17%andtwofifthsofdates,figs,pineappleandavocadoscamefromCostaRica(24.5%)andPeru(16.3%).

AlmostonethirdofcitrusfruitsenteredtheEUmarketfromSouthAfrica(31.3%);anadditionalthirdcamefromArgentina(11.2%),Turkey(9.9%)andMorocco(9.3%).

GrapesweremostlyimportedfromSouthAfrica(26.0%),Turkey(20.0%)andChile(15.4%),whilefreshstrawberriesandotherberriesweresuppliedbyChile(20.5%),NewZealand(18.5%)andMorocco(11.9%).

Almostfourfifthsofapplesandpearsarrivedfromthreecountries:SouthAfrica(29.6%),Chile(27.7%)andNewZealand(21.6%),whilehalfoftheimportedcherries,apricots,plumsandpeachesoriginatedfromChile(20.5%),NewZealand(18.7%)andMorocco(11.9%).

Israelwastheleadingsupplierofcarrots(56.8%)andKenyaoflegumes(43.6%),whileTurkeyledtheimportsforcucumbers(27.3%)andChinaforonionsandgarlic(24.6%).

RoleofSmallholdersBydefinition,agriculturalgrowthistheprimarysourceofpovertyreductioninmostagriculture-basedeconomies.Theexpansionofsmallholderfarmingcanleadtoafasterrateofpovertyalleviation.However,importersandsupermarketsremainwaryofsourcingfromsmallholderfarmers.Theyrealisethatfailuretomeetfoodsafetyorethicaltradingstandardscanresultinbadpublicityandcanunderminetheirpositioninthemarketplace.Concentratingthesmallholdersintoagrowerbasewillreducetheexposuretoriskthroughgreatercontrolovertheproductionanddistributionprocesses.Theexportofhorticulturalproducefromsmallholdersisonlyviablewhenalargeproducerorexportcompaniesareabletoprovidesupport,guidanceandanelementofcontroltothesmallholderoperations.

Ofthecompaniesinterviewed,itbecameapparentthatthebiggestperceivedchallenges,especiallyfromcompanieswithoutverticallyintegratedsupplychains,isqualityandreliabilityofthein-countryexporter.Itwasindicatedduringseveralinterviewsthatnotallexporters,besidesstandardcertificationrequirements,understandtheimportanceofrequirementofadherencetodeliveryschedules,qualityintermsofdefects,ripenessandspecification.

ThecompaniesperceivedthemostsuccessfulinKenya&Tanzaniaweretheoneswithveryclosetieseitherthroughverticalintegrationorbyhavingastakeinthefarm.

Historically,productionforespeciallybeansandmangowasacombinationofcommercialfarmsandsmallholderfarms.In2012theEUchangeditsregulationinstipulatingthatDimethoateresidues

3http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/The_fruit_and_vegetable_sector_in_the_EU_-_a_statistical_overview#Trade

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shouldnotexceed0.02partspermillion.In2013higherresiduesofDimethoatewerefoundinKenyaproduce,resultinginsanctionsfromtheEuropeanUnionCommissionthroughanincreaseinthemandatorychecksof10%ofalltypesofbeans,suchasgreenbeansorsugarsnaps.

Dimethoatewasapopularchemicalwithsmallholdersandasnotallsmallholdersadheredtotherestrictionofuseithasresultedthatsmallholdershavebeensqueezedoutofseveralsupplychainslinkedtolargercommercialfarms.

SourcingFreshProducesourcingisaglobalactivitywithSouthAfricabeingthelargestsourceofcitrus,avocadoandmangofromAfricawithKenyaandTanzaniabeingthelargestsourceforlegumes.Foronlyoneoftheinterviewedcompanies,Kenyawasthemainsourceofsupplyduetotheparent’scompanyinterestinfarmsinKenyabuttheystillsourcedbeansfromMorocco,Egypt,Ethiopia,ZimbabweandGuatemala.

NotallcompaniesinterviewedarecurrentlyimportingproductfromKenyaand/orTanzaniaonadailyorweeklybasis.ThecompanieswhichareimportingproductfromEastAfricadailyarecloselyintegratedwiththesupplybasethroughinvestedbusinessinterest.

Theremainingcompaniesdealtoraredealingwiththird-partysupplypartnerswithKenyabeingthemainsourcefromEastAfrica.IssuesaroundqualityandreliabilitywasmentionedonseveraloccasionsandforsomethisreluctanceisabarrierforprocuringfromKenyaandorTanzania.

PhytosanitaryandqualityFoodsafetyisthenumberonepriorityinfreshfruitandvegetablesandislinkedtoactivesubstances,minorusesandtheirresiduesaswelltomattersrelatingtofoodadditives,sanitizers,fertilizersandcontaminants.

