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Honors
Biology
Ch. 17
Honors
Biology
Ch. 17
Organizing Life’s
Diversity
Organizing Life’s
Diversity
I. The History of
Classification I. The History of
Classification
Taxonomy:Taxonomy: - the science of identifying, naming,
and classifying organisms
A. Early Classification
Systems A. Early Classification
Systems 1.1. Aristotle:Aristotle:
a. Devised First Classification System
- Animals (red-blooded and bloodless)
- Plants (trees, shrubs, and herbs)
- 2 problems: 1) superficial categories2) used common names
B.Disadvantages of Common
Names:B.Disadvantages of Common
Names:1.Confusing
- ex. mountain lion, cougar, puma, panther, catamount
Puma concolorPuma concolor
2.2.MisleadingMisleading- ex. starfish, jellyfish, cuttlefish,
crawfish, silverfish
3.3.Language ProblemsLanguage Problems- local names- names used by different languages- some organisms have no common name
Microplitis demolitorMicroplitis demolitor
2. Carolus Linnaeus 2. Carolus Linnaeus - developed
modern classification system
- Swedish botanist (1700’s)
- 2 important innovations:
a.Binomial Nomenclaturea.Binomial Nomenclature- two-word naming
system:genus & species
- gives a unique, universal name for every species
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
Honey Bee
Honey Bee
Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris, utrinque margine ciliatus
Apis mellifera
Apis mellifera
1) Genus: - 1st word, small group- usually a Latin noun, capitalized
2) Species:- 2nd word, particular type- Latin adjective, lower case
3)Examples:3)Examples:- Homo sapiens humans- Tyrannosaurus rex
3)Examples:3)Examples:- Acer macrophyllum bigleaf maple- Acer rubrum red maple- Acer saccharum sugar maple
Acer saccharum
Acer saccharum
Acer rubrumAcer
rubrum
Acer circinatum
Acer circinatum
Acer pennsylvaticum
Acer pennsylvaticum
3)Examples:3)Examples:- Sequoia gigantum giant sequoia- Tsuga heterophyllum western hemlock- Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir
EukaryaAnimalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae Canis
lupus
DomainKingdom
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
b. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
b. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
DidKing
Phillipcome
oftenfor
gingersnaps?
EukaryaAnimalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae Canis
lupus
DomainKingdom
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
b. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
b. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
Hierarchy of
Taxa
Hierarchy of
Taxa
II. Taxonomy TodayII. Taxonomy Today- Classification systems change
constantly.
- Taxonomists do not always agree on how to classify organisms.
A.Determining SpeciesA.Determining Species1. Typological Species Concept
- a group of organisms that are physically similar to each other
2. Biological Species Concept 2. Biological Species Concept - a group of organisms
that is able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring in a natural setting
- cannot be used with extinct or asexual organisms
Similarity between different speciesSimilarity between different species
Diversity within a speciesDiversity within a species
3. Phylogenetic Species Concept 3. Phylogenetic Species Concept
- defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history
B.CharactersB.Characters- inherited features (morphological
or biochemical) that vary among organisms
1. Morphological Characters 1. Morphological Characters - similarities indicate common
ancestry- include homologous structures:
different functions but have similar underlying anatomy
- does not include analogous structures: similar functions but different underlying anatomy
Eastern MoleEastern Mole
Marsupial ‘Mole’Marsupial ‘Mole’
2. Biochemical Characters 2. Biochemical Characters - The greater
the similarities in certain compounds (DNA, proteins, etc.), the more closely related organisms are.
Species
Human
Rhesus monkey
Mouse
Chicken
Frog
Lamprey14%
54%
69%
87%
95%
100%
Percent of Amino Acids That AreIdentical to the Amino Acids in aHuman Hemoglobin Polypeptide
Comparison of a Protein Found in Diverse Vertebrates
Comparison of a Protein Found in Diverse Vertebrates
A Molecular Homology
A Molecular Homology
3. Molecular “Clock” 3. Molecular “Clock” - Mutations occur randomly and
accumulate over time.- Mutations that
don’t affect survival can be
used to estimate time.
The Constant Rate of Evolution of the α-globin
The Constant Rate of Evolution of the α-globin
C.Phylogenetic Reconstruction
C.Phylogenetic Reconstruction - Phylogeny is
the evolutionary history of a species.