Followingthelargestoutbreaksofafood-borneinfectioncausedbyEnterohaemorrhagicEscherichiacoli(EHEC)in2011,mostEuropeanMemberStateshavesignificantlyincreasedthenumberofregulationsaimingatcontrollingthemicrobiologicalsafetyoffruitandvegetables.

Qualityisthekeyrequirementandwasatopicbroughtupineveryinterview.Priceisanimportantfactorbutisaffectedbydemandandsupplyintheglobalmarketplace.Quality,however,isafixedcriteriaandproductalwaysneedstoadheretocustomerspecificationandexpectations.

Phytosanitaryissueslikeforinstancewithavocadoandmangoandfruitflyarereasonsforacompleterejectionofshipments.ThisisnotjustanissuewithshipmenttotheEUforKenyabutalsotocountrieslikeSouthAfricawho,in2010,bannedtheexportofavocadofromKenyaaftertheproducewasfoundtobeinfestedwithfruitflyandisyettoliftthebanonavocadosfromKenya,sixyearson.

CertificationFoodsafety,environment,socialandsustainabilityarehighontheagendasofretailers.Inmostcases,voluntaryindustrystandardsaretheminimumrequirementbutseveralEUretailersrequiretheproducertoadheretotheirinternalstandardswhichcanexceedtheseindustrystandards.

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B2B, C2B & Organic AminimumrequirementforanyproducerandexporteristhattheyhaveGlobalGapcertification.GlobalGapisB2Bprefarmgatestandardthatcoversthewholeagriculturalproductionprocessincludingachainofcustodytoenablefulltraceability.

ThisincludessmallholderswhoneedtobeGlobalGAPcertified.AllproductneedstobeaccompaniedbyaGGNnumber(13-digitnumberGLOBALGAPnumberthatuniquelyidentifieseachproducerandindividualmemberofaproducergroupintheGLOBALGAPdatabase.

SomeEUretailersalsorequiresocialcertificationlikeBSCI,ETI,GRASP.

Besidestherequiredindustrystandards,theproducerscouldgainB2Ccertification,Fairtrade,RainforestAlliance,Organicetc.,whichcouldgivethesupplieranedgeoverothersuppliersbutthisdoesn’tguaranteesales.

Organicisanichemarketbutnever-the-lessanimportantoneasithasseenalotofgrowthespeciallyinGermany,France,Denmark,SwedenandAustria.

EU legislation & MRL AllproductimportedintotheEUmustcomply,asaminimum,withEUfoodsafetylawsandstandards.AllcompaniesinterviewedundertaketheirownMRLtestingwiththenormformostbeingtotestthefirstshipmentandthenrandomlyoftheconsecutiveshipments.

PreferentialArrangementsTheEUhasanumberofpreferentialtradearrangementswithcertainindividualcountriesorgroupsofcountriesoutsidetheEU.Theseallowparticulargoodsoriginatinginthecountriesconcernedtobeimportedandenteredtofreecirculationatreducedratesofcustomsimportduty.ThisalsoappliestofreshproducefromKenyaandTanzaniathroughtheEconomicPartnershipAgreement(EPA).UndertheEPAtheEUgrants100percentdutyfree,quotafreeaccesstoitsmarketforallimportsfromtheEastAfricanCommunity(EAC))(Burundi,Kenya,Rwanda,TanzaniaandUganda).

TheEUandEACnegotiationsaroundtheEPAreachedaconclusioninOctober2014,after12yearsofnegotiations.On16thOctober,theEACinitialledanEPAwiththeEUwhichsentforthe‘legalscrubbing’processwhichwascompletedtowardstheendof2015.Witheverythinginplace,theofficialsigningoftheEPAwassettotakeplaceon18July2016inNairobi,KenyaafterwhichratificationwastotakeplacebyOctober2016.RwandaandKenyahadsignedtheagreementbutalastminuterefusalbyTanzaniatosignthetradedealhasbeenasourceofconfusionandconcernamongtheEUandtheEACmembercountries.

ThePermanentSecretaryintheTanzanianMinistryofForeignAffairs,DrAzizMlimasaidhiscountrywouldnotsigntheEAC-EUEPAciting‘turmoilintheEUoccasionedbytheimpendingexitoftheUnitedKingdom.

AnextendeddeadlineforsigningoftheEPAbetweentheEACandtheEuropeanUnion,togivemembercountriesmoretimetoreviewthedocumentandcomeupwithacommonpositionasabloc,lapsedonthe2ndFebruary2017.

IfthereisnoresolutionandtheEPAisnotsignedKenyaistheonlyEACcountrywhichiscurrentlyclassifiedasadevelopingcountry.Whileleastdevelopedcountries(LDC)Burundi,Tanzania,Rwanda

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andUgandawillstillbebenefittingfromduty-freeaccessunderEverythingButArms(EBA)4exportsfromKenyawillbefacingnumerousimportduties.

IfnoresolutionisfoundandtheEPAisnotsignedKenyawillhavenootherchoicethantoapplyforGeneralisedSystemofPreferences(GSP)5orGSPPlustreatment.PreviouslyKenyanproductsweregrantedGSPaccesstotheEUmarket;however,someofKenya’smainexportproducts(liveplantsandfloriculturalproducts)6havebeenremovedfromtheGSPlistfromJanuary2017(EURegulation2016/330of8March2016).TheonlyotheroptionforKenyaistoapplyforGSPPlusstatus(theexclusiondoesnotapplytocountrieswhichbenefitfromGSPPlus).However,thiswillrequireKenyatoensurethattheyhaveratifiedandimplementedcoreinternationalconventionsrelatingtohumanandlabourrights,theenvironmentandgoodgovernance.

LogisticsTransportanddistributionarekeyconsiderationswhenplanningforinternationaltrade.

Airfreightisquickerbutmoreexpensivethanseafreightwhichneedshighvolumeandlessperishableproducts.Also,theincreasinginternationaltradeinfreshfruitandvegetableshasraisedconcernsaboutthedistancethatfoodtravelsandtheemissionsassociatedwithitstransport.Forthesereasons,itisimportanttochoosetherightmodeoftransporttoensureefficiencyandproductcost-effectivenesstoenableittobecompetitiveintheglobalmarketplace.

Airfreight

ProductslikebeansandsoftfruitarenormallyairfreightedasafinishedproductthroughNairobi,Kenya.TheseproductsonarealsotruckedinfromTanzaniatoNairobitobeairliftedtotheNetherlands.InterviewsrevealedthatairfreightlogisticsincludingcoldchainisperceivedtobelimitedinTanzaniawithKenyacurrentlybeingthepreferredlogisticalroute.

Seafreight

Seafreightisthepreferredmethodoftransportforproductslikeavocado,mango,onionsetc.ApotentialdisadvantageEastAfricahascomparedtoSouth&WestAfricaandcountrieslikeMexicoandGuatemalaisthatseafreightispotentiallyexpensive.

Comparingglobalcontainershippingpricesindicationsare$7.000to$10.000percontainerfromMombasacomparedtoPeru$4.500,Brazil$2.300andChilli$7.500.

However,asindicatedduringinterviews:whenlookingattheincreasedcostcombinedwiththelargenumberofboxesacontainercanhold,theactualincreasedcostperbox/fruitshouldnotbeanobstacletodeterfromexport.

Whentheglobalavailabilityislowitcanresultinhigherproductpriceswhichenablesproducerstoairfreightproductslikeavocado&mangoforashortperioduntiltheseafreightcontainersarrive.

4http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150983.pdf5http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/development/generalised-scheme-of-preferences/index_en.htm6http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016R0330

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EndcustomerAllfreshproducecompanieshaveseveraltradechannelsbutultimatelyalargesharewillendupeitherdirectorindirectwithretail.

Retailersnormallydonotbuydirectfromsourcebutfrompre-approvedsupplierswhomightsourcedirectfromtheirfarmsincombinationoftradingwithotherimportcompanies.Theseimportcompanieshaveamultitudeofcustomerswhichallowsthemtobuydifferentgradesoftheproductinquestionasdifferentcustomershavedifferentrequirements.

Provenanceandproducerstorylinkedtotheproductcangiveanadvantagetoaproducerbutisonlyimportantiftheretailerrequiresthisandinmostcases,itisdeemedofnoofrealimportance.

MarketDevelopmentsAvocado Globalavocadoconsumptionisgrowingbyaboutthreepercenteveryyear;however,productiongrowthremainsalittlebehind.Consumptionisgrowingrapidly,especiallyinNorthAmericaandEurope(especiallyBenelux,UK,Sweden,Norwaythemarketisgrowing).Europedidrecordhighpricesduetoslowsupply.InAmerica,pricesremainatareasonablelevel.WesternEuropeanmarketsmostlypreferready-to-eatHassavocados,whileEasternEuropean,GreekandItaliancustomersstilloftengoforgreenskinavocados,suchastheFuerteandPinkerton.ThepopularityofHassavocadosisexpectedtogrow.Thebiggestchallengeinthecomingyearswilllieinthesourcing.