Phylogeny of WhalesPhylogeny of Whales
Leopard
Hair
Amniotic egg
Four walking legs
Hinged jaws
Vertebral column
Turtle
Salamander
Tuna
Lamprey
Lancelet (outgroup)
Phylogenetic Tree of ChordatesPhylogenetic Tree of Chordates
1. Character Types1. Character Types- Ancestral characters are
shared by ancestral organism and all of its descendents.
- Derived characters are shared by one group of organisms but not the ancestor.
2. Cladograms (Phylogenetic Tree) 2. Cladograms (Phylogenetic Tree)
- a branching diagram that represent the proposed phylogeny of a group of
organisms
Phylogenetic Tree of Dinosaurs
Phylogenetic Tree of Dinosaurs
Ursininae Tremarclinae
Ailuropodinae
Ailuridae
Musteloidae
Procyonidae
Caniformia
Ursidae
Phylogeny of
Bears
- Most scientists today use the 3 domain system to classify organisms:Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
III. Domains and KingdomsIII. Domains and Kingdoms
Fungi
EUKARYA
Trypanosomes
Green algaeLand plants
Red algae
ForamsCiliates
Dinoflagellates
Diatoms
Animals
AmoebasCellular slime molds
Leishmania
Euglena
Green nonsulfur bacteria
Thermophiles
Halophiles
Methanobacterium
Sulfolobus
ARCHAEA
COMMONANCESTOR
OF ALLLIFE
BACTERIA
(Plastids, includingchloroplasts)
Greensulfur bacteria
(Mitochondrion)
Cyanobacteria
ChlamydiaSpirochetes
The Three Domains
of Life
A.Domain BacteriaA.Domain Bacteria- includes the
kingdom Eubacteria
- prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan
B. Domain ArchaeaB. Domain Archaea- Prokaryotes that
represent an ancient form of life
- more closely related to our eukaryotic ancestors
- called extremophiles because they can live in extreme environments
C.Domain EukaryaC.Domain Eukarya- includes all eukaryotes - contains:
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom PlantaeKingdom FungiKingdom Animalia
1.Kingdom Protista1.Kingdom Protista- eukaryotic organisms - unicellular, colonial, or
multicellular
2.Kingdom Plantae2.Kingdom Plantae- photosynthetic multicellular
eukaryotes- have cell walls made of cellulose- nonmotile
3. Kingdom Fungi3. Kingdom Fungi- unicellular or multicellular
eukaryote- heterotrophic (absorb nutrients)- have cell walls made of chitin- nonmotile
3. Kingdom Fungi3. Kingdom Fungi- unicellular or multicellular
eukaryote- heterotrophic (absorb nutrients)- have cell walls
made of chitin- nonmotile
4.Kingdom Animalia4.Kingdom Animalia- heterotrophic, multicellular
eukaryotes- complex organ systems - motile- obtain
food by ingestion
TheTheTheThe
EndEndEndEnd
- Order Carnivora
Linking Classification and Phylogeny
Linking Classification and Phylogeny
Species
Canislupus
Panthera pardus
Taxideataxus
Lutra lutra
Canislatrans
Order Family Genus
Carn
ivora
Felid
aeM
ustelid
aeC
anid
ae
Can
isL
utra
Taxid
eaP
anth
era
A Phylogenetic Tree of Birds and Their Close
Relatives
A Phylogenetic Tree of Birds and Their Close
Relatives
Commonancestor ofcrocodilians,dinosaurs,and birds
Birds
Lizardsand snakes
Crocodilians
Ornithischiandinosaurs
Saurischiandinosaurs
Phylogeny of Horses
Phylogeny of Horses
Recent(11,500 ya)
Pleistocene(1.8 mya)
Pliocene(5.3 mya)
Miocene(23 mya)
Oligocene(33.9 mya)
Eocene(55.8 mya)
EquusHippidion and other genera
Nannippus
PliohippusNeohipparionHipparion
Sinohippus MegahippusCallippus
Archaeohippus
Merychippus
Parahippus
HypohippusAnchitherium
Miohippus
Mesohippus
Epihippus
Orohippus
Paleotherium
Propalaeotherium
Pachynolophus
GrazersBrowsers
Key
Hyracotherium