Threeyearsago,notasingleavocadowasimportedbyChinaandnowitisamajorimportmarketreceiving30containersperweek.Avocadosarebecomingapopularimportfruit,especiallyinthebigcitiesonChina’sEastCoast.MexicoandChilehaveaccesstotheChinesemarket,andlastyear,Perualsoreceivedpermissiontoexport.ThePeruvianministerestimatedChina'spotentialat50milliondollars.

Eventhoughworldwideinvestmentsintheproductareontherise,importersarepreparingforaworldwideshortageofavocadosinthecomingyears.

Guatemalahasmadehugeinvestmentsinavocadocrops.Productionhasgrownby42%inthelasttwoyears.Becauseofchangesinthecycles,theseasoncouldbeextendedfromDecembertoMarchtoanalmostyear-roundprogram.

ThesupplyofBrazilianavocadostotheEuropeanmarketisontherise.Thisseason,atotalof280containersareexpectedtobeshippedtoEurope.ThepeakisreachedinAprilandlastuntilthesecondweekofMay.Inthecomingyears,theacreageisplannedtoexpand.Acompanyreportstohaveplanstoplant200newhectares.

InSouthAfrica,stronginvestmentsarebeingmadeinthecultivationofavocados.Acompanyreportstohaveplanstogofrom700hectaresto2,000hectaresinthecomingyears.Intotal,thecountryhas15,500hectares;anacreagewhichisexpectedtoincreaseby500hectaresannuallyinthecomingyears.Estimatesforthecomingseasonpointtoaproductiontotalling12.8million4kiloboxes,whichisabout250,000boxesmorethanlastyear.Despitetherainfallrecordedinthenorthofthecountry,therearestillconcernsforthecomingseason.Theheatisgoodforthequality,butsomeextrarainwillalsobeneededintheshortterm.

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KenyaaimstostrengthenitspositioninthemarketwiththeseasonusuallylastingfromMarchtoJuly,howeverthesizeoftheHassavocadosissmall,alsobecausegrowersareharvestingearlytotakeadvantageofthegoodprices.ThemainmarketisEurope,particularlytheNetherlands.

SouthernChina,namelytheprovincesofGuangzhouandHainan,hasasmallavocadoproduction.Theplantingremainslimitedandthereisnocommercialproduction.Ready-to-eatavocadosareanoveltyinthemarket,astheywereonlyrecentlyintroduced.Investmentsaregoingtoripeningfacilitiesandtopromotionstofurtherdevelopthismarket.

Garlic ChinadominatesworldmarketandthenewgarlicwillbeharvestedinearlyJune,intheShandongProvince.Thereisusuallyoldgarlicavailablewhenthenewharvestbeginsbutthisyearthereisashortageandmanyarewaitingforthenewharvest.Furthermore,thereissaidtobealotofmarketspeculation.Assumingtheserumoursaretrue,garlicpriceswilllikelyincreaseforsometime.Thecoldhasreportedlycausedlossesoverthelastfewmonths;somefiguresspeakofheavylosses,butthereisyetnocertaintyaboutthis.

EuropeprotectsthecropsgrowninEUcountriesbyissuinglicensesfortheimportfromothercountries.Duetothelimitednumberoflicenses,importersmustdotheirbesttogetanexemptionotherwisetheyfaceadditionalcoststhroughthemeansofduty.Importerswishingtopayonlythedutyrateof9.6%mustapplyforan“A”licenceandareonlypermittedtoimportafixedquantityinanygivenquotaperiod(thisissetbyreferencetotheimporter’sprevioustradingpatterns).Thoseimporterswishingtoapplyfora“B”licencewillbesubjecttothespecificdutyrateof€1,200pertonneaswellasthenormalrateof9.6%.

AfricathroughtheEPAshouldbeinapositiontocircumventthisandtradeoutsideofthequotasystemwherebyimportersdonotincurextraduty.

Herbs AEuropeanappetiteforbasil,aversatilearomaticherbinthemintfamily,hasopenedawindowofopportunityforfarmersinNakuruCountyinKenyawhoarenowearningupto$2000amonthinexports.

InternationalbuyerssayEastAfricameetsapaltry15percentoftheirdemandfortheherbevenasmarketscontinuetoballoonfollowingdiscoveryofnewusesoftheherb.“Themarketshaveexpressedinsatiableappetitefortheherb.Withourfirstfarmers,weareproducing1.6tonnesofbasilagainstademandof6tonnespermonthfromtheimporterweworkwith”.

Ahealth-consciousmiddleclassisdrivingthegrowthofculinaryherbsandastheinternationalmarketsrequiresotherproducts,PremierSeedsisnowpreparingtoworkwiththefarmerstogrowanothersetofherbsincludingcoriander,oregano,lovage,dillandMelissainthecourseoftheyear.

Limes VariousreportsonthelimemarketinMexicoandBrazilrevealdifferentperspectives.TheLatinAmericancountriessaytheyhaveharvestedlessandalsoshippedlesstoEurope,whileatraderintheNetherlandssaystheopposite,thatabiggervolumehasbeenshipped.Israeligrowersseepotentialinthecultivationoflimes,partlybecauseofthegoodpricesinEurope.IntheUS,significantlyunstablepriceshavebeenreported,resultinginanerraticmarket.

InMorocco,since2008theacreagedevotedtolemonsandlimeshashalved,accordingtofiguresfromtheUSDA,whichcombinesthedataforbothcitrusfruits.Theacreagehasfallenfrom7,789

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hectaresin2008/2009to3,820hectaresin2016/2017.Manygrowershaveswitchedtothecultivationofmandarins.

Mangoes AfricancountriesaremovingforwardandhavesettheireyesonEuropeasadestinationmarket.

EuropemostlydependsonPeru;thisyear'smangoconsumptionisestimatedat300,000tonnes.OneinsixofthesemangoescomefromAfrica;therefore,thereisstillroomfortheAfricanmangotogrowintheEuropeanmarket.ThevastmajorityofthefruitisimportedfromLatinAmerica(460,000tonnes).Withinthatcategory,Peruisthelargestsupplier,accountingfor70,000tonnes.

50,000tonnesofmangoesareexpectedtobeshippedtoEuropefromtheWestAfricancountriesofIvoryCoast,Senegal,Mali,BurkinaFasoandGuinea.Injustafewyears,IvoryCoasthasdoubleditsexportstoEurope,reaching30,000tonnes.ForAfricangrowers,thisisquiteanachievement,giventhephytosanitaryissuestheyhavehadtodealwith.ThepresenceofafruitflyamongthemangoescanresultinawholebatchbeingdeniedaccesstoEurope.However,thenumberofreportsofsuchbreachesisdecreasingthankstotheinvestmentinprevention,especiallyinIvoryCoast,whichhasmanagedtokeepthepestundercontrol.

Pineapples AccordingtoareportfromSeptember2016thepineapplemarketwasinturmoil.DuetoamuchlowerproductioninCostaRica,pricesinEuropeandtheUnitedStateshaverisen.Inallthesemarkets,sharplyhigherpriceshavebeenreported.Insomecases,theyhaveevendoubled.Mexico,Panama,Peru,theDominicanRepublicandColombiahaveallinvestedinpineapplecultivationandtheexistingproducersareprofitingfromthehighprices.

Thiswasasimilarpicturein2015whenitwasbecomingincreasinglydifficulttofindpineapplesinthefruitjuiceandtinnedgoodsaisleofsomesupermarkets.Thefirsttobeeffectedaretheretailanddiscountbrands.LaLaiterieSaint-Denisdel'Hôtel(LSDH),themainretailbrandsupplierhashadtocompletelystopdeliveriestomanyCasinostores.Otherstores,suchasSystèmeUandMétrohaveacceptedanincreaseinprices(priceshaveincreasedfrom€0.55/litreto€0.95/litreinayear).

Duetoinsufficientstock,pineapplesuppliers(Dole,DelMonte,FloridaProducts…)areprioritisingthefreshjuicemarket(purejuicefollowedbyconcentrate-based).“Thereisnotenoughforeverybody”,saysEmmanuelVasseneix,“(PresidentoftheLSDH)Lastyear(2014)concentratepriceswentfrom$1,500/tonto$3,800/tonsandpurejuiceincreasedfrom$850/tonto$1,500/ton.

Theshortageisduetoclimateconditions;heavyrainandElNinoaffectedharvestinthemainproductioncountries,ThailandandthePhilippines(whichsuppliesthetinnedmarket).PineappleproductioninThailandisalsoincompetitionwithriceorrubberproductionwhichismorelucrativeandisreplacingthepineapplefields.TheshortageinCostaRica(mainsupplieroffreshpineapples)isduetothegovernmentwantingtokeepsoilandnotplantmoreacreage.ThesituationisnobetterinKenya,whereDelMonteFoods(oneofthemainfreshandtinnedpineapplesuppliers)hasthousandsofhectaresthatwerenotproducing.TheyhadtoshuttheirfactoryforfourmonthsbeforeChristmas.

Meanwhile,freshpineapplejuicedemandhassurgedinsomecountriessuchastheUSA,asfruitjuicesareinfashion.Thisandtheunfavourableexchangeratelinkedtotheincreaseinthedollararefactorsleadingtoasurgeinpricesoverthelast18months.Thesectorhopesthenextharvestwillbringmorestabilitywithit.

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Sweet Potato Sweetpotatoesaregrownandconsumedworldwide.Theshareoftheproductionthatistradedontheworldmarketisrelativelysmallasmanycountriesmainlygrowitforthedomesticmarket.Europeisalargeimporterbutthemarketforsweetpotatoesisstillrelativelysmall,butitisgrowingrapidly.In2014,Europeimported124,000tonnesofsweetpotatoes,ofwhich7tonneswereintendedforconsumption.Importsofthisexoticspecieshavedoubledinfiveyears.Supermarketscatertotheincreasingdemandforsweetpotatoes.InEurope,theUnitedKingdomandtheNetherlandsarelargeimporters.

TheUnitedKingdomisachievingthemostnoteworthyfiguresasregardstosweetpotatoimports.Accordingtotraders,thesehaverecordedayearlygrowthof50%.MostsweetpotatoesareimportedfromtheUnitedStates,butbecauseoftheincreasingdemand,theyarealsoincreasinglylookingtootherproducingcountriestocoverbothdomesticconsumptionandexports.AmongtheseareSpain,whichisrecordingaconsiderableincreaseinitsproduction;Portugal,whichisarelativenewcomer,andEgypt,whichhassomegoodvarietiesforexport.InHonduras,therearealsogoodproducers,butherethecertificationsarestillsometimesaproblem.TheNetherlandsactsasatransitporttotherestofEurope.TheUSisthelargestsupplier,withamarketshareofseventypercent.WithinEurope,sweetpotatoesareproducedinSpain,Portugal,ItalyandGreece.

TheAmericanCovingtonandtheSpanishBeauregardvarieties,together,haveashareofabout95%ofthemarket.TherightsfortheCovingtonareownedbytheUniversityofNorthCarolinaanditcannotbegrownoutsidetheUS.Anewvariety,Evangeline,isemerginginthemarket.

Tenderstem Broccoli Tenderstem®isamemberoftheBrassicafamilyandrelatedtoBrusselssprouts,cauliflowerandcabbageandisacrossbetweenbroccoliandChinesekale.Tenderstemhasseensalesgrow16-foldsince2004,reachingsalesworth£68millionlastyear.

TheChinesekale-broccolihybridismarketedasTenderstembroccoliintheUKbybrandlicensorCoregeowho,since2016,isalsothepan-EuropeanMasterLicensorofBimi®,theEuropeancounterpartofTenderstembroccoli.

Withgrowingdemandfortheproductthroughoutthecontinent,ajointventurebetweenCorego,BestFreshGroupandFlamingoHorticulture,aspecialistproducerandlargestgrowerofBimiguaranteeingyear-roundKenyansupply,hasbeenestablishedunderthetitleFVSeleQt.

FVSeleQtiskeentoreplicatethesuccessTenderstemhasseenintheUKthroughouttherestofEurope,byworkingtogethertogrowthebrandandraiseawareness7.

Products trends Thereiscurrentlyatrendtowardshealthyfoodorsocalledsuperfoods.Althoughthereisnolegalormedicaldefinition,superfoodsarenutrientpowerhousesthatpacklargedosesofantioxidants,polyphenols,vitamins,andmineralsandinclude(butarenotlimitedtoo):

ü Berries(BlueberryandGoji)ü Beansü Nutsü Orangesü SweetPotatoes

7http://www.freshplaza.com/article/166833/FV-SeleQt-see-sales-of-Bimi%C2%AE-treble-in-Europe

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ü Broccoliü Spinachü Garlic

Anotherdevelopmentinstigatedbytheretailersisthesaleoflessthanperfectproduce,whichis“rebranded”andsoldtoconsumersatareducedprice.Programmeslikethishaveexpandedacrosstheglobe,withretailersandsuppliersalikejoiningtogetherwherebyworkingtowardsreducingfoodwaste.

OpportunitiesFromtheinterviewsundertakenthefollowingproductswereidentifiedasofinterest

Product Product window

Avocado Feb till Sept

Mango Oct – Mid Nov

Sweet Onions End Dec – Mid March

Fresh Garlic Nov - Feb

Strawberry Oct - May

Raspberry Oct - May

Berries Oct - May

Black Berry Oct - May

Fine Beans All year round

Sugar Snaps April/May & Oct/Nov

Mange Tout April/May & Oct/Nov

Herbs Unknown

Limes Unknown

Pineapple Unknown

In country packing Alotofproductispackedretailready,especiallyproductslikebeansandsoftfruit.Thesearebothretailreadypackedinbagsorpunnetsatsource.

Productslikefruitandonionsneedtobegradedbeforepackingandshipping.Thisistoensureauniformproductwhichadherestothecustomer’sspecification.

InterviewsrevealedthatproductgradingattimesisarealissueandtherecouldbeanopportunitytosetupapackinghousewhichprovidesanindependentserviceforproducergroupstoQCandtouniformlypackforexport.Thepackhousecouldactasindependentqualitycontrol.Theywon’thaveinvestedinterestintheactualproductandhencenoownershipandfinancialdamageiffruitorvegisrejectedatsource.This“neutral”positioncouldgivetheconfidencetoDutchexportersusingthisservice.

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Supply chain improvements Toimprovethirdpartysupplychainsthereneedstobeatransferofskills.Itwasmentionedonseveraloccasionsthatthereisaperceivedlackofexpertiseandtherefore,isaneedformoreknowledgearoundgrowing,sourcingandqualitycontrolrequirements.

Forsmallholdergrowers,besidesconcernsarounduniformproductqualityandincreasedriskofissuesaroundMRL,thecoolchainwasapotentialissuewhendealingwithsmallholdergrowers.Wediscussed,withacoldstoremanufacturer,thepossibilitiestodeveloplowcostportablecoldstoreunitstoaddresstheseconcerns.Celtichaveofferedtodevelopinitialdrawingsandanindicationofestimatedcosts.Wewouldhavetoexploreinterestfromtheprivatesectorwiththisinformationanddiscussviabilityandifthiswouldalleviatetheconcernsaroundcoolchainissues.

Organicproductionisaninterestingnichemarkettoexplorefurther,especiallyfornewprojectsonvirginsoils.

Brexit Asdiscussedonpage8ofthisdocumentBrexitcouldbeanopportunityforsuppliersproducinginAfricatoincreasetheirmarketsharefordirectsupplytotheUK.TheUKfreshproducemarkethasmadebigstridesindirectsourcingeitherthroughverticalintegrationwithinthesupplychainorthroughretailersacquiringorcreatingtheirownprocurementcompanies.

InvestmentThereisongoinginvestmentinKenyaasconfirmedbytheDutchembassy8.However,deskresearchandinterviewswithcompaniedintheNetherlandsdidn’trevealanyfutureinvestmentsinKenyaorTanzaniaofanysignificance.Besidesonecompanyinvestinginagrowerbyprovidingagradingmachineandtopayforcertification,noinfrastructureinvestmentopportunitiesorwillingnesstoinvestwasidentifiedwiththecompaniesinterviewed.

8http://www.hortialliance.com/news/dutch-support-to-boost-kenyas-agric-output/

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Annex1VegetablesimportedbyEUfromAfrica

Productcode Productlabel

EU28importsfromAfrica EU28importsfromworld2015Africa

shareValuein2013

Valuein2014

Valuein2015 Valuein2013 Valuein2014 Valuein2015

'0702 Tomatoes,freshorchilled

424,895

490,606

548,638

3,491,859

3,610,784

3,901,879 14%

'0708 Leguminousvegetables,shelledorunshelled,freshorchilled

420,539

468,489

495,056

763,804

805,674

848,608 58%

'0709 Othervegetables,freshorchilled(excludingpotatoes,tomatoes,alliaceousvegetables,edible

240,314

243,940

303,285

5,214,493

5,096,797

5,857,088 5%

'0703 Onions,shallots,garlic,leeksandotheralliaceousvegetables,freshorchilled

81,414

85,942

90,401

1,356,779

1,228,478

1,329,580 7%

'0701 Potatoes,freshorchilled

114,120

69,737

68,510

2,378,382

1,576,226

1,628,755 4%

'0713 Driedleguminousvegetables,shelled,whetherornotskinnedorsplit

81,140

94,046

64,423

1,190,311

1,223,248

1,223,601 5%

'0712 Driedvegetables,whole,cut,sliced,brokenorinpowder,butnotfurtherprepared

41,875

51,870

63,908

779,962

870,201

913,983 7%

'0711 Vegetablesprovisionallypreserved,e.g.bysulphurdioxidegas,inbrine,insulphurwater

35,283

39,395

45,952

241,152

259,918

270,091 17%

'0710 Vegetables,uncookedorcookedbysteamingorboilinginwater,frozen

34,322

39,514

42,917

2,671,218

2,610,405

2,731,467 2%

'0714 Rootsandtubersofmanioc,arrowroot,salep,Jerusalemartichokes,sweetpotatoesandsimilar

23,914

30,014

36,294

178,402

229,246

312,534 12%

'0704 Cabbages,cauliflowers,kohlrabi,kaleandsimilarediblebrassicas,freshorchilled

14,575

18,306

23,528

929,825

879,399

1,030,129 2%

'0707 Cucumbersandgherkins,freshorchilled

6,199

9,986

9,965

1,053,078

1,024,543

1,157,781 1%

'0706 Carrots,turnips,saladbeetroot,salsify,celeriac,radishesandsimilaredibleroots,fresh

7,099

7,435

9,512

683,156

585,089

733,451 1%

'0705 Lettuce"Lactucasativa"andchicory"Cichoriumspp.",freshorchilled

6,469

3,968

2,593

1,282,328

1,194,820

1,373,743 0%

ValueisinEurox1.000 SourceITCTradeMap-InternationalTradeStatisticsAccessed11/01/2017

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Annex2FruitsexportedToEUfromAfrica

Productcode Productlabel

EU28importsfromAfrica EU28importsfromworld2015Africa

shareValuein2013

Valuein2014

Valuein2015 Valuein2013 Valuein2014 Valuein2015

'0805 Citrusfruit,freshordried

828,767

791,247

959,534

5,381,444

5,130,366

5,867,484 16%

'0806 Grapes,freshordried

632,784

714,947

748,363

3,409,622

3,472,706

3,528,302 21%

'0803 Bananas,incl.plantains,freshordried

511,061

553,734

639,051

4,952,615

5,008,859

5,443,368 12%

'0804 Dates,figs,pineapples,avocados,guavas,mangoesandmangosteens,freshordried

370,209

411,668

491,203

2,596,044

2,933,685

3,469,628 14%

'0810 Freshstrawberries,raspberries,blackberries,back,whiteorredcurrants,gooseberriesand...

213,049

278,903

307,549

3,236,219

3,506,103

4,058,920 8%

'0808 Apples,pearsandquinces,fresh

331,370

218,178

240,492

3,552,991

2,909,958

3,090,476 8%

'0807 Melons,incl.watermelons,andpapaws(papayas),fresh

94,887

117,390

127,055

1,371,385

1,424,559

1,571,203 8%

'0811 Fruitandnuts,uncookedorcookedbysteamingorboilinginwater,frozen,whetherornot...

117,029

119,889

117,576

1,921,921

1,819,964

2,044,725 6%

'0809 Apricots,cherries,peachesincl.nectarines,plumsandsloes,fresh

127,498

135,171

110,761

2,179,582

1,944,528

2,180,498 5%

'0802 Othernuts,freshordried,whetherornotshelledorpeeled(excludingcoconuts,Brazilnuts...

43,495

59,142

79,936

4,769,946

5,593,241

7,411,618 1%

'0801 Coconuts,Brazilnutsandcashewnuts,freshordried,whetherornotshelledorpeeled

33,496

44,812

44,291

930,769

1,188,933

1,595,556 3%

'0813 Driedapricots,prunes,apples,peaches,pears,papaws"papayas",tamarindsandotheredible

11,175

15,220

21,181

732,465

896,684

1,044,805 2%

'0812 Fruitandnuts,provisionallypreserved,e.g.bysulphurdioxidegas,inbrine,insulphur

3,038

2,390

3,313

58,247

57,418

62,423 5%

'0814 Peelofcitrusfruitormelons,incl.watermelons,fresh,frozen,driedorprovisionallypreserved

1,718

2,553

1,944

31,242

33,690

33,403 6%

ValueisinEurox1.000 SourceITCTradeMap-InternationalTradeStatisticsAccessed11/01/2017

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Interviewees

UsefulIndustryOrganisationsOrganisation City Country Website

FreshfelEurope Brussels Belgium www.freshfel.org

WorldApple&PearAssociation Brussels Belgium www.wapa-association.org

DutchPotatoProccessorsAssoc. Rijswijk TheNetherlands www.vavi.nl

GroentenFruitHuis Zoetermeer TheNetherlands www.groentenfruithuis.nl/

FreshProduceconsortium Peterborough UK www.freshproduce.org.uk

Interviewed Company Website

RuudvanEnckevort GourmetBV www.gourmet.nl

DanteAnton Fruitworld www.fruitworld.nl

BasRensen FVSeleQt www.fvseleqt.nl

JanvanderLans VanderLansInternational www.vanderlans.com

KoertMichel Panalpina www.panalpina.com

LodewijkvandeVosse Panalpina www.panalpina.com

HansvanGemeren CelticCooling www.celtic.nl

MauricevandeLans LehmannTroost www.lehmann-troost.nl

NevilleMchina Eosta www.eosta.com

MichaelWilde Eosta www.eosta.com

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